1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
3.
Counties of Norway
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Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties, until 1918, they were known as amter. The counties form the first-level subdivisions of Norway and are divided into 428 municipalities. Svalbard and Jan Mayen are outside the county division and ruled directly on national level, the capital Oslo is considered both a county and a municipality. In 2017 the government decided to abolish the current counties and to them with fewer, larger administrative regions. Below is a list of the Norwegian counties as they have been since 1919, note that the counties are administered both by appointees of the national government and to a lesser extent by their own elected bodies. The county numbers are from the numbering system ISO 3166-2, NO. The number 13 was dropped from the system when the city of Bergen was merged into Hordaland in 1972, from the consolidation to a single kingdom, Norway was divided into a number of geographic regions that had its own legislative assembly or Thing, such as Gulating and Frostating. The second-order subdivision of these regions was into fylker, such as Egdafylke and Hordafylke, in 1914, the historical term fylke was brought into use again to replace the term amt introduced during the union with Denmark. Current day counties often, but not necessarily, correspond to the historical areas. Finnmark, the Faroe Islands, the Orkney Islands, Shetland, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Iceland and Greenland were Norwegian skattland, from the end of the 12th century, Norway was divided into several syssel. The head of the various syssel was the syslemann, who represented the king locally, the following shows a reconstruction of the different syssel in Norway c. 1300, including sub-syssel where these seem established, from 1308, the term len in Norway signified an administrative region roughly equivalent to todays counties. The historic len was an important administrative entity during the period of Dano-Norwegian unification after their amalgamation as one state, which lasted for the period 1536–1814. At the beginning of the 16th century the political divisions were variable, up to 1660 the four principal len were headquartered at the major fortresses Bohus Fortress, Akershus Fortress, Bergenhus Fortress and the fortified city of Trondheim. The sub-regions corresponded to the districts for the Lutheran church in Norway. Båhus len Akershus len Trondheim len Bergenhus len These four principal len were in the 1530s divided into approximately 30 smaller regions. From that point forward through the beginning of the 17th century the number of subsidiary len was reduced, from 1660 Norway had nine principal len comprising 17 subsidiary len, Len written as län continues to be used as the administrative equivalent of county in Sweden to this day. Each len was governed by a lenman, with the royal decree of February 19,1662, each len was designated an amt and the lenmann was titled amtmann, from German Amt, reflecting the bias of the Danish court of that period
4.
Districts of Norway
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The country Norway is historically divided into a number of districts. Many districts have deep roots, and only partially coincide with todays administrative units of counties and municipalities. The districts are defined by geographical features, often valleys, mountain ranges, fjords, plains, or coastlines, many such regions were petty kingdoms up to the early Viking age. A high percentage of Norwegians identify themselves more by the district live in or come from. Thus, dialects and regional commonality in folk culture tended to correspond to those same geographical units, the construction of railroads between distant parts of the country. The opening of dozens of new airports all over the country through the 1960s and 1970s, the release of private cars from government rationing and import restrictions from the 1950s onwards. A concrete display of the Norwegian habit of identifying themselves by district can be seen in the many regional costumes, called bunad, the following list is non-exhaustive and partially overlapping. The first name is the name in Bokmål, the second Nynorsk, helgeland Lofoten Ofoten Salten Vesterålen See also Finnmark, Hålogaland and Troms
5.
Namdalen
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The district has two towns, Kolvereid and Namsos. The whole district covers about 11,860 square kilometres and has about 35,000 residents, the district surrounds the Namdalen valley and the river Namsen, one of the best salmon rivers in Europe. Agriculture and forestry have always been important in Namdalen, Norway spruce is the most prevalent tree species. The grain fields in the part of the valley are among the most northern in Norway. Part of the forest in the coastal and lowland part of the valley belong to the Scandinavian coastal conifer forests type, while the part of the valley has long. In the early Viking Age, before Harald Fairhair, Namdalen was a petty kingdom, today, the Namdal District Court covers the same general area. European route E6 and the Nordland Line run throughout the valley, the Old Norse form of the name was Naumudalr. The first element is the case of the river name Nauma. The meaning of the name is unknown. Namdalen is the location of many of the stories of Olav Duun and his most famous works, the hexalogy known as The People of Juvik, takes place on the fictional farm of Haaberg, as well as other locations in Namdalen
6.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
7.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
8.
Vikna
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Vikna is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Rørvik. Other villages in Vikna include Austafjord, Garstad, and Valøya, the municipality of Vikten was established on 1 July 1869 when it was separated from the municipality of Nærøy. Initially, the population of Vikten was 1,749, on 1 January 1881, a small area of Fosnes was transferred to Vikten. The name of the municipality was changed to Vikna. The municipality is named after the three islands in the municipality, Inner-Vikna, Mellom-Vikna, and Ytter-Vikna. The name is derived from the word vík which means cove or wick, the coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 13 May 1988. The arms show three salmon on a blue background and this was chosen because salmon fishing and farming was an important source of income in the municipality. The Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Vikna and it is part of the Namdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. The municipality consists of an island archipelago with some 6,000 large. Vikna is the largest spawning area for cod south of Lofoten, the three largest islands are, Inner-Vikna, closest to the mainland, Mellom-Vikna, and then Ytter-Vikna as the westernmost island. The main village is Rørvik, located on the shore of Inner-Vikna. The many islands in the means that there are many lighthouses including Gjeslingene Lighthouse, Grinna Lighthouse, Nærøysund Lighthouse. On 21 October 1962, the coastal steamer Sanct Svithun run aground on Nordøyan as a result of navigational error, the ship sunk, and there was a tragic loss of 41 lives. A memorial bauta was raised on Nordøyan in 2002, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Vikna is made up of 23 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, Fishing, fish farming, public services, the Norveg museum, devoted to the coastal way of life through the centuries, is located in Rørvik. The Vikna Wind Farm is located on Mellom-Vikna, just west of Garstad, hurtigruten boats stop frequently at Rørvik and Norwegian County Road 770 via the Nærøysund Bridge connects Vikna to the mainland and European route E6
9.
Storting
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The Storting is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway. The unicameral parliament has 169 members, and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation in nineteen plural member constituencies, a member of the Storting is known in Norwegian as a Stortingsrepresentant, literally Storting representative. The assembly is led by a president and, since 2009 five vice presidents — the presidium, the members are allocated to twelve standing committees, as well as four procedural committees. Three ombudsmen are directly subordinate to parliament, the Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee, in 2009, qualified unicameralism was replaced by unicameralism, through the dissolution of the two chambers, the Lagting and the Odelsting. Since 2013 Olemic Thommessen has been president, the alltings were where legal and political matters were discussed. As oral laws became codified and Norway unified as an entity in the 10th century. The Parliament of Norway Building opened in 1866, on 27 June 1940 the presidium signed an appeal to King Haakon, about his abdication. In September 1940 the representatives were summoned to Oslo, and voted in favour of the results of the negotiations between the presidium and the authorities of the German invaders, however, directives from Adolf Hitler resulted in the obstruction of the agreement of cooperation between parliament and occupation force. Although the Storting has always been unicameral, until 2009 it would divide itself into two departments in legislative matters. After elections, the Storting would elect a quarter of its membership to form the Lagting a sort of upper house, the division was also used on very rare occasions in cases of impeachment. The original idea in 1814 was probably to have the Lagting act as an upper house. Bills were submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a member of the Odelsting, a standing committee, with members from both the Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision, most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent directly to the king for royal assent. If the Lagting amended the Odelstings decision, the bill would be sent back to the Odelsting, if the Odelsting approved the Lagtings amendments, the bill would be signed into law by the King. If it did not, then the bill would return to the Lagting, if the Lagting still proposed amendments, the bill would be submitted a plenary session of the Storting. In order to be passed, the bill should have then had the approval of a majority of the plenary session. In all other cases a majority would suffice. Three days had to pass between each time a department voted on a bill, in all other cases, such as taxes and appropriations, the Storting would meet in plenary sessions
10.
Leka, Norway
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Leka is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Leknes. Other villages include Sør-Gutvika and Madsøygrenda, primarily a fishing and farming community, Leka is the northernmost municipality in Trøndelag. The island has been inhabited for at least 10,000 years, the Old Norse form of the name was Leka. The meaning of the name is unknown, but it may come from the word lekke which can mean gravelly ground, dated to the Viking Age, the burial mound Herlaugshaugen is one of the largest from that era. The municipality of Leka was established on 1 October 1860 when it was separated from the municipality of Kolvereid. Initially, the population of Leka was 1,702, on 1 January 1909, the southern district of Leka was separated from Leka to form the new municipality of Gravvik. This left Leka was 1,209 residents, the borders of Leka have not changed since then. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 21 April 1989, the arms show the golden wing and claw of an eagle on a red background. The Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Leka and it is part of the Namdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. Leka is an island municipality encompassing the island of Leka, the western part of the island of Austra. The tiny island groups of Sklinna and Horta lie to the west of the main islands, Sklinna Lighthouse is located in the westernmost part of the municipality. Leka borders Vikna and Nærøy municipalities to the south and Bindal to the north, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Leka is made up of 15 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, In the 2007 municipal elections, Leka had the highest vote for the Centre Party in Norway, the island part of Leka is connected to Gutvik by a ferry line, operated by Lekaferja. Nord-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
11.
Bindal
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Bindal is a municipality in the Helgeland region in the extreme southwest part of Nordland county, Norway. The administrative centre is the village of Terråk, other villages include Bindalseidet, Holm, Vassås, Horsfjord and Åbygda. In 1838, the parish of Bindal was split into two municipalities because the parish included land in both the counties of Nord-Trøndelag and Nordland, the new law required that municipalities be located only in one county, so the parish was divided into two municipalities, Nordbindalen and Sørbindalen. In 1852, the county border was moved south to its current position, on 1 January 1964, the Tosen-Lande area was transferred to Brønnøy. The Old Norse form of the name was Birnudalr, the first element is the genitive case of the river name Birna and the last element is dalr which means valley or dale. The river name is derived from the word birna which means bear, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. The arms show six gold rivets on a background to represent the boat building industry in the municipality. The Church of Norway has two parishes within the municipality of Bindal and it is part of the Sør-Helgeland deanery in the Diocese of Sør-Hålogaland. Bindal borders four municipalities in Nord-Trøndelag county, Høylandet and Nærøy in the south, Namsskogan in the southeast, Bindal also has borders with the Nordland municipalities of Sømna, Brønnøy, and Grane. The Bindalsfjorden runs through the part of the municipality. From the coast, the municipality reaches into the mountains towards the lake Majavatnet in Grane, the tallest mountain is the 1, 058-metre tall Heilhornet. It also includes part of the lakes Eidevatnet and Fjellvatnet, which also lie in Brønnøy municipality. Other lakes include Åbjørvatnet, Kalvvatnet, and Saglivatnet, the river Åbjøra runs through the eastern part of Bindal. Part of the island of Austra is in Bindal, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Bindal is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, The most important industries in Bindal are aquaculture, farming, boat races for Nordland boats are have been held annually since 1978 in the main village of Terråk during the last weekend of June. Bindal has a traditional boat-building industry and Nordland boats are manufactured here. Bindal has two schools, one of them is classified as independent and therefore not administered by the municipality, Terråk skole in Terråk is a 1st-10th grade school and the largest in Bindal with approximately 100 students attending it
12.
Strait
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A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses, some straits are not navigable, for example because they are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago. The terms channel, pass or passage, can be synonymous and used interchangeably with strait, in Scotland firth or kyle are also sometimes used as synonyms for strait. Straits can be important shipping routes, and wars have been fought for control of them, numerous artificial channels, called canals, have been constructed to connect two bodies of water over land, such as the Suez Canal. Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, and these seem to suit the formal definition of strait, the term strait is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals, Pearse Canal, Straits are the converse of isthmuses. That is, while a strait lies between two masses and connects two larger bodies of water, an isthmus lies between two bodies of water and connects two larger land masses. Some straits have the potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal stream turbines, tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power. The Pentland Firth may be capable of generating 10 GW, cook Strait in New Zealand may be capable of generating 5. There may be no suspension of innocent passage through such straits, list of straits Media related to Straits at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Old Norse
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Old Norse was a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements during about the 9th to 13th centuries. These dates, however, are not absolute, since written Old Norse is found well into the 15th century, Old Norse was divided into three dialects, Old West Norse, Old East Norse and Old Gutnish. Old West and East Norse formed a continuum, with no clear geographical boundary between them. For example, Old East Norse traits were found in eastern Norway, although Old Norwegian is classified as Old West Norse, most speakers spoke Old East Norse in what is present day Denmark and Sweden. Old Gutnish, the more obscure dialectal branch, is included in the Old East Norse dialect due to geographical associations. It developed its own features and shared in changes to both other branches. The 12th century Icelandic Gray Goose Laws state that Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders and Danes spoke the same language, another term used, used especially commonly with reference to West Norse, was norrœnt mál. In some instances the term Old Norse refers specifically to Old West Norse, the Old East Norse dialect was spoken in Denmark, Sweden, settlements in Kievan Rus, eastern England, and Danish settlements in Normandy. The Old Gutnish dialect was spoken in Gotland and in settlements in the East. In the 11th century, Old Norse was the most widely spoken European language, in Kievan Rus, it survived the longest in Veliky Novgorod, probably lasting into the 13th century there. Norwegian is descended from Old West Norse, but over the centuries it has heavily influenced by East Norse. Old Norse also had an influence on English dialects and Lowland Scots and it also influenced the development of the Norman language, and through it and to a smaller extent, that of modern French. Various other languages, which are not closely related, have heavily influenced by Norse, particularly the Norman dialects, Scottish Gaelic. The current Finnish and Estonian words for Sweden are Ruotsi and Rootsi, of the modern languages, Icelandic is the closest to Old Norse. Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system, contemporary Icelandic-speakers can read Old Norse, which varies slightly in spelling as well as semantics and word order. However, pronunciation, particularly of the phonemes, has changed at least as much as in the other North Germanic languages. Faroese retains many similarities but is influenced by Danish, Norwegian, although Swedish, Danish and the Norwegian languages have diverged the most, they still retain asymmetric mutual intelligibility. Speakers of modern Swedish, Norwegian and Danish can mostly understand each other without studying their neighboring languages, the languages are also sufficiently similar in writing that they can mostly be understood across borders
14.
Norse mythology
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The cosmos in Norse mythology consists of Nine Worlds that flank a central cosmological tree, Yggdrasil. Units of time and elements of the cosmology are personified as deities or beings, various forms of a creation myth are recounted, where the world is created from the flesh of the primordial being Ymir, and the first two humans are Ask and Embla. These worlds are foretold to be reborn after the events of Ragnarök, there the surviving gods will meet, and the land will be fertile and green, and two humans will repopulate the world. Norse mythology has been the subject of scholarly discourse since the 17th century, by way of comparative mythology and historical linguistics, scholars have identified elements of Germanic mythology reaching as far back as Proto-Indo-European mythology. In the modern period, the Romanticist Viking revival re-awoke an interest in the subject matter, the myths have further been revived in a religious context among adherents of Germanic Neopaganism. The majority of these Old Norse texts were created in Iceland and this occurred primarily in the 13th century. The Prose Edda was composed as a manual for producing skaldic poetry—traditional Old Norse poetry composed by skalds. Originally composed and transmitted orally, skaldic poetry utilizes alliterative verse, kennings, the Prose Edda presents numerous examples of works by various skalds from before and after the Christianization process and also frequently refers back to the poems found in the Poetic Edda. The Poetic Edda consists almost entirely of poems, with some prose narrative added, in comparison to skaldic poetry, Eddic poetry is relatively unadorned. Numerous further texts, such as the sagas, provide further information, the saga corpus consists of thousands of tales recorded in Old Norse ranging from Icelandic family histories to Migration period tales mentioning historic figures such as Attila the Hun. By way of historical linguistics and comparative mythology, comparisons to other attested branches of Germanic mythology may also lend insight, wider comparisons to the mythology of other Indo-European peoples by scholars has resulted in the potential reconstruction of far earlier myths. Of the mythical tales and poems that are presumed to have existed during the Middle Ages, Viking Age, Migration Period, numerous gods are mentioned in the source texts. In the mythology, Thor lays waste to numerous jötnar who are foes to the gods or humanity, the god Odin is also frequently mentioned in surviving texts. One-eyed, wolf and raven-flanked, and spear in hand, Odin pursues knowledge throughout the worlds, Odin has a strong association with death, Odin is portrayed as the ruler of Valhalla, where valkyries carry half of those slain in battle. Odins wife is the powerful goddess Frigg who can see the future but tells no one, and together they have a beloved son, Baldr. After a series of dreams had by Baldr of his death, his death is engineered by Loki, and Baldr thereafter resides in Hel. Odin must share half of his share of the dead with a powerful goddess and she is beautiful, sensual, wears a feathered cloak, and practices seiðr. She rides to battle to choose among the slain, and brings her chosen to her afterlife field Fólkvangr, Freyja weeps for her missing husband Óðr, and seeks after him in far away lands
15.
Island
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An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, skerries, an island in a river or a lake island may be called an eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be called a holm. A grouping of geographically or geologically related islands is called an archipelago, an island may be described as such, despite the presence of an artificial land bridge. Example, Singapore and its causeway, or the various Dutch delta islands, there are two main types of islands in the sea, continental and oceanic. The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland, Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin aqua. There is a difference between islands and continents in terms of geology, continents sit on continental lithosphere which is part of tectonic plates floating high on Earths mantle. Oceanic crust is also part of tectonic plates, but it is denser than continental lithosphere, Islands are either extensions of the oceanic crust or geologically they are part of some continent sitting on continental lithosphere. This holds true for Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere, continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent. A special type of island is the microcontinental island, which is created when a continent is rifted. Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, the Kerguelen Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some of its carrying capacity. While some are transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable, oceanic islands are islands that do not sit on continental shelves. The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, the few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are Saint Peter and Paul Rocks in the Atlantic Ocean, one type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring, examples are the Aleutian Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean. The only examples in the Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles, another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are two examples, Iceland, which is the second largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. A third type of oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or less stationary relative to the tectonic plate above it
16.
Store norske leksikon
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Store norske leksikon, abbreviated SNL, is a Norwegian language encyclopedia. The SNL was created in 1978 when the two publishing houses Aschehoug and Gyldendal merged their encyclopedias and created the company Kunnskapsforlaget, the name translates into English as Great Norwegian encyclopedia. Up until 1978 the two publishing houses of Aschehoug and Gyldendal, Norways two largest, had published Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon and Gyldendals konversasjonsleksikon, respectively, the respective first editions were published in 1907–1913 and 1933–1934. The fourth edition consists of 16 volumes, a total of 12,000 pages and 280,000 entries, on 12 March 2010 Store Norske Leksikon announced that from 1 July 2010 there would be no new editions of Store Norske Leksikon, because of lacklustre sales. The main reason behind this decision was stated to be Wikipedia, SNL became available online since 2000 and had several hundred thousand subscribers, both private and institutional. The number of articles is about 150,000. Since 25 February 2009, the encyclopedia has been free. The online version of the Store norske leksikon
17.
Oluf Rygh
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Oluf Rygh was a noted Norwegian archaeologist, philologist and historian. Oluf Rygh is recognized as one of the founders of professional archaeology in Norway, Oluf Rygh was born in Verdal. His parents were Peder Strand Rygh and Ingeborg Marie Bentsen and he was the older brother of Evald Rygh and Karl Ditlev Rygh. Oluf Rygh attended the Trondhjem Cathedral School in 1850 and went to the University of Christiania to study philology, in 1858, while a teacher at Nissens Skole in Christiania, he was a research fellow for history. Later he was a professor of philology, history and Scandinavian languages. Rygh was professor of history at the Royal Frederick University between 1866 and 1875 and he was director of Oldsaksamlingen from 1862 and professor of Nordic archaeology from 1875 – the first professor of archaeology at any Scandinavian university. He led excavation of the Tune ship 1867 and his work Norske Oldsaker published in 1885 is recognized for its detailed illustrations and even today is still a significant reference source. From 1879 to 1899 he chaired the Norwegian Historical Association, Oluf Rygh is best known for creation of Norske Gaardnavne, which is a 19 volume set of books based on a manuscript prepared from 1897 to 1924. It inspired similar research in Sweden and Denmark, Rygh died in 1899 at Ulefoss in Holla, Telemark. At the time of his death, only three and one half volumes had been published, the street Oluf Ryghs gate at Fagerborg has been named after him. His more significant publications include,1869 – Om den ældre Jernalder i Norge 1877 – Om den yngre Jernalder i Norge 1885 – Norske Oldsaker 1897 – Norske Gaardnavne
18.
Steinkjer (town)
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Steinkjer is a town in and the municipal center of Steinkjer, Norway. As of 2014, it has a population of 12,224, Steinkjer is also the administrative center of the county of Nord-Trøndelag. The town is located at the end of Trondheimsfjord at the mouth of the river of Steinkjerelva, in the eastern part of the town, the river of Figgja also flows into the fjord. The town is split in two by Steinkjerelva, creating the two neighborhoods of Nordsia and Sørsia. From the creation of municipalities in 1837, Steinkjer was part of Stod, township was awarded in 1857, and from 23 January 1858, it was separated from Stod to form a municipality of its own. The initial population of Steinkjer was 1,150, both the European Road E6 and the Nordland Line run through the town, the latter serving the city at Steinkjer Station
19.
Agdenes
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Agdenes is a municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Orkdalen region, the administrative centre is the village of Selbekken. Other villages in the municipality include Ingdalen, Lensvik, Vassbygda, the municipality of Værnes was established on 1 January 1896 when it was separated from the large municipality of Ørland. It encompassed the area along the Trondheimsleia and initially, the population was 1,412, the name was changed to Agdenes on 17 May 1897 by a royal resolution. On 1 January 1964, the part of Agdenes was merged into Snillfjord along with Heim. On the same date, the municipality of Lensvik and the Ingdalen area of Stadsbygd were merged into Agdenes to form a municipality of Agdenes. On 1 January 1995, the Moldtun area was transferred to neighboring Snillfjord and this was because the area had been without an outside road connection, and once the road was built, it was built in the direction of Snillfjord, not Agdenes. Therefore, it was logical for the residents to vote to change municipalities, the municipality is named after the old Agdenes farm, since the first church was built there. The meaning of the first element is unknown and the last element is nes which means headland, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 30 August 1991, the arms show a field of ermine under a red chief. The ermine field symbolizes the fur farming in the municipality, as ermine is also a royal symbol, it symbolises the fact that in historical times the local overlords and kings have resided in the village. The Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Agdenes and it is part of the Deanery of Orkdal and the Diocese of Nidaros. The industrial density of Agdenes is above the average. Most of the work within the milk or forest industry. The growth of strawberries and the breeding of fur animals are important industries as well, the most common varieties of strawberry grown here are Korona, Sephyr, Senga Sengana, and Bounty. Today, strawberry collection is performed by workers, which are mainly from Poland. In the initial stages, the Norwegian youth were the main workforce, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Agdenes is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four years
20.
Bjugn
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Bjugn is a municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Fosen region, the village of Botngård is the administrative centre of Bjugn municipality. Other villages in Bjugn include Høybakken, Jøssund, Lysøysundet, Nes, Oksvoll, the municipality of Bjugn was established in 1853 when it was separated from the large municipality of Ørland. On 26 March 1870, a resolution moved an unpopulated part of Åfjord to Bjugn. On 1 January 1899, the district of Nes and the southern district of Skjørn were separated from Bjugn. On 1 January 1964, Nes, Jøssund, and the part of Stjørna were all merged with Bjugn to create a new. The population of Bjugn then increased from 1,240 to 4,940, Bjugn was on the Robek-list in 2015. The Old Norse form of the name was Bjugn, the name is derived from bjúgr which means bent, probably referring to the bent form of the local fjord, the Bjugnfjorden. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 17 February 1989. The arms show a yellow rudder on a background, representing the historic importance of fishing in the municipality. The Church of Norway has three parishes within the municipality of Bjugn and it is part of the Deanery of Fosen and the Diocese of Nidaros. The municipality of Bjugn is located on the Fosen peninsula on the mainland, plus many islands, the Asenvågøy lighthouse is located in the far north of the municipality. The Bjugnfjorden and Stjørnfjord both are located partially in Bjugn, neighboring Bjugn is the municipality of Ørland to the southwest, Rissa to the south and southeast, and Åfjord to the northeast. There are five reserves in Bjugn. Hildremsvatnet Nature Reserve is the largest at 23,441 decares and includes several nature types, the Fosenhallen are an indoor multi-use ice rink. The Fosenhallen was used to host the 2014 World Junior Speed Skating Championships, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Bjugn is made up of 21 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, Sør-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
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Flatanger
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Flatanger is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Lauvsnes. Other villages include Jøssund and Vik, Flatanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1871 when it was separated from the large municipality of Fosnes. It is one of the few municipalities in Norway whose boundaries have not changed since it was established, the municipality is named after the old name for one of the fjords in the area, but it is not known which one. The name is composed of two parts, flat, which means shallow water, and angr, which means fjord or inlet. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted in 1990, the arms show three silver chevrons on a green background. The design was chosen to represent the bow of a boat, the Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Flatanger. It is part of the Namdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros, the municipality consists mostly of mainland, but also includes almost 1,400 islands of various sizes. Some of the islands include Bjørøya, Lauvøya, Villa, Halmøya. Ellingråsa Lighthouse is located on the island of Bjørøya and Villa Lighthouse is on Villa and these islands all lie on the south side of the Folda firth. The Namsenfjorden forms part of the boundary of the municipality. The municipality is governed by a council of elected representatives. The municipal council of Flatanger is made up of 15 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, In the 2007 municipal elections, Flatanger had the highest vote for the Venstre party in all of Norway, Flatanger is also home to one of the worlds hardest rock climbs. Change 9b+/5. 15c+ which was first sent by Adam Ondra on 4 October 2012
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Fosnes
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Fosnes is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Dun on the island of Jøa. Other villages include Salsnes and Nufsfjord, Fosnes was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. On 1 January 1871, the district of Fosnes was separated to form the new municipality of Flatanger. This left Fosnes with 2,655 residents, on 1 January 1889, a small area of Fosnes was transferred to the neighboring municipality of Vikten. Then on 1 January 1913, the part of Fosnes was separated to form the new municipality of Otterøy. This left the smaller municipality with 1,107 residents. On 1 January 1964, the Finnanger area of Fosnes on the island of Otterøya was transferred to the new municipality of Namsos, the municipality is named after the old Fosnes farm, since the first church was built there. The first element is fólgsn which means hiding place and the last element is nes which means headland, historically, the name was spelled Fosnæs. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 13 November 1992, the arms show a black oarlock from a rowing boat on a yellow background. Fosnes is a municipality and rowing boats were the main form of transportation in the former centuries. The first proposal for arms of Fosnes were taken in 1989, several proposals were received but none was acceptable to or the council, or the Norwegian Heraldic Society, as the proposals were not made according to heraldic rules. Finally the Society proposed the above arms, which were acceptable to the council, the Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Fosnes. It is part of the Namdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros, Fosnes is a coastal municipality located along the Foldafjord, north of the town of Namsos. The municipality includes the island of Jøa, part of the island of Elvalandet, the second deepest lake in Europe, Salsvatnet, and the lake Mjosundvatnet are both located in the eastern part of the municipality. The municipality is governed by a council of elected representatives. The municipal council of Fosnes is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, Nord-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
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Frosta
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Frosta is the smallest municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. The administrative centre is the village of Frosta, the municipality is located in the Trondheimsfjord, on a peninsula just north of Trondheim. It also includes the island of Tautra which is connected to the mainland by a causeway bridge, Frosta was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. It is one of few municipalities in Norway with unchanged borders since that date. The Old Norse form of the name was Frosta, the meaning of the name is unknown. Historically, the name was also spelled Frosten, the coat of arms was granted in 1987. The arms show a gold sceptre or mace on a green background, the coat-of-arms is inspired by the old seal of the Frostating, where King Magnus VI the law-mender is sitting with a lily sceptre in his hand. The Church of Norway has one parish within the municipality of Frosta and it is part of the Sør-Innherad deanery and the Diocese of Nidaros. Several rock engraving sites can be found in the parish, together with burial mounds from Viking times, archaeologists have for the first time found the remnants of a Viking harbour in Norway at Frosta. A number of logs sticking up along the shoreline at Frosta have been dated back to around year 1000, norways oldest court, Frostating, had its seat here at Tinghaugen, close to the mediaeval church at Logtun. On the island of Tautra can be found the remains of Tautra Abbey, the municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipal council of Frosta is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four years
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Grong
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Grong is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Medjå. Other villages in the municipality include Bergsmoen, Formofoss, Gartland, Grong was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. On 1 January 1901, the district of Høylandet was separated from Grong to form its own municipality. On 1 January 1923, the district of Røyrvik, the northwestern district of Namsskogan. This left a smaller municipality of Grong with only 1,272 residents. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Harran was merged back into Grong, the municipality is named after the old Grong farm, since the first church was built there. The first element is grǫn which means spruce and the last element is the form of the suffix -ungr. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 6 February 1987, the arms show three green triangles on a silver/gray background. The green triangles represent spruce trees, making them canting arms, the name is supposedly derived from Granungar. The number three symbolizes the three villages in the municipality, Harran, Bergsmoen, and Medjå. The Church of Norway has two parishes within the municipality of Grong and it is part of the Namdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. Grong is located along the river Namsen in the Namdalen valley, two major tributaries of the Namsen flow through Grong too, the river Sanddøla and the river Neselva. The Bangsjøene lakes lie at the southern border with Snåsa. The Blåfjella–Skjækerfjella National Park covers a part of the southeastern part of Grong. The municipality is governed by a council of elected representatives. The municipal council of Grong is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, The European route E6 highway follows the river Namsen across the municipality, the two main stations on the Nordland Line are Grong Station in Medjå and Harran Station in Harran
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Hemne
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Hemne is a municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Fosen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Kyrksæterøra. Other villages include Heim, Hellandsjøen, Holla, and Vinjeøra, the highway E39 runs through the southern part of Hemne. Hemne was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, on 1 January 1911, the district of Heim was separated from Hemne to form a municipality of its own. This left Hemne with 3,425 residents, on 1 July 1924, Snillfjord and Vinje were separated from Hemne to form separate municipalities. After the division, Hemne had 2,030 residents remaining, then on 1 January 1964, Vinje and the parts of Heim west of the Hemnfjorden, were merged back into Hemne. On 1 January 2008, the Fossdalen farm was transferred from Rindal to Hemne, the name originally belonged to the Hemnfjorden. The name is derived from the word hǫfn which means port or haven, before 1918, the name was written Hevne. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 14 June 1991. The arms show five yellow hazelnuts on a red background and they symbolize the relatively large hazel forests near the village, which was of economic importance for the village in previous times. The Church of Norway has three parishes within the municipality of Hemne and it is part of the Deanery of Orkdal and the Diocese of Nidaros. Hemne is bordered on the east by the municipalities of Snillfjord and Orkdal, on the south by Rindal and Surnadal, to the north, across the waters of the Trondheimsleia lies Hitra. The Hemnfjorden forms the border between Hemne and Snillfjord, the Vinjefjorden is located in the southwestern side of the municipality and the lake Vasslivatnet lies in the southeast. In the south near Vinjeøra, there are hiking trails to mountain lodges such as Sollia. Media related to Hemne at Wikimedia Commons Sør-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
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Hitra
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Hitra is a municipality and an island in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality covers the island of Hitra and several smaller islands, with a land area of 571.5 km2, the island of Hitra is the seventh largest island in mainland Norway, and the largest island south of the Arctic Circle. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Fillan, other villages include Andersskogan, Ansnes, Forsnes, Hestvika, Knarrlagsund, Kvenvær, Melandsjøen, Nordbotn, Sandstad, and Ulvan. Hitra is famous in Norway for its large and dense population of Red Deer, Hitra is a member of the International Island Games Association. Hitra was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, on 1 January 1877, the northern district of Frøya was separated from Hitra to form a municipality of its own. On 1 January 1886, the southern and eastern parts of Hitra were separated into a new municipality of Fillan and this left Hitra with 2,241 residents. Then on 1 January 1913, the part of Hitra was separated to form the new municipality of Kvenvær. This left Hitra with 1,439 residents, on 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Hitra, Kvenvær, Fillan, and Sandstad were merged to form a new, larger Hitra municipality. Prior to the merger, Hitra had 1,344 residents, the Old Norse form of the name was Hitr. The name is derived from a word with the meaning split or cleft. Until 1918 the name of the island and municipality was spelled Hitteren, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 7 August 1987, the arms show the head of a Red Deer in silver on a blue background. It symbolizes one of Northern Europes largest populations of red deer which is located in the municipality. See also, Coats of Arms of Gjemnes, Hjartdal, and Voss The Church of Norway has four parishes with a total of five churches and it is part of the Deanery of Orkdal and the Diocese of Nidaros. Hitra is the seventh largest island of mainland Norway, and is bordered by Frøya to the north and it lies between the Trondheimsleia and the Frøyfjorden. The 345-metre tall Mørkdalstuva is the highest point on the island, other than the large island of Hitra, there are many other islands in the municipality, notably Fjellværsøya, Ulvøya, Dolmøya, Helgbustadøya, and Bispøyan. The Børøyholmen lighthouse and Terningen lighthouse are located in the Trondheimsleia in the southeast part of Hitra municipality, the company Kystekspressen runs westamaran services from Trondheim and Kristiansund. The 5, 610-metre long undersea tunnel called the Hitratunnelen connects Hitra to the mainland to the south and the 5, 305-metre long Frøya Tunnel connects Hitra to Frøya to the north
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Levanger
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Levanger is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Innherred region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Levanger. Other villages in the municipality include Alstadhaug, Ekne, Hokstad, Markabygd, Momarka, Mule, Nesset, Okkenhaug, Ronglan, Skogn, the town of Levanger lies at the mouth of the Levangselva river along the Trondheimsfjord. One of the roads through the town is Kirkegata. The 5. 74-square-kilometre town has a population of 9745, the population density is 1,555 inhabitants per square kilometre. The town has held town status since 1997, Levanger is a member of the Italian initiative, Cittaslow, for slow towns that dont adopt a fast-lane approach that is so common in most modern towns. The town of Levanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, in 1856, the rural areas around the town of Levanger were separated from the town to form the rural municipality of Levanger landsogn. This left 1,017 residents in the town, on 13 November 1951, a small area of Frol was transferred to the town of Levanger. On 1 January 1962, the municipalities of Frol, Skogn. Prior to the merger, the town had 1,669 residents, on 1 January 1964, the island municipality of Ytterøy was merged with the newly enlarged municipality of Levanger. Prior to the merger, Levanger had 12,281 residents, the municipality is named after the old Levanger farm, since the first church was built there. The first element is Lif old Norse for lun and the last element is angr which means fjord, the coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 25 November 1960 as the arms of the town of Levanger. The arms show a horse on a red background. The horse is a symbol for the town as a trading center between Sweden and Norway for many centuries. The arms did not change after the addition of the other municipalities, see also the coats-of-arms for Eid, Gloppen, Lyngen, Nord-Fron, Skedsmo, and Ski The Church of Norway has seven parishes within the municipality of Levanger. It is part of the Sør-Innherad deanery and the Diocese of Nidaros, Levanger can probably be traced back to the Iron Age, and with certainty back to the Viking Age. Alvshaugen is a burial mound located in the middle of the cemetery at Alstadhaug Church. The burial mound has been dated to 300–600 CE and it is about 40 metres in diameter, and about 5 to 6 metres tall
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Lierne
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Lierne is a municipality in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Namdalen region, and it is the largest municipality in Trøndelag, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Sandvika. Other villages include Inderdal, Sørli, and Tunnsjø senter, the municipality borders Sweden to the south and east. Most of Lierne lies on the Swedish side of the divide between Norway and Sweden. The cross-country race Flyktningerennet is held every year. It is a race that follows a route from Nordli to Gäddede in Strömsund Municipality, Sweden, the municipality of Lierne was established on 1 January 1874 when it was separated from Snåsa. Initially, the population of Lierne was 1,015, on 1 July 1915, it was divided into two municipalities, Nordli and Sørli. On 1 January 1964 they were merged back together again under the former name Lierne, after the merger, there were 2,045 residents in the new municipality. The Old Norse form of the name was Finnahlíð, where the first element is the genitive case of finnr which means Sami person. The later form Lierne is the plural form of li which means mountainside. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 3 February 1984, the arms show three white Willow Ptarmigans on a blue background. The birds are plentiful in the area and hunting them was of great importance historically for the inhabitants to survive during the winters in the area, the bird was thus chosen as a symbol for the municipality. See also, the coats-of-arms of Sirdal and Holtålen The Church of Norway has two parishes within the municipality of Lierne and it is part of the Namdal deanery in the Diocese of Nidaros. Lierne National Park is located in the municipality, and Blåfjella-Skjækerfjella National Park is partly located in Lierne, Lierne has a significant population of brown bears. The municipality is governed by a council of elected representatives. The municipal council of Lierne is made up of 15 representatives that are elected to four years. Currently, the party breakdown is as follows, Nord-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
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Malvik
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Malvik is a village and a municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Trondheim Region, the administrative center of the municipality is the village of Hommelvik. Other villages in Malvik include Muruvika, Smiskaret, Sneisen, Vikhammer, while Malvik refers to the municipality as a whole, it also refers to the village of Malvik. Situated between Hommelvik and Vikhammer, this village is the centre of the municipality, and is where the historic Malvik Church is located. The urban area of the municipality is 3.02 square kilometres, the population density is 2,170 inhabitants per square kilometre. The municipality of Malvik was established in 1891 when it was separated from Strinda, on 1 January 1914, a small area of Lånke was transferred to Malvik. On 1 July 1953, an area of Malvik was transferred to Strinda. The municipality is named after the old Malvik farm, since the first church was built there, the first element is probably the word mǫn which means mane, referring to a mountain ridge behind the farm. The last element is identical with the word vik which means inlet, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 23 July 1982, the arms show a capercaillie, chosen as a symbol for the rich nature in the area. The Church of Norway has two parishes within the municipality of Malvik and it is part of the Deanery of Stjørdal and the Diocese of Nidaros. Malvik is just to the east of Trondheim, by far the largest town in the region, many people in Malvik have their place of employment in Trondheim, though there is some local industry in Malvik itself. The municipal center is Hommelvik, situated about 25 kilometres east of Trondheim, in the last few decades the area around Vikhammer and Hundhammeren has grown larger than Hommelvik. The area has new housing areas, businesses, and shopping. Collectively, the new area is referred to as the Malvik urban area, the southern part of the municipality consists mostly of farming and forest areas, with many attractive areas for hiking and cross-country skiing. The Homla river runs north to the Trondheimsfjord, the lake Jonsvatnet lies on the western border of the municipality. In the southeastern part of Malvik there is the Jøsås exclaves, Øvre Jøsås and Store Jøsås are located in one exclave while Lille Jøsås is making another exclave. The exclaves only have access to Malvik municipality even though they are inside Stjørdals borders
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Meldal
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Meldal is a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Orkdalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Meldal. The 0. 75-square-kilometre village of Meldal has a population of 628, other villages include Løkken Verk, Bjørnli, and Storås. The municipality is most renowned for its activities at Løkken Verk, being the birthplace of the Orkla mining company. It is also home to the annual Storåsfestivalen music festival, Meldal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838. In 1839, the district of Rennebu was separated from Meldal to form a municipality of its own. The Old Norse form of the name was Meðaldalr, the first element is meðal which means middle and the last element is dalr which means valley or dale. The municipality is named this probably because it is located in the middle of the Orkdalen valley, the name was historically spelled Meldalen. The coat-of-arms is from modern times and they were granted on 5 February 1985. The arms are a combination of a wheel as a symbol for the industry. Both items are yellow on a red background, the Church of Norway has two parishes within the municipality of Meldal. It is part of the Deanery of Orkdal and the Diocese of Nidaros, the municipality of Meldal is located along the Orkla River in the middle of the Orkdalen valley. The lakes Hostovatnet and Svorksjøen are located along the border of the municipality. The municipality of Rindal lies to the west, Rennebu lies to the south, Midtre Gauldal and Melhus to the east, the Løkken Station is the terminal station on the Thamshavn Line railway. Sør-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
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Melhus
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Melhus is a village and municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Melhus. Other villages include Gimse, Gåsbakken, Hovin, Korsvegen, Kvål, Ler, agriculture is important in Melhus, and the extensive lowland areas in the almost flat valley surrounding the Gaula River are dominated by grain fields. Many inhabitants work in the city of Trondheim, a 20-minute drive north from Melhus, the village of Melhus is located on the shores of the Gaula River in the north part of the municipality. The 2. 84-square-kilometre village has a population of 5,894, the population density is 2,075 inhabitants per square kilometre. The 100+ year old Melhus Church is located on the side of the village. Melhus was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838, in 1865, the western district of Høilandet was separated from Melhus to form a separate municipality. Then on 1880, the district of Flå was separated to form its own municipality. On 1 January 1964, Melhus was merged with Hølonda, Flå, Horg, the municipality is named after the old Melhus farm, since the first church was built there. The first element is meðal which means middle and the last element is the form of hús which means house. The farm is one part of a greater and older farm, the coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 8 November 1979. The arms show a gold-colored archer with a red background, the arms were chosen to symbolize Einar Tambarskjelve, who was a famous chief and archer from Melhus in the 11th century. He is mentioned as an archer for King Olav Tryggvason in the Battle of Svolder, the Church of Norway has four parishes within the municipality of Melhus. It is part of the Deanery of Gauldal and the Diocese of Nidaros, Melhus was the site of many important events during the Viking Era. It was the site of the farm Rimul in Melhus at which Jarl Haakon was killed by his slave, jarlshola is the location in Melhus thought to have been the hiding place of Jarl Haakon and Tormod Kark on their last night before the infamous murder at Rimul. The 695-square-kilometre municipality of Melhus includes the valley of the Gaula River as it flows northwards towards its mouth at the Gaulosen, the lake Svorksjøen lies on the western border with Orkdal and Meldal. The lakes Benna and Ånøya lie in the part of the municipality. The mountains of Rensfjellet and Vassfjellet lie on the border with Selbu and Klæbu respectively
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Midtre Gauldal
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Midtre Gauldal is a municipality in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Gauldalen region, the administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Støren. Other villages in the municipality include Singsås, Soknedal, Enodden, Midtre Gauldal was established as a new municipality on 1 January 1964 after the merger of the old municipalities of Budal, Singsås, Soknedal, and Støren. The name Midtre Gauldal was created in 1964, the first element is the Norwegian word Midtre meaning middle and the last part is Gauldal which is the name of the valley through which the Gaula River flows. Therefore, the meaning of the name is the part of Gauldalen. The coat-of-arms is from modern times, they were granted on 17 December 1982, the arms show a silver crossed-Y figure on a green background. First it symbolizes the landscape which is based on the meeting of the main Gauldal and Soknedal valleys at the village of Støren, furthermore, the municipality has a major Y-shaped road-and-railway junction. Finally, the Budal Church, dating from 1745 is one of the oldest, the Church of Norway has four parishes within the municipality of Midtre Gauldal. It is part of the Deanery of Gauldal and the Diocese of Nidaros, the municipality is bordered by Meldal and Rennebu to the west, Melhus and Selbu to the north, Holtålen to the east, and Os and Tynset to the south. The lake Samsjøen is located in the part of the municipality. The Gauldalen valley follows the Gaula River through the municipality, the mountain Forollhogna lies on the southern border of the municipality inside Forollhogna National Park. European route E6 crosses the municipality from north to south, the Dovre Line and Røros Line also cross the municipality. Some of the stations on those lines include Støren Station and Singsås Station, Sør-Trøndelag travel guide from Wikivoyage Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway
