1.
Television network
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Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks evolved from earlier radio networks, such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as specialty channels in Canada or cable networks in the U. S. A network may or may not produce all of its own programming, if not, production companies can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of television commercials, station identifications and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming and this is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with an educational broadcasting agency. It is also important to note that some countries have launched national television networks, on the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of television has made available in major media markets. Such a diverse captive audience presents an occasion for the networks and this is explained by author Tim P. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the networks preferred position, as to individual stations, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. A major international network is the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is perhaps most well known for its news agency BBC News. Owned by the Crown, the BBC operates primarily in the United Kingdom and it is funded by the television licence paid by British residents that watch terrestrial television and as a result, no commercial advertising appears on its networks. Outside of the UK, advertising is broadcast because the licence fee applies to the BBCs British operations. 23,000 people worldwide are employed by the BBC and its subsidiary, other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as religious content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish. The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate digital subchannel networks through their member stations. This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated stations across the country. These local stations then carry the feed, which can be viewed by millions of households across the country
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Advertising slogan
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Advertising slogans are short, memorable groups of words used in advertising campaigns. The advertising phrases are means of drawing attention to one distinctive feature, the purpose is to emphasize a phrase that an entity wishes to be remembered by, Particularly, for marketing a specific corporate image, Or, connection to a business product or consumer base. Some slogans are created just for specific campaigns, others are intended as a corporate slogan. Various slogans start out as the former, and are, over time, some advertising slogans are memorable after general use is discontinued. According to the 1913 Websters Dictionary, a slogan derives from the Gaelic sluagh-ghairm and it has come to mean in its contemporary sense, a distinctive advertising motto, or advertising phrase, used by any entity to convey a purpose or ideal, Or, a catchphrase. Taglines, tag lines, or tags are American terms for public communication promoting products. In the UK they are called end lines, endlines, or straplines, in Japan, they are called catchcopy or catch phrase. A marketing slogan can play a part in the interplay between rival companies and it is a business function for attracting customers. Advertising slogans as a system of control include devices similar to watchwords, catchwords. Advertising slogans have extended into areas, such as politics. Fountainheads of strength are found in such features as antithesis, alliteration, euphoniousness, punning, obviousness, the use of slogans may be examined in so far as the slogans continue unconscious and unintentional responses
4.
Missoula, Montana
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Missoula /mᵻˈzuːlə/ is a city in the U. S. state of Montana and is the county seat of Missoula County. In 2015, the United States Census Bureau estimated the population at 71,022. In the 1990s, Missoula overtook Great Falls as Montana’s second‑largest city, Missoula is home to the University of Montana, a public research university. Missoula was founded in 1860 as Hellgate Trading Post while still part of Washington Territory, by 1866, the settlement had moved east,5 miles upstream, and renamed Missoula Mills, later shortened to Missoula. The mills provided supplies to settlers traveling along the Mullan Road. The establishment of Fort Missoula in 1877 to protect settlers further stabilized the economy, the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883 brought rapid growth and the maturation of the local lumber industry. In 1893, the Montana Legislature chose the city as the site for the states first university, along with the U. S. Forest Service headquarters founded in 1908, lumber and the university remained staples of the local economy for the next hundred years. The city is governed by a government with twelve city council members. Notable residents include the first woman in the U. S. Congress, Jeannette Rankin, archaeological artifacts date the Missoula Valleys earliest inhabitants to the end of the last ice age 12,000 years ago with settlements as early as 3500 BCE. From the 1700s until European settlements began a years later, it was primarily the Salish, Kootenai, Pend dOreille, Blackfeet. Hell Gate would remain the name of the area until it was renamed Missoula in 1866, the Lewis and Clark Expedition brought the first U. S. citizens to the area. They twice stopped just south of Missoula at Travelers Rest and they camped there the first time on their westbound trip in September 1805. When they stayed there again on their return in June–July 1806, Clark left heading south along the Bitterroot River and Lewis traveled north, then east, through Hellgate Canyon. The desire for a more convenient water supply to power a lumber, the Missoula Mills replaced Hell Gate Village as the economic power of the valley and replaced it as the county seat in 1866. The name Missoula came from the Salish name for the Clark Fork River, nmesuletkw, Fort Missoula was established in 1877 to help protect further arriving settlers. Growth accelerated with the arrival of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1883, in 1893, Missoula was chosen as the location of the states first university, the University of Montana. The continued economic windfall from railroad construction and lumber mills led to a boom in Missoulas population. A. B. Hammond and Copper Kings Marcus Daly and William A. Clark competed fiercely in the region over lumber share, the United States Forest Service work in Missoula began in 1905
5.
Montana
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Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains
6.
Sinclair Broadcast Group
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Sinclair Broadcast Group is an American telecommunications company that is owned by the family of company founder Julian Sinclair Smith. Sinclair also owns or operates four stations, all located in the Pacific Northwest. Among other non-broadcast properties, Sinclair also owns the Ring of Honor professional wrestling promotion and it Owns a Broadcasting Network, Comet. Smith currently heading the company as its Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, the company, founded by Julian Sinclair Smith, originated in 1971 as the Chesapeake Television Corporation. Its founding television station property was WBFF in Baltimore, Maryland, a subsidiary of Chesapeake Television Corporation, the Commercial Radio Institute, later founded WPTT in Pittsburgh, in 1978, and WTTE in Columbus, Ohio, in 1984. All three stations originally were independents, though WBFF and WTTE became charter affiliates of the Fox Broadcasting Company at its launch in 1986, smiths son David D. Smith began taking a more active role in the company in the 1980s. In 1985, the Chesapeake Television Corporation changed its name to the Sinclair Broadcast Group, in 2001, the FCC levied a $40,000 fine against Sinclair for illegally controlling Glencairn. Sinclair became a listed company in 1995, while the Smith family retained a controlling interest. However, the companys seemingly recovered its financial fortunes enough, as it would begin a string of acquisitions involving television stations. On May 21,2011, it was announced that Sinclair had purchased the professional wrestling promotion Ring of Honor and it also announced that the company was in talks to purchase Columbus, Ohio CW affiliate WWHO from LIN TV. Sinclair would also supply working capital to the stations in consideration of service fees, the group deal was officially completed on January 1,2012 after the FCC approved it on December 21,2011. On November 2,2011, it was announced that Sinclair would purchase all eight stations owned by Freedom Communications in a move for Freedom to eliminate its debt. Sinclair took over the operations of the Freedom stations on December 1,2011 through time brokerage agreements, the deal was granted approval by the FCC on March 13,2012 and was consummated on April 1. On May 15,2012, Sinclair renewed its agreement for its 19 Fox affiliates for five years through 2017. The agreement included the option for Sinclair to purchase Baltimore MyNetworkTV affiliate WUTB from Fox Television Stations at any point between July 1,2012 and March 31,2013. Of these stations, WLFL and WTVZ are both former Fox charter affiliates, having disaffiliated with the network in 1998 to become affiliates of The WB.5 million, concurrently, Sinclair announced that it would also acquire Tampa station WTTA outright from Bay Television, for $40 million. Sinclair also sold two stations, WSTR-TV and KMYS, to Deerfield Media, a company owned by Stephen P. Mumblow, Sinclair continues to operate these two stations under shared services agreements. Sinclair also gave Deerfield Media the option to purchase WJTC and WPMI at a later date, on November 26,2012, Sinclair exercised its option on WUTB through its recently formed LMA partner Deerfield Media
7.
1080i
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1080i is an abbreviation referring to a combination of frame resolution and scan type, used in high-definition television and high-definition video. The number 1080 refers to the number of lines on the screen. The term assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9, so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution. A1920 pixels ×1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels and this format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard. The choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for square pixels to be used in HD video formats, within the designation 1080i, the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines, 1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants, so motion portrayal is good and this is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, in this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second. Both field rates can be carried by digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB. The frame rate can be implied by the context, while the rate is generally specified after the letter i. In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second, the European Broadcasting Union prefers to use the resolution and frame rate separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation, 1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan—e. g. Most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced, depending on the televisions video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display, worldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the resolution to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors
8.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
9.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
10.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
11.
DuMont Television Network
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The DuMont Television Network was one of the worlds pioneer commercial television networks, rivalling NBC and CBS for the distinction of being first overall in the United States. It was owned by DuMont Laboratories, an equipment and set manufacturer. DuMont Laboratories was founded in 1931 by Dr. Allen B, DuMont with only $1,000, and a laboratory in his basement. He and his staff were responsible for many technical innovations. The companys television sets became the gold standard of the industry. In 1942, DuMont worked with the Army in developing radar technology during World War II and this brought in $5 million for the company. Early sales of television sets were hampered by the lack of regularly scheduled programming being broadcast, a few months after selling his first set in 1938, DuMont opened his own New York area experimental television station in Passaic, New Jersey. In 1940, the moved to Manhattan as W2XWV on channel 4. Unlike CBS and NBC, which reduced their hours of television broadcasting during World War II, in 1944, W2XWV became WABD moving to channel 5 in 1945, the third commercial television station in New York. On May 19,1945, DuMont opened experimental W3XWT in Washington, a minority shareholder in DuMont Laboratories was Paramount Pictures, which had advanced $400,000 in 1939 for a 40% share in the company. Soon after his experimental Washington station signed on, DuMont began experimental coaxial cable hookups between his laboratories in Passaic, New Jersey, and his two stations. It is said one of those broadcasts on the hookup announced that the U. S. had dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. This was later considered to be the beginning of the DuMont Network by both Thomas T. Goldsmith, the networks chief engineer and DuMonts best friend, and DuMont himself. Regular network service began on August 15,1946, on WABD, in 1947, W3XWT became WTTG, named after Goldsmith. The pair were joined in 1949 by WDTV in Pittsburgh, ABC had just come into existence as a radio network in 1943 and did not enter network television until 1948, when it signed on a flagship station in New York City, WJZ-TV. CBS also waited until 1948 to begin network operations because it was waiting for the Federal Communications Commission to approve its color television system, despite no history of radio programming or stable of radio stars to draw on and perennial cash shortages, DuMont was an innovative and creative network. Without the radio revenues that supported mighty NBC and CBS, DuMont programmers relied on their wits, eventually, the network provided original programs that are remembered more than 60 years later. The network largely ignored the standard model of 1950s TV, in which one advertiser sponsored an entire show
12.
PBS
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The Public Broadcasting Service is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid-2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations, each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a program production arm or news division
13.
This TV
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The network maintains a large programming emphasis on films, but also airs other limited general entertainment content in the form of classic television series and childrens programming. This TVs programming and business operations are headquartered at the Tribune Tower in Chicago, proposed for use in on-air promotions. This TV formally launched at 9,00 p. m. Eastern Time on November 1,2008, with the 1986 Spike Lee film Shes Gotta Have It as the network’s first program. However, some initial affiliates may have launched the network one day earlier – on October 31,2008 – to carry some Halloween-themed programming that was provided by the network. At launch, in addition to featuring conent sourced largely from the MGM film and television library, jim Marketti, president/CEO of Marketti Creative Group, was hired in August 2008 as This TVs creative director, focusing on the networks marketing and promotion. On May 13,2013, Weigel Broadcasting announced that it would be leaving the This TV partnership in order to focus on Movies, a similar film-oriented multicast network that Weigel launched in partnership with Fox Television Stations in January 2013. Sean Compton, president of programming for Tribune Broadcasting, began overseeing operations for the network as a result of the transaction and this TVs program schedule relies primarily on the library of films and television programming currently owned by MGM and subsidiary United Artists. The network did not utilize a split-screen credit sequence to promote upcoming programs during the credits until Tribune took over operations. This TVs daily schedule consists largely of feature films, which air on Monday through Saturdays from 6,00 a. m. to 4,00 a. m. and Sundays from 6,00 to 10,00 a. m.2,00 to 6,00 p. m. and 2,00 to 4,00 a. m. All About Eve, which was released by 20th Century Fox, under Weigel co-ownership, This TV aired Pink Panther cartoon shorts to pad out surplus airtime when a film concludes more than five minutes prior to the end of the films allotted timeslot. This TV also commonly features themed movie presentations, with the days schedule consisting of films from a particular genre once a week throughout the month. On certain days, the network may air differing genres of films separated by daypart, the network also broadcasts a featured movie in primetime at 8,00 p. m. Eastern Time on Monday through Friday nights. During 2014, the network shared select older film titles with sister network Antenna TV, most of the networks series programming airs during the early morning hours during pre-determined breaks within the networks movie schedule. It also featured a Weigel-produced program originally produced for its Chicago flagship WCIU-TV, a number of NBC affiliates added This TV as a replacement for the now-defunct NBC Weather Plus service, which shut down in November 2008. In South Bend, its status on WCWW did not change, partly because Tribune does not own a station in that market, unlike in Chicago. In 2014, Tribune began to produce advertisements for This TV that it distributes to its affiliates for broadcast on their main signals in high definition
14.
Television station
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A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
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Flagship (broadcasting)
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Not all networks or shows have a flagship station, as some originate from a dedicated radio or television studio. The term derives from the custom where the commanding officer of a group of naval ships would fly a distinguishing flag. In common parlance, flagship is now used to mean the most important or leading member of a group, the term is primarily used in TV and radio in the United States and Canada. With Kelly and Michael from WABC-TV in New York City Networks Midnight Radio Network from WBAP in Dallas/Fort Worth Events Masters Tournament from WRDW-TV, a flagship radio station is the principal station from which a radio networks programs are fed to affiliates. In the United States, traditional radio networks currently operate without flagship stations as defined in this article, Network operations and those of the local owned-and-operated or affiliated stations in the same city are now separate and may come under different corporate entities. ABC Radio programming is produced by ABC News and distributed by Cumulus Media, Clear Channel Communications follows a similar model, flagship stations WOR/New York City and KFI/Los Angeles are both operated mostly separately from its syndication wing, Premiere Networks. WWRL in New York City was an affiliate of the now-defunct Air America Radio and carries some of its programs but is owned and operated. Originally, Air America Radio leased WLIB as its flagship station, the network would later lease WZAA in Washington, D. C. as its lone self-operated station. Fox Sports Radios flagship station is KLAC in Los Angeles, with which it merged operations in 2009, Sports Radio is flagshipped at KGOW in Houston, its predecessor, Sporting News Radio, was previously flagshipped at WIDB in Chicago. CBS Sports Radio is nominally flagshipped at WFAN, ESPN Radios technical flagship is affiliate WUCS which serves its base of operations in Bristol, Connecticut, though WEPN-FM in New York and Los Angeles station KSPN serve as true flagship stations. NBC Sports Radio has no definitive flagship stations, nash FM, a country music network, is nominally flagshipped at WKDF in Nashville, Tennessee. Both are former AM clear channel operations which have moved to FM, the CKO networks Toronto frequency was re-issued to CBL but the namesake CKO flagship in Montréal is silent, the frequency remains vacant. Some programs such as Imus in the Morning are simulcast on television, others are simulcasted on XM Satellite Radio and / or Sirius Satellite Radio. C. C. Paul, Minnesota On Air with Ryan Seacrest, KIIS /Los Angeles, the show is now on Sirius Satellite Radio Channel 100. WOR in New York City was the station of the syndicated programs of Jay Severin, Bob Grant, The Dolans. WGN in Chicago was considered the station for Paul Harveys News and Comment. KABC in Los Angeles was the base of Larry Elder until the show ended its run in 2009. WABC had been the flagship of The Rush Limbaugh Show before Limbaugh moved to West Palm Beach, Florida
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Very high frequency
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Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meters. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency, and the higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude, some older DVB-T receivers included channels E2 to E4 but newer ones only go down to channel E5. VHF propagation characteristics are suited for terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter. VHF waves are restricted to the radio horizon less than 100 miles. VHF is less affected by noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Unlike high frequencies, the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF waves, the distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves, in engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station. The accuracy of calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles, for directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or beam antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth, helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas, vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antennas power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world, some national uses are detailed below. 108–118 MHz, Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser, 118–137 MHz, Airband for air traffic control, AM,121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–146 MHz, Amateur radio. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these, the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services and this was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies—channels 0, 5A and 11
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Digital terrestrial television
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Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network
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Kalispell, Montana
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Kalispell is a city in, and the county seat of Flathead County, Montana, United States. The 2015 Census estimates put Kalispells population at 22,052, the Kalispell Micropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 93,068 and it is the largest city and commercial center of northwest Montana. The name Kalispell is a Salish word meaning land above the lake. Kalispell is also the gateway to Glacier National Park, working using his own capital, Charles Edward Conrad, a businessman and banker from Fort Benton, Montana, formed the Kalispell Townsite Company with three other men. The townsite was platted and lots began selling by the spring of 1891. Conrad built a mansion in Kalispell in 1895. Kalispell was officially incorporated as a city in 1892, since that time, the city of Kalispell has continued to grow in population reaching 19,927 in 2010. As the largest city in Northwest Montana, Kalispell serves as the county seat, the city is considered a secondary trade center with a trade area of approximately 130,000. The city also is home to Kalispell Regional Medical Center, which boasts a 150-bed facility, nestled in the Flathead valley, Kalispell is 31 miles from Glacier National Park and 22 miles from Hungry Horse Dam. Skiers have access to Whitefish Mountain Resort on Big Mountain and Blacktail Mountain Ski Area each 17 miles away, Flathead Lake is 7 miles away. Buffalo Hill Golf Club, designed by Robert Muir Graves, serves the needs of golfers, the tribal schools nearby offer classes in the Kalispel–Spokane–Flathead language, a language nest, and intensive language training for adults. There is a Salish language school and training center in Arlee, Kalispell is located at 48°11′52″N 114°18′58″W, at an altitude of 2,956 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.73 square miles. Kalispell is located 7 miles north of Flathead Lake, which is the largest natural lake in the continental United States west of the Mississippi River. Kalispell experiences a cold climate, with long, cold and moderately snowy winters, hot and dry summers. Nights are much cooler than daytime highs, snow usually occurs from late October/early November to March. As of the census of 2010, there were 19,927 people,8,638 households, the population density was 1,711.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 9,379 housing units at a density of 805.8 per square mile
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Butte, Montana
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Butte /ˈbjuːt/ is a city in, and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the entity of Butte-Silver Bow. As of the 2010 census, Buttes population was approximately 34,200, Butte is Montanas fifth largest city. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Butte experienced every stage of development of a town, from camp to boomtown to mature city to center for historic preservation. Unlike most such towns, Buttes urban landscape includes mining operations set within residential areas, despite the dominance of the Anaconda Company, Butte was never a company town. It prided itself on architectural diversity and an ethos of rough-and-tumble individualism. In the 21st century, efforts at interpreting and preserving Buttes heritage are addressing both the historical significance and the continuing importance of mining to its economy and culture. Butte was one of the largest cities in the Rocky Mountains in the late 1800s, Silver Bow County had 24,000 people in 1890, and peaked at 100,000 in 1920. The population steadily declined with falling copper prices after World War I, eventually dropping to 34,000 in 1990, in 2013, the population remains at 34,200. The documentary Butte, America, depicts its history as a producer and the issues of labor unionism, economic rise and decline. The city is served by Bert Mooney Airport with airport code BTM, Butte began as a mining town in the late 19th century in the Silver Bow Creek Valley, a natural bowl sitting high in the Rockies straddling the Continental Divide. At first only gold and silver were mined in the area, but the advent of electricity caused a demand for copper. The small town was called the Richest Hill on Earth. It was the largest city for hundreds of miles in all directions. Among the migrants, many Chinese workers moved in, and amongst them set up businesses that led to the creation of a Chinatown in Butte, the Chinese migrations stopped in 1882 with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. The business owners fought back by suing the unions and winning, the history of the Chinese migrants in Butte is documented in the Mai Wah Museum. The influx of miners gave Butte a reputation as a town where any vice was obtainable. The citys famous saloon and red-light district, called the Line or The Copper Block, was centered on Mercury Street, behind the brothel was the equally famous Venus Alley, where women plied their trade in small cubicles called cribs
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Bozeman, Montana
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Bozeman is a city in and the county seat of Gallatin County, Montana, United States, in the southwestern part of the state. The 2010 census put Bozemans population at 37,280 and the 2015 census estimate put the population at 43,405 making it the fourth largest city in the state. It is the city of the Bozeman, MT Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is the largest Micropolitan Statistical Area in Montana and is the third largest of all of Montana’s statistical areas, the city is named after John M. Bozeman who established the Bozeman Trail and was a key founder of the town in August 1864. The town became incorporated in April 1883 with a city form of government. Bozeman was elected an All-America City in 2001 by the National Civic League, Bozeman is a college town, home to Montana State University. The local newspaper is the Bozeman Daily Chronicle, and the city is served by Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport, william Clark visited the area in July 1806 as he traveled east from Three Forks along the Gallatin River. The party camped 3 miles east of what is now Bozeman, the journal entries from Clarks party briefly describe the future citys location. Red Clouds War closed the Bozeman Trail in 1868, but the fertile land attracted permanent settlers. In 1866 Nelson Story, a successful Virginia City, Montana, Story braved the hostile Bozeman Trail to successfully drive some 1000 head of longhorn cattle into Paradise Valley just east of Bozeman. Eluding the U. S. Army, who tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from hostile Indians, Story established a sizable ranch in the Paradise Valley and holdings in the Gallatin Valley. He later donated land to the state for the establishment of Montana State University – Bozeman, Fort Ellis 45°39′16″N 110°56′35″W, el.4,987 feet was established in 1867 by Captain R. S. In addition to Fort Ellis, a fort, Fort Elizabeth Meagher, was established in 1867 by volunteer militiamen. The first library in Bozeman was formed by the Young Mens Library Association in a room above a drugstore in 1872 and it later moved to the mayors office and was taken over by the city in 1890. The first Grange meeting in Montana Territory was held in Bozeman in 1873, the Northern Pacific Railway reached Bozeman from the east in 1883. By 1900 Bozemans population reached 3,500, in 1892 the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries established a fish hatchery on Bridger Creek at the entrance to Bridger Canyon. Montana State University - Bozeman was established in 1893 as the states land-grant college, by the 1920s, the institution was known as Montana State College, and in 1965 it became Montana State University. Bozemans first high school, the Gallatin Valley High School, was built on West Main Street in 1902, in the early 20th century, over 17,000 acres of the Gallatin Valley were planted in edible peas harvested for both canning and seed
21.
Station identification
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Station identification is the practice of radio or television stations or networks identifying themselves on-air, typically by means of a call sign or brand name. This may be to satisfy requirements of licensing authorities, a form of branding or a combination of both, as such, it is closely related to production logos used in television and cinema, alike. Station identification used to be done regularly by an announcer at the point during the presentation of a television program. Idents are known as a montage in Thailand, and as an interlude in Cambodia, Station IDs in the Philippines differ from the original concept. Station IDs in the Philippines runs for three to six minutes depending on the television station, the longest station ID is Isang Pamilya Tayo Ngayong Pasko, which was used by ABS-CBN as a Christmas ID in 2016, lasting for twelve minutes and 42 seconds. However, ABS-CBN, alongside some networks, also releases CGI-animated station IDs, broadcast stations in Europe do not identify by a callsign, however most networks use a brand based on their common channel number. A form of station identification clip is played between programmes, traditionally incorporating the channels logo, and accompanied by a continuity announcer that introduces the next programme and these identifiers evolved from mainly being mechanical models, to becoming more advanced through the evolution of CGI during the 1980s. From the 1960s to the 1990s, most broadcasters only used a single identifier, sometimes using special variations for holidays and special events. In the present day, most broadcasters use a set of multiple identifiers built around a theme or branding element. It meant that viewers across the country would see a Yorkshire Television logo and hear the corresponding fanfare before Emmerdale Farm, beginning in 1988, these were largely replaced by endcaps. Since the consolidation of the ITV network in the early 2000s, prior to 1988, the two existing channels in the Netherlands, Nederland 1 and Nederland 2, used only the idents of the broadcasters airing on them. With the creation of Nederland 3, all three channels started using their own idents, the United States Federal Communications Commission enforces specific requirements for identification that must be followed by all terrestrial radio and television stations. As a courtesy, top-of-hour identifications may also contain information, such as frequencies. Only the name of the licensee, the frequency or channel number as stated on its license, and/or network affiliations. All translators must be identified between 7 and 9 a. m.12,55 and 1,05 p. m. and 4 and 6 p. m. FCC rules specify that additional communities a station serves may also be listed in a legal ID, the advent of automated broadcast equipment has made it much easier for broadcasters to ensure compliance with identification rules. Many television stations and radio stations may have their identifications pre-recorded or programmed to play automatically at the appropriate times, on radio, the top-of-hour ID must contain the full, legal call sign as assigned by the FCC, followed immediately by the stations community of license. The call letters must be individually, even if the call letters are pronounced as a word for branding purposes
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Salmon, Idaho
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Salmon is a city in Lemhi County, Idaho, United States. The population was 3,112 at the 2010 census, the city is the county seat of Lemhi County. The Lewis and Clark Expedition crossed the divide at Lemhi Pass,30 miles to the southeast of Salmon. The sole female in the party, Sacagawea, was born in the Lemhi Valley near Salmon, the Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural and Educational Center was opened in Salmon in August 2003. From 1910 to 1939, Salmon was the terminus of the now-defunct Gilmore. Salmon is located at 45°10′41″N 113°54′10″W, the elevation is 3944 feet above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.37 square miles. The Salmon River passes through Salmon, white water rafters and other people interested in outdoor recreation have brought economic activity to Salmon. The Lemhi River flows into the Salmon River at Salmon, Salmon experiences a semi-arid climate with cold, dry winters and hot, slightly wetter summers. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,112 people,1,420 households, the population density was 1,335.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,628 housing units at a density of 698.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 5% White,0. 3% African American,0. 5% Native American,0. 6% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 6% of the population. 37. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 45.7 years. 21. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24,21. 6% were from 25 to 44, 30% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 3% male and 50. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,122 people,1,369 households, and 829 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,813.2 people per square mile, there were 1,576 housing units at an average density of 915.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 76% White,0. 19% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 29% Asian,0. 61% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 18% of the population
23.
Helena, Montana
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Helena /ˈhɛlᵻnə/ is the capital city of the U. S. state of Montana and the county seat of Lewis and Clark County. It was founded as a camp during the Montana gold rush. Over $3.6 billion of gold was extracted in the city limits over a duration of two decades, making it one of the wealthiest cities in the United States by the nineteenth century. The concentration of wealth contributed to the prominent, elaborate Victorian architecture. The 2010 census put the population at 28,190 and the Lewis, Helena is the principal city of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lewis and Clark and Jefferson counties, its population is 77,414 according to the 2015 Census Estimate. The local daily newspaper is the Independent Record, professional sports teams include the Helena Brewers minor league baseball and Helena Bighorns Tier III Junior A hockey team. The city is served by Helena Regional Airport, the Helena area was long used by various indigenous peoples. Before the introduction of the horse some 300 years ago, and since, other peoples, including the Salish. Yet like the native peoples none of them stayed for long, gold strikes in Idaho Territory in the early 1860s attracted many migrants who initiated major gold rushes at Grasshopper Creek and Alder Gulch in 1862 and 1863 respectively. So many people came that the government created a new territory called Montana in May 1864. These miners prospected far and wide for new gold discoveries. The original camp was named Last Chance by the Four Georgians, by fall, the population had grown to over 200, and some thought the name Last Chance was too crass. On October 30,1864, a group of at least seven self-appointed men met to name the town, authorize the layout of the streets, the first suggestion was Tomah, a word the committee thought had connections to the local Indian people. Other nominations included Pumpkinville and Squashtown, other suggestions were to name the community after various Minnesota towns, such as Winona and Rochester, as a number of settlers had come from Minnesota. Finally, a Scotsman named John Summerville proposed Helena, which he pronounced /həˈliːnə/ hə-LEE-nə in honor of Helena Township, Scott County, Minnesota. This immediately caused an uproar from the former Confederates in the room, who insisted upon the pronunciation /ˈhɛlᵻnə/ HEL-i-nə, after Helena, Arkansas, a town on the Mississippi River. While the name Helena won, the pronunciation varied until approximately 1882 when the /ˈhɛlᵻnə/ HEL-i-nə pronunciation became dominant and has remained so to the present. Later tales of the naming of Helena claimed the name came variously from the island of St. Helena, the townsite was first surveyed in 1865 by Captain John Wood
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Southern Alberta
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Southern Alberta is a region located in the Canadian province of Alberta. In 2004, the population was approximately 272,017. The primary cities are Lethbridge and Medicine Hat, the region is known mostly for agricultural production, but other sectors, such as alternative energy, film production and tourism, are emerging. The region has an area of approximately 75,500 km². Southern Alberta is in the northern Great Plains region, lined to the west by the Canadian Rockies, the rest of region is dominated by the semi-arid prairies of the Pallisers Triangle, where farms and ranches have been built, often with the help of irrigation. Rivers generally flow from west to east and include the Oldman River, Bow River, Red Deer River, the Alberta Badlands are developed in the north-east of the region, prominently along the Red Deer River. Cypress Hills, located in the east, at the border with Saskatchewan, are the highest point between the Rocky Mountains and Labrador. 8% real GDP growth each year until 2011, the industries of manufacturing, energy, mining and forestry would account for 2. 6% each. All ten of these fields would account for more than half of the domestic product. Alberta South Alberta SouthWest South Grow Economic Development Alliance of Southeast Alberta
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Alberta
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Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
26.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
27.
Master control
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Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-air television stations and television networks. It is distinct from a control room in television studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated. It is also different from the studio where the talent are located. A transmission control room is smaller in size and is a scaled down version of centralcasting. Master control is the point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air for terrestrial television or cablecast, satellite provider for broadcast. Master control is generally staffed with one or two master control operators around-the-clock, every day to ensure continuous operation, regulations include both technical ones, as well as content ones. Many television networks and radio networks or station groups have consolidated facilities, many other public and private broadcasters have taken a similar approach. Network Operations Center Central Apparatus Room Transmission Control Room Analog Master Control
28.
KGVO (AM)
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KGVO is a radio station licensed to serve Missoula, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and it airs a News radio format, simulcasting KLYQ1240 AM Hamilton. The station was assigned the KGVO call letters by the Federal Radio Commission on March 17,1931. On May 6,1932, the FRC authorized KGVO to mover from 1420 kHz to 1200 kHz, at that time, KGVO had 100 W power. KGVO has been the station of Montana Grizzlies football and mens basketball for decades. What eventually became GapWest Broadcasting was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13,2010
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CBS News Radio
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CBS Radio News, historically known as the CBS Radio Network, provides news to more than 1,000 radio stations throughout the United States. The network is owned by CBS Corporation, it is the last of the three original national U. S. radio networks owned by its parent company. CBS Radio News is one of the programming services distributed by Westwood One, the network is the oldest unit of the CBS Corporation and traces its roots to CBSs predecessor, United Independent Broadcasters, founded in 1927 with 47 affiliates. The next year, Columbia Records invested in the radio network, eventually, Columbia pulled its backing from the struggling web. William S. Paley bought a half-interest in what became the Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928, for more about the networks history, see CBS. Louis, KRLD in Dallas and WCCO in Minneapolis and its offerings include the top-of-the-hour newscasts and the half-hour news updates. In addition to the product, reports and actualities are made available to affiliates on its Newsfeeds. Newsfeeds are subscribed heavily to by WCBS, KYW and other top outlets, among its on-air programs are the CBS News-on-the-Hour and the morning Osgood File features with Charles Osgood. The network is home to the morning and evening editions of the CBS World News Roundup, steve Kathan anchors the morning show, while Bill Whitney hosts the evening edition. The daily Roundup dates back to a special on March 13,1938, each Friday, the network also produces the CBS News Weekend Roundup, a look at the top stories of the week, hosted by Dan Raviv, with a commentary from Charles Grodin. CBS Radio has an impressive list of reporters around the world including Barry Bagnato, Mark Knoller, Pam Coulter, Sabina Castelfranco, Robert Berger, Cami McCormick, Logan also reports for CBS Television, and many TV correspondents also appear on CBS Radio newscasts. In 2009, CBS launched a late night talk program hosted by Jon Grayson. CBS themselves handle the syndication of Graysons show, while syndication for Smerconishs show to non-CBS stations has been outsourced to Dial Global. Graysons show, Overnight America, also entered national syndication via Dial Global on January 30,2012, meanwhile, Smerconish discontinued the morning show in 2011. Three of CBSs television programs are currently simulcast on CBS Radio News, those are Face the Nation,60 Minutes, in addition, the Late Show with David Letterman Top Ten List was also broadcast by the network in a short-form-feature format until the shows conclusion in 2015. Other public-affairs features include CBS Healthwatch with Dr. Emily Senay, Raising Our Kids with WCBS morning anchor Pat Carroll, CBS has since announced plans to launch CBS Sports Radio in fall 2012 through a rival network, Cumulus Media Networks. During the overnight hours, CBSN carries a video simulcast of CBS Radio Newss top-of-the-hour reports, while the networks World News Roundup is the longest-running news show on radio or TV in the U. S. On February 2,2017, CBS Corporation announced that it had agreed to sell its radio unit with Entercom and it was not specified whether or not CBS Radio News was included in the sale
30.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
31.
KXLF-TV
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KXLF-TV is a television station in Butte, Montana, broadcasting locally as a CBS affiliate on digital channel 4.1. Programming from The CW is broadcast on digital channel 4.2, the station operates a semi-satellite in Bozeman, KBZK channel 7. Both stations are owned by the Cordillera Communications subsidiary of Evening Post Industries as part of its Montana Television Network, KXLF is the technical operations center for all MTN stations. The station operates its programming and commercials with an automated playout system, programming and commercials are microwaved from Butte to Bozemans KBZK. KXLF-TV was founded on August 14,1953 and it is Montanas oldest television station, and was originally owned by Television Montana, a company largely owned by industry pioneer Ed Craney, it was a sister station to KXLF radio. At the outset, the station operated on channel 6 as a primary NBC affiliate, KXLF added ABC programming in 1955, soon afterward, the station lost DuMont when it shut down. KXLF-TVs first home was the floor of a Pay n Save food. However, the studio soon suffered heavy damages because of a burglary to the grocery store downstairs, the burglars cut a hole in the floor of the studio and used the studio camera cable to climb down and gain access to the grocery store. A few months later, the cable was replaced and the studio was up, in addition to network programming, in its early years KXLF-TV aired a number of local programs, all of which was produced live in the studio, including shows and commercials. Some of Buttes local shows in the 1950s were The Oldtimer, featuring John Diz, This Afternoon with You, hosted by Darien Carkeet, Whats New. Hosted by Ed Craney and KXLF the Clown, featuring Wes Haugen, KXLF-TV moved to channel 4 in October 1956 due to concerns that the concurrent operation of channel 6 stations in Butte and Pocatello, Idaho would result in interference. The following year was a time of change for the station, a complicated operation saw the transmitter moved on top of a mountain east of Butte, subsequently dubbed XL Heights. The transmitter tower was positioned on the Continental Divide, thereby giving the station the moniker The Continental Divide Station. The new transmitter location made an off-air signal available for KXLJ-TV in Helena creating the first TV network in Montana, also in 1957, KXLF found a permanent home in the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad station on Montana Street. The station was built in 1916 and features a 95-foot clock tower, in the 1970s, the depot became one of Buttes first major restoration projects. It continues to serve as an example of historic restoration, in the late 1990s, KXLF installed a live webcam atop the clock tower, which offers a live view of downtown Butte. In 1958, KXLF-TV and KXLJ-TV, in association with KFBB-TV in Great Falls, KOOK-TV in Billings, KID-TV in Idaho Falls, Idaho, KFBB was later replaced by Great Falls other station, KRTV. Later that year, the added a secondary affiliation with CBS, by 1960, CBS was the stations primary network
32.
KPAX-TV
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KPAX-TV is a television station in Missoula, Montana, broadcasting locally on channel 8 as an affiliate of CBS, with programming from The CW on digital suchannel 8.2. The station is owned by Evening Post Industries, the station is part of the Evening Posts Montana Television Network, a network of Montana CBS stations. The CW digital subchannel is known as Western Montana CW, KAJJ also has its own weeknight 5,30 and 10 p. m. newscasts with a separate anchor, which was introduced in 2010. Channel 8 signed on for the first time in 1970 as a semi-satellite of KXLF-TV in Butte, the station was originally owned by Garryowen Corporation, controlled by Joe Sample, as part of the Montana Television Network. In 1977, KPAX opened a new studio on Regent Street in Missoula, for most of its existence, KPAX-TV has been a primary CBS affiliate. However, it shared ABC with KGVO-TV until 1976, when KPAX, along with KXLF-TV, upgraded ABC to a primary affiliation, KPAX returned to CBS in 1984, and continued to air ABC in off-hours until KTMF signed on in 1991. In 1984, Sample sold the MTN stations to SJL, Inc. for $20 million, SJL, in turn, sold KPAX-TV, KXLF-TV, and KRTV in Great Falls to Evening Post Publishing Company, through its Cordillera Communications subsidiary, for $24 million in 1986. KAJJ was established in 1984 as K18AJ and its original owner, Telecrafter Broadcasting Corporation, sold K18AJ to Cordillera in 1988. It became KAJJ-CA in 2011, and KAJJ-CD in 2012, the stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 7. Through the use of PSIP, digital television display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 8
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Sesame Street
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Sesame Street is a long-running American childrens television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. The program is known for its content, and images communicated through the use of Jim Hensons Muppets, animation, short films, humor. The show has undergone significant changes throughout its history, with the creation of Sesame Street, producers and writers of a childrens television show used, for the first time, educational goals and a curriculum to shape its content. It was also the first time a shows educational effects were studied, the show was initially funded by government and private foundations but has become somewhat self-supporting due to revenues from licensing arrangements, international sales, and other media. By 2006, there were independently produced versions, or co-productions, in 2001 there were over 120 million viewers of various international versions of Sesame Street, and by the shows 40th anniversary in 2009, it was broadcast in more than 140 countries. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was the childrens television show in the United States. A1996 survey found that 95% of all American preschoolers had watched the show by the time they were three years old, in 2008, it was estimated that 77 million Americans had watched the series as children. As of 2014, Sesame Street has won 167 Emmy Awards and 8 Grammy Awards—more than any other childrens show, Sesame Street was conceived in 1966 during discussions between television producer Joan Ganz Cooney and Carnegie Foundation vice president Lloyd Morrisett. Their goal was to create a television show that would master the addictive qualities of television and do something good with them. The program premiered on television stations on November 10,1969. It was the first preschool educational television program to base its contents and production values on laboratory, initial responses to the show included adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings. By its 40th anniversary in 2009, Sesame Street was broadcast in over 120 countries, Sesame Street has evolved from its initial inception. According to writer Michael Davis, by the mid-1970s the show had become an American institution, the cast and crew expanded during this time, with emphasis on the hiring of women crew members and the addition of minorities to the cast. The shows success continued into the 1980s, Sesame Streets curriculum has expanded to include more affective topics such as relationships, ethics, and emotions. After the turn of the 21st century, Sesame Street made major structural changes, for example, starting in 2002, its format became more narrative and included ongoing storylines. After its thirtieth anniversary in 1999 and due to the popularity of the Muppet Elmo, upon its fortieth anniversary in 2009, the show received a Lifetime Achievement Emmy at the 36th Daytime Emmy Awards. In April 2017, Sesame Street will introduce a new puppet called Julia with Autism to the show, and will be voiced by Stacey Gordon, who started Puppet Pie and has a son on the autism spectrum. From its first episode, Sesame Street has structured its format by using a visual style, fast-moving action, humor
34.
Montana PBS
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Montana PBS is the Public Broadcasting Service member Public television state network for Montana. It is a joint venture between Montana State University and the University of Montana-Missoula, the network is headquartered in the Visual Communications Building on the MSU campus in Bozeman, Montana, with a separate studio on the UM campus in Missoula. KUSM and KUHM are licensed to MSU, KUFM to UM, the transmitter was donated by Montana broadcasting pioneer Joe Sample. MSU didnt have enough funding at the time to support a television station. Station engineers switched to and from the signal of KUED in Salt Lake City for most PBS programming until 1987, prior to 1984, Montana viewers had to rely on cable for PBS programming. KSPS and KRMA still operate translators in Montana, additionally, some commercial stations in Montana, including KTVQ in Billings and KFBB in Great Falls, carried Sesame Street and may have carried other PBS programs besides. Also in 1987, KUSM was added to TCIs cable systems in central and eastern Montana, UM had won a construction permit for KUFM-TV in 1992, but had trouble getting on the air until 1996. UM and MSU joined forces to form Montana PBS, which broadcast for the first time as a network on New Years Day 1997, Montana PBSs third full-powered station, KBGS-TV in Billings, signed on in late-2009. The fourth full-powered satellite, KUGF in Great Falls, signed on in fall 2010, kUKL-TV in Kalispell followed in 2011. The network has expanded slowly, relying mainly on cable. This didnt pose as much of a problem as it may seem at first glance, as cable and satellite are all, the station, re-called KUHM-TV, will improve reception in areas around Helena unable to receive that citys local translator, K49EH-D. Due to a program for journalism and radio/television at UM and for documentary filmmaking at MSU. Some of the Montana-made programming is also available on-line, Montana PBS operates one of the largest translator networks in Montana. Through the use of PSIP, digital television display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 9. KUFM-TV shut down its signal, over VHF channel 11. Montana PBS is available free-to-air on AMC21 Ku-band satellite television
35.
KTMF
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KTMF is a full-service television station in Missoula, Montana, broadcasting locally in digital on UHF channel 23 as an affiliate of ABC. Founded April 12,1989, the station is owned by Cowles Publishing Company, the stations signal is rebroadcast on station KTMF-LD channel 42 in Kalispell and on three other low-power translator stations in the Flathead Lake area of northwestern Montana. On April 12,1989, the Federal Communications Commission granted a construction permit to Continental Television Network for a full-service station on channel 23 to serve Missoula. The station, at first known by its application number,881130 kg, soon took the call letters KLFV, but before the station went on air, had changed calls again. The station was issued a license on February 28,1991 and this made Missoula one of the last cities in the nation to get full service from all three major networks. Previously, ABC had been relegated to limited clearances on KECI-TV and KPAX-TV, in February 2001, CTN sold KTMF, along with the then-KTMF-LP in Kalispell, KWYB in Butte, KWYB-LP in Bozeman and KTGF in Great Falls, to Max Media of Montana. They were the first television station acquisitions in Montana for Max Media, on September 30,2013, the Cowles Company acquired Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million. The sale was completed on November 29, on January 6,1992, the FCC granted an original construction permit to CTN for a low-power station on channel 59 to serve Kalispell. The station was given callsign K59EQ and after a construction permit. The station changed its calls to KTMF-LP later in the same year, in February 2001, CTN sold the station to Max Media of Montana as part of the same transaction as KTMF. KTMF-LP was granted a permit to move to channel 42 in October 2003 and as of August 2006, the station had completed the move, on May 27,2010, KTMF-LP was granted a construction permit to flash-cut from analog to digital on channel 42. On January 4,2013, the changed its call sign to KTMF-LD. KTMF-LD was included in Cowles 2013 purchase of Max Medias Montana stations, the stations digital signal is multiplexed, The stations digital signal is multiplexed, On September 26,2001, the FCC granted a construction permit to build KTMF-DT on UHF channel 36. The station received Special Temporary Authority on April 22,2001 to broadcast at reduced power, KTMF elected to remain on channel 23 following the completion of the digital television transition. The stations digital relocated from its pre-transition UHF channel 36 to channel 23 for post-transition operations. KTMF airs Fox programming on a subchannel, KTMF started its own news operation in August 2012 in preparation for the launch of a 9 p. m. newscast on its Fox subchannel a month later
36.
KFBB-TV
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KFBB-TV is a full-service television station in Great Falls, Montana, broadcasting locally on digital VHF channel 8 as an affiliate of ABC. Founded March 21,1954, the station is owned by Cowles Company and it broadcasts from a transmitter at its studios on Old Havre Highway in Black Eagle. KFBB-TV also operates a semi-satellite for the Helena area, KHBB-LD channel 21, both stations offer Fox via their digital subchannels KFBB-TV is also repeated on several translators. KFBB KFBB-TV began broadcasting on March 21,1954, KFBB-TV continued to air CBS and ABC programming as a member of the Skyline Network. At first KFBB-TV was owned by Wilkins Broadcasting along with KFBB radio, Anaconda, through its Fairmount division, controlled most of the major newspapers in Montana and was notorious for manipulating the states political visions for its own needs. Then in 1959, Anaconda sold its holdings to Lee Enterprises of Davenport. Because of anti-trust concerns, Lee decided to sell KFBB, the station was sold in 1962 to Harriscope Broadcasting, which in 1965 scored a deal for a primary ABC affiliation - Montanas first. The new affiliation took effect on February 1,1966, Harriscope severed KFBBs links with the Skyline Network, and sold off KFBB radio in February 1969, but continued to run KFBB-TV, eventually selling it to Donald P. Nathanson in 1977. KFBB also carried Sesame Street for several years, before Montana had a PBS service of its own and this arrangement continued until 1986, when KFBB was largely replaced by a satellite signal from WXYZ-TV, the ABC affiliate in Detroit. An April 1981 application with the Federal Communications Commission requested transfer of control of the corporation from owner Donald P. Nathanson to his estate. In June 2003, Wooster Republican Printing made deep cuts in news production, ending morning, noon. It retained KFBB until November 2004, when it was sold to Max Media of Montana, in 2012, the station returned to the ABC5 branding. On September 30,2013, the Cowles Company acquired Max Medias Montana television station cluster for $18 million, the sale was completed on November 29. The stations digital signal is multiplexed, The stations digital signal is multiplexed, KFBB-TV received its digital television allocation from the FCC in April 1997. Originally, KFBB-DT was to be on channel 39, but in June 2001, the FCC agreed to change the allocation to channel 8, by the end of April 2002, the station was already on the air and was licensed on November 1,2002. The stations digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 8, through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the stations virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 5. On November 27,2008, KHBB closed its analog signal and began broadcasting in digital, with ABC programming on 21.1, both subchannels are broadcasting at 720P High Definition. As an ABC affiliate, KFBB-TV airs most of the schedule, including ABC Daytime
37.
Great Falls, Montana
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Great Falls is a city in and the county seat of Cascade County, Montana, United States. The 2015 census estimate put the population at 59,638, the population was 58,505 at the 2010 census. It is the city of the Great Falls, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area. Great Falls was the largest city in Montana from 1950 to 1970, Great Falls remained the second largest city in Montana until 2000, when it was passed by Missoula. Since then Great Falls has been the third largest city in the state, each falls sports a hydroelectric dam today, hence Great Falls is nicknamed the Electric City. Currently there are two undeveloped parts of their route, these are included within the Great Falls Portage. The city is home to the C. M, the local newspaper is the Great Falls Tribune. A Coldwell Banker Home Price Comparison Index listed Great Falls as the most affordable area of 348 markets in the US, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The first human beings to live in the Great Falls area were Paleo-Indians who migrated into the region between 9,500 BCE and 8,270 BCE, the earliest inhabitants of North America entered Montana east of the Continental Divide between the mountains and the Laurentide ice sheet. The area remained sparsely inhabited, however. Salish Indians would often hunt bison in the region on a seasonal basis, around 1600, Piegan Blackfeet Indians, migrating west, entered the area, pushing the Salish back into the Rocky Mountains and claiming the site now known as Great Falls as their own. The Great Falls location remained the tribal territory of the Blackfeet until long after the United States claimed the region in 1803. Meriwether Lewis was the first white person to visit the area, york, an African American slave owned by William Clark and who had participated in the Expedition, was the first black American to visit the site of the future city. Bridger and Major Andrew Henry led an expedition to the future city location in April 1823. British explorer Alexander Ross trapped around Great Falls in 1824, in 1838, a mapping expedition sent by the U. S. federal government and guided by Bridger spent four years in the area. Margaret Harkness Woodman became the first white woman to visit the Great Falls area in 1862, the first steamboat arrived at future site of the city in 1859. Politically, the site of Great Falls passed through numerous hands in the 19th century. It was part of the frontier until May 30,1854
