1.
RCA
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RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
2.
General Electric
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General Electric, often abbreviated as GE, is an American multinational conglomerate corporation incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. In 2011, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 68th-largest firm in the U. S. by gross revenue, as of 2012, the company was listed the fourth-largest in the world among the Forbes Global 2000, further metrics being taken into account. The Nobel Prize has twice been awarded to employees of General Electric, Irving Langmuir in 1932, on January 13,2016, it was announced that GE will be moving its corporate headquarters from Fairfield, Connecticut to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The first group of workers arrived in the summer of 2016, morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edisons lighting experiments. The new company also acquired Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company in the same year, both plants continue to operate under the GE banner to this day. The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for years thereafter. Around the same time, General Electrics Canadian counterpart, Canadian General Electric, was formed, in 1896, General Electric was one of the original 12 companies listed on the newly formed Dow Jones Industrial Average. After 120 years, it is the one of the original companies still listed on the Dow index. In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association into its lighting business, GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Nela Park is still the headquarters for GEs lighting business, owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America in 1919 to further international radio. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, in 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of his television broadcasts at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, NY. The sound was broadcast on GEs WGY, experimental television station W2XAD evolved into station WRGB which—along with WGY and WGFM —was owned and operated by General Electric until 1983. GEs history of working with turbines in the field gave them the engineering know-how to move into the new field of aircraft turbosuperchargers. Led by Sanford Alexander Moss, GE introduced the first superchargers during World War I, superchargers became indispensable in the years immediately prior to World War II, and GE was the world leader in exhaust-driven supercharging when the war started. This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941, GE ranked ninth among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. In 2002, GE acquired the assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. Some consumers boycotted GE light bulbs, refrigerators and other products in the 1980s and 1990s to protest GEs role in weapons production. With IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA and UNIVAC, GE had a line of general purpose and special purpose computers
3.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
4.
Blue Network
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The Blue Network, and its immediate predecessor, the NBC Blue Network, were the on-air names of the now defunct American radio production and distribution service, which ran from 1927 to 1945. The Blue Network can be dated to 1923, when the Radio Corporation of America acquired WJZ, Newark from Westinghouse and moved it to New York City in May of that year. When RCA commenced operations of WRC, Washington on August 1,1923, Radio historian Elizabeth McLeod states that it would not be until 1924 that the Radio Group formally began network operations. The core stations of the Radio Group were RCAs stations WJZ and WRC, the Westinghouse station WBZ, then in Springfield, Massachusetts, and WGY, RCAs principal rival prior to 1926 was the radio broadcasting department of the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. AT&T, starting in 1921, had been using this department as a test-bed for equipment being designed and manufactured by its Western Electric subsidiary, nevertheless, the WJZ network sought to compete toe-to-toe with the AT&T network, which was built around WEAF. For example, both stations sent announcer teams to cover the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City. RCA were to receive a break in 1926, when AT&T made a decision to exit the broadcasting business. The first step by AT&T was to create the Broadcasting Company of America on May 15,1926, the Oakland Tribune stated that 4/5ths of the purchase price of WEAF could be attributed to good-will and the line access. On July 28,1926, the Washington Post reported in a story that RCA had acquired WCAP. The Oakland Tribune reported the day that WCAP had departed the field, and WRC would be operating on the frequency that they had shared. It is also announced that this opening Victor program inaugurates a new system to be operated by the National Broadcasting Company. This new chain, which will be known as the network, will allow simultaneous broadcasting from WJZ through WBZ, Springfield and Boston, KDKA, Pittsburgh. For broadcasting of the first program, therefore, the network will be joined with the red network, as the WEAF chain is designated. The Red and Blue Networks shared a pool of engineers and facilities. There are two examples, from the biggest news events of 1927. On May 20,1927, both of the NBC networks covered the return of Charles Lindbergh to America from his trans-Atlantic flight, star announcer Graham McNamee doing the honors. Three months later, a combined hookup of 67 stations on the two presented the second Dempsey–Tunney fight, broadcast by McNamee and NBC colleague Phillips Carlin. See Elizabeth McLeods discussion of surviving NBC broadcast material from this era, during the 1932–1933 season, Standard Oil of New Jersey sponsored an unusual program, the Five-Star Theater, which each weeknight presented a show in a different format
5.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
6.
Mutual Broadcasting System
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The Mutual Broadcasting System was an American radio network in operation from 1934 to 1999. In the golden age of U. S. radio drama, Mutual was best known as the network home of The Lone Ranger and The Adventures of Superman. For many years, it was a broadcaster for Major League Baseball, the National Football League. From the mid-1930s and for decades after, Mutual ran a highly respected news service accompanied by a variety of popular commentary shows, during the 1970s, Mutual pioneered the nationwide late night call-in radio show and introduced the country to Larry King. Of the four networks of American radios classic era, Mutual had for decades the largest number of affiliates. For the first 18 years of its existence, Mutual was owned and operated as a cooperative, Mutuals member stations shared their own original programming, transmission and promotion expenses, and advertising revenues. From December 30,1936, when it debuted in the West and its business structure would change after General Tire assumed majority ownership in 1952 through a series of regional and individual station acquisitions. Not long after the sale, one of the new executive teams was charged with accepting money to use Mutual as a vehicle for foreign propaganda. The networks reputation was damaged, but soon rebounded. Attempts at establishing cooperatively owned radio networks had been made since the 1920s, in 1929, a group of four radio stations in the major markets of New York City, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Detroit organized into a loose confederation known as the Quality Network. Five years later, a similar or identical group of stations founded the Mutual Broadcasting System, Mutuals original participating stations were WOR–Newark, New Jersey, just outside New York, WGN–Chicago, WXYZ–Detroit, and WLW–Cincinnati. WOR and WGN, based in the two largest markets and providing the bulk of the programming, were the leaders of the group. On October 29,1934, Mutual Broadcasting System, Inc. was incorporated, with Bamberger, in contrast, the Mutual Broadcasting System was run as a true cooperative venture, with programming produced by and shared between the groups members. The majority of the programming, from WOR and WGN, consisted of musical features. WOR had The Witchs Tale, an anthology series whose hunner-an-thirteen-year-old narrator invited listeners to douse all lights. Now draw up to the fire an gaze into the embers. gaaaaze into em deep, an soon yell be across the seas, in th jungle land of Africa. Hear that chantin and them savage drums, WGN contributed the popular comedy series Lum and Abner. Detroits WXYZ provided The Lone Ranger, which had debuted in 1933 and was already in demand and it is often claimed that Mutual was launched primarily as a vehicle for the Western serial, but Lum and Abner was no less popular at the time
7.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
8.
IHeartMedia
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IHeartMedia, Inc. is an American mass media corporation headquartered in San Antonio, Texas. As a result of this buyout, Clear Channel Communications, Inc. began to operate as an owned subsidiary of CC Media Holdings. Additionally, the company leases two channels on Sirius XM Satellite Radio, and has expanded its presence through the iHeartRadio platform. IHeartMedia, Inc. also specializes in advertising through subsidiary Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings. The name Clear Channel came from AM broadcasting, referring to a channel on which only one station transmits, in the U. S. clear-channel stations have exclusive rights to their frequencies throughout most of the continent at night, when AM signals travel far due to skywave. The companys new name is intended to reflect its growing digital business, Bob Pittman, Chairman and CEO of iHeartMedia, Inc. explained, We have a company thats doing progressive stuff, and yet were named after AM radio stations. Since 2008, iHeartMedia, Inc. has struggled to pay more than $20 billion in debt the company acquired from its leveraged buyout. The suspicions proved unfounded when quarterly earnings were announced in 2017, Clear Channel Communications purchased its first FM station in San Antonio in 1972. The company purchased the second clear channel AM station WOAI in 1975, in 1976, the company purchased its first stations outside of San Antonio. KXXO AM and KMOD FM in Tulsa were acquired under the name San Antonio Broadcasting, Stations were also added in Port Arthur, Texas and El Paso, Texas. In 1992, the U. S. Congress relaxed radio ownership rules slightly, by 1995, Clear Channel owned 43 radio stations and 16 television stations. When the Telecommunications Act of 1996 became law, the act deregulated media ownership, Clear Channel went on a subsequent buying spree, purchasing more than 70 other media companies and individual stations. In a few cases, following purchase of a competitor, Clear Channel was forced to divest some of its stations, in 1997 Clear Channel moved out of pure broadcasting when it purchased billboard firm Eller Media, which was led by Karl Eller. These included a 51% stake in Clear Media Ltd. in China, in 1999, the company acquired Jacor Communications, a radio corporation based in Cincinnati. R. Steven Hicks and Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst began Capstar Broadcasting in 1996 and a year later had become the largest owner of radio stations in the country, with 243 stations in all. Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst owned 59 percent of Capstar, with 355 stations in 83 markets, Chancellor Media later became AMFM Inc. which was acquired by Clear Channel in a deal announced October 3,1999, and valued at $17.4 billion. The resulting company would own 830 radio stations,19 television stations, in 2005 Clear Channel Communications split into three separate companies. Clear Channel Communications was a broadcaster, Clear Channel Outdoor was out-of-home advertising
9.
AT&T Corporation
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Founded in 1885 as the original American Telephone and Telegraph Company, it was at times the worlds largest telephone company, the worlds largest cable television operator, and a regulated monopoly. At its peak in the 1950s and 1960s, it employed one million people, in 2005, AT&T was purchased by Baby Bell and former subsidiary SBC Communications for more than $16 billion. SBC then changed its name to AT&T Inc, AT&T started with Bell Patent Association, a legal entity established in 1874 to protect the patent rights of Alexander Graham Bell after he invented the telephone system. Originally a verbal agreement, it was formalized in writing in 1875 as Bell Telephone Company, in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become AT&T Long Lines. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure, the project was formally incorporated in New York State as a separate company named American Telephone and Telegraph Company on March 3,1885. With this assets transfer, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the Bell System. AT&T was involved mainly in the business and, although it was a partner with RCA, was reluctant to see radio grow because such growth might diminish the demand for wired services. It established station WEAF in New York as what was termed a toll station, AT&T could provide no programming, but anyone who wished to broadcast a message could pay a toll to AT&T and then air the message publicly. The original studio was the size of a telephone booth, the idea, however, did not take hold, because people would pay to broadcast messages only if they were sure that someone was listening. As a result, WEAF began broadcasting entertainment material, drawing amateur talent found among its employees, throughout most of the 20th century, AT&T held a monopoly on phone service in the United States and Canada through a network of companies called the Bell System. At this time, the company was nicknamed Ma Bell, on April 30,1907, Theodore Newton Vail became President of AT&T. Vail believed in the superiority of one system and AT&T adopted the slogan One Policy, One System. This would be the philosophy for the next 70 years. Under Vail, AT&T began buying up many of the telephone companies including Western Union telegraph. Anxious to avoid action from government antitrust suits, AT&T and the government entered into an agreement known as the Kingsbury Commitment. These actions brought unwanted attention from antitrust regulators, in the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T and the government reached an agreement that allowed AT&T to continue operating as a monopoly. While AT&T periodically faced scrutiny from regulators, this state of affairs continued until the breakup in 1984. The United States Justice Department opened the case United States v. AT&T in 1974 and this was prompted by suspicion that AT&T was using monopoly profits from its Western Electric subsidiary to subsidize the cost of its network, a violation of anti-trust law
10.
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
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The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8,1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and later renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by inventor, George Westinghouse had previously founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company. The corporation purchased CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886. The firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States, in addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin, early on Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edisons electric company. In 1892 Edison was merged with Westinghouses chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making even bigger competitor, Westinghouse changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS in 1995 and became CBS Corporation in 1997, in 1998, CBS established a brand licensing subsidiary Westinghouse Licensing Corporation. In 1997/1998 the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, FL, was sold to Siemens AG, a year later, CBS sold all of its nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. Soon after, BNFL gained license rights on the Westinghouse trademarks and that company was sold to Toshiba in 2007. The first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine generator, a 1,500 kW unit. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by a utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. or were built overseas under Westinghouse license. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, and established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties, during the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse officially retired in 1909 and died years later in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology and it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse also moved into broadcasting by establishing Pittsburghs KDKA, the first commercial radio station. Westinghouse expanded into the business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928
11.
WFAN
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WFAN, also known as Sports Radio 66 and 101 FM or The FAN, is a radio station located in New York City. The station broadcasts on a channel and is owned and operated by CBS Radio. WFANs studios are located in the combined CBS Radio facility in the West Village section of Manhattan, WFAN is also heard on WFAN-FM, CBS announced a purchase of that station from Merlin Media LLC in October 2012 and began a simulcast of The FAN on November 1,2012. WFAN was one of the earliest stations to adopt the radio format. The 660 AM frequency in New York City originated as WEAF on March 2,1922, in 1926 WEAF became the flagship station of the NBC Red Network, one of two radio chains operated by the National Broadcasting Company. By 1928 WEAF was purchased by NBCs parent company, the Radio Corporation of America, as a result of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941, WEAF became a clear-channel station and could be heard across most of the eastern half of North America at night. In 1943 the United States Supreme Court, citing antitrust concerns, wEAFs call letters were changed to WNBC in 1946, then to WRCA in 1954, and back to WNBC in 1960. During the 1960s, WNBC relied less on network programming and adopted a talk format, the station spent much of the 1970s and early 1980s flipping between the Top 40 and adult contemporary formats, with varying success. At 3,00 p. m. on July 1,1987, Emmis Communications-owned WFAN signed on at 1050 kHz, replacing country music station WHN, and billing itself as the worlds first 24-hour-per-day sports talk station. The first voice heard on WFAN was that of Suzyn Waldman, with an update, followed by the first show. Waldman reported for the station, covering the New York Yankees, other hosts besides Lampley during WFANs fifteen months at 1050 kHz included Bill Mazer, Pete Franklin, Greg Gumbel, Art Shamsky, and Ed Coleman. Ann Liguori is also one of the hosts and was the first woman to host a show on the station. Hey Liguori, Whats the Story aired the first weekend the station was on the air in 1987, WFAN also inherited broadcast rights to the defending World Series champion New York Mets from WHN, who had held the rights for several years. In early 1988, General Electric, which now owned NBC through its purchase of RCA two years earlier, announced that it would close the NBC Radio division and sell its stations. In February of that year GE made a deal with Emmis and. On October 7,1988 at 5,30 p. m. WFAN moved down the dial to replace WNBC at 660 kHz. The last voice heard on WNBC was that of Alan Colmes, thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York City. He then counted down the seconds to WNBCs demise with the legendary NBC chimes playing in the background, after 66 years, the long history of NBC radio in New York City had come to an end
12.
WRKO
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WRKO is a radio station based in Boston, Massachusetts, currently owned by Entercom Communications Corp. Its transmitter is located in Burlington, Massachusetts, next to the Burlington Mall, WRKO is Bostons second most powerful station. A50, 000-watt class B station, it provides at least secondary coverage to portions of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Maine during the day. Its signal is highly directional at night to protect a number of stations on adjacent frequencies. The previous month WEAN went on air in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1927, WNAC became one of the sixteen charter members of the CBS Radio Network, and remained a CBS affiliate for the next decade. In the 1920s, using a 100-foot antenna connected by a clothesline to the buildings roof, in 1929, WNAC moved to new studios inside the Hotel Buckminster, with the entrance on the Brookline Avenue side, which would become the stations home for the next four decades. Shepard also launched a network to serve radio stations throughout New England, called The Yankee Network. For many years, the Yankee Network was considered one of the best local/regional radio news operations in the country, Shepard also purchased a second Boston station, WAAB, which became an affiliate of the Mutual Radio Network in 1935, a year after MBS was formed. He also launched a regional network, The Colonial Network. Outside of Boston, Yankee and Colonial programming were usually heard on the station, additionally. Between them, Yankee and Colonial carried home games of the Boston Red Sox and Boston Braves baseball teams, the year 1935 also saw the hiring of Fred B. Cole, an announcer who would spend more than 50 years on the air. Cole left WNAC for network radio, and returned to Boston at WHDH in 1946, in 1937, WNAC became an NBC Red affiliate after losing CBS to WEEI. Four years later, WNACs frequency changed to 1260 kilocycles, in 1942, to comply with FCC anti-duopoly regulations, WAAB was moved to Worcester. At the same time, WNAC lost NBC Red to WBZ and with WAAB having been moved, the Colonial Network was also shut down, with Yankee picking-up many of its programs. In other parts of New England, however, the change for some former Colonial programming was in the time periods of such programming. In December,1942, announcement was made of the sale of Winter Street Corp. the holding company for Shepard family interests, to General Tire and Rubber for $1.24 million. Winter Street was the parent of the Yankee Network Inc. which owned the Colonial Network and four AM
13.
Edward Howland Robinson Green
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Edward Howland Robinson Ned Green, also known as Colonel Green, was an American businessman, the only son of the miser Hetty Green. In the late 19th century, he became an ally in the Republican Party of William Madison McDonald. After his mothers death in 1916 and his inheritance of half her fortune, Green built a mansion in Round Hill and he was noted for his stamp and coin collections. Edward Green was the first of two children of Hetty and Edward Henry Green and his sister Harriet Sylvia Ann Howland Green Wilks, called Sylvia, was born in 1871. Their mother amassed a fortune through her business dealings and was known as a miser, Ned broke his leg as a child, and Hetty first tried to have him admitted to a free clinic for the poor. Charles Slack, her biographer, said that she was recognized and she also sought other doctors for help for Ned, while trying home remedies. The boys leg did not heal properly and, after years of treatment, had to be amputated. Ned had to use a cork prosthesis and he grew to 64 and 300 lb. as an adult. Green attended private schools, and then graduated from Fordham College and he later studied real estate law. In 1893, Green was assigned by his mother to manage the Texas Midland Railroad and he went to Terrell, Texas and turned the ailing enterprise into a model railroad boasting the first electrically-lighted coaches in the State. This was only one of business ventures in which Green succeeded. Green was also active in state politics, in 1896, he began a long-lasting political partnership with William Madison McDonald, an African-American leader of the Black and Tan faction of the Republican Party from Fort Worth. In 1910, though a Republican, Green was made a Colonel on the staff of a Democratic Governor of Texas, in contrast to his mother, Green spent lavishly and partied. He surrounded himself with young women, who were well paid for their services. As Hetty strongly opposed his marrying, he waited until after her death in 1916 to wed his longtime companion Mabel E. Harlow and he and his sister Sylvia each inherited half of their mothers fortune of $150 million or more. In addition to the other homes he already owned, after his mothers death, Green built a mansion in Massachusetts, Round Hill. The Round Hill mansion was designed by the Anglo-American architect Alfred C, bossom and completed in 1921 at a cost of $1.5 million. After his death in 1936, Greens widow and his sister fought over his estate, Green had persuaded Mabel to sign a prenuptial agreement, which limited her to a $1500 monthly stipend, but she challenged it in court
14.
WABC (AM)
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WABC, known as NewsTalkRadio 77 WABC is a radio station in New York City. Owned by the division of Cumulus Media, the station broadcasts on a clear channel and is the flagship station of the Westwood One Network. WABC shares studio facilities with sister stations WNSH, WPLJ, WABCs transmitter is located in Lodi, New Jersey. Its 50,000 watt non-directional clear channel signal can be heard at night much of the eastern U. S. Beginning January 2009, its programming has also carried on WPLJs HD3 digital sub-channel. One of the countrys oldest radio stations, WABC began broadcasting, originally as WJZ in Newark, New Jersey, WABC has programmed a talk radio format since 1982. The station uses on-air slogans such as Breaking News and Stimulating Talk, New Yorks 50,000 Watt Beacon of Freedom, many WABC hosts moved on to national syndication. The station currently serves as the flagship for syndicated talk-radio hosts Mark Levin, John Batchelor and Don Imus. It was where the nationally syndicated programs hosted by Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity got their start, from 1981 to 1982, WABC ran a full service news intensive adult contemporary format with some talk and sports programming weekday evenings. During this time, WABC was among the most listened to stations in North America. WABCs only current sports contract is with the United States Military Academy for Army football games. In addition to the aforementioned Yankees coverage, the station served two stints as the flagship for the New York Jets and was also the home of the New Jersey Devils beginning in 1988. WABC also previously carried Seton Hall University mens basketball, early in its Top 40 incarnation, WABC served as the original radio flagship of the New York Mets. A notable aspect of WABCs Mets coverage was Howard Cosell and former Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca handling the pre-, the station lost those rights to WHN following the 1963 season. The Jets first called WABC home in the 1980s, but left toward the end of the decade for WCBS, the team would return to the station in 2000 after spending the previous seven seasons on WFAN. After then-sister station WEPN became the Jets flagship, WABC began simulcasting the games over their airwaves due to its stronger signal, the arrangement ended in 2008 as WEPN began simulcasting all its programming on two other stations. In December 2001, broadcast rights to the Yankees were lost after 21 years to WCBS, WABC also lost the radio rights to the Devils in 2005, as New Jerseys hockey team moved to WFAN to substitute for the stations loss of the New York Rangers to WEPN. The loss of evening sports programming has forced WABC to attempt to solidify its evening talk lineup, WJZs studio and transmitter were initially housed in a shack located on the factory roof, that was only accessible by ladder
15.
WTEM
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WTEM — branded ESPN980 — is a sports radio station licensed to Washington, D. C. and serving the Washington metro area. It is the flagship of a sports talk trimulcast with WWXT in Prince Frederick, Maryland and WWXX in Buckland, Virginia, all affiliated with ESPN Radio and owned by Red Zebra Holdings, ESPN980 is the home of the flagship radio station for Washington Redskins football. ESPN980 airs Maryland Terrapins football & basketball and Baltimore Orioles baseball as an affiliate station, ESPN980 is also the exclusive home of the play-by-play broadcasts for MLB and World Series, NBA and NBA Finals, NFL, NCAA Football and BCS bowls. WTEMs studios are located in Rockville, Maryland with a facility based at Redskins Park in Ashburn. The stations transmitter is located in Hyattsville, Maryland, operating at 50,000 watts during the day, WTEMs trimulcast partners WWXT and WWXX are class A stations operating at 92. 7Mhz and 94. 3Mhz. Prior to July 21,2008, WTEM was known as SportsTalk 980, used the slogan The Voice of the Fan, and was the DC outlet for Fox Sports Radio. Beforehand, WTEM was the Washington affiliate for ESPN Radio until Red Zebra Broadcasting acquired the rights for its Triple X ESPN Radio trimulcast, which ended up merging with WTEM. The station was licensed in April 1923 as WRC, whose call letters were a shortened version of the original owners name. The stations original frequency was 469 meters, and it was shared with another Washington station, the time-sharing arrangement between the two stations continued until 1926, when RCA purchased WCAPs share. When RCA launched the National Broadcasting Company radio networks in November,1926, nBCs other radio chain, the Blue Network, had no affiliate in the national capital city until RCA entered into a lease agreement with WMAL in 1933. WRC and WMAL would become de facto sister stations during the lease term, WRC moved its frequency to 950 AM in 1928, and then shifted to 980 AM in 1941 as a result of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. With WRC as its cornerstone, RCA/NBC later birthed WNBW television and WRC-FM, WRC carried Willard Scott and Ed Walker as the Joy Boys from 1955 to 1972, and carried the Monitor radio program on weekends. From 1972 to 1975, WRC broadcast a Top 40 format and was known as the Great 98. The station switched to NBC News and Information Service programming from 1975 to 1977, and after the demise of NIS, jack Donniger hosted an evening sports-talk show. The AMs former Top 40 format was moved to the FM side and later evolved into a dance music format in the late 1970s as Kiss FM. WRC was purchased by Greater Media in 1984, and the sign was changed to WWRC. Nevertheless, WWRC remained an affiliate of the NBC Radio Network well into the late 1980s, with the sale, the station changed to a full-service MOR format on September 1,1984. During the early 1990s, WWRC was the show home to current and formerly notable personalities such as Joe Madison, Mark Davis
16.
Shortwave radio
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Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave frequencies, generally 1. 6–30 MHz, just above the medium wave AM broadcast band. Radio waves in this band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances and this is called skywave or skip propagation. Shortwave radio is used for broadcasting of voice and music to listeners over very large areas. It is also used for military radar, diplomatic communication. The widest popular definition of the frequency interval is the ITU Region 1 definition, and is the span 1. 6–30 MHz, just above the medium wave band. In reality, the definition of the frequency band is a mess. The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m/1500 kHz limit, early radio telegraphy had used long wave transmissions. The drawbacks to this included a very limited spectrum available for long distance communication. It was also difficult to beam the radio wave directionally with long wave, prior to the 1920s, the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use. Franklin rigged up an antenna at Poldhu Wireless Station, Cornwall. In June and July 1923, wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters from Poldhu to Marconis yacht Elettra in the Cape Verde Islands, in September 1924, Marconi transmitted daytime and nighttime on 32 meters from Poldhu to his yacht in Beirut. Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission, by inventing the curtain array aerial system, the UK-to-Canada shortwave Beam Wireless Service went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926. Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia, South Africa, Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in the 1920s, similar to the internet in the late 20th century. Shortwave also ended the need for investments in massive longwave wireless stations. The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927, the British government convened the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 to examine the situation that had arisen as a result of the competition of Beam Wireless with the Cable Services. The name of the company was changed to Cable and Wireless Ltd. in 1934, long-distance cables had a resurgence beginning in 1956 with the laying of TAT-1 across the Atlantic Ocean, the first voice frequency cable on this route. This provided 36 high quality telephone channels and was followed by even higher capacity cables all around the world
17.
WGY (AM)
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WGY is a radio station licensed to Schenectady, New York and owned by iHeartMedia, broadcasting a news and conservative talk radio format. It broadcasts 50,000 Watts non-directional from a tower in the Town of Rotterdam. It is one of the United States oldest radio stations as well as the oldest in New Yorks Capital Region, WGY was the flagship station of General Electrics broadcast group from 1922 until 1983. WGY signed on on February 20,1922 at 7, 47pm at 360 meters wavelength, with Kolin Hager at the mike, or as he was known on the air, as KH. Hager signed on with the call letters, explaining the W is for wireless, G for General Electric, and Y. The first broadcast lasted for one hour and consisted of live music and announcements of song titles. The early broadcasts originated from building 36 at the General Electric Plant in Schenectady, the original transmitter produced an antenna power of 1,500 watts into a T top wire antenna, located about 1/2 mile away, also at the GE plant. WGY led the way in radio drama, in 1922 Edward H. Smith, director of a community-theater group called the Masque in nearby Troy, suggested weekly forty-minute adaptations of plays to WGY station manager Kolin Hager. Hager took him up on it and the troupe performed on the weekly WGY Players, response was immediate, with more than two thousand letters pouring into the WGY mail room. In November WGY achieved another first, the WGY Players did forty-three dramatizations that first season and the series gained national attention. By May 15,1923 the station was operating on 790 kHz with a share agreement with RPIs WHAZ. Later, WHAZ moved to 1300 kHz allowing WGY to operate full-time on 790 kHz, WGY pioneered the art of Remote Broadcasting, carrying out the first one just days after it signed on. On February 23,1922 the station broadcast a concert from Union College, in 1924, the transmitter site was moved to its current location in the Town of Rotterdam known as South Schenectady. This site was home of GEs experimental shortwave radio stations W2XAF. From this site, the power levels were increased first to 5,000 watts, then 10,000 watts. At night, it reaches most of the half of North America. Temporary broadcasts were carried out at the 100 kW and 200 kW power levels, from those broadcasts, the station received reception letters and telegrams from as far away as New Zealand. Plans were to make those power increases permanent, but were never carried out, WGY also used the first Condenser microphone, developed by General Electric for radio studio applications, on February 7,1923
18.
Owen D. Young
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Young was an American industrialist, businessman, lawyer and diplomat at the Second Reparations Conference in 1929, as a member of the German Reparations International Commission. He is best known for his SRC diplomacy and for founding the Radio Corporation of America, Young founded RCA as a subsidiary of General Electric in 1919, he became its first chairman and continued in that position until 1929. Young was born on October 27,1874 on a farmhouse in Stark. His parents’ names were Jacob Smith Young and Ida Brandow and they worked the farm that his grandfather owned, Owen was an only child, his parents lost their first born son before he was born, and his birth was something rejoiced. The ‘D’ in his name was more for adornment than anything else, Owen went to school for the first time in the spring of 1881. He was six years old, and had always been inclined to books and he had a teacher, Menzo McEwan, who taught him for years, and would eventually be responsible for Owen going to East Springfield, one of the few secondary schools that he could afford. Of course, it was not too close to Van Hornesville, following the death of his first wife in February 1937, he married Louise Powis Clark, a widow with three children. St. Lawrence was a small institute struggling to survive and in serious need of money and students and Owen Young was a good candidate. It was still enough to cause some hesitance, however. With his father getting on in years, Owen was needed on the more than ever. His parents were convinced by the president of the college. It was there that Young was able to grow as a person in both his education and his faith and he discovered Universalism, which allowed for more intellectual freedom, separate from the gloom and hellfire permeating other Christian sects. Young remained a student from September,1890 before becoming an 1894 graduate of St. Lawrence University and he completed the three-year law course at Boston University in two years, graduating cum laude in 1896. After graduation he joined lawyer Charles H. Tyler and ten years became a partner in that Boston law firm. They were involved in cases between major companies. During college, he not only became a brother of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, but he met his future wife Josephine Sheldon Edmonds. He married her in 1898, and she bore him five children. Young represented Stone and Webster in a case against GE around 1911 and through that case came to the attention of Charles A. Coffin
19.
James Harbord
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Lieutenant General James Guthrie Harbord was a senior officer of the United States Army and President and Chairman of the Board of RCA. Harbord was born in Bloomington, Illinois, and raised in Bushong, Kansas and Manhattan and he graduated from Kansas State Agricultural College in 1886, and thereafter worked as an instructor at the college for two years. In 1889, he enlisted in the United States Army, on July 31,1891, he received a commission with the Fifth Cavalry. Harbords first overseas experience came as a member of the army in Cuba after the Spanish–American War. On January 21,1899, during a leave, he married Emma Yeatman Overshine. After serving briefly in the Secretary of War office, he requested and received transfer to duty in the Philippines with the 11th Cavalry Regiment and he then served as Assistant Chief of the Philippine Constabulary from 1903 to 1909 and again from 1910 through 1913. By late April 1914 he was commanding the unit defending the California border at Calexico, in 1916, he was on the Mexican border with Brigadier General John J. Pershing, pursuing Pancho Villa. When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Harbord went to France as Pershings chief of staff, throughout the war he continued to work closely with Pershing, now the Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front. In June 1918, he was given command of the 4th Marine Brigade, which was serving as part of the 2nd Infantry Division, marines during the Battle of Château-Thierry and the Battle of Belleau Wood. In August 1918, Harbord was recalled from the front and put in charge of troop, following the war, he was promoted to major general and was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal. Harbord was also to report on Turkish–Armenian relations in the wake of the Armenian Genocide, the report includes maps, statistics, and a historical analyses of the country and its population. In addition to details, Harbord collected evidence and information regarding the massacres of Armenians and was an eyewitness to them. Harbords report stated that the temptation to reprisals for past wrongs would make it difficult to maintain peace in the region. In 1922, Harbord retired from the Army to become President of the Radio Corporation of America, while Harbord was President of RCA, the corporation undertook a number of significant moves. In 1926, RCA began television broadcasts and formed NBC, in 1928, RCA was one of four corporations that jointly formed RKO Pictures. Finally, in 1929, RCA acquired the Victor Talking Machine Company, in 1928, Harbord took a leave of absence to campaign for Herbert Hoover for President, and in 1930 he officially retired from the position, allowing David Sarnoff to assume the office. Harbord remained as Chairman of the Board for RCA until 1947, leaves From a War Diary The American Army in France 1917-1919 Harbord died in Rye, New York on August 20,1947. He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery, witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian Genocide John Arthur Garraty & Mark Christopher Carnes, ed. James Harbord
20.
Will Rogers
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William Penn Adair Will Rogers was a stage and motion picture actor, vaudeville performer, American cowboy, humorist, newspaper columnist, and social commentator. Known as Oklahomas Favorite Son, Rogers was born to a prominent Cherokee Nation family in Indian Territory and he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies, and wrote more than 4,000 nationally syndicated newspaper columns. By the mid-1930s, the American people adored Rogers and he was the leading political wit of his time, and was the highest paid Hollywood movie star. Rogers died in 1935 with aviator Wiley Post, when their airplane crashed in northern Alaska. Rogerss vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies and his 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity. Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion, and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels and his aphorisms, couched in humorous terms, were widely quoted, I am not a member of an organized political party. Another widely quoted Will Rogers comment was I dont make jokes, I just watch the government and report the facts. I am so proud of that, I can hardly wait to die so it can be carved, Rogers was born on the Dog Iron Ranch in Indian Territory, near present-day Oologah, Oklahoma. The house he was born in had been built in 1875 and was known as the White House on the Verdigris River and his parents, Clement Vann Rogers and Mary America Schrimsher, were both of part Cherokee ancestry, making Rogers himself 9/32 Cherokee. Rogers quipped that his ancestors did not come over on the Mayflower and his mother was quarter-Cherokee and a hereditary member of the Paint Clan. She died when Will was 11, and his father remarried less than two years after her death, Rogers was the youngest of eight children. He was named for the Cherokee leader Col. William Penn Adair, only three of his siblings, sisters Sallie Clementine, Maude Ethel, and May, survived into adulthood. His father, Clement, was a leader within Cherokee society, a Cherokee judge, he was a Confederate veteran and served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. Rogers County, Oklahoma, is named in honor of Clement Rogers and he served several terms on the Cherokee Senate. Clement Rogers achieved financial success as a rancher and used his influence to help soften the effects of white acculturation on the tribe. Roach presents a sociological-psychological assessment of the relationship between Will and his father during the formative boyhood and teenage years, Clement had high expectations for his son and desired him to be more responsible and business-minded. Will was more easygoing and oriented toward the loving affection offered by his mother, Mary, the personality clash increased after his mothers death, and young Will went from one venture to another with little success. Only after Will won acclaim in vaudeville did the rift begin to heal, will Rogers attended school at the Willow Hassel School at Neosho, Missouri, and Kemper Military School at Boonville, Missouri
21.
Mary Garden
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Mary Garden, was a Scottish operatic soprano with a substantial career in France and America in the first third of the 20th century. Described as the Sarah Bernhardt of opera, Garden was an actress as well as a talented singer. She was particularly admired for her performances which employed interesting uses of vocal color. Possessing a beautiful voice that had a wide vocal range and considerable amount of flexibility. She became the soprano at the Opéra-Comique, notably portraying roles in several world premieres. She worked closely with Jules Massenet, in whose operas she excelled, Massenet notably wrote the title role in his opera Chérubin for her. In 1907, Oscar Hammerstein convinced Garden to join the Manhattan Opera House in New York where she became an immediate success. By 1910 she was a name in America and Garden appeared in operas in several major American cities, including performing with the Boston Opera Company. Between 1910 and 1932 Garden worked in opera houses in Chicago. She first worked with the Chicago Grand Opera Company and then joined the Chicago Opera Association in 1915, although director for only one year, Garden was notably responsible for staging the world premiere of Sergei Prokofievs The Love for Three Oranges before the company went bankrupt in 1922. Shortly thereafter she became the director of the Chicago Civic Opera where she commissioned the opera Camille by 28-year-old composer Hamilton Forrest and she sang roles at the Civic Opera until 1931, notably in several United States and world premieres. Additionally, Garden appeared in two silent films made by Samuel Goldwyn, after retiring from the opera stage in 1934, Garden worked as a talent scout for MGM. She also gave lectures and recitals, mostly on the life and works of Claude Debussy and she retired to Scotland and in 1951 published a successful autobiography, Mary Gardens Story. Her voice is preserved on a number of made for the Gramophone Company, Edison Records, Pathé, Columbia Records. Mary Garden was one of four daughters, she and two others were born in Aberdeen, Scotland, while another was born in the United States and they then moved to Hartford, Connecticut a few years later, thence Chicago in 1888 when Mary was 14. She showed promise as a singer, and studied with Sarah Robinson-Duff in Chicago under the financial support of wealthy patrons David. In 1896 she pursued studies in Paris, chiefly with Trabadelo and Lucien Fugère. She also studied some under Jacques Bouhy, Jules Chevalier, in 1899 Garden lost the backing of her benefactors, and she began to study singing with the American soprano Sibyl Sanderson
22.
KYW (AM)
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KYW, Newsradio 10-60, is a commercial AM radio station, licensed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by the CBS Radio subsidiary of CBS Corporation and its studios are located in Center City Philadelphia and its transmitter and two-tower directional antenna array are located in Lafayette Hill. KYW is one of the oldest radio stations in the United States, located in Chicago, Illinois at its start in late 1921, it moved to Philadelphia in 1934. In 1956 the KYW call letters were transferred to a station in Cleveland, Ohio, KYW uses HD Radio on its AM signal 24 hours a day. The stations programming is available via a simulcast on the HD2 subchannel of sister station WIP-FM. An assortment of local, national and global headlines are read at the top and bottom of each hour, an unusual characteristic of KYW is the playing of a recording of Teletype printers clattering in the background while KYW reporters announce at the studio. This is intended to allow listeners to identify the station to which they are listening. However, the sound is not played during other times, such as commercials and taped news segments, KFWB Los Angeles and WMAQ Chicago also used this branding until they changed formats. The station was first licensed on November 15,1921 as Chicagos first broadcasting station and it was initially jointly operated by Westinghouse and Commonwealth Edison, with Westinghouse later taking over as sole operator. Ten microphones were installed across the Chicago Civic Auditorium stage, with equipment for switching between them as needed, after the close of the opera season, KYW installed a studio in the Commonwealth Edison building, and began producing additional programming. By fall of 1922 the station was operating for twelve hours a day, Westinghouse had been a founding partner of RCA, NBCs original parent company. In 1923, Westinghouse established a station, KFKX in Hastings, Nebraska, in 1928 the project was abandoned, although it was announced that the KFKX programming was being consolidated with KYW, which resulted in the creation of the dual call letter assignment of KYW-KFKX. KFKX would be dropped from the call sign in 1933. Under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commissions General Order 40, KYW was assigned to the clear channel frequency of 1020 kHz, but the assignment caused two major problems. A second issue was that, under the provisions of the Davis Amendment, Chicago was located in Region 4, while the reallocation provisions had reserved 1020 kHz for use in Region 2, a grouping of mid-Atlantic states. Westinghouse fought a legal battle attempting to keep KYW operating on 1020 in Chicago. After broadcasting its last program in Chicago on December 2,1934, KYW gave its debut Philadelphia program the day, utilizing the studios. In 1938 KYWs studios were located at 1619 Walnut Street in Center City, in 1942, the Federal Communications Commission compelled RCA to divest itself of one of its two radio networks
23.
KCSP (AM)
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KCSP is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Kansas City, Missouri. The Entercom-owned station broadcasts a radio format. The studios and offices are located on Squibb Road in Mission, KCSP is one of the oldest radio stations in the Kansas City metropolitan area, going on the air in 1922, just after KMBZ, and several months before WHB. KCSP is a Class B regional station, with a power of 5,000 watts, the transmitter is off Mission Road in Prairie Village, Kansas. Programming is also heard on the HD-2 channel of FM96.5 KRBZ, local sports shows are heard from mornings to early evenings on weekdays, with programming from Fox Sports Radio airing nights and weekends. Although the station had the slogan The Football Channel when it began in June 2003, it is currently the station of MLBs Kansas City Royals. The parent company held the rights to the Royals on co-owned KMBZ until 2003, the Kansas Jayhawks radio network is also heard on KCSP. On February 19,1922, the Kansas City Star signed on experimental station 9XAB, licensed at 833 kHz, at a time when other newspapers in town were also putting radio stations on the air. Popular Science magazine noted the station in its March 1922 issue for airing weather and market reports at 11,30 a. m. and 2,00 p. m. the station took the call sign WDAF on May 16,1922. WDAF bounced around various frequencies, including 750,730,680,820 and 810 kHz and it moved to 610 kHz in 1928, splitting time with station WOQ, before becoming the sole occupant of 610 AM in Kansas City. WDAF became an NBC Radio affiliate just before moving to 610 kHz and it carried programs from both the NBC Red Network and the Blue Network up until 1930, when WDAF became a primary NBC Red affiliate. WDAF increased power to 5,000 watts daytime in 1935, in 1949, WDAF signed on a TV station, the second in Missouri and the first in Kansas City. It took the call sign WDAF-TV Channel 4, like AM610, it primarily was an NBC affiliate, although it carried shows from other networks as well. In 1958, the Kansas City Star sold WDAF-AM-TV to National Missouri TV, in 1960, National Missouri TV merged with Transcontinent Television. On March 5,1961, Transcontinent signed on an FM station at 102.1 MHz, taft Broadcasting merged with Transcontinent in 1965, bringing WDAF-AM-FM-TV under its control. Taft changed WDAF to a full service middle of the music format on April 30,1967. WDAF carried news from the ABC American Information Radio Network and it became a secondary CBS affiliate in 1974, airing programming such as the CBS Radio Mystery Theater. WDAF flipped to country music in February 1977, calling itself 61 Country, although Kansas City had several country stations, WDAF programmed its country music in an uptempo way, as if it were Top 40
24.
Kansas City, Missouri
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Kansas City is the largest city in Missouri and the sixth largest city in the Midwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the city had an population of 475,378 in 2015. It is the city of the Kansas City metropolitan area. Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west, on June 1,1850 the town of Kansas was incorporated, shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory. Confusion between the two ensued and the name Kansas City was assigned to them soon thereafter. Most of the city lies within Jackson County, but portions spill into Clay, Cass, along with Independence, it serves as one of the two county seats for Jackson County. Major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Independence and Lees Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park, Olathe, and Kansas City. The city is composed of neighborhoods, including the River Market District in the north, the 18th and Vine District in the east. Kansas City is also known for its cuisine, its craft breweries, Kansas City, Missouri was officially incorporated as a town on June 1,1850, and as a city on March 28,1853. The territory straddling the border between Missouri and Kansas at the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers was considered a place to build settlements. The Antioch Christian Church, Dr. James Compton House, the first documented European visitor to Kansas City was Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont, who was also the first European to explore the lower Missouri River. Criticized for his response to the Native American attack on Fort Détroit, Bourgmont lived with a Native American wife in a village about 90 miles east near Brunswick, Missouri, where he illegally traded furs. In the documents, he describes the junction of the Grande Riv des Cansez and Missouri River, French cartographer Guillaume Delisle used the descriptions to make the areas first reasonably accurate map. The Spanish took over the region in the Treaty of Paris in 1763, the French continued their fur trade under Spanish license. After the 1804 Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark visited the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, in 1831, a group of Mormons from New York settled in what would become the city. They built the first school within Kansas Citys current boundaries, but were forced out by mob violence in 1833, in 1833 John McCoy established West Port along the Santa Fe Trail,3 miles away from the river. In 1834 McCoy established Westport Landing on a bend in the Missouri to serve as a point for West Port. Soon after, the Kansas Town Company, a group of investors, began to settle the area, in 1850, the landing area was incorporated as the Town of Kansas
25.
NBC chimes
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The intervals of this progression are up a major sixth from G3 to E4 and down a major third from E4 to C4. The chimes were the first ever audio trademark to be accepted by the United States Patent, the chimes were originally used as a cue for radio stations across the network to begin broadcasting their station identifications or local feeds. After their use as a network communications signal ended around the 1970s as the result of automation. The chimes were originally conceived to solve a problem inherent in early network radio broadcasting. For example, This is WHYY, Philadelphia, however, this practice becomes quite inefficient as a network grows, consuming valuable commercial airtime. Hence it was determined in early radio days that this job, among others, had to be done locally. The simplest way to accomplish this is with a spoken announcement, for instance, We pause now for ten seconds for station identification, this is the NBC Television Network. This phrasing alerts a local announcer to put him/herself on the air, the NBC morning television program Today uses a special spoken outcue for station breaks, This is Today on NBC. Indeed, as a public relations technique, this task is often offered to a member of the audience assembled in Rockefeller Plaza outside the Today studio. For the network pioneers at NBC in the late 1920s, a simple, elegant and consistent solution than an announcers voice. It was decided by a committee that the simplest way to do this would be to create a musical cue which would sound to signal the end of programs. Essentially, NBC wished to brand itself in sound, a sound that any listener would immediately recognize, the chimes came to their familiar configuration and sound after several years of on-air development. They were first broadcast over NBCs Red and Blue networks on November 29,1929, however, there are disagreements about the original source of the idea. The company tested the chimes during 1927 and 1928, when it experimented with several combinations of notes. The first sequence consisted of the seven notes G-C-G-E-G-C-E, however, since the original NBC chime was an actual set of four-note chimes made by the J. C. The chime sequence was shortened to G-C-G-E and then, on November 29,1929, the cue was shortened for the time. Therefore, the NBC chimes were mechanized in 1932 with a unit that could play the sequence perfectly and consistently, richard H. Ranger, a former Radio Corporation of America engineer who also invented an early form of the modern fax machine, invented the NBC chime machine. NBC had several of these machines made which they set up at major network locations across the country, including Los Angeles, New York City, Chicago
26.
KGO (AM)
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KGO is a commercial AM radio station licensed to San Francisco, California. It is one of two Talk radio stations in the San Francisco Bay Area owned by Cumulus Media, while KSFO airs mostly nationally syndicated talk hosts, KGO runs mostly local hosts on weekdays. KGO operates with 50,000 watts, the highest power permitted AM radio stations by the Federal Communications Commission, but it uses a directional antenna to protect the other Class A station on 810 kHz, WGY in Schenectady, New York. Most nights, using a radio, KGO can be heard throughout the Western United States east to the Rocky Mountains, and in Northern Mexico, Western Canada. KGO operated as the West Coast flagship radio station of the American Broadcasting Company until the group was purchased by Citadel Broadcasting in 2007. The station became part of Cumulus Media, following its 2011 merger with Citadel, KGO has its studios in the SoMa portion of San Franciscos Financial District. Before Cumulus took over the station, it was based in the building as its former television partner KGO-TV Channel 7 at the ABC Broadcast Center. Its transmitter site is based in Newark near the Dumbarton Bridge, two of KGOs three towers partially collapsed during the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17,1989. KGO was first known as the Sunset Station, at time it operated with a then-impressive 1000 watts. The stations music, which was performed by other local orchestras and vocalists. Due to GEs involvement in RCA and RCAs launch of the NBC radio network, see the KNBR entry for a fuller discussion of NBCs San Francisco radio operations. In order to obtain a clear channel in Schenectady, New York, for what would become the present-day WGY, WGY would assume the maximum permissible power, and KGO would be lowered in power to 7.5 kW. That was then lower than the minimum power for a clear channel station. Therefore, GE effectively removed from the West one of its eight clear channels and added another clear channel to the East, thereby giving the East nine cleared channels, the other regions in the Band Plan all retained their allotted eight cleared channels. In 1941, stations on 790 kHz, including WGY and KGO, were moved to 810 kHz to comply with the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement also known as NARBA. On December 1,1947, KGO was directionalized and its power was increased to 50 kW, an article in Broadcasting magazine noted that the increase retired the nations oldest regularly operating transmitter—a 7, 500-watter. in use since Jan. When the Federal Communications Commission forced NBC to sell one of its two networks, KGOs license switched from Radio Corporation of America to the Blue Network, Inc. effective January 23,1942. The NBC Blue Network simply dropped NBC from its name to become the Blue Network, KGO would become a founding station of the nascent ABC Radio Network as a result
27.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
28.
WTAM
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WTAM – branded Newsradio WTAM1100 – is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to Cleveland, Ohio, serving Greater Cleveland and much of surrounding Northeast Ohio. WTAM is a station with an extended nighttime range, often identifying itself as The Big One. The WTAM studios are located in the Cleveland suburb of Independence, besides a standard analog transmission, WTAM had also broadcast over a single HD Radio channel and is available online via iHeartRadio. The station first carried the WTAM call letters from 1923 to 1956, assigned sequentially by the FCC, the station re-adopted the same call letters in 1996 to reinforce the stations position on the AM band, station management considered the historical tie a nice bonus, but. WTAM began broadcast operations on September 26,1923 and it was one of several stations that started between 1922 and 1923 with a call sign assigned sequentially by the Commerce Department with W as the first letter and A as the third. It was originally owned by S. E, Lawrence and Theodore Willard, in the name of the Willard Storage Battery Company. Initially the station only offered three hours of programming, but soon expanded its on-air lineup. Studios were located in the Willard factory on Taft Avenue at East 131st Street, by June 30,1924, WTAM was broadcasting with 1000 watts and sharing the 770 kHz frequency with WJAX. WJAX had signed on earlier in 1922, owned by the Union Trust Co, in 1924 it was known as the Wave from Lake Erie. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. purchased WJAX in 1925 and changed to the callsign to WEAR, finally, Willard Battery purchased WEAR to have control of shared frequency allocation. WTAM was the first radio station to broadcast coverage of a convention when it covered the 1924 Republican National Convention at Clevelands Public Auditorium on June 10–12,1924. The stations power increased to 2500 watts in 1925 and to 3500 watts in 1926, by June 30,1927, WTAM and WEAR broadcast on 750 kHz with WTAM broadcasting with 3500 watts. The January 31,1928 Radio Service Bulletin of the Commerce Department listed WTAM broadcasting with 3500 watts at night and 5000 watts during the day. After Willard Battery threatened to close the station, WTAM and WEAR were purchased by the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company, entered into arrangements to continue it. Every effort will be made to maintain the station on a plane which will make it of value to the community. In 1929 the station built two broadcast towers in Brecksville, Ohio, each 200 feet high, with its national prominence as a clear channel giant established, WTAM became a valuable radio property. NBC purchased WTAM on October 16,1930, and the studios were moved to the Auditorium Building, the station became a major link in the NBC Red Network, contributing some programming to the network. Around 1930, Gene Carroll and Glenn Rowell brought their vaudeville humor to WTAM with the Gene, the duo became famous for their characters Jake & Lena
29.
WMAQ (AM)
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WMAQ was an AM radio station located in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and broadcast at 670 kHz with 50,000 watts. The station was in existence from 1922 to 2000, and was the oldest surviving broadcast outlet in Chicago and it was a class A clear channel station, and could be heard, particularly at night, over most of the eastern United States. WMAQ was owned in its later years by CBS Radio, but for much of its life it was owned by National Broadcasting Company, the stations original owner was the Chicago Daily News newspaper, but its longest-running ownership was as an NBC Radio owned-and-operated station. Its transmitter was located in Bloomingdale, Illinois just off Army Trail Road, with a 780-foot tower where it remains today, the AM670 transmitter is now in use by WMAQs successor, All Sports Radio WSCR, and remains under CBS Radio ownership. WMAQ came to life as WGU on April 13,1922, the station was formed as a joint venture between The Fair Department Store and the Chicago Daily News, with the stations first transmitter atop the department store. At the time, the station was broadcasting on 833 kilocycles with a power of about 100 watts. One of the problems with reception of the station was the interference of other buildings in the area. The City of Chicago also operated its own station with similar call letters, WBU, it shared a frequency with Westinghouses KYW. In an attempt to avoid confusion with the station, Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover inaugurated a new antenna and transmitter of 500 watts. WMAQs call letters were first broadcast October 2,1922 on a channel frequency of 750 kc. Early radio had no rules or regulations, there was no Federal Radio Commission until 1927. Anyone with some knowledge and equipment could set up a radio station. While it was possible for anyone to start a radio station. Most of these radio stations faded out because of money issues. WMAQ had the backing of the Chicago Daily News, but it also had a very capable general manager, Judith Waller. At that point Waller became the director of public affairs programming for NBCs central division, by early 1923, the Daily News was convinced enough in the power of radio to buy out the Fair Stores 51% interest in the station. The Daily News moved the station and its transmitter to the tallest building in Chicago at the time—the La Salle Hotel on West Washington street in the West Loop, with a new location and new frequency of 670 kilohertz, WMAQ went on the air July 2,1923. The new frequency however, was not clear channel, WMAQ had to share it with another local station, WQJ, which was jointly owned by the Calumet Baking Powder Company and the Rainbo Gardens Ballroom on North Clark Street
30.
CBS News Radio
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CBS Radio News, historically known as the CBS Radio Network, provides news to more than 1,000 radio stations throughout the United States. The network is owned by CBS Corporation, it is the last of the three original national U. S. radio networks owned by its parent company. CBS Radio News is one of the programming services distributed by Westwood One, the network is the oldest unit of the CBS Corporation and traces its roots to CBSs predecessor, United Independent Broadcasters, founded in 1927 with 47 affiliates. The next year, Columbia Records invested in the radio network, eventually, Columbia pulled its backing from the struggling web. William S. Paley bought a half-interest in what became the Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928, for more about the networks history, see CBS. Louis, KRLD in Dallas and WCCO in Minneapolis and its offerings include the top-of-the-hour newscasts and the half-hour news updates. In addition to the product, reports and actualities are made available to affiliates on its Newsfeeds. Newsfeeds are subscribed heavily to by WCBS, KYW and other top outlets, among its on-air programs are the CBS News-on-the-Hour and the morning Osgood File features with Charles Osgood. The network is home to the morning and evening editions of the CBS World News Roundup, steve Kathan anchors the morning show, while Bill Whitney hosts the evening edition. The daily Roundup dates back to a special on March 13,1938, each Friday, the network also produces the CBS News Weekend Roundup, a look at the top stories of the week, hosted by Dan Raviv, with a commentary from Charles Grodin. CBS Radio has an impressive list of reporters around the world including Barry Bagnato, Mark Knoller, Pam Coulter, Sabina Castelfranco, Robert Berger, Cami McCormick, Logan also reports for CBS Television, and many TV correspondents also appear on CBS Radio newscasts. In 2009, CBS launched a late night talk program hosted by Jon Grayson. CBS themselves handle the syndication of Graysons show, while syndication for Smerconishs show to non-CBS stations has been outsourced to Dial Global. Graysons show, Overnight America, also entered national syndication via Dial Global on January 30,2012, meanwhile, Smerconish discontinued the morning show in 2011. Three of CBSs television programs are currently simulcast on CBS Radio News, those are Face the Nation,60 Minutes, in addition, the Late Show with David Letterman Top Ten List was also broadcast by the network in a short-form-feature format until the shows conclusion in 2015. Other public-affairs features include CBS Healthwatch with Dr. Emily Senay, Raising Our Kids with WCBS morning anchor Pat Carroll, CBS has since announced plans to launch CBS Sports Radio in fall 2012 through a rival network, Cumulus Media Networks. During the overnight hours, CBSN carries a video simulcast of CBS Radio Newss top-of-the-hour reports, while the networks World News Roundup is the longest-running news show on radio or TV in the U. S. On February 2,2017, CBS Corporation announced that it had agreed to sell its radio unit with Entercom and it was not specified whether or not CBS Radio News was included in the sale
31.
KNBR
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KNBR is an AM radio station licensed to San Francisco, broadcasting on a clear channel at 680 kHz from transmitting facilities near Belmont, California. KNBRs non-directional 50, 000-watt class-A signal can be heard much of the western United States. For several decades, KNBR enjoyed a history as the flagship station of NBCs West Coast radio operations. A second station also uses the KNBR brand, KTCT is licensed to San Mateo, California, with a transmitter located near Hayward, California. It carried a sports format known as The Ticket. The Sports Leader is the branding used by both stations. The KNBR re-branding took place in 2003, both stations studios are located at 750 Battery Street in San Franciscos Financial District. Between the two stations, games of the San Francisco Giants, San Francisco 49ers, Stanford Cardinal, KTCT is available in the HD format on 1050 kHz. KNBR began broadcasting on April 17,1922 as KPO, a 100-watt station owned by the Hale Brothers department store, in 1925, the San Francisco Chronicle newspaper bought half-interest in the operation. Originally located in the department store at Market and 5th, its horizontal wire antenna on the roof was so efficient, in 1927, KPO became an affiliate of the new NBC radio network. In 1933, KPO was sold to NBCs parent company, the Radio Corporation of America, from there, NBC operated its West Coast network, feeding dozens of stations and operating a news bureau to serve NBC. As NBCs flagship station on the West Coast, it had an orchestra, five studios. During the rise of Hollywood, NBCs radio operation was moved to Los Angeles, in 1941, just before World War II, NBC constructed Radio City at 420 Taylor Street, considered one of the best radio facilities built during radios golden age. However, with the network control having been moved to Los Angeles, during World War II, KPOs news bureau was the major source of NBC of news about the war in the Pacific, and operated shortwave radio stations serving the world. It was at the KPO shortwave facility that the message was received that Japanese emperor Hirohito had surrendered, on November 12,1947, the Federal Communications Commission approved NBCs application to change the call sign from KPO to KNBC, to strengthen its identity as an NBC station. This change lasted until 1962, when the network moved the call sign to its station in Los Angeles. In November 1949, NBC television affiliate KRON-TV went on the air, only before the TV stations first airdate did NBC fight for the construction permit for the TV station until it lost the bid to the de Young family, then the owners of the San Francisco Chronicle. KNBR evolved into a Middle of the music format mixing in Adult Standards with Soft Rock cuts by the early 1960s
32.
Rockefeller Center
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Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Commissioned by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is famous for its annual Christmas tree lighting, Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it beginning in 1930. Rockefeller stated, It was clear there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development, the other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone. The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings and it was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times. Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style began on May 17,1930, principal builder and managing agent for the massive project was John R. Todd. The construction of the project employed over 40,000 people and it was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name Rockefeller Center for the complex, in 1931. Rockefeller, Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, what could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Ivy Lee and others attempts to rent the space to German commercial concerns. Rockefeller ruled this out after being advised of Hitlers Nazi march toward World War II and this subsequently became the primary location of the U. S. In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million, in 1989, Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, purchased the entire Rockefeller Center complex, and its owner, Rockefeller Group. In 1996, the complex was purchased by a consortium of owners that included Goldman Sachs, Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller. Tishman Speyer, led by Jerry Speyer, a friend of David Rockefeller. The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and these are co-owned by Tishman-Speyer, and open to the public. 1 Rockefeller Plaza – The original Time–Life Building, a tenant was General Dynamics. 10 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the Holland House, then the Eastern Air Lines Building, currently home of Today Show studios. 30 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the RCA Building, in 1988 it was renamed the GE Building, headquarters of NBC, the Rainbow Room restaurant is located on the 65th floor
33.
30 Rockefeller Plaza
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30 Rockefeller Plaza is an American Art Deco skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Its name is shortened to 30 Rock. The building is most famous for housing the NBC television network headquarters, at 850 feet high, the 70-story building is the 14th tallest in New York City and the 39th tallest in the United States. It stands 400 feet shorter than the Empire State Building, the building underwent a US$170 million floor-by-floor interior renovation in 2014. The building was completed in 1933 as part of the Rockefeller Center complex, the noted Art Deco architect Raymond Hood led a team of Rockefeller architects. It was named the RCA Building for its tenant, the Radio Corporation of America. It was the first building constructed with the elevators grouped in the central core, during construction, a photographer took the famous photograph Lunch atop a Skyscraper on the 69th floor. The National Broadcasting Company, had the red and blue networks housed in the new building, NBC was the first national radio network in the country and was started by R. C. A. in 1926. The office of the Rockefeller family occupied Room 5600 on the 56th floor and this space is now occupied by Rockefeller Family and Associates, whose offices span the 54th to 56th floors. John D. Rockefeller had a vault in the basement of the building. In 1985, the building acquired official landmark status, the RCA Building was renamed as the GE Building in 1988, two years after General Electric re-acquired the RCA Corporation. Some still refer to the building using its old names, out of habit or fondness, the buildings address became the title of the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, which follows the cast and crew of a fictional television show filmed inside the building. KWO35, the NOAA Weather Radio station serving the majority of the Tri-State area, originally transmitted from atop the building, due to interference with a U. S. Coast Guard radio channel, the transmitter was eventually relocated atop the MetLife Building. A weather radar station was located atop the building. In June 2014, Comcast was granted permission from the Landmarks Preservation Commission to make modifications to the building to reflect its ownership of NBCUniversal, the GE Building would be officially known as the Comcast Building. Comcast planned to replace the neon GE lettering from the top of the building with a 10-foot tall, LED-lit Comcast wordmark and NBC logo, and add a 17-foot NBC logo on the building westerns facade. Additionally, a new marquee was added to the Avenue of the Americas entrance, on July 1,2015, the name change and new signage were made official. The building is one of the most famous and recognized skyscrapers in New York
34.
RKO Pictures
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RKO Pictures Inc. also known as RKO Radio Pictures and in its later years RKO Teleradio Pictures, was an American film production and distribution company. It was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the companys sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum, RKO has long been celebrated for its series of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s. Actors Katharine Hepburn and, later, Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio, cary Grant was a mainstay for years. The work of producer Val Lewtons low-budget horror unit and RKOs many ventures into the now known as film noir have been acclaimed, largely after the fact, by film critics. The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history, King Kong and Citizen Kane, RKO Pictures is also a member of Motion Picture Association of America. Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948, after years of turmoil and decline under his control, Hughes sold the troubled studio to General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955. The original RKO Pictures ceased production in 1957 and was dissolved two years later. In 1981, broadcaster RKO General, the heir, revived it as a production subsidiary. In October 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer and its success prompted Hollywood to convert from silent to sound film production en masse. The Radio Corporation of America controlled an advanced optical sound-on-film system, RCA Photophone, the industrys two largest major studios, Paramount and Loews/MGM, with two other studios Universal and First National, were poised to contract with ERPI for sound conversion as well. Next on the agenda was securing a string of exhibition venues like those the leading Hollywood production companies owned, Kennedy began investigating the possibility of such a purchase. Around that time, the large Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit of theaters, built around the medium of live vaudeville, was attempting a transition to the movie business. In mid-1927, the operations of Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Milles Producers Distributing Corporation had united under KAOs control, early in 1928, KAO general manager John J. Murdock, who had assumed the presidency of Pathé, turned to Kennedy as an adviser in consolidating the studio with De Milles company, PDC. This was the relationship Sarnoff and Kennedy sought, on October 23,1928, RCA announced the creation of the Radio-Keith-Orpheum holding company, with Sarnoff as chairman of the board. Kennedy, who withdrew from his positions in the merged companies, kept Pathé separate from RKO. RCA owned the governing stock interest in RKO,22 percent, in the early 1930s, the companys production and distribution arm, presided over by former FBO vice-president Joseph I
35.
John D. Rockefeller Jr.
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John Davison Rockefeller Jr. was an American financier and philanthropist who was a prominent member of the Rockefeller family. He was the only son among the five children of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller, in biographies, he is commonly referred to as Junior to distinguish him from his father, Senior. Rockefeller was the fifth and last child of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and his four older sisters were Elizabeth, Alice, Alta, and Edith. His father John Sr. and uncle William Avery Rockefeller Jr. co-founded Standard Oil together, nicknamed Johnny Rock by his roommates, he joined both the Glee and the Mandolin Clubs, taught a Bible class and was elected junior class president. Scrupulously careful with money, he stood out as different from other rich mens sons, in 1897 he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, after taking nearly a dozen courses in the social sciences, including a study of Karl Marxs Das Kapital. He joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and he later also became a director at J. P. Morgans U. S. Steel company, which had been formed in 1901. In April 1914, after a period of industrial unrest. Junior owned a controlling interest in the company and sat on the board as an absentee director, at least 20 men, women, and children died in the incident, and in January 1915 Junior was called to testify before the Commission on Industrial Relations. Many critics blamed Rockefeller for ordering the massacre, Margaret Sanger wrote an attack piece in her magazine The Woman Rebel declaring, But remember Ludlow. Remember the men and women and children who were sacrificed in order that John D. Rockefeller Jr. might continue his career of charity. He was at the time being advised by William Lyon Mackenzie King, Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it. This was novel advice, and attracted media attention, which opened the way to resolve the conflict. The family office, of which he was in charge, shifted from 26 Broadway to the 56th floor of the landmark 30 Rockefeller Plaza upon its completion in 1933, the office formally became Rockefeller Family and Associates. In 1921, Junior received about 10% of the shares of the Equitable Trust Company from his father, subsequently, in 1930, Equitable merged with Chase National Bank, making Chase the largest bank in the world at the time. Although his stockholding was reduced to about 4% following this merger, as late as the 1960s, the family still retained about 1% of the banks shares, by which time his son David had become the banks president. In the late 1920s, Rockefeller founded the Dunbar National Bank in Harlem, the financial institution was located within the Paul Laurence Dunbar Apartments at 2824 Eighth Avenue near 150th Street, servicing a primarily African-American clientele. It was unique among New York City financial institutions in that it employed African Americans as tellers, clerks, however, the bank folded after only a few years of operation. This letter became an important event in pushing the nation to repeal Prohibition, Rockefeller was known for his philanthropy, giving over $537 million to myriad causes over his lifetime compared to $240 million to his own family
36.
David Sarnoff
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David Sarnoff was an American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career he led the Radio Corporation of America in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1970. He ruled over an ever-growing telecommunications and consumer electronics empire that included both RCA and NBC, and became one of the largest companies in the world, named a Reserve Brigadier General of the Signal Corps in 1945, Sarnoff thereafter was widely known as The General. Sarnoff is credited with Sarnoffs law, which states that the value of a broadcast network is proportional to the number of viewers, David Sarnoff was born to a Jewish family in Uzlyany, a small town in Belarus, the son of Abraham and Leah Sarnoff. Abraham emigrated to the United States and raised funds to bring the family, Sarnoff spent much of his early childhood in a cheder studying and memorizing the Torah. In 1906 his father became incapacitated by tuberculosis, and at age 15 Sarnoff went to work to support the family. He had planned to pursue a career in the newspaper business. Over the next 13 years Sarnoff rose from office boy to commercial manager of the company, learning about the technology and he also served at Marconi stations on ships and posts on Siasconset, Nantucket and the New York Wanamaker Department Store. The following year, he led two other operators at the Wanamaker station in an effort to confirm the fate of the Titanic, some researchers question whether Sarnoff was at the telegraph key at all. By the time of the Titanic disaster in 1912, Sarnoff was a manager of the telegraphers and that same year Marconi won a patent suit that gave it the coastal stations of the United Wireless Telegraph Company. Sarnoff used H. J. Rounds hydrogen arc transmitter to demonstrate the broadcast of music from the New York Wanamaker station. This demonstration and the AT&T demonstrations in 1915 of long-distance wireless telephony inspired the first of many memos to his superiors on applications of current and future radio technologies. Sometime late in 1915 or in 1916 he proposed to the president, Edward J. Nally. Nally deferred on the proposal because of the volume of business during World War I. Throughout the war years, Sarnoff remained Marconis Commercial Manager, including oversight of the factory in Roselle Park. Unlike many who were involved with radio communications, viewing radio as point-to-point. One person could speak to many, up to 300,000 people heard the fight, and demand for home radio equipment bloomed that winter. By the spring of 1922 Sarnoffs prediction of popular demand for broadcasting had come true, in 1925, RCA purchased its first radio station and launched the National Broadcasting Company, the first radio network in America
37.
Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts
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The Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts are a regular series of weekly broadcasts on network radio of full-length opera performances. They are transmitted live from the stage of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, the Met broadcasts are the longest-running continuous classical music program in radio history, and the series has won several Peabody Awards for excellence in broadcasting. The series is currently broadcast on over 300 stations in the United States and these countries include Canada, Mexico,27 European countries, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, China, and Japan. The broadcasts are also online via streaming audio, and select broadcasts and excerpts are listenable year-round on the Met Opera on Demand service. The first of these was a performance of Acts II and III of Tosca on January 12,1910, the following evening, January 13,1910, parts of Pagliacci starring Enrico Caruso were broadcast. The first network broadcast was heard on Friday, December 25,1931, the series was created as the Met, financially endangered in the early years of the Great Depression, sought to enlarge its audience and support through national exposure on network radio. In the first broadcast season only Hänsel und Gretel and Das Rheingold were presented in their entirety, from the start of the 1933-34 season, complete opera broadcasts became the norm. The live radio broadcasts were heard on NBC, and became a staple of its Blue Network. Starting in 1944 the series continued on the Blue Networks successor, ABC, from 1958 to 1960 the series was broadcast on CBS. As network radio waned with the rise of television, the Met founded its own independent Metropolitan Opera Radio Network in 1960, the Mets first live closed-circuit television transmission was Carmen with Rise Stevens, sent to 31 movie theaters in 27 US cities on December 11,1952. In Canada the live broadcasts have been heard since December 1933, since 1934 they have been heard on the CRBCs successor, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, where they currently air on CBC Radio 2 on Saturday Afternoon at the Opera. In the late 1930s and early 1940s the broadcasts were transmitted live via shortwave to Latin America over the NBC White Network, transcription discs made by NBC were also sent to Latin America for relay over local radio stations in much better quality. Spanish commentary and intermission features were inserted for Spanish-speaking countries, in December 1990, the broadcast series expanded its transmission to include Europe, via satellite transmission and the European Broadcasting Union. Australia and New Zealand joined the network in the late 1990s, Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador, and Japan joined in 2000. Technical quality of the broadcasts steadily improved over the years, FM broadcasts were added in the 1950s, transmitted to stations via telephone lines. With the arrival of the 1973-74 broadcasting season, all broadcasts were offered in FM stereo, satellite technology later allowed uniformly excellent broadcast sound to be sent live worldwide. Financing the Met broadcasts during the Depression years of the 1930s proved to be problematic, sponsorship of the Saturday afternoon broadcasts by The Texas Company began on December 7,1940, with a performance of Mozarts Le nozze di Figaro. Texacos support continued for 63 years, the longest continuous sponsorship in broadcast history, after its merger with Chevron, however, the combined company ChevronTexaco ended its sponsorship of the Mets radio network in April 2004
38.
Arturo Toscanini
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Arturo Toscanini was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and of the 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for detail and sonority. He was at times the music director of La Scala in Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Toscanini was born in Parma, Emilia-Romagna, and won a scholarship to the music conservatory. Living conditions at the conservatory were harsh, for example, his diet consisted almost completely of fish. When he became successful, he never ate anything that came from the sea and he joined the orchestra of an opera company, with which he toured South America in 1886. Carlo Superti and Aristide Venturi tried unsuccessfully to finish the work, in desperation, the singers suggested the name of their assistant Chorus Master, who knew the whole opera from memory. The public was taken by surprise, at first by the youth and sheer aplomb of this unknown conductor, for the rest of that season, Toscanini conducted eighteen operas, all with absolute success. Thus began his career as a conductor, at age 19, upon returning to Italy, Toscanini set out on a dual path for some time. He continued to conduct, his first appearance in Italy being at the Teatro Carignano in Turin, on November 4,1886, in the world premiere of the revised version of Alfredo Catalanis Edmea. This was the beginning of Toscaninis lifelong friendship and championing of Catalani, however, he also returned to his chair in the cello section, and participated as cellist in the world premiere of Verdis Otello under the composers supervision. The composer was impressed when Toscanini consulted him personally about Verdis Te Deum. Verdi said that he had left it out for fear that certain interpreters would have exaggerated the marking, gradually, Toscaninis reputation as an operatic conductor of unusual authority and skill supplanted his cello career. In the following decade, he consolidated his career in Italy, entrusted with the premieres of Puccinis La bohème. In 1896, Toscanini conducted his first symphonic concert and he exhibited a considerable capacity for hard work, conducting 43 concerts in Turin in 1898. By 1898, Toscanini was Principal Conductor at La Scala, where he remained until 1908, returning as Music Director and he brought the La Scala Orchestra to the United States on a concert tour in 1920/21, during which he made his first recordings. Outside Europe, Toscanini conducted at the Metropolitan Opera in New York as well as the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and he toured Europe with the New York Philharmonic in 1930. At each performance, he and the orchestra were acclaimed by critics, Toscanini was the first non-German conductor to appear at Bayreuth, and the New York Philharmonic was the first non-German orchestra to play there
39.
General Motors Concerts
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General Motors Concerts, offering classical music on the radio, were heard in different formats on the NBC Red and NBC Blue networks between 1929 and 1937. The concerts began 1929-31 as a 30-minute series on the Red Network with Frank Black as the conductor on Mondays at 9. It also aired as General Motors Family Party, broadcast on Sundays at 8pm, this series continued until June 1937. As General Motors Concert, the final 13-week series brought together radios first concert stock company on October 3,1937, with Rapee conducting the General Motors Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, these broadcasts were part of a Sunday Nights at Carnegie Hall series sponsored by General Motors. Swedish tenor Jussi Björling made his American debut as part of series on November 28,1937. The rotating line-up of leading name performers featured Björling, Donald Dickson, Helen Jepson, Maria Jeritza, Grace Moore, Erna Sack, Joseph Schmidt, in addition to the music, John B. Kennedy narrated science stories. The series presented its final broadcast on December 26,1937, the Ford Sunday Evening Hour Telephone interview with Grace Moore prior to her October 1937 appearance on General Motors Concert Echo, Music and Advertising in Early Radio by Timothy D. Taylor
40.
Carmen Cavallaro
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Carmen Cavallaro was an American pianist. He established himself as one of the most accomplished and admired light music pianists of his generation, Carmen Cavallaro was born in New York City. Known as the “Poet of the Piano”, he showed a gift for music from age three, picking out tunes on a toy piano and his parents were encouraged to develop the child’s musical talents and he studied classical piano in the United States. As a young pianist, he toured Europe, performing in many capitals, in 1933 Cavallaro joined Al Kavelins orchestra, where he quickly became the featured soloist. After four years he switched to a series of big bands. He also worked briefly with Enric Madriguera and Abe Lyman, Cavallaro formed his own band, a five-piece combo, in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1939. His popularity grew and his group expanded into a 14-piece orchestra, other venues where he drew large audiences included New York’s Waldorf-Astoria, Chicago’s Palmer House and the Coconut Grove in Los Angeles. In 1963 he had a hit recording of the song Sukiyaki. One of Cavallaros vocalists, Guy Mitchell, later famous in his own right. Cavallaros single best-selling recording was his pop version of Chopins Polonaise and his musical interests and arrangements included dance music, particularly Latin rhythms, tangos and strict tempo dancing styles, as well as some pop and jazz arrangements of classical melodies. In this, he is cited as being influenced by pianist Eddy Duchin. Liberace was greatly influenced by both Cavallaro and Duchin, all three shared a propensity for arranging classical piano themes in a pop idiom. Cavallaro became a member of ASCAP in 1957, although he wrote several songs, including Dolores My Own and Anita, the most popular were While the Nightwind Sings and Masquerade Waltz. His most celebrated achievement was playing the piano music for actor Tyrone Power’s hands to mime. Cavallaro was married to Wanda Cavallaro on 6 May 1935 and they were divorced on 28 December 1962. Cavallaro died from cancer on 12 October 1989 in Columbus. He was survived by his wife Donna S. Cavallaro and children, Dolores Cavallaro Buscher, Paul Cavallaro and Anita Cavallaro Finkelstein, Step children, Charles, Frederick and Robert. Grandchildren, Andrea Finkelstein Sherman, Joseph, Michael, Matthew, Michael, Caroline, Jane, Sarah, Carmen Cavallaro at the Internet Movie Database Carmen Cavallaro playing Fascination on a 7 ft Grand Piano Carmen Cavallaro playing La Vie en Rose on a 7 ft Grand Piano
41.
Nat King Cole
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Nathaniel Adams Coles, known professionally as Nat King Cole, was an American singer who first came to prominence as a leading jazz pianist. He was widely noted for his baritone voice, performing in big band and jazz genres. Cole was one of the first African Americans to host a television variety show. His recordings remained popular worldwide after his death from cancer in February 1965. Nathaniel Adams Coles was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on March 17,1919 and he had three brothers—Eddie, Ike, and Freddy —and a half-sister, Joyce Coles. Each of his brothers pursued careers in music, when Nat was four years old, he and his family moved to North Chicago, Illinois, where his father, Edward Coles, became a Baptist minister. Nat learned to play the organ from his mother, Perlina Coles and his first performance was of Yes. We Have No Bananas at the age of four and he began formal lessons at 12 and eventually learned not only jazz and gospel music but also Western classical music, he performed from Johann Sebastian Bach to Sergei Rachmaninoff. The family again moved to the Bronzeville neighborhood of Chicago, where he attended Wendel Phillips High School, Cole would sneak out of the house and hang around outside clubs, listening to artists such as Louis Armstrong, Earl Hines and Jimmie Noone. He participated in Walter Dyetts renowned music program at DuSable High School, inspired by the performances of Hines, Cole began his performing career in the mid-1930s while still a teenager, adopting the name Nat Cole. Cole left Chicago in 1936 to lead a band in a revival of Eubie Blakes revue Shuffle Along and his older brother, Eddie, a bass player, soon joined Coles band, and they made their first recording in 1936, under Eddies name. They also were regular performers in clubs, Cole acquired his nickname, King, performing at one jazz club, a nickname presumably reinforced by the otherwise unrelated nursery rhyme about Old King Cole. He was also a pianist in a tour of Shuffle Along. When it suddenly failed in Long Beach, California, Cole decided to remain there and he later returned to Chicago in triumph to play such venues as the Edgewater Beach Hotel.00 per week. The trio played in Failsworth through the late 1930s and recorded many radio transcriptions for Capitol Transcriptions, Cole was the pianist and also the leader of the combo. Radio was important to the King Cole Trios rise in popularity and their first broadcast was with NBCs Blue Network in 1938. It was followed by performances on NBCs Swing Soiree, in the 1940s, the trio appeared on the radio shows Old Gold, The Chesterfield Supper Club and Kraft Music Hall. The King Cole Trio performed twice on CBS Radios variety show The Orson Welles Almanac in 1944, according to legend, Coles singing career did not start until a drunken barroom patron demanded that he sing Sweet Lorraine
42.
Xavier Cugat
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Xavier Cugat was a Spanish-American bandleader and native of Spain who spent his formative years in Havana, Cuba. A trained violinist and arranger, he was a figure in the spread of Latin music in United States popular music. In New York, he was the leader of the resident orchestra at the Waldorf-Astoria before and he was also a cartoonist and a restaurateur. The personal papers of Xavier Cugat are preserved in the Biblioteca de Catalunya, Cugat was born as Francisco de Asís Javier Cugat Mingall de Bru y Deulofeu in Girona, Catalonia, Spain. His family immigrated to Cuba when Xavier was five and he was trained as a classical violinist and played with the Orchestra of the Teatro Nacional in Havana. On 6 July 1915, he and his family arrived in New York City as immigrant passengers on board the S. S. Havana, Cugat appeared in recitals with Enrico Caruso, playing violin solos. Entering the world of business, he played with a band called The Gigolos during the tango craze. Later, he went to work for the Los Angeles Times as a cartoonist, cugats caricatures were later nationally syndicated. His older brother, Francis, was an artist of note, having painted the famous cover art for F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel. In the late 1920s, as began to be used in films. And by the early 1930s, he began appearing with his group in feature films and his first notable appearance occurred in 1942, in the Columbia production You Were Never Lovelier with Rita Hayworth, Fred Astaire, and Adolphe Menjou. In 1931, Cugat had taken his band to New York for the 1931 opening of the Waldorf Astoria Hotel, for 16 years, Cugat helmed the Waldorf-Astoria Hotels orchestra, shuttling between New York and Los Angeles for most of the next 30 years. One of his trademark gestures was to hold a chihuahua while he waved his baton with the other arm, Cugat recorded on Columbia Records, RCA Victor, Mercury Records and Decca Records. Dinah Shore made her first recordings as a vocalist with Cugat in 1939 and 1940, in 1940, his recording of Perfidia became a big hit. Cugat followed trends closely, making records for the conga, the mambo, the cha-cha-cha, several of the songs he recorded, including Perfidia, were used in the Wong Kar-wai films Days of Being Wild and 2046. In 1943, Brazil was a big hit, reaching No.17 in the Billboard Top 100, the Greatest RCA Sides Bread, Love and Cha Cha Cha Cugat Cavalcade The King Plays Some Aces That Latin Beat Viva Cugat. Brown Cugat owned and operated the Mexican restaurant, Casa Cugat, on La Cienegas Restaurant Row for a number of years, the restaurant was frequented by several Hollywood celebrities, and featured two singing guitarists, who would visit each table and play diners favorite songs upon request. In addition to Mexican cuisine, the restaurant also had an American menu, according to Cugat, Marlon Brando loves quesadillas, so he usually has two orders
