1.
Orchestra
–
The term orchestra derives from the Greek ὀρχήστρα, the name for the area in front of a stage in ancient Greek theatre reserved for the Greek chorus. A full-size orchestra may sometimes be called an orchestra or philharmonic orchestra. The actual number of employed in a given performance may vary from seventy to over one hundred musicians, depending on the work being played. The term chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles of about fifty musicians or fewer, the typical orchestra grew in size throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, reaching a peak with the large orchestras called for in the works of Richard Wagner, and later, Gustav Mahler. Orchestras are usually led by a conductor who directs the performance with movements of the hands and arms, the conductor unifies the orchestra, sets the tempo and shapes the sound of the ensemble. The first violin, commonly called the concertmaster, also plays an important role in leading the musicians, the typical symphony orchestra consists of four groups of related musical instruments called the woodwinds, brass, percussion, and strings. The orchestra, depending on the size, contains almost all of the instruments in each group. Chamber orchestra usually refers to smaller-sized ensembles, a chamber orchestra might employ as many as fifty musicians. The term concert orchestra may also be used, as in the BBC Concert Orchestra, the so-called standard complement of doubled winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to the forces called for by Beethoven. The composers instrumentation almost always included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns, the exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No,4, which each specify a single flute. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral palette in Symphonies 3,5,6, the third horn in the Eroica Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of choral brass in the Trio movement. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the finale of his Symphony No.5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver the effect of storm and sunshine in the Sixth, for several decades after his death, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethovens well-established model, with few exceptions. Apart from the core orchestral complement, various instruments are called for occasionally. These include the guitar, heckelphone, flugelhorn, cornet, harpsichord. Saxophones, for example, appear in some 19th- through 21st-century scores.6 and 9 and William Waltons Belshazzars Feast, and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked tenor tuba, including Gustav Holsts The Planets, cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovskys ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussys La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz
Orchestra
–
The Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra.
Orchestra
–
Dublin Philharmonic Orchestra
Orchestra
–
Göttinger Symphonie Orchester
Orchestra
–
A modern orchestra concert hall: Philharmony in
Szczecin, Poland
2.
New York City
–
The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
4.
Arturo Toscanini
–
Arturo Toscanini was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed musicians of the late 19th and of the 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for detail and sonority. He was at times the music director of La Scala in Milan, the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Toscanini was born in Parma, Emilia-Romagna, and won a scholarship to the music conservatory. Living conditions at the conservatory were harsh, for example, his diet consisted almost completely of fish. When he became successful, he never ate anything that came from the sea and he joined the orchestra of an opera company, with which he toured South America in 1886. Carlo Superti and Aristide Venturi tried unsuccessfully to finish the work, in desperation, the singers suggested the name of their assistant Chorus Master, who knew the whole opera from memory. The public was taken by surprise, at first by the youth and sheer aplomb of this unknown conductor, for the rest of that season, Toscanini conducted eighteen operas, all with absolute success. Thus began his career as a conductor, at age 19, upon returning to Italy, Toscanini set out on a dual path for some time. He continued to conduct, his first appearance in Italy being at the Teatro Carignano in Turin, on November 4,1886, in the world premiere of the revised version of Alfredo Catalanis Edmea. This was the beginning of Toscaninis lifelong friendship and championing of Catalani, however, he also returned to his chair in the cello section, and participated as cellist in the world premiere of Verdis Otello under the composers supervision. The composer was impressed when Toscanini consulted him personally about Verdis Te Deum. Verdi said that he had left it out for fear that certain interpreters would have exaggerated the marking, gradually, Toscaninis reputation as an operatic conductor of unusual authority and skill supplanted his cello career. In the following decade, he consolidated his career in Italy, entrusted with the premieres of Puccinis La bohème. In 1896, Toscanini conducted his first symphonic concert and he exhibited a considerable capacity for hard work, conducting 43 concerts in Turin in 1898. By 1898, Toscanini was Principal Conductor at La Scala, where he remained until 1908, returning as Music Director and he brought the La Scala Orchestra to the United States on a concert tour in 1920/21, during which he made his first recordings. Outside Europe, Toscanini conducted at the Metropolitan Opera in New York as well as the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and he toured Europe with the New York Philharmonic in 1930. At each performance, he and the orchestra were acclaimed by critics, Toscanini was the first non-German conductor to appear at Bayreuth, and the New York Philharmonic was the first non-German orchestra to play there
Arturo Toscanini
–
Toscanini's family tomb at the
Monumental Cemetery of Milan in 2015
Arturo Toscanini
–
Toscanini in 1908.
Arturo Toscanini
–
Arturo Toscanini poses on a ship's deck.
Arturo Toscanini
–
Toscanini lifts his hat for the camera on a ship's deck.
5.
David Sarnoff
–
David Sarnoff was an American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career he led the Radio Corporation of America in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1970. He ruled over an ever-growing telecommunications and consumer electronics empire that included both RCA and NBC, and became one of the largest companies in the world, named a Reserve Brigadier General of the Signal Corps in 1945, Sarnoff thereafter was widely known as The General. Sarnoff is credited with Sarnoffs law, which states that the value of a broadcast network is proportional to the number of viewers, David Sarnoff was born to a Jewish family in Uzlyany, a small town in Belarus, the son of Abraham and Leah Sarnoff. Abraham emigrated to the United States and raised funds to bring the family, Sarnoff spent much of his early childhood in a cheder studying and memorizing the Torah. In 1906 his father became incapacitated by tuberculosis, and at age 15 Sarnoff went to work to support the family. He had planned to pursue a career in the newspaper business. Over the next 13 years Sarnoff rose from office boy to commercial manager of the company, learning about the technology and he also served at Marconi stations on ships and posts on Siasconset, Nantucket and the New York Wanamaker Department Store. The following year, he led two other operators at the Wanamaker station in an effort to confirm the fate of the Titanic, some researchers question whether Sarnoff was at the telegraph key at all. By the time of the Titanic disaster in 1912, Sarnoff was a manager of the telegraphers and that same year Marconi won a patent suit that gave it the coastal stations of the United Wireless Telegraph Company. Sarnoff used H. J. Rounds hydrogen arc transmitter to demonstrate the broadcast of music from the New York Wanamaker station. This demonstration and the AT&T demonstrations in 1915 of long-distance wireless telephony inspired the first of many memos to his superiors on applications of current and future radio technologies. Sometime late in 1915 or in 1916 he proposed to the president, Edward J. Nally. Nally deferred on the proposal because of the volume of business during World War I. Throughout the war years, Sarnoff remained Marconis Commercial Manager, including oversight of the factory in Roselle Park. Unlike many who were involved with radio communications, viewing radio as point-to-point. One person could speak to many, up to 300,000 people heard the fight, and demand for home radio equipment bloomed that winter. By the spring of 1922 Sarnoffs prediction of popular demand for broadcasting had come true, in 1925, RCA purchased its first radio station and launched the National Broadcasting Company, the first radio network in America
David Sarnoff
–
Sarnoff in 1922
David Sarnoff
–
Sarnoff with
Albert Einstein and other noted scientists and engineers on a tour of the RCA wireless station in
Brunswick, New Jersey in 1921
David Sarnoff
–
Sarnoff with the first RCA videotape recorder in 1954
David Sarnoff
–
Sarnoff receiving his brigadier general's star from Major General Harry C. Ingles, chief signal officer of the US Army.
6.
RCA
–
RCA Corporation, founded as the Radio Corporation of America, was an American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986. General Electric took over the company in late 1985 and split it up the following year, after World War I began in August 1914, radio traffic across the Atlantic Ocean increased dramatically after the western Allies cut the German transatlantic telegraph cables. In 1917 the government of the United States took charge of the owned by the major companies involved in radio manufacture in the United States to devote radio technology to the war effort. All production of equipment was allocated to the U. S. Army, U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps. The War Department and the Navy Department sought to maintain a monopoly of all uses of radio technology. The wartime takeover of all radio systems ended late in 1918, the war ended in November of that year. The ending of the governments monopoly in radio communications did not prevent the War. On 8 April 1919, naval Admiral W. H. G. Bullard, the proposal presented by the government was that if GE created an American-owned radio company, then the Army and Navy would effect a monopoly of long-distance radio communications via this company. This marked the beginning of a series of negotiations through which GE would buy the American Marconi company, the Army and the Navy granted RCA the former American Marconi radio terminals that had been confiscated during the War. Admiral Bullard received a seat on the Board of Directors of RCA for his efforts in establishing RCA, the result was federally-created monopolies in radio for GE and the Westinghouse Corporation and in telephone systems for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company. The first chief officer of RCA was Owen D. Young. RCAs incorporation papers required that a majority of its stock be held by American citizens, as the years went on, RCA either took over, or produced for itself, a large number of patents, including that of the superheterodyne receiver invented by Edwin Armstrong. Over the years, RCA continued to operate international services, under its subsidiary RCA Communications, Inc. GE used RCA as its retail arm for radio sales from 1919, Westinghouse also marketed home radios through RCA until 1930. In 1929, RCA purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and this included a majority ownership of the Victor Company of Japan. The new subsidiary then became RCA Victor, with Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the Nipper His Masters Voice trademark. This trademark is used by the British music & entertainment company HMV. RCA began selling the first electronic turntable in 1930, in 1931, RCA Victor began selling 33⅓ rpm records
RCA
–
RCA trademark exhibit at Heritage Museum in
Big Spring,
Texas (2004 photograph)
RCA
–
Original RCA logo. A later variation of this logo was revived by BMG after it bought
RCA Records from GE, and is still used by
Sony Music today.
RCA
–
Ad for the beginning of regularly scheduled television broadcasting in New York City by RCA-NBC in April, 1939 via station W2XBS, the forerunner of today's WNBC
RCA
–
Television
test pattern created by RCA in 1939
7.
NBC Radio
–
The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
NBC Radio
–
The
Comcast Building in
New York City (or the GE Building, originally the
RCA Building) serves as the headquarters of NBC.
NBC Radio
–
National Broadcasting Company
NBC Radio
–
Radio City West was located at
Sunset Boulevard and
Vine Street in Los Angeles until it was replaced by a bank in the mid-1960s.
NBC Radio
–
Entrance at the GE Building.
8.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Leopold Anthony Stokowski was a British conductor of Polish and Irish descent. One of the conductors of the early and mid-20th Century, he is best known for his long association with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He was especially noted for his conducting style that spurned the traditional baton. He was also the founder of the All-American Youth Orchestra, the New York City Symphony, the Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra, there is some mystery surrounding his early life. For example, he spoke with an unusual, non-British accent, though he was born and raised in London. On occasion, Stokowski gave his year of birth as 1887 instead of 1882, as in a letter to the Hugo Riemann Musiklexicon in 1950, in Germany there was a corresponding rumour that his original name was simply Stock. However, Stokowskis birth certificate gives his birth on 18 April 1882, at 13 Upper Marylebone Street, Stokowski was named after his Polish-born grandfather Leopold, who died in the English county of Surrey on 13 January 1879, at the age of 49. Samaroff, born Lucy Mary Agnes Hickenlooper, was from Galveston, Texas, for professional and career reasons, she urged him to emphasize only the Polish part of his background once he became a resident of the United States. He studied at the Royal College of Music, where he first enrolled in 1896 at the age of thirteen, in his later life in the US, Stokowski would perform six of the nine symphonies composed by his fellow organ student Ralph Vaughan Williams. Stokowski sang in the choir of the St Marylebone Parish Church, by age 16, Stokowski was elected to a membership in the Royal College of Organists. In 1900, he formed the choir of St. Marys Church, Charing Cross Road, in 1902, he was appointed the organist and choir director of St. Jamess Church, Piccadilly. He also attended The Queens College, Oxford, where he earned a Bachelor of Music degree in 1903, in 1905, Stokowski began work in New York City as the organist and choir director of St. Bartholomews Church. He was very popular among the parishioners, who included members of the Vanderbilt family, Stokowski moved to Paris for additional study in conducting. There he heard that the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra would be needing a new conductor when it returned from a long sabbatical, Stokowski was selected over the other applicants, and took up his conducting duties in late 1909. Stokowskis conducting debut in London took place the week on 18 May with the New Symphony Orchestra at Queens Hall. His engagement as new permanent conductor in Cincinnati was a great success and he introduced the concept of pops concerts and, starting with his first season, he began championing the work of living composers. His concerts included performances of music by Richard Strauss, Sibelius, Rachmaninoff, Debussy, Glazunov, Saint-Saëns and he conducted the American premieres of new works by such composers as Elgar, whose 2nd Symphony was first presented there on 24 November 1911. He was to maintain his advocacy of music to the end of his career
Leopold Stokowski
–
Leopold Stokowski, photographed by
George Grantham Bain.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Edward Elgar, c. 1900.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Strauss with his wife and son, 1910.
Leopold Stokowski
–
Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the 2 March 1916 American premiere of
Mahler 's
8th Symphony.
9.
GE Building
–
30 Rockefeller Plaza is an American Art Deco skyscraper that forms the centerpiece of Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Its name is shortened to 30 Rock. The building is most famous for housing the NBC television network headquarters, at 850 feet high, the 70-story building is the 14th tallest in New York City and the 39th tallest in the United States. It stands 400 feet shorter than the Empire State Building, the building underwent a US$170 million floor-by-floor interior renovation in 2014. The building was completed in 1933 as part of the Rockefeller Center complex, the noted Art Deco architect Raymond Hood led a team of Rockefeller architects. It was named the RCA Building for its tenant, the Radio Corporation of America. It was the first building constructed with the elevators grouped in the central core, during construction, a photographer took the famous photograph Lunch atop a Skyscraper on the 69th floor. The National Broadcasting Company, had the red and blue networks housed in the new building, NBC was the first national radio network in the country and was started by R. C. A. in 1926. The office of the Rockefeller family occupied Room 5600 on the 56th floor and this space is now occupied by Rockefeller Family and Associates, whose offices span the 54th to 56th floors. John D. Rockefeller had a vault in the basement of the building. In 1985, the building acquired official landmark status, the RCA Building was renamed as the GE Building in 1988, two years after General Electric re-acquired the RCA Corporation. Some still refer to the building using its old names, out of habit or fondness, the buildings address became the title of the NBC sitcom 30 Rock, which follows the cast and crew of a fictional television show filmed inside the building. KWO35, the NOAA Weather Radio station serving the majority of the Tri-State area, originally transmitted from atop the building, due to interference with a U. S. Coast Guard radio channel, the transmitter was eventually relocated atop the MetLife Building. A weather radar station was located atop the building. In June 2014, Comcast was granted permission from the Landmarks Preservation Commission to make modifications to the building to reflect its ownership of NBCUniversal, the GE Building would be officially known as the Comcast Building. Comcast planned to replace the neon GE lettering from the top of the building with a 10-foot tall, LED-lit Comcast wordmark and NBC logo, and add a 17-foot NBC logo on the building westerns facade. Additionally, a new marquee was added to the Avenue of the Americas entrance, on July 1,2015, the name change and new signage were made official. The building is one of the most famous and recognized skyscrapers in New York
GE Building
–
As the GE Building (Oct. 2005)
GE Building
–
Rockefeller Center, featuring the RCA Building (Dec. 1933)
GE Building
–
Facade (Feb 2007)
GE Building
–
Panoramic view looking south from the "Top of the Rock" observation deck.
10.
Pierre Monteux
–
Pierre Benjamin Monteux was a French conductor. After violin and viola studies, and a decade as a player and occasional conductor. Thereafter he directed orchestras around the world for more than half a century, from 1917 to 1919 Monteux was the principal conductor of the French repertoire at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He led the Boston Symphony Orchestra, Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra, Orchestre Symphonique de Paris, in 1961, aged eighty-six, he accepted the chief conductorship of the London Symphony Orchestra, a post which he held until his death three years later. Although known for his performances of the French repertoire, his love was the music of German composers. He disliked recording, finding it incompatible with spontaneity, but he made a substantial number of records. Monteux was well known as a teacher, in 1932 he began a conducting class in Paris, which he developed into a summer school that was later moved to his summer home in Les Baux in the south of France. After moving permanently to the US in 1942, and taking American citizenship, he founded a school for conductors and orchestral musicians in Hancock, Maine. Among his students in France and America who went on to fame were Igor Markevitch, Neville Marriner, André Previn, Lorin Maazel, Seiji Ozawa. The school in Hancock has continued since Monteuxs death, Pierre Monteux was born in Paris, the third son and the fifth of six children of Gustave Élie Monteux, a shoe salesman, and his wife, Clémence Rebecca née Brisac. The Monteux family was descended from Sephardic Jews who settled in the south of France, the Monteux ancestors included at least one rabbi, but Gustave Monteux and his family were not religious. Among Monteuxs brothers were Henri, who became an actor, and Paul, Gustave Monteux was not musical, but his wife was a graduate of the Conservatoire de Musique de Marseille and gave piano lessons. Pierre took violin lessons from the age of six, when he was nine years old Monteux was admitted to the Conservatoire de Paris. He studied the violin with Jules Garcin and Henri Berthelier, composition with Charles Lenepveu and his fellow violin students included George Enescu, Carl Flesch, Fritz Kreisler and Jacques Thibaud. Among the piano students at the Conservatoire was Alfred Cortot, with whom he developed a lifelong friendship, at the age of twelve, Monteux organised and conducted a small orchestra of Conservatoire students to accompany Cortot in performances of concertos in and around Paris. He attended the premiere of César Francks Symphony in February 1889. At the age of fifteen, while continuing his violin studies and he studied privately with Benjamin Godard, with whom he performed in the premiere of Saint-Saënss Septet, with the composer at the keyboard. Monteux joined the Geloso Quartet as violist, he played concerts with them
Pierre Monteux
–
Monteux during his conductorship of Les Ballets Russes, c. 1912
Pierre Monteux
–
The building which housed the Paris Conservatoire in Monteux's student days (21st century photograph)
Pierre Monteux
–
Monteux as viola player in quartets (2nd from right), with Johannes Wolff, Gustave Lijon and André Dulaurons and Edvard Grieg in front, c.1900.
Pierre Monteux
–
Saint-Saëns at the keyboard, with Monteux (right) on the rostrum, 1913
11.
NBC Radio City Studios
–
NBC Studios are located in the historic 30 Rockefeller Plaza in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The building houses the NBC television network headquarters, its parent NBC Universal, the first NBC Radio City Studios began operating in the early 1930s. Tours of the began in 1933, suspended in 2014. Because of the preponderance of radio studios, that section of the Rockefeller Center complex became known as Radio City, even into the present decade, tickets for shows based at 30 Rock bear the legend Radio City. Among the shows originating at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Some other New York originated programs are/were produced elsewhere in the area, including, now a theater presenting Broadway shows. Show, Hullabaloo, Kraft Music Hall, The Cosby Show and it was the home of CBSs soap opera As the World Turns until the series ceased production in 2010. The studio was equipped for color production when it opened in 1954, in 2000, the facility was sold to JC Studios, which closed in 2014. In June 2015 the studios were being converted to space for a social service agency. (The silent film-era Vitagraph Studios was located directly across East 14th Street, later the Shulamith School for Girls, Center Theatre,1236 Sixth Avenue at West 49th Street. Demolished in 1954 for U. S. Rubber building, century Theater,932 Seventh Avenue at West 58th Street. Leased to Videotape Productions of New York 1958-1961, demolished in 1962 for construction of an apartment building. Colonial Theater,1887 Broadway at West 62nd Street, the studio was the first equipped for color production and originated the first color telecast on November 3,1953. Located in the former Grumman Aircraft plant on Long Island, since 2012 used by NBC for live musicals each December, including The Sound of Music Live, Peter Pan Live, and The Wiz Live. Hudson Theatre,141 West 44th Street, the theater still stands as part of the Millennium Broadway Hotel. In December 2015 it was announced that the theater will return to Broadway productions in the 2016-17 season, international Theater,5 Columbus Circle (Admiral Broadway Review. Demolished in 1954 for New York Coliseum, CNN Center is now on the site. New Amsterdam Roof Garden Theater,214 West 42nd Street, now home to Broadway musical productions, ziegfeld Theatre,1341 Sixth Avenue at West 54th Street. Demolished in 1966 for 49-story office tower, 67th Street Studios,101 West 67th Street on WNBT-TV
NBC Radio City Studios
–
30 Rockefeller Center is the world headquarters of NBC.
NBC Radio City Studios
–
Ground-level entrance
NBC Radio City Studios
–
Marquee from the side
NBC Radio City Studios
–
30 Rockefeller Center as seen from the
Citigroup Center at dusk.
12.
Rockefeller Center
–
Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 high-rise commercial buildings covering 22 acres between 48th and 51st Streets in New York City. Commissioned by the Rockefeller family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987. It is famous for its annual Christmas tree lighting, Rockefeller Center was named after John D. Rockefeller, Jr. who leased the space from Columbia University in 1928 and developed it beginning in 1930. Rockefeller stated, It was clear there were only two courses open to me. One was to abandon the entire development, the other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone. The initial cost of acquiring the space, razing some of the existing buildings and it was the largest private building project ever undertaken in modern times. Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style began on May 17,1930, principal builder and managing agent for the massive project was John R. Todd. The construction of the project employed over 40,000 people and it was the public relations pioneer Ivy Lee, the prominent adviser to the family, who first suggested the name Rockefeller Center for the complex, in 1931. Rockefeller, Jr. initially did not want the Rockefeller family name associated with the commercial project, what could have become a major controversy in the mid-1930s concerned the last of the four European buildings that remained unnamed. Ivy Lee and others attempts to rent the space to German commercial concerns. Rockefeller ruled this out after being advised of Hitlers Nazi march toward World War II and this subsequently became the primary location of the U. S. In 1985, Columbia University sold the land beneath Rockefeller Center to the Rockefeller Group for $400 million, in 1989, Mitsubishi Estate, a real estate company of the Mitsubishi Group, purchased the entire Rockefeller Center complex, and its owner, Rockefeller Group. In 1996, the complex was purchased by a consortium of owners that included Goldman Sachs, Gianni Agnelli, Stavros Niarchos, and David Rockefeller. Tishman Speyer, led by Jerry Speyer, a friend of David Rockefeller. The landmark buildings comprise over 8,000,000 square feet on 22 acres in Midtown, bounded by Fifth and Sixth avenues and these are co-owned by Tishman-Speyer, and open to the public. 1 Rockefeller Plaza – The original Time–Life Building, a tenant was General Dynamics. 10 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the Holland House, then the Eastern Air Lines Building, currently home of Today Show studios. 30 Rockefeller Plaza – Originally the RCA Building, in 1988 it was renamed the GE Building, headquarters of NBC, the Rainbow Room restaurant is located on the 65th floor
Rockefeller Center
–
Rockefeller Center
Rockefeller Center
–
Rockefeller Center's landmark plaque
Rockefeller Center
–
Studio 1A, home of
Today
Rockefeller Center
–
Sheepshearing demonstration in the sunken plaza of McGraw-Hill Building, 1973
13.
RCA Victor
–
RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
RCA Victor
–
Label of an RCA Victor 78 RPM record from the 1950s; RCA manufactured 78s alongside the 45 until 1958.
RCA Victor
–
RCA Records logo 1968–87; revived as of 2015
RCA Victor
–
Label of an RCA Victor 45 RPM record from the 1950s; RCA used this label for its 45 RPM records from 1954 to at least 1964.
RCA Victor
–
RCA used this label for its American 45 RPM records during the Dynagroove era.
14.
Saturday Night Live
–
Saturday Night Live is an American late-night live television sketch comedy and variety show created by Lorne Michaels and developed by Dick Ebersol. The show premiered on NBC on October 11,1975, under the original title NBCs Saturday Night, the shows comedy sketches, which parody contemporary culture and politics, are performed by a large and varying cast of repertory and newer cast members. Each episode is hosted by a celebrity guest and features performances by a musical guest, an episode normally begins with a cold open sketch that ends with someone breaking character and proclaiming, Live from New York, its Saturday Night. In 1980, Michaels left the series to other opportunities. He was replaced by Jean Doumanian, who was replaced by Ebersol after a season of bad reviews, Ebersol ran the show until 1985, when Michaels returned, Michaels has remained since then. Many of SNLs cast found national stardom while appearing on the show, others associated with the show, such as writers, have gone on to successful careers creating, writing, or starring in TV and film. The show format has developed and recreated in several countries. Successful sketches have seen life outside of the show as feature films, throughout four decades on air, Saturday Night Live has received a number of awards, including 50 Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, and three Writers Guild of America Awards. In 2000, it was inducted into the National Association of Broadcasters Hall of Fame and it was ranked tenth in TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list, and in 2007 it was listed as one of Time magazines 100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME. As of 2012, it has received 156 Emmy nominations, the most received by any TV show, the live aspect of the show has resulted in several controversies and acts of censorship, with mistakes and intentional acts of sabotage by performers as well as guests. From 1965 until September 1975, NBC ran The Best of Carson reruns of The Tonight Show, in 1974, Johnny Carson announced that he wanted the weekend shows pulled and saved so that they could be aired during weeknights, allowing him to take time off. In 1974, NBC president Herbert Schlosser approached his vice president of late night programming, Dick Ebersol, at the suggestion of Paramount Pictures executive Barry Diller, Schlosser and Ebersol then approached Lorne Michaels. Over the next three weeks, Ebersol and Michaels developed the idea for a variety show featuring high-concept comedy sketches, political satire. By 1975 Michaels had assembled a talented cast, including Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael ODonoghue, Gilda Radner, and George Coe. The show was originally called NBCs Saturday Night, because Saturday Night Live was in use by Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell on the rival network ABC, NBC purchased the rights to the name in 1976 and officially adopted the new title on March 26,1977. In 1975 and 1976, they were the most desirable demographic for television advertisers, NBC executives agreed with Michaels and decided to keep the show on the air despite many angry letters and phone calls that the network received from viewers who were offended by certain sketches. Chevy Chase left the show in November of the season and was replaced a few months later by the then-unknown comic actor Bill Murray. Aykroyd and Belushi left the show in 1979 after the end of season four, in May 1980, Michaels—emotionally and physically exhausted—requested to put the show on hiatus for a year to give him time and energy to pursue other projects
Saturday Night Live
–
The original 1975 cast, from left to right:
Laraine Newman,
John Belushi,
Jane Curtin,
Gilda Radner,
Dan Aykroyd,
Garrett Morris, and
Chevy Chase
Saturday Night Live
–
Creator
Lorne Michaels.
Saturday Night Live
–
Comcast Building (30 Rockefeller Plaza, or "30 Rock") from where the show is broadcast.
Saturday Night Live
–
SNL 's main stage, during rehearsal, 2008
15.
Carnegie Hall
–
Designed by architect William Burnet Tuthill and built by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie in 1891, it is one of the most prestigious venues in the world for both classical music and popular music. Carnegie Hall has its own programming, development, and marketing departments. It is also rented out to performing groups, the hall has not had a resident company since 1962, when the New York Philharmonic moved to Lincoln Centers Philharmonic Hall. Carnegie Hall has 3,671 seats, divided among its three auditoriums, Carnegie Hall presented about 200 concerts in the 2008–2009 season, up 3 percent from the previous year. Its stages were rented for an additional 600 events in the 2008–2009 season, Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces. The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s, the hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator, the main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U. S. almost all of the classical music. After years of wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986. The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep, the First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes, the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows, at the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns, Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891, following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers, the 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136, each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes, there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level, the boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep — the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space, the Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a chairman of the board, and his wife Joan
Carnegie Hall
–
Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall
–
Isaac Stern Auditorium
Carnegie Hall
–
A closeup view of Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall
–
Andrew Carnegie, 1913
16.
Mischa Mischakoff
–
Mischa Mischakoff was an outstanding violinist who, as a concertmaster, led many of Americas greatest orchestras from the 1920s to the 1960s. Mischakoff was born in Proskuriv, Ukraine as Mischa Fischberg, in 1921 he escaped from Russia with, among others, his friend and colleague, cellist Gregor Piatigorsky, with whom he had played in the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Mischakoff emigrated to the United States later that year, becoming a citizen in 1927. Mischakoff died on February 1,1981 in Petoskey, Michigan and he owned four Stradivari violins, on which he appeared as soloist and recitalist, as well as a number of other fine violins by old and contemporary makers. The biography of Mischa Mischakoff does not include his long association as concertmaster of the Chautauqua Symphony at Chautauqua Institution, there, Mischakoff also led the Mischakoff String Quartet which gave weekly recitals during the summer season. Mischa Mischakoff, Journeys of a Concertmaster
Mischa Mischakoff
–
Notes [edit]
17.
Andor Toth
–
Andor John Toth was an American classical violinist, conductor and educator with a musical career spanning over six decades. For 15 years he was the violinist in the Alma Trio, Toth conducted orchestras in Cleveland, Denver and Houston. In 1969, he was the concertmaster of the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra under Neville Marriner. Toth taught at five important colleges and universities, and recorded for Vox, Decca Records, born in Manhattan in 1925, Andor Toth began playing violin as a child. While he was still a student at the Juilliard School. In 1943 at age 18, he joined the NBC Symphony Orchestra under Arturo Toscanini, at Juilliard he studied with Hans Letz and Ivan Galamian. Andor Toth was married to Louise Rose, a soprano, who died in 2005, the couple had three sons, Andor Jr. a cellist, Thomas, a software engineer, and Chris, a programmer and network administrator. He formed the Toth Duo with Andor Jr. his eldest son, they recorded the Duo for Violin and Cello, Op.7, Andor Jr. died in 2002 following a year-long battle with cancer. Andor Toth was Associate Concertmaster of the Cleveland Orchestra under George Szell and he was Associate Conductor of the Houston Symphony under Efrem Kurtz and Ferenc Fricsay before joining the Oberlin faculty in 1955. In 1955, Toth formed the Oberlin String Quartet with violinist Matthew Raimondi, violist William Berman, in 1957, violinist John Dalley, and cellist Peter Howard joined the Quartet. In Summer 1958 the Oberlin String Quartet won fourth prize in the Concours International de Quatuor, queen Elizabeth Music Competition, in Liege, Belgium. In 1963 Toth joined the Alma Trio with pianist Adolph Baller and cellist Gabor Rejto, after the retirement of Adolph Baller, William Corbett Jones became the pianist. Toth remained with the Alma Trio until 1976 when it disbanded, all members were faculty at the Oberlin Conservatory. From 1975 until 1979 the quartet was the first faculty quartet-in-residence at the Taos School of Music in Taos, in 1984, Toth founded the Stanford String Quartet with cellist Stephen Harrison, violinist Zoya Leybin, and violist Bernard Zaslav. The quartet performed internationally until his retirement from Stanford in 1989, in the summer of 1992, Toth toured Europe playing first violin with the Takács Quartet. While at Oberlin in 1958, he founded and conducted the Oberlin Chamber Orchestra, at Colorado, he founded the Baroque Chamber Ensemble that performed important Baroque works, including The Four Seasons with Toth as soloist. In the summer of 1968, Andor Toth performed and taught at the Rocky Ridge Music Center in Estes Park, after moving to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1978, Toth also taught briefly at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music and directed the Morrison Artist Series. In 1988, Andor Toth led the Stanford Symphony on a tour of South-East Asia
Andor Toth
–
Andor Toth, 1999
Andor Toth
–
Andor and Louise Rose Toth, September 1999
Andor Toth
–
The original Stanford String Quartet, 1984: Andor Toth, violin; Zoya Leybin, violin; Bernard Zaslav, viola; Stephen Harrison, cello
Andor Toth
–
Andor Toth, violin, and John Frazier, cello, at The Oberlin Conservatory, c. 1959
18.
William Primrose
–
William Primrose CBE was a Scottish violist and teacher. He performed with the London String Quartet from 1930 to 1935 and he then joined the NBC symphony orchestra where he formed the Primrose Quartet. He performed in countries around the world as a soloist throughout his career. Primrose also taught at universities and institutions. He is the author of books on viola techniques. William Primrose was born in Glasgow, Scotland to John Primrose, Primrose was the oldest of their three children. His father, John Primrose, taught violin and was part of the Scottish Orchestra and his father bought Primrose his first violin in 1908, when Primrose was only 4 years old. That same year, his father arranged violin lessons with Camillo Ritter, Primrose performed his first public concert on the violin in 1916, at the age of 12, playing Mendelssohn violin concerto. During his childhood, Primrose also enjoyed reading and playing chess in addition to studying music, in 1919, Primroses family moved to London, and he began to study violin at the Guildhall School of Music in London on scholarship, where he would later be named Fellow. Primrose graduated in 1924, having received its highest honor, a gold medal, on the urging of the accompanist Ivor Newton, Primrose moved to Belgium to study under Eugène Ysaÿe. from 1926 to 1929. Ysaÿe heard Primrose play an Amati viola that his father had him to play. Primrose became a professional violinist in 1924 and he moved from violin to viola in 1930 when he became the violist of the London String Quartet. He was joined in the group by Warwick Evans, John Pennington and they toured throughout North and South America in the 1930s, however, due to financial pressures of the Great Depression, they disbanded in 1935. After the disbandment of the London String Quartet, Primrose took a variety of jobs, he performed in Berlin, at La Scala in Milan, in 1937, NBC established their symphony orchestra under Arturo Toscanini. Primrose was a violist for the orchestra, but he was never their principal violist, in 1939, NBC suggested that Primrose form his own group, and the Primrose Quartet was formed. He played with the orchestra for four years until it was rumored that Toscanini would leave the Symphony in 1941, while performing with the NBC Symphony, Primrose also made recordings with Jascha Heifetz and Gregor Piatigorsky. However, they stopped playing together in 1964 due to Primroses declining hearing, Primrose made his debut as a violin soloist in 1923, however his soloist career playing the viola didnt take off until 1941 when he started touring with Richard Crooks. He accompanied Crooks on five tours in the four years
William Primrose
–
William Primrose
19.
Tibor Serly
–
Tibor Serly was a Hungarian violist, violinist and composer. He was one of the students of Zoltán Kodály and he greatly admired and became a young apprentice of Béla Bartók. His association with Bartók was for him both a blessing and a curse and he made great efforts to make Bartóks music more accessible, by arranging selected works for combinations of instruments, but this brought him more attention than did his own compositions. For the most part his efforts were praised, both by Bartók and by colleagues. Bartóks Viola Concerto took two or three years of Serlys efforts to compile from sketches into a performable piece and it is now one of the most widely performed viola pieces. One of Serlys most famous works is Rhapsody for Viola. His work bringing Bartóks work to fruition has paid off in the sense that his works are often paired with those of his better known teacher, on recordings and in live performance. Serly taught composition at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City and was also a featured composer/conductor with the Danish radio orchestra, a number of his students went on to have notable careers, including composers Manny Albam, Jerry Bilik, and Mark Bucci. The American objectivist poet, Louis Zukofsky, wrote a poem to Serly, published in the avant-garde magazine, Blues. As a violist, Serly was chosen to be part of the NBC Symphony Orchestra for its season, 1937-1938. He left after the first season to concentrate on compositional activities, in his book Modus Lacscivus he explored a set of 82 basic tertian chords. Serly titled several of his works as being in modus lascivus, including sonatas for violin, viola. Symphony No.1 in Modus Lascivus Finding aid for the Tibor Serly papers in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
Tibor Serly
–
Tibor Serly
20.
Leonard Rose
–
Leonard Rose was an American cellist and pedagogue. Rose was born in Washington, D. C. his parents were immigrants from Kiev, at 21 he was principal cellist of the Cleveland Orchestra and at 26 was the principal of the New York Philharmonic. He made many recordings as a soloist after 1951, including concertos with conductors such as Leonard Bernstein, Eugene Ormandy, George Szell, Rose also joined with Isaac Stern and Eugene Istomin in a celebrated piano trio. See, List of music students by teacher, A to B#Leonard Rose and he played an Amati cello dated 1662, played today by Gary Hoffman. Rose died in White Plains, New York, of leukemia. In November 2009, a marker was placed for Rose in the Mt. Ararat Cemetery in Farmingdale, New York, next to the grave of his first wife, Minnie Knopow Rose. Minnie and Leonard met at Curtis, where she studied viola and his second wife was Xenia Petschek, whom he married in January 1965. Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance Eugene Istomin, Leonard Rose & Isaac Stern for Beethoven, The Complete Piano Trios Janof, americas Golden Age and Its First Cellist, Steven Honigberg, Amazon. com With the Artists. World Famed String Players Discuss Their Art, Samuel and Sada Applebaum, pages 203-211 are devoted to Leonard Rose. Liner notes, Leonard Rose Live in Recital, 1953–1960 VAI, Seeking Perfection by Susan M Anderson
Leonard Rose
–
Leonard Rose in 1961
21.
Double bass
–
The double bass, or simply the bass, is the largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in the modern symphony orchestra. It is an instrument and is typically notated one octave higher than sounding to avoid excessive ledger lines below the staff. The double bass is the modern bowed string instrument that is tuned in fourths, rather than fifths, with strings usually tuned to E1, A1, D2. The instruments exact lineage is still a matter of some debate, the double bass is a standard member of the orchestras string section, as well as the concert band, and is featured in concertos, solo and chamber music in Western classical music. The bass is used in a range of genres, such as jazz, 1950s-style blues and rock and roll, rockabilly, psychobilly, traditional country music, bluegrass, tango. The double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings, in orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed. In jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, Classical music uses just the natural sound produced acoustically by the instrument, so does traditional bluegrass. In jazz, blues, and related genres, the bass is typically amplified with an amplifier and speaker, the double bass stands around 180 cm from scroll to endpin. However, other sizes are available, such as a 1⁄2 or 3⁄4 and these sizes do not reflect the size relative to a full size, or 4⁄4 bass, a 1⁄2 bass is not half the size of a bass but is only slightly smaller. It is typically constructed from several types of wood, including maple for the back, spruce for the top and it is uncertain whether the instrument is a descendant of the viola da gamba or of the violin, but it is traditionally aligned with the violin family. While the double bass is nearly identical in construction to other violin family instruments, like other violin and viol-family string instruments, the double bass is played either with a bow or by plucking the strings. In orchestral repertoire and tango music, both arco and pizzicato are employed, in jazz, blues, and rockabilly, pizzicato is the norm, except for some solos and also occasional written parts in modern jazz that call for bowing. In classical pedagogy, almost all of the focus is on performing with the bow and producing a good bowed tone, some of these articulations can be combined, for example, the combination of sul ponticello and tremolo can produce eerie, ghostly sounds. Classical bass players do play pizzicato parts in orchestra, but these parts generally require simple notes, vibrato is used to add expression to string playing. In general, very loud, low-register passages are played with little or no vibrato, mid- and higher-register melodies are typically played with more vibrato. The speed and intensity of the vibrato is varied by the performer for an emotional and musical effect, in jazz, rockabilly and other related genres, much or all of the focus is on playing pizzicato. In jazz and jump blues, bassists are required to play extremely rapid pizzicato walking basslines for extended periods, as well, jazz and rockabilly bassists develop virtuoso pizzicato techniques that enable them to play rapid solos that incorporate fast-moving triplet and sixteenth note figures. In jazz and related styles, bassists often add semi-percussive ghost notes into basslines, to add to the rhythmic feel and to add fills to a bassline
Double bass
–
Side and front views of a modern double bass with a French-style bow
Double bass
–
Jazz bassist Ron Carter pictured playing with his Quartet at "Altes Pfandhaus" in Cologne
Double bass
–
Example of a Busetto-shaped double bass: Copy of a Matthias Klotz (1700) by Rumano Solano
Double bass
–
Principal parts of the double bass
22.
Frankie Trumbauer
–
Orie Frank Trumbauer was one of the leading jazz saxophonists of the 1920s and 1930s. He played the C-melody saxophone which, in size, is between an alto and tenor saxophone and he also played alto saxophone, bassoon, clarinet and several other instruments. He was a composer of sophisticated sax melodies, one of the small group jazz bandleaders of the 1920s and 1930s. His landmark recording of Singin the Blues with Bix Beiderbecke and Eddie Lang in 1927, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1977. Born of part Cherokee ancestry in Carbondale, Illinois, Trumbauer grew up in St Louis, Missouri, Tram was one of the most influential and important jazz saxophonists of the 1920s and 1930s. He is also remembered for his collaborations with Bix Beiderbecke. Trumbauer and Beiderbecke also collaborated with jazz guitarist Eddie Lang, Trumbauer recruited Bix Beiderbecke for Jean Goldkettes Victor Recording Orchestra, of which he became musical director. After leaving Goldkette, he and Beiderbecke worked briefly in Adrian Rollinis short lived New Yorkers band, in 1927, Trumbauer signed a contract with OKeh and released a 78 recording of Singin the Blues, featuring Beiderbecke on cornet and Lang on guitar. Singin the Blues was a jazz classic originally recorded and released by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1920, the Okeh recording became a smash hit. Fletcher Henderson and His Orchestra covered it in 1931 in the Trumbauer-Beiderbecke version, Trumbauer played with Whiteman for eight of the following nine years. He recorded a handful of sides in 1931 for Brunswick, in 1932 he organized a band in Chicago and recorded for Columbia, but gave up the orchestra and returned to New York late in 1933. During 1934–1936, while again a member of Paul Whitemans Orchestra, he made a series of recordings for Brunswick and Victor. In 1936 he led The Three Ts, featuring the Teagarden brothers, in 1938, he, in 1940, Trumbauer, a skilled pilot, left music to join the Civil Aeronautics Authority. During World War II he was a test pilot with North American Aviation and he continued to work for the CAA after the war, and also played in the NBC Orchestra. After 1947, although he continued to play and record, he earned most of his income in aviation, Trumbauer died of a sudden heart attack in Kansas City, Missouri, where he had made his home for some years. Trumbauer suggested to Hoagy Carmichael that he compose the jazz and pop standard Georgia on My Mind, in 1931, Trumbauer had the first hit recording of Georgia on My Mind, which reached the top ten on the charts. Trumbauers cool, delicate style and slow vibrato influenced many important saxophonists, including Benny Carter, Lester Young, according to the Red Hot Jazz website, Trumbauers solo on Trumbology is one of the most influential saxophone parts in the history of jazz. Lester Young acknowledged and cited Trumbauer as his influence as a saxophonist
Frankie Trumbauer
–
Frankie Trumbauer
Frankie Trumbauer
–
Okeh 78, 40772-B, "Singin' The Blues", with Bix Beiderbecke and Eddie Lang, early 1930s pressing.
Frankie Trumbauer
–
Columbia 78 reissue, 35667, "
For No Reason at All in C ", with Bix Beiderbecke and Eddie Lang.
23.
American Federation of Musicians
–
The American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada is a labor union representing professional musicians in the United States and Canada. The AFM, which has its headquartered in New York City, is led by president Raymond M. Hair, founded in Cincinnati in 1896 as the successor to the National League of Musicians, the AFM is the largest organization in the world to represent professional musicians. They negotiate fair agreements, protect ownership of recorded music, secure benefits such as care and pension. In the US, it is the American Federation of Musicians —and in Canada, the AFM is affiliated with AFL–CIO, the largest federation of Unions in the United States, and the Canadian Labour Congress, the federation of unions in Canada. The Musical Mutual Protective Union of New York became Local 301 of the American Federation of Musicians in 1902, in 1904, the local had 5,000 members, who were almost entirely German. In 1910, approximately 300 black musicians were members in the roughly 8, the local lost its charter and was disbanded in 1921. Among the most famous AFM actions was a ban on all commercial recording by members in 1942–44 and this was sometimes called the Petrillo ban, because James Petrillo was the newly elected head of the union. Petrillo organized a recording ban in 1948, in response to the Taft–Hartley Act. The American Federation of Labor recognized the American Federation of Musicians in 1896, in 1900, the American Federation of Musicians modified its name to American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada. The AFM is now one of the most recognized labor unions in America, in the early 1900s, record companies produced recordings and musicians profited. However, around World War I, general unemployment also affected musicians, movies displaced some traditional entertainments, and were silent films. Because of that, the economy, and other factors. By the end of the 1920s, many factors had reduced the number of recording companies, as the nation recovered from World War I, technology advanced and there was diversity in recording and producing music. This encouraged the American Federation of Musicians, AFM was motivated to bring music awareness of music to the public. In 1938, the American Federation of Musicians established signed an agreement with motion pictures companies, the early 1960s marked a new beginning to the music industry. Rock and roll became mainstream in the 1960s, after the second World War, American culture entered the baby boom era. Rock and roll brought an explosion to the industry market. It became mainstream music, proving its popularity through record sales, by 1970s, North American music had divided in into more genres than ever before
American Federation of Musicians
–
American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada
24.
General Motors
–
With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, Cadillac, Holden, HSV, Opel, Vauxhall, Wuling, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors. In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors also holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety, security and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn, Pontiac, and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland, also in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland
General Motors
–
The
GM Renaissance Center in
Detroit, Michigan.
General Motors
–
General Motors Company
General Motors
–
The longest-lived continuous automobile nameplate still in production in the world is the
Chevrolet Suburban [
citation needed]
General Motors
–
GM World Headquarters in Detroit
25.
Bristol-Myers Squibb
–
Bristol-Myers Squibb, often referred to as BMS, is an American pharmaceutical company, headquartered in New York City. Its mission is to discover, develop and deliver innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases, the Squibb corporation was founded in 1858 by Edward Robinson Squibb in Brooklyn, New York. Mentions of the Materia Medica, Squibb products, and Edward Squibbs opinion on the utility, in 1887, Hamilton College graduates William McLaren Bristol and John Ripley Myers purchased the Clinton Pharmaceutical company of Clinton, New York. In 1898, they decided to rename it Bristol, Myers, following Myers death in 1899, Bristol changed the name to the Bristol-Myers Corporation. The first nationally recognized product was Sal Hepatica, a mineral salt in 1903. Its second national success was Ipana toothpaste, from 1901 through the 1960s, Bristol-Myers and Squibb were merged to form Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1989. The company was involved in a scandal in 2002 that resulted in a significant restatement of revenues from 1999 to 2001. The restatement was the result of a booking of sales related to channel stuffing as the practice of offering excess inventory to customers to create higher sales numbers. The company has settled with the United States Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission. As part of a Deferred Prosecution Agreement, the company was placed under the oversight of an appointed by the U. S. Attorney in New Jersey. The investigation centered on the distribution of Plavix and charges of collusion, on September 12,2006, the monitor, former Federal Judge Frederick B. Lacey, urged the company to remove then CEO Peter Dolan over the Plavix dispute, later that day, BMS announced that Dolan would indeed step down. The Deferred Prosecution Agreement expired in June 2007 and the Department of Justice did not take any legal action against the company for matters covered by the DPA. Under CEO Jim Cornelius, who was CEO following Dolan until May 2010, all involved in the channel-stuffing. As another cost-cutting measure Bristol-Myers also reduced subsidies for health-care to retirees, in August, BMS acquired the biotechnology firm Medarex as part of the companys String of Pearls strategy of alliances, partnerships and acquisitions. In November, Bristol-Myers Squibb announced that it was splitting off Mead Johnson Nutrition by offering BMY shareholders the opportunity to exchange their stock for shares in Mead Johnson, according to Bristol-Myers Squibb, this move was expected to further sharpen the companys focus on biopharmaceuticals. BMS is a Fortune 500 Company, newsweeks 2009 Green Ranking recognized Bristol-Myers Squibb as 8th among 500 of the largest United States corporations. Also, BMS was included in the 2009 Dow Jones Sustainability North America Index of leading sustainability-driven companies, in October 2010, the company acquired ZymoGenetics, securing an existing product as well as pipeline assets in hepatitis C, cancer and other therapeutic areas
Bristol-Myers Squibb
–
A Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D facility Lawrenceville Rd,
Lawrence Township, United States
26.
Reynolds Metals Company
–
Reynolds Metals was acquired by Alcoa in June 2000. Reynolds Metals became known for the consumer product Reynolds Wrap, as well as for developing and promoting new uses for aluminum and its RV Aluminaut submarine was operated by Reynolds Submarine Services Corporation. It was headquartered for most of its existence in Richmond, Virginia, the Reynolds Metals Company was founded in 1919 as the U. S. Foil Company in Louisville, Kentucky by Richard S. Reynolds, initially, the new company supplied lead and tin foil wrappers to cigarette and candy companies. Foil purchased the manufacturer of Eskimo Pies, which were wrapped in foil, in 1928, Reynolds purchased Robertshaw Thermostat, Fulton Sylphon, and part of Beechnut Foil, adding them to U. S. In 1931 the company headquarters was moved to New York City and in 1938 the headquarters was moved again to Richmond, the company began producing aluminum foil for packaging in 1926. Reynolds Metals created the first high-speed, gravure-printed foil, aluminum bottle labels, heat-sealed foil bags for foods, in 1940 Reynolds Metals began mining bauxite in Bauxite, Arkansas and opened its first aluminum plant near Sheffield, Alabama, the following year. In 1947, the company released Reynolds Wrap Aluminum Foil, Reynolds Metals pioneered the development of aluminum siding in 1945, and Richard S. Reynolds began predicting a growing demand for additional aluminum during peacetime. He believed new aluminum-producing facilities would need to be built to meet demand, Reynolds Metals Company leased, and later bought, six government defense plants that were up for disposal. Reynolds later expanded into non aluminum products such as plastics and precious metals, after the Second World War, the sense of aluminums utility expanded to include its ornamental characteristics. By repurposing military by-products into consumer goods, aluminum was now being marketed for its appeal as well. Reynolds advertised aluminum for its property, now reaching areas of fashion, home improvement. Reynolds marketed aluminum foil as gift wrap, aluminum yarn for Vogue dress patterns, and even extended their advertising strategy to include wrapping their office headquarters in aluminum. Four sons of founder Richard S. Reynolds, William Gray Reynolds, Richard S. Reynolds, Jr. David P. Reynolds, in 1976 David P. Reynolds, also known for his involvement in Thoroughbred horse racing, took over as president. He was the last member of his family to head the company, Reynolds Metals developed other, less well-known products. Not all became commercially viable, such as an aluminum bus developed with Rohr Industries, the aluminum vehicles were surpassed in weight and cost by steel, plastics and fiberglass. However, when Reynolds Metals developed the worlds first aluminum submarine, the Aluminaut, aluminauts assistance enabled Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution to continue operating its submersible. Alvins work continues 45 years later, the company merged with Alcoa on May 3,2000 to become the largest aluminum company in the United States
Reynolds Metals Company
–
Reynolds Group Holdings
27.
Mobil
–
Mobil, previously known as the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, is a major American oil company which merged with Exxon in 1999 to form a parent company called ExxonMobil. It was previously one of the Seven Sisters which dominated the petroleum industry from the mid-1940s until the 1970s. Today, Mobil continues as a brand name within the combined company. Following the break-up of Standard Oil in 1911, the Standard Oil Company of New York, or Socony, was founded, in 1920, the company registered the name Mobiloil as a trademark. Henry Clay Folger was head of the company until 1923, when he was succeeded by Herbert L. Pratt, Socony continued to sponsor the show when it moved to CBS in 1934. In 1935, it became the Socony Sketchbook, with Christopher Morley, in 1931, Socony merged with Vacuum Oil to form Socony-Vacuum. In 1933, Socony-Vacuum and Jersey Standard merged their interests in the Far East into a 50–50 joint venture, standard-Vacuum Oil Co. or Stanvac, operated in 50 countries, including New Zealand, China, and the region of East Africa, before it was dissolved in 1962. In 1963, it changed its name from Mobilgas to simply Mobil. To celebrate its 100th anniversary in 1966, Socony was dropped from the corporate name, the Economy Run originated with the Gilmore Oil Company of California in 1936 and later became the Mobilgas Economy Run, and still later the Mobil Economy Run. The cars driven in the run were fueled with Mobil gasoline. The vehicles in class that achieved the highest fuel economy numbers were awarded the coveted title as the Mobilgas Economy Run winner. During American involvement in World War II, April 29,1942, Soconys unescorted tanker, named Mobiloil, was sunk by a German U-boat, socony-Mobil ranked 86th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts. Through the years, Mobil was among the largest sellers of gasoline and motor oils in the United States and even held the top spot during the 1940s and much of the 1950s. In 1954, Mobil introduced a new and improved Mobilgas Special in response to trends toward new automobiles powered by engines that demanded higher and higher octane gasolines. Later Mobil campaigns advertised Mobilgas as the New Car Gasoline following extensive testing during the annual Mobilgas Economy Run, during the early 1970s, Mobil ran a TV commercial featuring a character known as Mr. At the end of the 1980s Mobil sold its stations in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark to Norsk Hydro. William P. Tavoulareas was President of Mobil Corporation until succeeded by Allen E. Murray in 1984, Mobil moved its headquarters from 150 East 42nd Street, New York City to Fairfax County, Virginia, in 1987. In 1998, Mobil and Exxon agreed on a merger to create ExxonMobil, lou Noto was Chairman of Mobil at the time of the merger, and Walter Arnheim was treasurer
Mobil
–
Mobil gas station
Route 1,
Saugus, Massachusetts - night view
Mobil
–
Mobil
Mobil
–
Socony advertising sign at a theme park in
Lincoln, New Hampshire
Mobil
–
Old Mobilgas pump displayed on the grounds of the
Scurry County Coliseum in
Snyder,
Texas
