1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
3.
Communication
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Communication is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are, The forming of communicative motivation or reason, transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or medium. Noise sources such as forces and in some cases human activity begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers. Reception of signals and reassemblying of the message from a sequence of received signals. Decoding of the encoded message. Interpretation and making sense of the original message. The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile and haptic, olfactory, electromagnetic, human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development of civilization has been linked with progress in telecommunication. Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying information in the form of non-linguistic representations, examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message, examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e. g. rhythm, intonation, tempo and it affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, Nonverbal communication demonstrates one of Wazlawicks laws, you cannot not communicate. Once proximity has formed awareness, living creatures begin interpreting any signals received, Nonverbal cues are heavily relied on to express communication and to interpret others’ communication and can replace or substitute verbal messages. There are several reasons as to why non-verbal communication plays a role in communication. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes, e-mails and web chats allow individual’s the option to change text font colours, stationary, emoticons, and capitalization in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium. Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the time in communication acts. “Non-verbal behaviours may form a language system. ”Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers, Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message
4.
Observation tower
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An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 metres tall and made stone, iron. Many modern towers are used as TV towers, restaurants. The towers first appeared in Germany at the end of the 18th century, Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead. Observation towers are an easily visible sight on the countryside, as they must rise over trees, older control rooms have often been likened to medieval chambers. The heavy use of stone, iron, and wood in their construction helps to create this illusion, modern towers frequently have observation decks or terraces with restaurants or on the roof of mountain stations of an aerial ropeway. Frequently observation towers are used also as location of services within the UHF/VHF range. In some cases this usage of the tower is at least as important as its use as an observation tower, such towers are usually called TV towers or telecommunication towers. Many towers are equipped with a tower restaurant and allow visitors access via elevators. Also common is the usage of water towers as observation towers, finally, some church towers may have observation decks, albeit often without an elevator. Many other buildings may have towers which allow for observation, in particular prior to World War I rambler associations, and some municipalities, built observation towers on numerous summits. Usually these towers were built of stone, however sometimes wood or iron was also used, at nearly all these towers access to the observation deck, usually at a height of between 5 and 40 metres, is only possible by way of stairs. Further uses were not intended at most of buildings, although some of these towers today now carry antennas for police/fire engine radios, portable radio or low power FM-. Older observation towers frequently have a pole at its top. Some of these towers are accessible, either free or with the payment of an admission fee. Others are accessible only at times, in most cases only with the payment of an admission fee. At these towers the platform is open, with some having a restaurant in the basement. There are also towers with a more extensive use, for example
5.
Namsan (Seoul)
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Nam Mountain is a peak,262 metres high, in the Jung-gu district of south central Seoul, South Korea. Although known as Mongmyeoksan, or 목멱산, in the past and it offers some hiking, picnic areas and views of downtown Seouls skyline. The N Seoul Tower is located on top of Mt. Namsan, the mountain and its surrounding area is Namsan Park, a public park maintained by the city government. It is a spot for panoramic views of Seoul. It is also the location of a signal station called Mongmyeoksan Bongsudae. From 1925 to 1945 the Shinto shrine known as Chōsen Jingū was situated on Mt. Namsan, in 2011 a survey was conducted by Seoul Development Institute, which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects. It ranked Mt. Namsan as the most scenic location in Seoul by 62.8 percent of residents and 70.9 percent of the experts surveyed, the park and the fountain were used as the filming location for Seoul Broadcasting System s drama Lovers in Paris. Namsan is mentioned in South Koreas National Anthem, N Seoul Tower, Mt. Namsan appears and feels differently in every season, which maintains its unique natural beauty. Ntowers height reaches 480 metres above sea level, and it sits in the 90 square metres of spacious Mt. Namsan So, the Ntower is an iconic visual feature of Mt. Namsan and of the city of Seoul. N Seoul Tower observation deck, N Seoul Tower has a deck where lovers have taken to locking padlocks as a physical symbol of their love. Many couples who visit here pledge their love for each other while locking a padlock on the rail with a short message, Namsan Hanok Village, In 1990, for the first time, it was promoted as a distinct place in its own right. Seoul restored 24,180 acres of terrain which had been damaged for a time and rejuvenated the traditional garden. Namsan cable car Index of Korea-related articles List of mountains in Korea List of parks in Seoul Life In Korea profile Official English-language site of Namsan Park
6.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
7.
Korean Broadcasting System
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Korean Broadcasting System is the national public broadcaster of South Korea. It was founded in 1927, and operates radio, television and online services, KBS began as Kyeongseong Broadcasting Corporation that was established by the Governor-General of Korea on 16 February 1927. This second radio station started using the call sign HLKA in 1947 after the Republic of Korea got the call sign HL of the International Telecommunication Union, after doing a national broadcast, the radio was renamed Seoul Central Broadcasting Station in 1948. Television broadcasts in South Korea began on 12 May 1956 with the first television station HLKZ-TV and it was sold to KBS in 1961. KBS station status changed from government to public broadcasting station on 3 March 1973, construction of KBS headquarters in Yeouido started in 1976. In 1979, KBS radio began broadcasting on the FM wave with the launch of KBS Stereo, in 1981, KBS launched KBS 3TV and Educational FM, and on 27 December 1990, the channels split from KBS to form the Educational Broadcasting System. After a revision of the licensing fee system in 1994. KBS is a public corporation funded by the South Korean government and license fees, as part of the Constitution, the president of KBS is chosen by the President of South Korea, after being recommended by its board of directors. Political parties in South Korea also have the right to name members of the KBS board of directors, around 37. 8% of KBS revenue comes from a mandatory television licence fee of 2,200 won, with another 47. 6% coming from commercial advertisement sales. KBS international output such as KBS World, as well as specialised services such as KBS Radio 3 for the disabled, KBS1 - KBS flagship channel, it broadcasts news and current affairs, education, sports and culture. It launched in 1961 as HLKA-TV and is funded by the license fee. It is available nationally on channel 9, broadcasting via digital terrestrial television, KBS1 also airs public information films and minor entertainment programming, but the majority of which is on KBS2. KBS2 - KBS entertainment and drama channel, it was launched in 1980 as a replacement for the Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation and it is available on digital channel 7 via digital terrestrial television. KBS2 also airs public information films and less news and current affairs programming, KBS UHD - The Ultra High Definition channel. Airs music videos and re-runs of dramas and it is on national terrestrial digital channel 66. KBS1 and KBS2 phased out analogue services on December 31,2012 as part of the switchover to digital television, KBS Prime - A culture and drama channel, launched in 1995 as KBS Satellite 2. It was renamed as KBS Korea in 2002, before becoming Prime, KBS Drama - formerly KBS Sky Drama, it was launched in 2002. KBS N Sports - formerly KBS Sports/KBS Sky Sports, it was launched in 2002
8.
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation
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Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is one of the leading South Korean television and radio networks. Munhwa is the Korean word for culture and its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 11 for Digital. Established on December 2,1961, MBC is a Korean terrestrial broadcaster which has a network of 17 regional stations. Though it operates on advertising, MBC is a broadcaster, as its largest shareholder is a public organization. Today, it is a group with one terrestrial TV channel. ▲ Radio era Launching the first radio broadcast signal from Seoul, ▲ Black & White TV era MBC launched TV broadcasting on August 8,1969, and started to broadcast its main news program MBC Newsdesk on October 5,1970. It reached affiliation deal with 7 commercial stations between 1968 and 1969, and started nationwide TV broadcasting through its 13 affiliated or regional stations, in 1974, FM radio was launched, as MBC took over The Kyunghyang Shinmun. ▲ Color TV Era The first color TV broadcasting was started in December,1980, MBC was separated from The Kyunghyang Shinmun according to the 1981 Basic Press Act. In 1982, it moved into the Yoido headquarters and founded professional baseball team MBC Cheong-ryong, with the live coverage of the 1986 Seoul Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, MBC made a great advancement in scale and technology. ※ MBC Production and MBC Media Tech were merged into MBC C&I in August,2011, ▲ Digital Era As the convergence of broadcasting and communications becomes full-fledged, MBC made its subsidiary iMBC an independent corporation and pursued various internet-related business. Furthermore, it started cable TV satellite TV and new DMB broadcasting, in 2007, MBC established digital production center Ilsan Dream Center, which is equipped with high-tech production facilities. In September 2014, it competed the construction of new headquarters building, in 2001, MBC launched satellite and cable television broadcasting. As part of expansion it created MBC America, a subsidiary based in Los Angeles, United States. On August 1,2008 MBC America launched MBC-D, a television network carried on the subchannels of KSCI-TV, KTSF-TV. The service was planned to be launched in Atlanta, Chicago, in northeast metro Atlanta, it aired on WKTB-CD channel 47.3, but as of 2011 is on WSKC-CD channel 22.1. Corp. established and registered 10/2/1961 – Changed corporate name into Hankuk Munhwa Broadcasting Corp, 9/1/1986 – Unmanned TV relay station established in Ulleungdo Island 12/15/1987 -MBC Standard FM broadcasting launched 1988.9. MBC is devoted to entering foreign markets and expanding the business area and it maintains a close relationship with foreign buyers by participating in major content markets every year such as MIP-TV, MIPCOM, NATPE, BCWW and ATF. In addition, it operates an English web site which introduces various MBC content to the buyers and viewers so that they can easily access its content
