1.
Communication
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Communication is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are, The forming of communicative motivation or reason, transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or medium. Noise sources such as forces and in some cases human activity begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers. Reception of signals and reassemblying of the message from a sequence of received signals. Decoding of the encoded message. Interpretation and making sense of the original message. The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile and haptic, olfactory, electromagnetic, human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development of civilization has been linked with progress in telecommunication. Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying information in the form of non-linguistic representations, examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message, examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e. g. rhythm, intonation, tempo and it affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, Nonverbal communication demonstrates one of Wazlawicks laws, you cannot not communicate. Once proximity has formed awareness, living creatures begin interpreting any signals received, Nonverbal cues are heavily relied on to express communication and to interpret others’ communication and can replace or substitute verbal messages. There are several reasons as to why non-verbal communication plays a role in communication. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes, e-mails and web chats allow individual’s the option to change text font colours, stationary, emoticons, and capitalization in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium. Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the time in communication acts. “Non-verbal behaviours may form a language system. ”Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers, Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message
2.
Observation tower
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An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 metres tall and made stone, iron. Many modern towers are used as TV towers, restaurants. The towers first appeared in Germany at the end of the 18th century, Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead. Observation towers are an easily visible sight on the countryside, as they must rise over trees, older control rooms have often been likened to medieval chambers. The heavy use of stone, iron, and wood in their construction helps to create this illusion, modern towers frequently have observation decks or terraces with restaurants or on the roof of mountain stations of an aerial ropeway. Frequently observation towers are used also as location of services within the UHF/VHF range. In some cases this usage of the tower is at least as important as its use as an observation tower, such towers are usually called TV towers or telecommunication towers. Many towers are equipped with a tower restaurant and allow visitors access via elevators. Also common is the usage of water towers as observation towers, finally, some church towers may have observation decks, albeit often without an elevator. Many other buildings may have towers which allow for observation, in particular prior to World War I rambler associations, and some municipalities, built observation towers on numerous summits. Usually these towers were built of stone, however sometimes wood or iron was also used, at nearly all these towers access to the observation deck, usually at a height of between 5 and 40 metres, is only possible by way of stairs. Further uses were not intended at most of buildings, although some of these towers today now carry antennas for police/fire engine radios, portable radio or low power FM-. Older observation towers frequently have a pole at its top. Some of these towers are accessible, either free or with the payment of an admission fee. Others are accessible only at times, in most cases only with the payment of an admission fee. At these towers the platform is open, with some having a restaurant in the basement. There are also towers with a more extensive use, for example
3.
Namsangol Hanok Village
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The Namsangol Hanok Village offers one the opportunity to experience a wide cross-section of Joseon-era citizenry and activities, from royalty to commoners. A great effort has made to accurately furnish each dwelling with appropriate era. The location of the village was originally the site of a well known Joseon-era summer resort called Jeonghakdong, Jeonghakdong means The land of the fairies for the blue crane where the Jeonugak Pavilion stands along the stream in the valley. The area boasted such superb scenery that it was called the land of the fairies and was considered one of the five most beautiful parts of Seoul. A traditional Korean style garden, complete with a flowing stream, in 2011 in a survey conducted, by Seoul Development Institute, which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects. It listed 52.4 percent of experts, voted that the palace as the most scenic location in Seoul, following Mount Namsan, Han River, admission is free, every Tuesday is a day off. Close to Chungmuro Station, meet Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 3, bukchon Hanok Village Korean Folk Village Hahoe Folk Village Yangdong Village of Gyeongju Namsangol Hanok Village. Hanok Village to Extend the Opening Hours, enjoy a Tour of Mt. Namsan for Free. Official Website Visit Seoul, Namsangol Hanok Village Visit Seoul, Namsangol Hanok Village Visit Seoul, Namsangol Hanok Village
4.
Air pollution
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Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earths atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death in humans, it may cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution, indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute Worlds Worst Polluted Places report. According to the 2014 WHO report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, an air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made, pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly, rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant, some pollutants may be both primary and secondary, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Substances emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include, Carbon dioxide - Debate continues over whether carbon dioxide should be classified as an atmospheric pollutant, because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as the leading pollutant and the worst climate pollution. Against this it is argued that carbon dioxide is a component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life. This question of terminology has practical effects, for example as determining whether the U. S. Clean Air Act is deemed to regulate CO2 emissions, CO2 increase in earths atmosphere has been accelerating. Sulfur oxides - particularly sulfur dioxide, a compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide, further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the impact of the use of these fuels as power sources. Nitrogen oxides - Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature combustion and they can be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a compound with the formula NO2
5.
Love lock
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A love lock or love padlock is a padlock which sweethearts lock to a bridge, fence, gate, or similar public fixture to symbolize their love. Typically the sweethearts names or initials are inscribed on the padlock, since the 2000s, love locks have proliferated at an increasing number of locations worldwide. They are now treated by municipal authorities as litter or vandalism. However, there are authorities who embrace them, and who use them as fundraising projects or tourism attractions. The history of love padlocks dates back at least 100 years to a melancholic Serbian tale of World War I, a local schoolmistress named Nada, who was from Vrnjačka Banja, fell in love with a Serbian officer named Relja. After they committed to each other Relja went to war in Greece where he fell in love with a woman from Corfu. As a consequence, Relja and Nada broke off their engagement, Nada never recovered from that devastating blow, and after some time she died due to heartbreak from her unfortunate love. In the rest of Europe, love padlocks started appearing in the early 2000s, the reasons love padlocks started to appear vary between locations and in many instances are unclear. However, in Rome, the ritual of affixing love padlocks to the bridge Ponte Milvio can be attributed to the 2006 book I Want You by Italian author Federico Moccia, who made a film adaptation in 2007. Some youths brought tools to remove them by night a few later, after a video was made by an imam saying that love padlocks are forbidden in Islam. Authorities in Canberra, Australia, decided in February 2015 to remove love locks from a bridge that was becoming a location to affix them. A bridge in Paris was mentioned by authorities as an example of an overloaded bridge, on 20 May 2015, council authorities in Melbourne, Australia, began removing love locks from Southgate footbridge due to safety concerns. Around 22,000 love locks were reported to have been fixed to the railings, in Toowoomba, Australia, love locks have been appearing at Picnic Point, a heritage-listed tourist attraction featuring a park and lookout at the top of the Great Dividing Range. In Adelaide, locks can be found along the Adelaide Uni footbridge across the Torrens River, in Brisbane, locks have been attached to the security fence on the Kurilpa Bridge. In Canada, love padlocks appearing along the Wild Pacific Trail in Ucluelet on Vancouver Island, have caused controversy as some regard them as a distraction from nature. Love padlocks were removed from the Humber Bay Arch Bridge in Toronto, due to concerns over aesthetics, ottawas Corktown Footbridge has also attracted love locks. The lovelocks of the Pont des Arts disappeared during the night of 11 May 2010, they had been removed by a student of the nearby École des Beaux-Arts to make a sculpture. Love locks immediately began appearing on the Pont de lArchevêché and have spread to at least 11 Seine bridges, the Canal Saint Martin footbridges
6.
Pont Neuf
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The Pont Neuf is the oldest standing bridge across the river Seine in Paris, France. Its name, which was given to distinguish it from older bridges that were lined on both sides with houses, has remained after all of those were replaced. The bridge is composed of two spans, one of five arches joining the left bank to the Île de la Cité. Today the tip of the island is the location of the Square du Vert-Galant, as early as 1550, Henry II was asked to build a bridge here because the existing Pont Notre-Dame was overloaded, but the expense was too much at the time. In February 1578, the decision to build the bridge was made by Henry III who laid its first stone in 1578, further design changes were made during the summer of 1579. First, the number of arches was changed from eight and four to seven, second, it was decided to allow houses to be built on the bridge. This required the widening of the bridge, the remaining piers were built over the next nine years. After a long delay beginning in 1588, due to political unrest, the bridge was opened to traffic in 1604 and completed in July 1606. It was inaugurated by Henri IV in 1607, like most bridges of its time, The Pont Neuf is constructed as a series of many short arch bridges, following Roman precedents. The bridge had heavy traffic from the beginning, it was for a time the widest bridge in Paris. In 1885, one of the piers of the arm was undermined. A major restoration of the Pont Neuf was begun in 1994 and was completed in 2007, the mascarons are the stone masks,381 in number, each being different and which decorate the sides of the bridge. They represent the heads of forest and field divinities from ancient mythology, as well as satyrs, the mascarons remained in place until 1851-1854, when the bridge was completely rebuilt. At that time six of the original mascarons from the 16th century were placed in the Musée Carnavalet, eight other originals were first placed in the Musée national du Moyen Âge, and are now in the French National Museum of the Renaissance in the Château dÉcouen. Fontenelle made sixty-one masks which are found on the side of the bridge between the right bank and the Île de la Cité. After his death, Giambolognas assistant Pietro Tacca completed the statue and it was destroyed in 1792 during the French Revolution, but was rebuilt in 1818, following the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. Bronze for the new statue was obtained with the bronze from a statue of Louis Charles Antoine Desaix, as well as from the statue of Napoleon in Place Vendôme, the new statue was cast from a mold made using a surviving cast of the original. The last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, Jacques de Molay, was burned at the stake on March 18,1314, on the Île aux Juifs, the execution was ordered by Philippe le Bel after Jacques retracted all of his previous confessions, which outraged Philip
7.
Cheonggyecheon
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Cheonggyecheon is a 10.9 km long, modern public recreation space in downtown Seoul, South Korea. The massive urban renewal project is on the site of a stream that flowed before the rapid economic development caused it to be covered by transportation infrastructure. The $900 million project initially attracted much public criticism but, after opening in 2005, has become popular among residents and tourists. Cheonggyecheon is an 8.4 km creek flowing west to east through downtown Seoul, and then meeting Jungnangcheon, during the presidency of Park Chung-hee, Cheonggyecheon was covered with concrete for roads. In 1968, a highway was built over it. The stream was named Gaecheon after the first refurbishment project to construct a system during the Joseon Dynasty. King Yeonjo especially undertook the refurbishment work as a national project, gacheon was renamed to Cheonggyecheon, its current name, during the Japanese colonial period. During this time, financial difficulties prevented the colonialists from covering up the stream despite several attempts to do so, after the Korean War, more people migrated into Seoul to make their living and settled down along the stream in shabby makeshift houses. The accompanying trash, sand, and waste, and deteriorating conditions resulted in an eyesore for the city, the stream was covered up with concrete over 20 years starting in 1958, and a 5.6 km-long,16 m-wide elevated highway was completed in 1976. The area became an example of successful industrialization and modernization of South Korea, in July 2003, then-Seoul mayor, Lee Myung-bak initiated a project to remove the elevated highway and restore the stream. It was a major undertaking since the highway had to be removed and years of neglect,120,000 tons of water were to be pumped in daily from the Han River, its tributaries, and groundwater from subway stations. There were safety problems due to the deteriorated concrete, still, restoration of Cheonggyecheon was deemed important as it fit in with the movement to re-introduce nature to the city and to promote a more eco-friendly urban design. Other goals of the project were to restore the history and culture of the region, which had been lost for 30 years, the plan encouraged the return of the pedestrian-friendly road network connecting the stream with traditional resources, Bukchon, Daehangno, Jungdong, Namchon, and Donhwamungil. This network system, named the CCB, tried to build the cultural and environmental basis of the city, the stream was opened to the public in September 2005 and was lauded as a major success in urban renewal and beautification. Creating an environment with clean water and natural habitats was the most significant achievement of the project, species of fish, birds, and insects have increased significantly as a result of the stream excavation. The stream helps to cool down the temperature on the areas by 3.6 °C on average versus other parts of Seoul. The number of entering downtown Seoul has decreased by 2. 3%, with an increasing number of users of buses. This has an influence by improving the atmospheric environment in the region
8.
Myeong-dong
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Myeongdong is a dong in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea between Chungmu-ro, Eulji-ro, and Namdaemun-ro. It covers 0.99 km² with a population of 3,409 and is mostly an area, being one of Seouls main shopping. In 2011,2012 and 2013, Myeong-dong was listed as the ninth most expensive shopping street in the world, the area is known for its two historically significant sites, namely the Myeongdong Cathedral and the Myeongdong Nanta Theatre. Myeongdong dates back to the Joseon Dynasty when it was called Myeongryebang, during the Japanese era the name was changed to Myeongchijeong and became more of a commercial district, being influenced by the rising commerce in the neighboring Chungmuro area. It became the district of Myeongdong in 1946, after independence. After the Korean War and into the 1960s, the economy blossomed, the area flourished as city renovations took place and highrise buildings were built. Many department stores, shopping centers, restaurants, upscale shops and boutiques set up their businesses in Myeongdong and it became the mecca for the young, Myeongdong Cathedral has been a frequent spot for many of these demonstrations and still is to this day. As of March 2000, Myeongdongs has been designated as a special Tourism Promotion Area and is one of the stops on the official Seoul City Bus tours main route, Seouls financial hub is divided between here and Yeouido where the Korea Stock Exchange is located. The Bank of Korea is also in the vicinity, other notable landmarks in Myeongdong include the Chinese Embassy, which was first opened on January 4,1949. YWCA headquarters, UNESCO Hall, Myeongdong Theater, and the oldest Catholic cathedral in Korea, except for early morning and late night delivery hours, the main street and most of the alleys are blocked off for pedestrians to roam freely without being hindered by traffic. It is a popular area for young people and tourists as a center for fashion. Several large shopping centers and department stores are in the district including Lotte Department Store, Shinsegae Department Store, Migliore, M Plaza, and Noon Square. The floating population of Myeongdong is estimated to be around 2 million a day and in terms of floorspace rents, many hotels, restaurants, cinemas, theaters, and historical sites complete the diverse mixture of the area. In a poll of nearly 2,000 foreign visitors, conducted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in November 2011, Myeongdong Festival has been hosted since 1982 to vitalize the commercial area and encourage tourism. It is usually twice a year, from the end of March to the middle of April in spring. Parades, music and dance performances, fashion shows and other spectacles are part of the festivities, many shops and stores offer product sales and discounts during this time as well. In 2012, the hosted the street parade of the Cheonan World Dance Festival in October. China Street The southern part of Myeongdong is served by Station #424, Myeong-dong on Line 4 of the Seoul Subway, while the area is closer to Station #202
9.
Insa-dong
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Insa-dong is a dong, or neighborhood of the Jongno-gu district of the South Korean city of Seoul. The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to a multitude of alleys that lead deeper into the district, with modern galleries, at one time it was the largest market for antiques and artworks in Korea. In area,12.7 hectares, the district is bordered by Gwanhun-dong to the north, Nagwon-dong to the east, and Jongno 2-ga and Jeokseon-dong to the south, Insadong was originally two towns whose names ended in the syllables In and Sa. They were divided by a stream which ran along Insadongs current main street, Insadong began 500 years ago as an area of residence for government officials. During the early period of the Joseon Dynasty, the place belonged to Gwanin-bang and Gyeonpyeong-bang - bang was the name of a unit during the time - of Hanseong. During the Japanese occupation, the wealthy Korean residents were forced to move and sell their belongings, after the end of the Korean War, the area became a focus of South Koreas artistic and cafe life. It was a popular destination among visitors to South Korea during the 1960s. It gained in popularity with tourists during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. In 2000 the area was renovated, and, after protest, in recent years the backstreets of Insadong have continued to be gentrified with cafes, garden restaurants, and traditional pension-style accommodations. Insadong-gil is well known as a street to both locals and foreigners and represents the culture of the past and the present. It contains a mixture of historical and modern atmosphere and is an area of Seoul that truly represents the cultural history of the nation. The majority of the traditional buildings originally belonged to merchants and bureaucrats, some larger residences, built for retired government officials during the Joseon period, can also be seen. Most of these buildings are now used as restaurants or shops. The area is known for sightseeing, with approximately 100,000 visitors on Sundays reported in 2000. Insadong is also a spot for foreign dignitaries such as Queen Elizabeth II and the princes of Spain. It contains 40 percent of the antique shops and art galleries as well as 90 percent of the traditional stationery shops. Particularly noteworthy is Tongmungwan, the oldest bookstore in Seoul, and Kyung-in Art Gallery, there are daily calligraphy demonstrations and pansori dancing performances. Ssamzigil, a mall that concentrates in specialty stores of handcrafts, is also a prominent destination in Insadong
10.
Heunginjimun
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The Korean name Dongdaemun means Great East Gate, and it was so named because it was the major eastern gate in the wall that surrounded Seoul during the Joseon Dynasty. The gate is located at Jongno 6-ga in Jongno-gu, the structure was first built by King Taejo during his fifth year of reign. It was renovated in 1453, and the current structure is the one rebuilt in 1869, in August 2011, the roof of the gate was partially damaged by record rainfall. The rain-inflicted damage includes chipped roofs ridge, an official of the Cultural Heritage Administration stated that The aged gate underwent repairs in 1998 and seems to have become soaked in heavy rains. Heunginjimun shows architectural style of the late Joseon period, the most unusual characteristic is its built outer wall, Ongseong. Ongseong was constructed to compensate the weakness of the target from multiple invaders and it protects the gate and is a beautiful addition. Today, in 2017, the area around Dongdaemun known as Dongdaemun Market has grown into the largest shopping center in South Korea, heunginjimun is located at the intersection of subway lines 1 and 4, at Dongdaemun Station. The gate is within reach of exit 1 or exits 6–10 of this station. Dongdaemun Station List of upscale shopping districts Dongdaemun street videoclip
11.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
