1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Hangul
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The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul in South Korea and as Chosŏngŭl/Chosŏn Muntcha in North Korea is the alphabet that has been used to write the Korean language since the 15th century. It was created during the Joseon Dynasty in 1443 by King Sejong the Great, in South Korea, Hangul is used primarily to write the Korean language as using Hanja in typical Korean writing had fallen out of common usage during the late 1990s. In its classical and modern forms, the alphabet has 19 consonant and 21 vowel letters, however, instead of being written sequentially like the letters of the Latin alphabet, Hangul letters are grouped into blocks, such as 한 han, each of which transcribes a syllable. That is, although the syllable 한 han may look like a single character, each syllabic block consists of two to six letters, including at least one consonant and one vowel. These blocks are arranged horizontally from left to right or vertically from top to bottom. Each Korean word consists of one or more syllables, hence one or more blocks, of the 11,172 possible Hangul syllables, the most frequent 256 have a cumulative frequency of 88. 2%, with the top 512, it reaches 99. 9%. The modern name Hangul was coined by Ju Sigyeong in 1912, han meant great in archaic Korean, and geul is the native Korean word for script. Taken together, then, the meaning is great script, as the word han had also become one way of indicating Korea as a whole the name could also potentially be interpreted as Korean script. Korean 한글 is pronounced, and in English as /ˈhɑːn. ɡʊl/ or /ˈhɑːŋɡʊl/, when used as an English word, it is often rendered without the diacritics, hangul, and it is often capitalized as Hangul, as it appears in many English dictionaries. Hankul in the Yale romanization, a system recommended for technical linguistic studies, North Koreans call it Chosŏngŭl, after Chosŏn, the North Korean name for Korea. Because of objections to the names Hangeul, Chosŏngŭl, and urigeul by Koreans in China, until the early 20th century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite, who preferred the traditional hanja writing system. They gave it such names as these, Achimgeul, in the original Hanja, it is rendered as 故智者不終朝而會，愚者可浹旬而學。 Gugmun Eonmun Amgeul. Am is a prefix that signifies a noun is feminine Ahaetgeul or Ahaegeul Hangul was promulgated by Sejong the Great, the Hall of Worthies, a group of scholars who worked with Sejong to develop and refine the new alphabet, is often credited for the work. The project was completed in late December 1443 or January 1444, the publication date of the Hunmin Jeong-eum, October 9, became Hangul Day in South Korea. Its North Korean equivalent, Chosongul Day, is on January 15, various speculations about the creation process were put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye. This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to articulatory phonetics, to assuage this problem, King Sejong created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. However, it entered popular culture as Sejong had intended, being used especially by women, the late 16th century, however, saw a revival of Hangul, with gasa literature and later sijo flourishing. In the 17th century, Hangul novels became a major genre, by this point spelling had become quite irregular
3.
Communication
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Communication is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules. The main steps inherent to all communication are, The forming of communicative motivation or reason, transmission of the encoded message as a sequence of signals using a specific channel or medium. Noise sources such as forces and in some cases human activity begin influencing the quality of signals propagating from the sender to one or more receivers. Reception of signals and reassemblying of the message from a sequence of received signals. Decoding of the encoded message. Interpretation and making sense of the original message. The channel of communication can be visual, auditory, tactile and haptic, olfactory, electromagnetic, human communication is unique for its extensive use of abstract language. Development of civilization has been linked with progress in telecommunication. Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying information in the form of non-linguistic representations, examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expressions, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message, examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e. g. rhythm, intonation, tempo and it affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, Nonverbal communication demonstrates one of Wazlawicks laws, you cannot not communicate. Once proximity has formed awareness, living creatures begin interpreting any signals received, Nonverbal cues are heavily relied on to express communication and to interpret others’ communication and can replace or substitute verbal messages. There are several reasons as to why non-verbal communication plays a role in communication. Written communication can also have non-verbal attributes, e-mails and web chats allow individual’s the option to change text font colours, stationary, emoticons, and capitalization in order to capture non-verbal cues into a verbal medium. Many different non-verbal channels are engaged at the time in communication acts. “Non-verbal behaviours may form a language system. ”Smiling, crying, pointing, caressing. Such non-verbal signals allow the most basic form of communication when verbal communication is not effective due to language barriers, Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message
4.
Observation tower
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An observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 metres tall and made stone, iron. Many modern towers are used as TV towers, restaurants. The towers first appeared in Germany at the end of the 18th century, Observation towers that are used as guard posts or observation posts over an extended period to overlook an area are commonly called watchtowers instead. Observation towers are an easily visible sight on the countryside, as they must rise over trees, older control rooms have often been likened to medieval chambers. The heavy use of stone, iron, and wood in their construction helps to create this illusion, modern towers frequently have observation decks or terraces with restaurants or on the roof of mountain stations of an aerial ropeway. Frequently observation towers are used also as location of services within the UHF/VHF range. In some cases this usage of the tower is at least as important as its use as an observation tower, such towers are usually called TV towers or telecommunication towers. Many towers are equipped with a tower restaurant and allow visitors access via elevators. Also common is the usage of water towers as observation towers, finally, some church towers may have observation decks, albeit often without an elevator. Many other buildings may have towers which allow for observation, in particular prior to World War I rambler associations, and some municipalities, built observation towers on numerous summits. Usually these towers were built of stone, however sometimes wood or iron was also used, at nearly all these towers access to the observation deck, usually at a height of between 5 and 40 metres, is only possible by way of stairs. Further uses were not intended at most of buildings, although some of these towers today now carry antennas for police/fire engine radios, portable radio or low power FM-. Older observation towers frequently have a pole at its top. Some of these towers are accessible, either free or with the payment of an admission fee. Others are accessible only at times, in most cases only with the payment of an admission fee. At these towers the platform is open, with some having a restaurant in the basement. There are also towers with a more extensive use, for example
5.
Namsan (Seoul)
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Nam Mountain is a peak,262 metres high, in the Jung-gu district of south central Seoul, South Korea. Although known as Mongmyeoksan, or 목멱산, in the past and it offers some hiking, picnic areas and views of downtown Seouls skyline. The N Seoul Tower is located on top of Mt. Namsan, the mountain and its surrounding area is Namsan Park, a public park maintained by the city government. It is a spot for panoramic views of Seoul. It is also the location of a signal station called Mongmyeoksan Bongsudae. From 1925 to 1945 the Shinto shrine known as Chōsen Jingū was situated on Mt. Namsan, in 2011 a survey was conducted by Seoul Development Institute, which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects. It ranked Mt. Namsan as the most scenic location in Seoul by 62.8 percent of residents and 70.9 percent of the experts surveyed, the park and the fountain were used as the filming location for Seoul Broadcasting System s drama Lovers in Paris. Namsan is mentioned in South Koreas National Anthem, N Seoul Tower, Mt. Namsan appears and feels differently in every season, which maintains its unique natural beauty. Ntowers height reaches 480 metres above sea level, and it sits in the 90 square metres of spacious Mt. Namsan So, the Ntower is an iconic visual feature of Mt. Namsan and of the city of Seoul. N Seoul Tower observation deck, N Seoul Tower has a deck where lovers have taken to locking padlocks as a physical symbol of their love. Many couples who visit here pledge their love for each other while locking a padlock on the rail with a short message, Namsan Hanok Village, In 1990, for the first time, it was promoted as a distinct place in its own right. Seoul restored 24,180 acres of terrain which had been damaged for a time and rejuvenated the traditional garden. Namsan cable car Index of Korea-related articles List of mountains in Korea List of parks in Seoul Life In Korea profile Official English-language site of Namsan Park
6.
Seoul
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The Seoul Capital Area houses up to half of the countrys population of 50.22 million people with 678,102 international residents. Situated on the Han River, Seouls history stretches back more than two years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty, the Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, in 2015, it was rated Asias most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. In 2014, the citys GDP per capita of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, Seoul is the worlds most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwCs Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi, Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the worlds best airport nine years in a row by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has built in Seoul and become the OECDs tallest in 2016. Its Lotte Cinema houses the worlds largest cinema screen, Seouls COEX Mall is the worlds largest underground shopping mall. Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games,1988 Summer Olympics,2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, a UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital. The city has known in the past by the names Wirye-seong, Hanju. During Japans annexation in Korea, Hanseong was renamed to Keijō by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja 漢, in reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong, originally had the meaning of big or vast. Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning city, which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol, which originally referred to Gyeongju. Unlike most place names in Korea, Seoul has no corresponding hanja, on January 18,2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shouer from the historic Hancheng, of which use is becoming less common. Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, a wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century
7.
Korean Broadcasting System
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Korean Broadcasting System is the national public broadcaster of South Korea. It was founded in 1927, and operates radio, television and online services, KBS began as Kyeongseong Broadcasting Corporation that was established by the Governor-General of Korea on 16 February 1927. This second radio station started using the call sign HLKA in 1947 after the Republic of Korea got the call sign HL of the International Telecommunication Union, after doing a national broadcast, the radio was renamed Seoul Central Broadcasting Station in 1948. Television broadcasts in South Korea began on 12 May 1956 with the first television station HLKZ-TV and it was sold to KBS in 1961. KBS station status changed from government to public broadcasting station on 3 March 1973, construction of KBS headquarters in Yeouido started in 1976. In 1979, KBS radio began broadcasting on the FM wave with the launch of KBS Stereo, in 1981, KBS launched KBS 3TV and Educational FM, and on 27 December 1990, the channels split from KBS to form the Educational Broadcasting System. After a revision of the licensing fee system in 1994. KBS is a public corporation funded by the South Korean government and license fees, as part of the Constitution, the president of KBS is chosen by the President of South Korea, after being recommended by its board of directors. Political parties in South Korea also have the right to name members of the KBS board of directors, around 37. 8% of KBS revenue comes from a mandatory television licence fee of 2,200 won, with another 47. 6% coming from commercial advertisement sales. KBS international output such as KBS World, as well as specialised services such as KBS Radio 3 for the disabled, KBS1 - KBS flagship channel, it broadcasts news and current affairs, education, sports and culture. It launched in 1961 as HLKA-TV and is funded by the license fee. It is available nationally on channel 9, broadcasting via digital terrestrial television, KBS1 also airs public information films and minor entertainment programming, but the majority of which is on KBS2. KBS2 - KBS entertainment and drama channel, it was launched in 1980 as a replacement for the Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation and it is available on digital channel 7 via digital terrestrial television. KBS2 also airs public information films and less news and current affairs programming, KBS UHD - The Ultra High Definition channel. Airs music videos and re-runs of dramas and it is on national terrestrial digital channel 66. KBS1 and KBS2 phased out analogue services on December 31,2012 as part of the switchover to digital television, KBS Prime - A culture and drama channel, launched in 1995 as KBS Satellite 2. It was renamed as KBS Korea in 2002, before becoming Prime, KBS Drama - formerly KBS Sky Drama, it was launched in 2002. KBS N Sports - formerly KBS Sports/KBS Sky Sports, it was launched in 2002
8.
Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation
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Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation is one of the leading South Korean television and radio networks. Munhwa is the Korean word for culture and its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 11 for Digital. Established on December 2,1961, MBC is a Korean terrestrial broadcaster which has a network of 17 regional stations. Though it operates on advertising, MBC is a broadcaster, as its largest shareholder is a public organization. Today, it is a group with one terrestrial TV channel. ▲ Radio era Launching the first radio broadcast signal from Seoul, ▲ Black & White TV era MBC launched TV broadcasting on August 8,1969, and started to broadcast its main news program MBC Newsdesk on October 5,1970. It reached affiliation deal with 7 commercial stations between 1968 and 1969, and started nationwide TV broadcasting through its 13 affiliated or regional stations, in 1974, FM radio was launched, as MBC took over The Kyunghyang Shinmun. ▲ Color TV Era The first color TV broadcasting was started in December,1980, MBC was separated from The Kyunghyang Shinmun according to the 1981 Basic Press Act. In 1982, it moved into the Yoido headquarters and founded professional baseball team MBC Cheong-ryong, with the live coverage of the 1986 Seoul Asian Games and the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, MBC made a great advancement in scale and technology. ※ MBC Production and MBC Media Tech were merged into MBC C&I in August,2011, ▲ Digital Era As the convergence of broadcasting and communications becomes full-fledged, MBC made its subsidiary iMBC an independent corporation and pursued various internet-related business. Furthermore, it started cable TV satellite TV and new DMB broadcasting, in 2007, MBC established digital production center Ilsan Dream Center, which is equipped with high-tech production facilities. In September 2014, it competed the construction of new headquarters building, in 2001, MBC launched satellite and cable television broadcasting. As part of expansion it created MBC America, a subsidiary based in Los Angeles, United States. On August 1,2008 MBC America launched MBC-D, a television network carried on the subchannels of KSCI-TV, KTSF-TV. The service was planned to be launched in Atlanta, Chicago, in northeast metro Atlanta, it aired on WKTB-CD channel 47.3, but as of 2011 is on WSKC-CD channel 22.1. Corp. established and registered 10/2/1961 – Changed corporate name into Hankuk Munhwa Broadcasting Corp, 9/1/1986 – Unmanned TV relay station established in Ulleungdo Island 12/15/1987 -MBC Standard FM broadcasting launched 1988.9. MBC is devoted to entering foreign markets and expanding the business area and it maintains a close relationship with foreign buyers by participating in major content markets every year such as MIP-TV, MIPCOM, NATPE, BCWW and ATF. In addition, it operates an English web site which introduces various MBC content to the buyers and viewers so that they can easily access its content
9.
Seoul Broadcasting System
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Seoul Broadcasting System KRX,034120 is a national South Korean television and radio network. In March 2000, the company became known as SBS. It has provided terrestrial digital TV service in the ATSC format since 2001 and its flagship terrestrial television station is Channel 6 for Digital and Cable. SBS has been involved in reporting, such as utilizing unverified sources. SBS was launched and formed on the day MBC celebrated its 30th Anniversary on October 9,1991, SBS is the second commercial broadcaster in South Korea after MBC. The purpose was to become a channel to the audience that before 1990 was mastered by MBC. In the 1980s, MBC was a mouthpiece of KBS to broadcast sporting events like the 1986 FIFA World Cup. After the democratic reform in 1987, as well as the separation of MBC from KBS, SBS began trial transmissions on its television and radio channels on December 1,1990 in Seoul. On March 20,1991, the first regular SBS Radio broadcasts was launched on AM 792kHz, on December 9,1991, SBS TV started broadcasting at 10, 00am in Seoul, which was designated as the The Day of Birth of SBS. Initially, SBS only broadcast terrestrially in Seoul and its surrounding areas, on October 9,1992, the government began accepting applications for private broadcasting stations in other regions of the country. SBS had planned for a television and radio broadcast affiliate network that aims to air SBS programs in new regional channels before its 5th anniversary. In 1994, the private channels KNN in Busan, TJB in Daejeon, TBC in Daegu, on May 14,1995, SBS launched its national television network with its new local affiliates, KNN, TJB, TBC, and kbc. SBS had managed a network that airs SBS programs in other regional channels while local stations created local programming to suit the local residents needs, in 1996, plans for a FM radio station to complement the existing AM station became realized. On November 14,1996, SBS Power FM began broadcasting on 107.7 MHz as a music-centric station, on January 4,1999, the original SBS Radio on AM792 kHz began broadcasting on FM as well. The station rebranded as SBS Love FM on 103.5 MHz, high-definition digital television was introduced in 2001. Digital Multimedia Broadcasting was introduced in 2005, SBS introduced its current logo on November 14,2000 after its 10th anniversary celebrations to ensure the overall coherence of the current identity. SBS branding is used in all such as vehicle, microphone, envelopes, business cards, memorabilia, helicopter, signs, ganpanryu, seosikryu, uniforms, program title. SBS also had used the slogan Humanism thru Digital until January 2010 where a new slogan is currently used, gomi is the mascot of SBS-oriented as the new face of Humanism thru Digital through the harmony of nature and human life where green environment is important
10.
CJ Group
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CJ Corporation is a South Korean conglomerate holding company headquartered in Seoul. It comprises numerous businesses in various industries of food and food service, pharmaceutics and biotechnology, entertainment and media, home shopping, CJ Group was originally a branch of Samsung until it separated in the 1990s. CJ comes from Cheil Jedang, which can literally mean first sugar manufacture, notable CJ subsidiaries include CJ Cheil Jedang, CJ Entertainment & Media, and CJ CGV. CJ was founded as Cheil Jedang in August 1953 as a sugar and flour manufacturer and was part of Samsung Group. In 1955, it opened the first flour mill in South Korea and in 1962, started exporting sugar to Okinawa, in 1965, Cheil Jedangs sugar business was branded as Beksul. The company entered into the artificial seasoning market in 1963 with Mipoong, competing against Miwon, in the 1970s, CJ continued its growth as a composite food company. In 1973 CJ entered into the business, launching Pungnyeon Feed. In 1979, the company was renamed Cheil Jedang Corp. in the 1980s, CJ expanded to processed food items such as beverages and frozen foods, and entered the pharmaceutical business based on new advanced technologies. In 1984, CJ established ETI, a subsidiary, in New Jersey. It established Cheil Frozen Food and launched its business in 1987. With the establishment of Cheil Jedang Indonesia in 1988 and the construction of a lysine and synthetic seasoning plant in Indonesia in 1990, CJ started reaching markets outside South Korea. In the 1990s, CJ went through periods of conversion and growth as it transitioned into the area of life and culture focusing on the food. However, it continued to new food products such as Condition, a supplemental drink that alleviates hangover symptoms, in 1992 and Hetbahn. In July 1993, Cheil Jedang spun off from Samsung and gained independent management, changing into a life and culture group by entering into the food service, in 1996 it became Cheil Jedang Group and completed its official separation from Samsung Group in February 1997. Since then, CJ has entered into the fields of media, entertainment, finance, in addition, CJ opened VIPS, a family restaurant chain, in 1997, and launched South Koreas first multiplex theater, CGV, in 1998. In October 2002, CJ Group was launched and the name of the company changed to CJ Co. Ltd. Ltd again spun off as a holding company renaming to CJ CheilJedang Co. Ltd and CJ Group became a company for a number of food
11.
Namsan cable car
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Namsan cable car is an aerial tramway in Seoul. Built in 1962, it spans from the Hoehyeon-dong platform to the Yejang-dong platform near the top of Mt. Namsan and it is the first commercial cable car service for passengers in Korea. The length of the cable is 605 metres, the altitude difference of 138 metres makes a gradient of 13°. The cabins move at a speed of 3.2 m/s, the transit between platforms takes about three minutes. An elevator, opened in June 2009 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and it runs along the slope of Namsan with a capacity for 20 passengers to provide better access for the disabled and senior citizens
12.
Namsangol Hanok Village
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The Namsangol Hanok Village offers one the opportunity to experience a wide cross-section of Joseon-era citizenry and activities, from royalty to commoners. A great effort has made to accurately furnish each dwelling with appropriate era. The location of the village was originally the site of a well known Joseon-era summer resort called Jeonghakdong, Jeonghakdong means The land of the fairies for the blue crane where the Jeonugak Pavilion stands along the stream in the valley. The area boasted such superb scenery that it was called the land of the fairies and was considered one of the five most beautiful parts of Seoul. A traditional Korean style garden, complete with a flowing stream, in 2011 in a survey conducted, by Seoul Development Institute, which included 800 residents and 103 urban planners and architects. It listed 52.4 percent of experts, voted that the palace as the most scenic location in Seoul, following Mount Namsan, Han River, admission is free, every Tuesday is a day off. Close to Chungmuro Station, meet Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 3, bukchon Hanok Village Korean Folk Village Hahoe Folk Village Yangdong Village of Gyeongju Namsangol Hanok Village. Hanok Village to Extend the Opening Hours, enjoy a Tour of Mt. Namsan for Free. Official Website Visit Seoul, Namsangol Hanok Village Visit Seoul, Namsangol Hanok Village Visit Seoul, Namsangol Hanok Village
13.
Cheonggyecheon
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Cheonggyecheon is a 10.9 km long, modern public recreation space in downtown Seoul, South Korea. The massive urban renewal project is on the site of a stream that flowed before the rapid economic development caused it to be covered by transportation infrastructure. The $900 million project initially attracted much public criticism but, after opening in 2005, has become popular among residents and tourists. Cheonggyecheon is an 8.4 km creek flowing west to east through downtown Seoul, and then meeting Jungnangcheon, during the presidency of Park Chung-hee, Cheonggyecheon was covered with concrete for roads. In 1968, a highway was built over it. The stream was named Gaecheon after the first refurbishment project to construct a system during the Joseon Dynasty. King Yeonjo especially undertook the refurbishment work as a national project, gacheon was renamed to Cheonggyecheon, its current name, during the Japanese colonial period. During this time, financial difficulties prevented the colonialists from covering up the stream despite several attempts to do so, after the Korean War, more people migrated into Seoul to make their living and settled down along the stream in shabby makeshift houses. The accompanying trash, sand, and waste, and deteriorating conditions resulted in an eyesore for the city, the stream was covered up with concrete over 20 years starting in 1958, and a 5.6 km-long,16 m-wide elevated highway was completed in 1976. The area became an example of successful industrialization and modernization of South Korea, in July 2003, then-Seoul mayor, Lee Myung-bak initiated a project to remove the elevated highway and restore the stream. It was a major undertaking since the highway had to be removed and years of neglect,120,000 tons of water were to be pumped in daily from the Han River, its tributaries, and groundwater from subway stations. There were safety problems due to the deteriorated concrete, still, restoration of Cheonggyecheon was deemed important as it fit in with the movement to re-introduce nature to the city and to promote a more eco-friendly urban design. Other goals of the project were to restore the history and culture of the region, which had been lost for 30 years, the plan encouraged the return of the pedestrian-friendly road network connecting the stream with traditional resources, Bukchon, Daehangno, Jungdong, Namchon, and Donhwamungil. This network system, named the CCB, tried to build the cultural and environmental basis of the city, the stream was opened to the public in September 2005 and was lauded as a major success in urban renewal and beautification. Creating an environment with clean water and natural habitats was the most significant achievement of the project, species of fish, birds, and insects have increased significantly as a result of the stream excavation. The stream helps to cool down the temperature on the areas by 3.6 °C on average versus other parts of Seoul. The number of entering downtown Seoul has decreased by 2. 3%, with an increasing number of users of buses. This has an influence by improving the atmospheric environment in the region
14.
Myeong-dong
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Myeongdong is a dong in Jung-gu, Seoul, South Korea between Chungmu-ro, Eulji-ro, and Namdaemun-ro. It covers 0.99 km² with a population of 3,409 and is mostly an area, being one of Seouls main shopping. In 2011,2012 and 2013, Myeong-dong was listed as the ninth most expensive shopping street in the world, the area is known for its two historically significant sites, namely the Myeongdong Cathedral and the Myeongdong Nanta Theatre. Myeongdong dates back to the Joseon Dynasty when it was called Myeongryebang, during the Japanese era the name was changed to Myeongchijeong and became more of a commercial district, being influenced by the rising commerce in the neighboring Chungmuro area. It became the district of Myeongdong in 1946, after independence. After the Korean War and into the 1960s, the economy blossomed, the area flourished as city renovations took place and highrise buildings were built. Many department stores, shopping centers, restaurants, upscale shops and boutiques set up their businesses in Myeongdong and it became the mecca for the young, Myeongdong Cathedral has been a frequent spot for many of these demonstrations and still is to this day. As of March 2000, Myeongdongs has been designated as a special Tourism Promotion Area and is one of the stops on the official Seoul City Bus tours main route, Seouls financial hub is divided between here and Yeouido where the Korea Stock Exchange is located. The Bank of Korea is also in the vicinity, other notable landmarks in Myeongdong include the Chinese Embassy, which was first opened on January 4,1949. YWCA headquarters, UNESCO Hall, Myeongdong Theater, and the oldest Catholic cathedral in Korea, except for early morning and late night delivery hours, the main street and most of the alleys are blocked off for pedestrians to roam freely without being hindered by traffic. It is a popular area for young people and tourists as a center for fashion. Several large shopping centers and department stores are in the district including Lotte Department Store, Shinsegae Department Store, Migliore, M Plaza, and Noon Square. The floating population of Myeongdong is estimated to be around 2 million a day and in terms of floorspace rents, many hotels, restaurants, cinemas, theaters, and historical sites complete the diverse mixture of the area. In a poll of nearly 2,000 foreign visitors, conducted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in November 2011, Myeongdong Festival has been hosted since 1982 to vitalize the commercial area and encourage tourism. It is usually twice a year, from the end of March to the middle of April in spring. Parades, music and dance performances, fashion shows and other spectacles are part of the festivities, many shops and stores offer product sales and discounts during this time as well. In 2012, the hosted the street parade of the Cheonan World Dance Festival in October. China Street The southern part of Myeongdong is served by Station #424, Myeong-dong on Line 4 of the Seoul Subway, while the area is closer to Station #202
15.
Insa-dong
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Insa-dong is a dong, or neighborhood of the Jongno-gu district of the South Korean city of Seoul. The main street is Insadong-gil, which is connected to a multitude of alleys that lead deeper into the district, with modern galleries, at one time it was the largest market for antiques and artworks in Korea. In area,12.7 hectares, the district is bordered by Gwanhun-dong to the north, Nagwon-dong to the east, and Jongno 2-ga and Jeokseon-dong to the south, Insadong was originally two towns whose names ended in the syllables In and Sa. They were divided by a stream which ran along Insadongs current main street, Insadong began 500 years ago as an area of residence for government officials. During the early period of the Joseon Dynasty, the place belonged to Gwanin-bang and Gyeonpyeong-bang - bang was the name of a unit during the time - of Hanseong. During the Japanese occupation, the wealthy Korean residents were forced to move and sell their belongings, after the end of the Korean War, the area became a focus of South Koreas artistic and cafe life. It was a popular destination among visitors to South Korea during the 1960s. It gained in popularity with tourists during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. In 2000 the area was renovated, and, after protest, in recent years the backstreets of Insadong have continued to be gentrified with cafes, garden restaurants, and traditional pension-style accommodations. Insadong-gil is well known as a street to both locals and foreigners and represents the culture of the past and the present. It contains a mixture of historical and modern atmosphere and is an area of Seoul that truly represents the cultural history of the nation. The majority of the traditional buildings originally belonged to merchants and bureaucrats, some larger residences, built for retired government officials during the Joseon period, can also be seen. Most of these buildings are now used as restaurants or shops. The area is known for sightseeing, with approximately 100,000 visitors on Sundays reported in 2000. Insadong is also a spot for foreign dignitaries such as Queen Elizabeth II and the princes of Spain. It contains 40 percent of the antique shops and art galleries as well as 90 percent of the traditional stationery shops. Particularly noteworthy is Tongmungwan, the oldest bookstore in Seoul, and Kyung-in Art Gallery, there are daily calligraphy demonstrations and pansori dancing performances. Ssamzigil, a mall that concentrates in specialty stores of handcrafts, is also a prominent destination in Insadong
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Heunginjimun
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The Korean name Dongdaemun means Great East Gate, and it was so named because it was the major eastern gate in the wall that surrounded Seoul during the Joseon Dynasty. The gate is located at Jongno 6-ga in Jongno-gu, the structure was first built by King Taejo during his fifth year of reign. It was renovated in 1453, and the current structure is the one rebuilt in 1869, in August 2011, the roof of the gate was partially damaged by record rainfall. The rain-inflicted damage includes chipped roofs ridge, an official of the Cultural Heritage Administration stated that The aged gate underwent repairs in 1998 and seems to have become soaked in heavy rains. Heunginjimun shows architectural style of the late Joseon period, the most unusual characteristic is its built outer wall, Ongseong. Ongseong was constructed to compensate the weakness of the target from multiple invaders and it protects the gate and is a beautiful addition. Today, in 2017, the area around Dongdaemun known as Dongdaemun Market has grown into the largest shopping center in South Korea, heunginjimun is located at the intersection of subway lines 1 and 4, at Dongdaemun Station. The gate is within reach of exit 1 or exits 6–10 of this station. Dongdaemun Station List of upscale shopping districts Dongdaemun street videoclip
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Seoul Metropolitan Government
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Seoul Metropolitan Government is a local government of Seoul, South Korea. The mayor is elected to a term by the Seoul citizens and is responsible for the administration of the city government. In the city government, there are 5 offices,32 bureaus, the headquarters is located in the Seoul City Hall building which is in Taepyeongno, Jung-gu, Seoul. The Government started on September 28,1946 as the Seoul City Government which became Seoul Metropolitan Government on August 15,1949, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has one mayor and three vice mayors, two of them take charge of administrative affairs and the other for political affairs. Seoul is subdivided into 25 autonomous gu and 522 administrative dong, the Seoul Institute is the think tank for the city, established in 1992 by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. It was formerly known as The Seoul Development Institute, the SI supports the policy-making processes of the municipal administration by conducting intensive research and cooperating with domestic and foreign research institutes. The SI seeks to collaborate and communicate with the citizens of Seoul to secure the validity of its various policy researches, as one of his key agenda, he suggested the Governance 2. The City of Seoul discloses all of its administrative information except for that information designated as classified in accordance with the law, through this policy, the city upholds the rights to information of the citizens, enhances transparency in the administration, and promotes accountability. Also, through the Information Communication Plaza of the city, the government gathers up. As a result, the information of the city is being provided more effectively and substantively. The Information Communication Plaza provides various internal approval request documents of different fields created by the City of Seoul, also, the ‘Council Information’ section provides the information on the meetings organized by the City of Seoul from the schedule of the meetings to the minutes. Also, the ‘Policies of Seoul’ section provides the information on the key projects of the city administration and this is very helpful for anyone who wishes to access the status information on the various construction projects executed by the city. Politics of South Korea Seoul City Hall The Seoul Institute Seoul Information Communication Plaza
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Air pollution
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Air pollution occurs when harmful substances including particulates and biological molecules are introduced into Earths atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies or death in humans, it may cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops. Human activity and natural processes can both generate air pollution, indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the worlds worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute Worlds Worst Polluted Places report. According to the 2014 WHO report, air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million people worldwide, an air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be particles, liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made, pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are usually produced from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, other examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from factories. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly, rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of a secondary pollutant, some pollutants may be both primary and secondary, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants. Substances emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include, Carbon dioxide - Debate continues over whether carbon dioxide should be classified as an atmospheric pollutant, because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as the leading pollutant and the worst climate pollution. Against this it is argued that carbon dioxide is a component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life. This question of terminology has practical effects, for example as determining whether the U. S. Clean Air Act is deemed to regulate CO2 emissions, CO2 increase in earths atmosphere has been accelerating. Sulfur oxides - particularly sulfur dioxide, a compound with the formula SO2. SO2 is produced by volcanoes and in industrial processes. Coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, and their combustion generates sulfur dioxide, further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO2, forms H2SO4, and thus acid rain. This is one of the causes for concern over the impact of the use of these fuels as power sources. Nitrogen oxides - Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are expelled from high temperature combustion and they can be seen as a brown haze dome above or a plume downwind of cities. Nitrogen dioxide is a compound with the formula NO2
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KBS2
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KBS2 is a general entertainment and drama channel of the Korean Broadcasting System. It is famous for its drama and entertainment programs, the television station is a result of the forced merger of the Tongyang Broadcasting Corporation to KBS in 1980. KBS2 is similar to BBC One in the United Kingdom, NPO1 in the Netherlands, France 2 in France, TVNZ2 in New Zealand, 1981-03-07 - Advertisements return to the channel, in the following structure, four blocks on weekdays and five blocks on weekends. 1982-02-16 - Relaunch as KBS2 Television, whose broadcasts were Limited to Seoul, Jeju, 1982-02-17 - 2TVs broadcasting time was limited to 17, 30~00,00 KST. Other stations 06, 00~10,00 and 17, 30~01,00 KST no broadcasting between 10, 00~16,55 and 00, 00~06,00 KST, 1982-09-20 - TV Kindergartens first episode airs. 1986-01-01 - Start of both stereo and nationwide broadcasts, 1991-10-07 - The evening period starts half an hour earlier. 1997-04-20 - KBS 2TVs Daily Drama First Love Recorded 65. 8% of the nationwide TV ratings bashing out its sister channel KBS1s KBS News 9 and their rival MBCs MBC Newsdesk. 1998-01-05 - Owing to IMF cost-cutting measures, broadcasts were now between 06,00 and 11,00 for the first period and the period now ran from 17,00 to 01,00. 2001-12-31 - Digital terrestrial broadcasts commence, Broadcasting extended to 19 hours and daytime closedowns were abolished. 2012-12-31 - Analog terrestrial broadcasts concluded,2014 - Temporary 24-hour broadcasts are made for the Sochi Winter Olympics and the World Cup. 2015-01-01 - KBS2 introduces a new look featuring flat, 2D animations, as of January 2015, KBS2 is one of the two Korean terrestrial channels that still sign off every night, EBS being the other one. 2 Days &1 Night, The Return of Superman and Immortal Songs, kBS2 accepts commercial advertisements unlike KBS1 which is because KBS1 is prohibited to air commercial advertisements upon the enactment of the revised Broadcasting Act in 1994. School-Love On SPY Orange Marmalade The Producers Sharp 2 Drama City What Should I Do, Drama Special Pianist Drama Special Do You Know Taekwondo
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KBS1
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It is also the only commercial-free free-to-air television channel in the country. KBS1 is similar to BBC Two in the United Kingdom, TVNZ1 in New Zealand, the channel is well known for its news programmes, culture, as well as sports, entertainment and some childrens programmes and a minimal amount of education programming. KBS TV began broadcasting on December 31,1961, as South Koreas first full-scale television station, regular broadcasts commenced on January 15 the following year. KBS1 was once known for being one of the first commercial TV stations in South Korea, but in 1963, the South Korean government through its parliament, introduced the Television License Fee system. Advertisements on KBS1 were abolished in 1994, the monopoly was broken in 1965 when TBC began broadcasting. In 1980, following KBSs acquisition of private broadcasters, it became known as KBS1. Even though KBS1 is 24 hours, they continue closing down on Sunday and Monday nights, all KBS 2TV dramas are also shown on this channel as reruns, notably the Monday/Tuesday dramas & Wednesday/Thursday dramas. The only live music program shown on this channel is Korea Sings, since 1994, KBS1 is solely funded by license fees. Although commercial advertisements are not allowed on the channel, KBS1 accepts spot advertisements similar to the ones being used by PBS to generate private funding. This is usually implemented for programs such as public affairs and musical variety shows wherein, spot advertisements for KBS1 shows appear before the shows end credits. Of the Philippines. kbs. co. kr/dmb/channel/daily. html. &table=51 http, //english. kbs. co. kr/ChannelInfo/TV/index. html Korean Broadcasting System official website
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Educational Broadcasting System
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Established as KBS 3TV, Seoul Animation Center and KBS Educational Radio in the 1980s, and became an independent corporation in 1990. EBS strives to supplement school education and promote education for everyone in Korea. The main counterparts of this network are PBS, as well as BBC Two, EBS 1TV — EBS main terrestrial channel for premium documentaries, preschool and youth program. EBS 2TV — EBS second terrestrial channel, EBS FM — A EBS radio channel, the station focuses mainly on language learning. The actual CSAT listening comprehension examinations are broadcast on this station annually at 8, 40am and 1, EBS Plus 1 — The channel focuses greatly around the high school test curriculum and offers programming to complement and amplify the students in-school education. EBS Plus 2 — The main focus of this channel is lifelong learning, EBS English — This is the networks English education channel, covering kids from kindergarten to grade 12. EBSuHD — EBS childrens channel, formerly a simulcast of EBS Plus 1, also EBS offers one cable/satellite channel, EBS America, in North America. It airs programs about Korean culture, language education, and childrens shows, though considered a public broadcasting entity, EBS gets most of its yearly budget from advertisements and sales revenue. In 2012,72. 1% of its revenue came from sales, publications and ad revenues on its TV Radio and internet platforms, while the rest came from TV license fees. EBS News Jisik Channel e Tayo the Little Bus Janghak Quiz Ding-Dong-Dang kindergarten Roary the Racing Car GO, giggles English Café Vroomiz Boni and Hani Brians English Adventure Pororo the Little Penguin Tickety Toc Road Diary Flowering Heart All foreign shows are dubbed in Korean
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Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
