1.
Detroit Beer Company
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Detroit Beer Co. is a brewpub located on Broadway Street in downtown Detroit, Michigan, United States. Detroit Beer Co. opened in the fall of 2003 and is part of a trio of local breweries, including the Royal Oak Brewery and the Rochester Mills Beer Co. The Detroit Beer Co. was launched by Drew Ciora and Mike Pelsz, the Hartz Building was an early 20th-century surgical supply store and was renovated to accommodate a restaurant, brewery equipment, office space, and even a loft apartment. Within close proximity of both Comerica Park and Ford Field, is accessible for fans of those teams within the Motor City. Significant to the development of Detroit Beer Co. is its location in Detroit, the city of Detroit continues to work hard at its revival and renaissance begun in the 1990s and Detroit Beer Co. has become a part that revival, as well. The Hartz building is in the center of a cultural and sporting spot in Detroit, with the Detroit Opera house standing across the street, and Comerica Park and Ford Field both short walks away. The six-story Hartz building was built in 1902, it was named after J. Frederick Hartz, who was Chairman of the Board of the J. F. Hartz Company, a medical and surgical supply company. Malcomson and Higginson, architects, were issued the permit for the construction of the building for Hartz. It was to cost an estimated $15,000, the Hartz Building was originally built as a three-story brick building articulated as a single bay. A fourth floor was added in 1926/27 at a cost of $25,000, stone quoins framed its front facade and bands of seven windows with transoms filled the single horizontal opening per floor above the store level. The first floor was remodeled in the early 1990s, and continued at that time to retain its recessed entrance, at that time, Ray Parkers passion for and love of architecture spoke volumes in relation to his commitment to rebuilding and revitalizing downtown Detroit. The momentum built, and many News Articles followed, sparking further interest, the Grand Opening of the three first floor businesses of The Hartz Building—Wandas Interior Images, Moore African Art, and Kente Kurtains & More, had over 750 invited guests in attendance. Including the Mayor of the City of Detroit, City Council Members, Judges, Members of the Board of Directors of Boysville of Michigan, NAACP Officials, and many Detroit Business Owners. News Articles followed with write-ups in The Detroit News, The Detroit Free Press, Crains Detroit Business, Metro Times, On Detroit, the Detroit Opera House broke ground, restored, and reopened directly across the street shortly thereafter. Architect Eric J. Hill participated in an restoration of The Detroit Opera House which reopened in 1996. In the early 2000s the Hartz building underwent a renovation by Kraemer Design Group with the Detroit Beer Co. in mind. The Kraemer Design Group planned a brewery and pub in the basement, first and second floor, loft offices on the third, fourth and fifth, Detroit Beer Co. has an extensive selection of award winning ales and lagers that are brewed on-site. The brewhouse was constructed to fit the requirements of the historic Hartz building
2.
Dwarf (mythology)
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In Germanic mythology, a dwarf is a being that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is variously associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. Dwarfs are often described as short and ugly, although some scholars have questioned whether this is a later development stemming from comical portrayals of the beings. The concept of the dwarf has had influence in popular culture. The modern English noun dwarf descends from the Old English dweorg and it has a variety of cognates in other Germanic languages, including Old Norse dvergr and Old High German twerg. According to Vladimir Orel, the English noun and its cognates ultimately descend from Proto-Germanic *đwerȝaz, beyond the Proto-Germanic reconstruction, the etymology of the word dwarf is highly contested. Competing etymologies include a basis in the Indo-European root *dheur-, the Indo-European root *dhreugh, modern English has two plurals for the word dwarf, dwarfs and dwarves. Dwarfs remains the most commonly employed plural, regarding the plural, Tolkien wrote in 1937, I am afraid it is just a piece of private bad grammar, rather shocking in a philologist, but I shall have to go with it. Norse mythology provides different mythical origins for the beings, as recorded in the Poetic Edda, the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá details that the dwarfs were the product of the primordial blood of the being Brimir and the bones of Bláinn. The Prose Edda, however, describes dwarfs as beings similar to maggots that festered in the flesh of Ymir before being gifted with reason by the gods. The Poetic Edda and Prose Edda contain over 100 dwarf names, while the Prose Edda gives the four dwarfs Norðri, Suðri, Austri and Vestri a cosmological role, they hold up the sky. In addition, scholars have noted that the Svartálfar appear to be the same beings as dwarfs, one dwarf named Alvíss claimed the hand of Thors daughter Þrúðr in marriage, but he was kept talking until daybreak and turned to stone, much like some accounts of trolls. After the Christianization of the Germanic peoples, tales of dwarfs continued to be told in the folklore of areas of Europe where Germanic languages were spoken, in the late legendary sagas, dwarfs demonstrate skill in healing as well as in smithing. In the early Norse sources, there is no mention of their short, in the legendary sagas, however, they are small. Anatoly Liberman suggests that dwarfs may have originally been thought of as supernatural beings. Old Norse dwarf names include Fullangr and Hár, whereas Anglo-Saxon glosses use dweorg to render Latin terms such as nanus and pygmaeus, dwarfs in folklore are usually described as old men with long beards. Female dwarfs are hardly ever mentioned, however, in the Swedish ballad Herr Peder och Dvärgens Dotter, the role of supernatural temptress is played by a dwarfs daughter. The Anglo-Saxon charm Wið Dweorh appears to relate to sleep disturbances, in the Old English Herbal, it translates Latin verrucas, warts. Lotte Motz theorized that the Germanic dwarfs, particularly as smiths and gatekeepers, there were seven dwarfs in the Brothers Grimms fairy tale Snow White
3.
Folklore
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Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group
4.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
5.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
6.
Normandy
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Normandy is one of the regions of France, roughly corresponding to the historical Duchy of Normandy. Administratively, Normandy is divided into five departments, Calvados, Eure, Manche, Orne and it covers 30,627 km², forming roughly 5% of the territory of France. Its population of 3.37 million accounts for around 5% of the population of France, Normans is the name given to the inhabitants of Normandy, and the region is the homeland of the Norman language. The historical region of Normandy comprised the region of Normandy, as well as small areas now part of the départements, or departments of Mayenne. For a century and a following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Normandy and England were linked by Norman. Archaeological finds, such as paintings, prove that humans were present in the region in prehistoric times. Celts invaded Normandy in successive waves from the 4th to the 3rd century BC, when Julius Caesar invaded Gaul, there were nine different Celtic tribes living in Normandy. The Romanisation of Normandy was achieved by the methods, Roman roads. Classicists have knowledge of many Gallo-Roman villas in Normandy, in the late 3rd century, barbarian raids devastated Normandy. Coastal settlements were raided by Saxon pirates, Christianity also began to enter the area during this period. In 406, Germanic tribes began invading from the east, while the Saxons subjugated the Norman coast, the Roman Emperor withdrew from most of Normandy. As early as 487, the area between the River Somme and the River Loire came under the control of the Frankish lord Clovis, the Vikings started to raid the Seine Valley during the middle of the 9th century. As early as 841, a Viking fleet appeared at the mouth of the Seine, after attacking and destroying monasteries, including one at Jumièges, they took advantage of the power vacuum created by the disintegration of Charlemagnes empire to take northern France. The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Norwegian Viking leader Hrólfr Ragnvaldsson, Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks, Charles the Simple, through the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory which he, the name Normandy reflects Rollos Viking origins. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and they became the Normans – a Norman-speaking mixture of Saxons and indigenous Franks and Celts. Besides the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent conquests of Wales and Ireland, Norman families, such as that of Tancred of Hauteville, Rainulf Drengot and Guimond de Moulins played important parts in the Norman conquest of southern Italy and Crusades. They also carved out a place for themselves and their descendants in the Crusader states of Asia Minor, the 14th century Norman explorer Jean de Béthencourt established a kingdom in the Canary Islands
7.
Hobgoblin
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Hobgoblin is a term typically applied in folktales to describe a mischievous spirit. Shakespeare identifies the character of Puck in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream as a hobgoblin, the term hobgoblin was at first two words Hob Goblin, with Hob being the first name, and Goblin being a defining surname. One interpretation derives hob from the Welsh, signifying hearth, and therefore, the earliest instance of the word can be traced to around 1530, although it was likely in use for some time prior to that. Hob is simply a name for the countryside goblin, a piece of rude familiarity to cover up uncertainty or fear. Hob is generally explained as a nickname for Robert, hobgoblins seem to be small, hairy little men who—like their close relative, brownies—are often found within human dwellings, doing odd jobs around the house while the family is lost in sleep. Such chores are typically small deeds, like dusting and ironing, often, the only compensation necessary in return for these is food. While brownies are more creatures, hobgoblins are more fond of practical jokes. They also seem to be able to shape-shift, as seen in one of Pucks monologues in A Midsummer Nights Dream, robin Goodfellow is perhaps the most mischievous and most infamous of all his kind, but many are less antagonizing. Like all of the fae folk, hobgoblins are easily annoyed and they can be mischievous, frightening, and even dangerous. Attempts to give them clothing will often banish them forever, though whether they take offense to such gifts or are too proud to work in new clothes differs from teller to teller. In John Bunyans hymn To be a Pilgrim, the hobgoblin is coupled with a fiend as two monstrous beings who try but fail to daunt the Pilgrims spirit. The term hobgoblin has grown to mean an object that is a source of fear or trouble. Probably the best-known example of usage is Ralph Waldo Emersons line, A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds. Bauchan Bogeyman Hob Kobold The hymn To be a Pilgrim, written by John Bunyan, – which includes a verse in which the first line reads, Hobgoblin nor foul fiend/Shall daunt his spirit
8.
Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
9.
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac
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Rising from a modest beginning in Acadia in 1683 as an explorer, trapper, and a trader of alcohol and furs, he achieved various positions of political importance in the colony. He was the commander of Fort de Buade, modern-day St. Ignace, Michigan, in 1701, he founded Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, the future city of Detroit, which he commanded until 1710. Between 1710 and 1716 he was the governor of Louisiana, although he did not arrive in that territory until 1713. His knowledge of the coasts of New England and the Great Lakes area was appreciated by Frontenac, governor of New France and this earned him various favors, including the Order of Saint Louis from King Louis XIV. The Jesuits in Canada, however, criticized his perceived perversion of the Indigenous peoples of Turtle Island, also known as North America, La Mothe was imprisoned for a few months in Quebec in 1704, and again in the Bastille on his return to France in 1717. Upon his arrival in North America, La Mothe adopted his title after the town of Cadillac in southwestern France, the city he helped found, Detroit, became the world center of automobile production in the 20th century. William H. Murphy and Henry M. Leland, founders of the Cadillac auto company, paid homage to him by using his name for their company and his armorial bearings as its logo in 1902. Various places bear his name in North America, in particular Cadillac Mountain, Maine, and he was widely hailed as a hero in the popular mind until the 1950s and rethinking of the colonial enterprise. Since then Zoltvany finds, he most definitely was not one of the early heroes. This view is supported by Henri R. Casgrain, in his Les Sulpiciens et les Pretres des Missions-Etrangeres en Acadie, Pruneau & Kirouac, Quebec 1897. He refers to Cadillac on p 61. of this work as. a Gascon adventurer, the most wicked character in the world and this judgment is based on reflections about several individuals who contributed to the difficulties of early missionaries in Acadia. It supports the judgment of Zoltvany given above, Cadillac was born Antoine Laumet on March 5,1658, in the small town of Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave in the French Province of Gascony. His father, Jean Laumet, was born in the village of Caumont-sur-Garonne and he became a lawyer in the Parliament of Toulouse. In 1652 Jean was appointed lieutenant to the judge of Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Grave by Cardinal Mazarin and he was appointed as a judge in 1664. Antoines mother, Jeanne Péchagut, was the daughter of a merchant and they were Protestant – French Huguenots, and suffered some discrimination because of that. La Mothes adult correspondence reveals that his youth included rigorous study at a Jesuit institution where he learned theology, after his career in North America, he returned to France. In a record of service he filled out in 1675, he said that he had enlisted in the military as a cadet at the age of 17 in the Dampierre regiment, in Charleroi. Two years later in personal letters, however, he reported that he had been an officer in the Clérambault regiment in Thionville, at the age of 25, Antoine Laumet departed from France to the New World
10.
Divination
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Divination is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual. Divination can be seen as a method with which to organize what appear to be disjointed. Fortune-telling, on the hand, is a more everyday practice for personal purposes. Particular divination methods vary by culture and religion, divination is dismissed by the scientific community and skeptics as being superstition. Psychologist Julian Jaynes categorized divination into the four types, Omens. Chinese history offers scrupulously documented occurrences of births, the tracking of natural phenomena. Chinese governmental planning relied on this method of forecasting for long-range strategies and it is not unreasonable to assume that modern scientific inquiry began with this kind of divination, Joseph Needhams work considered this very idea. This consists of the casting of lots, or sortes, whether with sticks, stones, bones, beans, coins, modern playing cards and board games developed from this type of divination. This ranks a set of given possibilities and it can be qualitative, for example, dowsing developed from this type of divination. The Romans, in times, used Etruscan methods of augury such as hepatoscopy. Augury is normally considered to refer to divination by studying the flight patterns of birds. An unconstrained form of divination, free from any particular medium, the answer comes from whatever object the diviner happens to see or hear. Some religions use a form of bibliomancy, they ask a question, riffle the pages of their holy book, other forms of spontaneous divination include reading auras and New Age methods of feng shui such as intuitive and fuzion. In this practice, the examines the hands of a person for whom they are divining for indications of their future. The Oracle of Amun at the Siwa Oasis was made famous when Alexander the Great visited it after delivering Egypt from Persian rule in 332 BC, deuteronomy 18, 10-12 or Leviticus 19,26 can be interpreted as categorically forbidding divination. However, some would claim that divination is indeed practiced in the Bible, such as in Exodus 28, communicating with God through prayer is not the same as divination, though both are open, typically two-way conversations with God. Both oracles and seers in ancient Greece practiced divination, oracles were the conduits for the gods on earth, their prophecies were understood to be the will of the gods verbatim. Because of the demand for oracle consultations and the oracles’ limited work schedule
11.
British Army
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The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the British Army comprises just over 80,000 trained Regular, or full-time, personnel and just over 26,500 trained Reserve, or part-time personnel. Therefore, the UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years, day to day the Army comes under administration of the Ministry of Defence and is commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. Repeatedly emerging victorious from these decisive wars allowed Britain to influence world events with its policies and establish itself as one of the leading military. In 1660 the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II, Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and began work towards its establishment by August 1660. The Royal Scots Army and the Irish Army were financed by the Parliament of Scotland, the order of seniority of the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, after William and Marys accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance, primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Marys father, James II. Spain, in the two centuries, had been the dominant global power, and the chief threat to Englands early transatlantic ambitions. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. From the time of the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, Great Britain was the naval power. As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought the Kingdoms of Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War, the British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada. The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in campaigns across Europe. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington, the English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the Pope in 1171. The campaign of the English republican Protector, Oliver Cromwell, involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, the English Army stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. Having learnt from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution, the British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster in the 1798 rebellion. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created the Territorial Force as the Armys volunteer reserve component by merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force, Militia, Great Britains dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, in the 20th century, most notably Germany
12.
Indigenous peoples of the Americas
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The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. The term Amerindian is used in Quebec, the Guianas, Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives. Application of the term Indian originated with Christopher Columbus, who, in his search for Asia, eventually, the Americas came to be known as the West Indies, a name still used to refer to the islands of the Caribbean Sea. This led to the blanket term Indies and Indians for the indigenous inhabitants, although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time, although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by peoples, some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico. At least a different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples. The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are the subject of ongoing research. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to northwest North America. Alaska was a glacial refugium because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist, the Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska for thousands of years. Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single population, one that developed in isolation. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years, around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets. Another route proposed involves migration - either on foot or using primitive boats - along the Pacific Northwest coast to the south, archeological evidence of the latter would have been covered by the sea level rise of more than 120 meters since the last ice age
13.
Pontiac (Ottawa leader)
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Pontiac or Obwandiyag was an Odawa war chief who became noted for his role in Pontiacs War, an American Indian struggle against British military occupation of the Great Lakes region and named for him. It followed the British victory in the French and Indian War, Pontiacs importance has been debated in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth-century accounts portrayed him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, historians today generally view him as an important local leader who influenced a wider movement that he did not command. The war began in May 1763 when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take Fort Detroit by surprise and his plan was foiled, so Pontiac laid siege to the fort, where he was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes. Meanwhile, messengers spread the word of Pontiacs actions, and the war expanded far beyond Detroit, in July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Bloody Run, but he was unable to capture the fort. In October, he lifted the siege and withdrew to the Illinois Country, Pontiacs influence declined around Detroit because of the unsuccessful siege, but he gained stature as he continued to encourage resistance to the British. Seeking to end the war, British officials made him the focus of their diplomatic efforts, in July 1766, he made peace with British Superintendent of Indian Affairs Sir William Johnson. The attention that the British paid to Pontiac resulted in resentment among other leaders, as the war effort was decentralized. He was increasingly ostracized, then assassinated by a Peoria warrior in 1769, contemporaneous documents reveal little about Pontiac before 1763. He was probably born between 1712 and 1725, perhaps at an Ottawa village on the Detroit or Maumee rivers, other sources state that he may have been born in Defiance, Ohio. The tribal affiliation of his parents is uncertain, according to an 18th-century Ottawa tradition, Pontiacs mother was an Ottawa and his father an Ojibwa, although some sources claim that one of his parents was a Miami. Some sources also state that he might have born a Catawba and taken as prisoner. Pontiac was always identified as an Ottawa by people who knew him and he had also lived in close proximity to Fort Detroit since 1732. By 1747, Pontiac had become an Ottawa war leader, when he allied with New France against a movement led by Nicholas Orontony. Pontiac continued to support the French during the French and Indian War against British colonists and he may have taken part in the famous French and Indian victory over the Braddock expedition on July 9,1755, although there is no direct evidence. In one of the earliest accounts of Pontiac, Robert Rogers, Rogers wrote a play about Pontiac called Ponteach, or the Savages of America, which helped to make the Ottawa leader famous and began the process of mythologizing about him. According to historian Richard White, the play made Pontiac the most famous Indian of the eighteenth century, the French and Indian War, the North American theater of the Seven Years War, effectively ended in 1760 with the British conquest of New France. Indian allies of the defeated French soon became dissatisfied with the practices of the victorious British
14.
Detroit River
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The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, the two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The rivers name comes from the French Rivière Détroit, meaning River of the Strait, the Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The river travels west and south from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the river serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Huron, and Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, in recent years, however, the ecological importance of the river has warranted a vast restoration effort, and the river today has a wide variety of economical and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront, the Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River — the only river to have this dual designation. The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, however, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider. The Detroit River is only 0.5 to 2.5 miles wide, the Detroit River starts on an east to west flow but then bends and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 53 feet deep in the portion of the river. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet above sea level, the river drops only three feet before entering into Lake Erie at 571 feet. As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles, since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries. Its largest tributary is the River Rouge in Michigan, which is four times longer than the Detroit River. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River, tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size, the rivers average discharge is approximately 188,000 cubic feet per second, and the rivers flow is constant. The Detroit River forms an element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, the largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan
15.
William Hull
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William Hull was an American soldier and politician. He fought in the American Revolution and was appointed as Governor of Michigan Territory, as a general in the War of 1812, Hull is best remembered for surrendering Fort Detroit to the British on August 16,1812 following the Siege of Detroit. After the battle, Hull was court-martialed, convicted, and sentenced to death and he graduated from Yale University in 1772, studied law in Litchfield, Connecticut, and joined the bar in 1775. At the outbreak of fighting in the American Revolution, Hull joined a militia and was quickly promoted to captain, then to major. He was in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Stillwater, Saratoga, Fort Stanwix, Monmouth and he was recognized by George Washington and the Continental Congress for his service. Hull was a friend of Nathan Hale and tried to dissuade Hale from the spy mission that would cost him his life. Hull was largely responsible for publicizing Hales famous last words, I only regret that I have, after the American Revolution, he moved to his wifes family estate in Newton, Massachusetts and served as a judge and state senator in Massachusetts. He was elected captain of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts in 1789, on March 22,1805, President Thomas Jefferson appointed Hull as Governor of the recently created Michigan Territory and as its Indian Agent. By February 1812, the US was openly talking about and making plans in Congress for war with Great Britain, the British responded by recruiting Native American tribes to form part of their defense in the Michigan, Canada area in case the Americans attacked Canada. While Hull was in Washington, Secretary of War William Eustis informed him that President Madison wished to appoint him a Brigadier General in command of the new Army of the Northwest, Hull, then nearly 60 years old, expressed his disinterest in a new military commission. Colonel Kingsbury was selected to lead the force instead, Kingsbury fell ill before taking command, and the offer was repeated to Hull, who this time accepted. From there he was to march the army to Detroit, where he was also to continue managing as Territorial Governor, during this war he was known as the man of sound. Hull arrived in Cincinnati on May 10,1812, and on May 25 took command of the militia at Dayton, the militia comprised three regiments, who elected as their commanding Colonels Duncan McArthur, Lewis Cass, and James Findlay. They marched to Staunton and then to Urbana, where they were joined by the 300-man 4th Infantry Regiment, the men of the militia were ill-equipped and little trained, averse to strong military discipline. Hull relied on the regiment to quell several instances of insubordination on the remainder of the march. By the end of June, the army had reached the rapids of the Maumee River, the US signed its declaration of war on Great Britain on June 18,1812, and that same day Secretary Eustis sent two letters to General Hull. One of them, sent by messenger, arrived on June 24. The second one, announcing the declaration of war, was sent via the postal service, as a result, Hull was still unaware that war had broken out when he reached the rapids of the Maumee
16.
Siege of Detroit
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The Siege of Detroit, also known as the Surrender of Detroit, or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the Anglo-American War of 1812. The British victory reinvigorated the militia and civil authorities of Upper Canada, many Native American people in the Northwest Territory were inspired to take arms against American outposts and settlers. The British held Detroit for more than a year before their small fleet on Lake Erie was defeated, in particular it was urgently necessary to reinforce the outpost of Detroit, which had a population of 800 but a peacetime garrison of only 120 soldiers. Madison and Eustis concurred with this plan, Madison offered command of the army to Hull, an ageing veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Hull was initially reluctant to take the appointment, but no other officer with his prestige, after repeated pleas from Madison, Hull finally accepted, and was commissioned as a Brigadier General in the United States Army. Hulls army consisted initially of three regiments of Ohio militia under Colonels Lewis Cass, Duncan McArthur and James Findlay. When Hull took command of them at Dayton on 25 May, he found that they were equipped and ill-disciplined. He made hasty efforts to remedy the deficiencies in equipment, Infantry under Lieutenant Colonel James Miller, the army marched north from Urbana on 10 June. On instructions from Eustis, Hull ignored an earlier established by Anthony Wayne. On 26 June, he received a letter from Eustis, dated 18 June, warning him that war was imminent, Eustis had sent his first letter of 18 June by special messenger. Congress had passed the declaration of war later that day but Eustis sent a letter to Hull with this vital information only by ordinary mail. On 28 June, the postmaster at Cleveland, Ohio hired an express rider to rush the letter to Hull but even this arrived only on 2 July. On 2 July, the unsuspecting Cayahoga was captured by a Canadian-manned armed brig of the Provincial Marine, Hull reached Detroit on 5 July. Here he was reinforced by detachments of Michigan militia, including the 140 men of the Michigan Legionary Corps which Hull had established in 1805, the American army was short of supplies, especially food, as Detroit apparently provided only soap and whiskey. Nevertheless, Eustis urged Hull to attack Amherstburg, the fort there was defended by 300 British regulars, mainly from the 41st Regiment of Foot,400 Native Americans, and some militia. The posts commander was Colonel St. George, who was superseded by Colonel Henry Procter of the 41st. Although Hull was not enthusiastic, writing to Eustis that The British command the water and he issued several proclamations which were intended to induce Canadians to join or support his army. Some of his troops raided up the Thames as far as Moraviantown
17.
War of 1812
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Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
18.
1967 Detroit riot
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The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street riot, was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance in Detroit, Michigan. It began in the morning hours of Sunday, July 23,1967. The precipitating event was a raid of an unlicensed, after-hours bar then known as a blind pig, just north of the corner of 12th Street. To help end the disturbance, Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan Army National Guard into Detroit, the result was 43 dead,1,189 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed. The scale of the riot was surpassed in the United States only by the 1863 New York City draft riots during the U. S. Civil War, and the 1992 Los Angeles riots. The riot was prominently featured in the media, with live television coverage, extensive newspaper reporting. The staff of the Detroit Free Press won the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for general reporting for its coverage. East of Woodward, the area around East Grand Boulevard, which goes east/west then north/south to Belle Isle, was involved, however, the entire city was affected between Sunday, July 23, and Thursday, July 27. The city enacted a curfew, prohibited sales of alcohol and firearms. A number of adjoining communities also enacted curfews, there was significant white participation in the rioting and looting, raising questions as to whether the event fits into the classical race riot category. They expected a few revelers inside, but instead found a party of 82 black people celebrating the return of two local GIs from the Vietnam War, the police decided to arrest everyone present. While they were arranging for transportation, a crowd of onlookers gathered on the street. After the police left, the mob began looting an adjacent clothing store. Shortly thereafter, full-scale looting began throughout the neighborhood, State police, Wayne County sheriffs, and the Michigan National Guard were alerted, but because it was Sunday, it took hours for the Police Commissioner Ray Girardin to assemble sufficient manpower. Meanwhile, witnesses described seeing a carnival atmosphere on 12th Street, police—inadequate in number and wrongly believing that the rioting would soon expire—just stood there and watched. Police did not make their first arrest until 7 a. m, the mob did not attack the few white passersby. To the east, on Chene Street, reports said the pillaging mob boasted a mixed composition, the first major fire broke mid-afternoon in a grocery store on a corner of 12th Street and Atkinson. The mob prevented firefighters from extinguishing it and soon more smoke filled the skyline, by Sunday afternoon, news had spread, and people attending events such as a Fox Theater Motown revue and Detroit Tigers baseball game were warned to avoid certain areas of the city
19.
Mike Duggan
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Michael Edward Mike Duggan is an American attorney, prosecutor, and businessman, currently serving as mayor of Detroit, Michigan. He received 52% of the vote as a write-in candidate. Duggan graduated from Detroit Catholic Central High School and he then received a bachelors degree from the University of Michigan in 1980, followed by a J. D. degree from its law school in 1983. A Democrat, Duggan was an appointed and elected official in Wayne County and he was deputy County Executive from 1987 to 2001 under Edward H. McNamara and was elected prosecutor in 2000. Beginning in 2004, Duggan was president and CEO of the Detroit Medical Center and he was in this position when the formerly nonprofit DMC was sold to publicly traded Vanguard Health Systems in 2010. He resigned his position at the DMC in 2012 and moved from the suburb of Livonia to the city of Detroit, Duggan is the first white mayor of the majority-black city of Detroit since Roman Gribbs, who served from 1970 to 1974. Duggan received 52% of the vote as a write-in candidate. He ran with the slogan, Every neighborhood has a future. Duggan is married to Lori Maher, and they have four adult children, list of mayors of the largest 50 US cities Duggan for Detroit campaign site About Mayor Duggan
20.
Palladium Books
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Palladium Books is a publisher of role-playing games perhaps best known for its popular, expansive Rifts series. Palladium was founded April 1981 in Detroit, Michigan by current president and lead game designer Kevin Siembieda, Other popular titles include adaptations of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Robotech. Palladium was also one of the distributors of Robotech merchandise for several years. Between the late 1990s and early 2000s, all of Palladiums licenses lapsed and were not pursued for renewal, in September 2007, Palladium finalized negotiations with Harmony Gold USA to produce Robotech, The Shadow Chronicles Role-Playing Game, an RPG based on Robotech, The Shadow Chronicles. Palladium claims that it was the first publisher in the RPG industry to adopt the practice of binding its books. Palladium also releases most of its titles in paperback, whereas other major RPG publishers mostly publish hardback editions and this format choice has allowed Palladium to provide full sourcebooks at a lower cost than many other game lines. Palladium Books has licensed several of their properties to third-party developers. Only one book has ever published by another company under license from Palladium, Rifts, Manhunter from Myrmidon Press. Palladium cancelled the license in May 1996, in October 2000, Rifts was licensed to the now defunct Precedence Entertainment for a collectible card game. In May 2004, Rifts was licensed to create the Rifts, in May 2003, Palladium announced that Jerry Bruckheimer Films and Walt Disney Pictures had optioned the rights to make a film based on the Rifts RPG series. At the time, Bruckheimer was said to be developing the movie in conjunction with screenwriter David Franzoni, an April 19,2006 press release asserted that until Jerry Bruckheimer has a script he loves, the movie can’t get the green light. In the April 14,2011 weekly update, Siembieda said that the option would be renewed for a ninth year. It also provided information about the thefts, which took place from 2002 to 2004 and were only discovered when Palladium took inventory. Siembieda stated that he had not wanted to make public Sheirings identity out of the fear that overzealous fans might get into trouble by committing acts of reprisal and he explained that the heaviest punishment Sheiring had been likely to receive even without the plea bargain was probation. Given the urgency of Palladiums situation, Siembieda did not feel he had any real choice, Palladium is entirely controlled and owned by Kevin Siembieda. One of the writers later apologized for the manner in which he made his statements, during the campaign, Palladium specified an intended release date of Robotech RPG Tactics as early as 2013 Holiday Season. Kevin Siembieda and Palladium Books attributed these shifting dates to a number of issues including Chinese New Year causing production to start later than expected. On September 25,2013, Update #113 echoed the intention of a holiday release and this was followed by an update in November 2013 listing several unforeseen issues holding up production and further delay
21.
Beyond the Supernatural
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Beyond the Supernatural is a horror role-playing game published by Palladium Books. It has seen two editions released, both of which have introduced innovations on Palladiums standard mechanics, beyond the Supernatural is implicitly set in the modern day, wherein magic and psychic powers are real and monsters and demonic cults exist, but out of the public eye. This, however, is not set in stone, and most of the classes are flexible enough to account for variant settings or time periods. The first edition of Beyond the Supernatural was published September 1987 and was a joint project between Randy McCall and Kevin Siembieda, the president and lead designer of Palladium Books. It had one supplement published, Boxed Nightmares, in November 1990, Boxed Nightmares was a collection of adventures, much of the art for both titles was created by Kevin Long. The system used the then-standard Palladium combat and skills system, including variable educational levels for most characters, first editions innovations on Palladiums system was in terms of its supernatural powers. Beyond the Supernatural introduced the concept of Potential Psychic Energy, which is invested in skills and psychic powers as a person develops, Psychic powers were also now organized into the categories of Physical, Healing, and Sensitive, instead of experience levels as they had been previously. Both of these innovations, and the underpinnings for them. The second edition of Beyond the Supernatural was released in January 2005 after a development period. Like its predecessor, it is set in a version of Earth, where supernatural forces act out of sight of most of the populace. Second edition maintained several things from the first edition, for most characters, education and occupation are still independent of P. C. C. Reflecting the more modern and realistic veneer of the setting, Second edition, however, made some very significant changes to maintain the mystery of the setting, preventing characters from bringing proof of monsters or psychic powers to the world at large. Psychic powers are difficult to recreate under laboratory conditions, and totals of Inner Strength Points, furthermore, supernatural creatures dissolve completely when destroyed, leaving nothing behind to be analyzed or photographed. Beyond the Supernatural has a small but loyal fanbase, many of whom feel that the game has been ignored in favor of Palladiums more popular series, Rifts. They cite the development time on Beyond the Supernatural, Second Edition. As such, many regard the second edition as incomplete. Another complaint among many fans is the lack of the rules, originally written by Erick Wujcik
22.
Lost Girl
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Lost Girl is a Canadian supernatural drama television series that premiered on Showcase on September 12,2010, and ran for five seasons. It follows the life of a succubus named Bo, played by Anna Silk, as she learns to control her superhuman abilities, help those in need. The series was created by Michelle Lovretta and produced by Jay Firestone and Prodigy Pictures Inc. with the participation of the Canadian Television Fund, and in association with Shaw Media. On August 25,2014, Showcase announced that the season would be the last. The series finale aired on October 25,2015. In Australia, Lost Girl premiered on Sci Fi Australia on July 14,2011, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on Syfy on September 1,2011. In the United States, it premiered on Syfy on January 16,2012, episodes begin with a cold open, followed by the opening title sequence showing the top four main actors, series creator and show title, accompanied by the Lost Girl Theme song. Over the top of the sequence and theme song is the voice-over monologue by the protagonist, Bo, summarizing her story and its harder when you dont know what you are. My love carries a death sentence, I was lost for years, searching while hiding, only to find that I belong to a world hidden from humans. I will live the life I choose, the Lost Girl Theme song was composed by Jody Colero, Marco DiFelice and Benjamin Pinkerton. Total episode running time is 44,00 minutes, including opening title sequence, episodes on Syfy in the United States are 90 seconds shorter to allow for more commercial advertisement time. Bo is a Succubus who grew up in a human family, unaware of her non-human nature. When she told her parents what had happened, they broke the news to Bo that she had been adopted, in the first episode, Bo saves a young human woman, Kenzi, from a rapist who had surreptitiously drugged her with a roofie in her drink. The two quickly become friends and Kenzi decides they should team up to create a Fae/Human detective agency, most of the Fae considered Bo an unknown entity that should either be eliminated as a risk to their secret existence or exploited for their benefit. Throughout the season, Bo learns more about the Fae world, along the way, Bo also develops romantic relationships with both Dyson, a Light Fae wolf shapeshifter and police detective, and Lauren, a human doctor and scientist in servitude to the Light Fae. The new Ash, Lachlan, recruits Bo to be his champion in the battle against the Garuda and she agrees on the condition that he regard her as a partner, not as his servant. She uses her power to unite her team of Light. The third season culminates with Bo being engulfed by smoke and disappearing into thin air, presumably whisked away by her mysterious
23.
Showcase (Canadian TV channel)
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Showcase is a Canadian English language Category A specialty channel owned by Corus Entertainment. The channel deals primarily in scripted television series and films and was known in its early years for featuring unconventional. It launched at midnight on January 1,1995, with a short introductory montage and its first program, Monty Pythons Life of Brian, when the network launched, it garnered some negative publicity due to a disclaimer that it would broadcast prior to reruns of older series. The disclaimer, which advised viewers to remember that attitudes were not always the same as they are now was applied to relatively recent programs such as Seeing Things, following media scorn and accusations of political correctness and being condescending to viewers, Showcase abandoned this form of disclaimer. Showcase later spawned two television services, the male-oriented Action and the more female-oriented Showcase Diva. On December 19,2006 Alliance Atlantis launched a high definition simulcast of Showcase, only one HD feed, simulcasting the East feed, launched prior to the shutdown of the West feed. It is carried on all major Canadian television service providers, after several acquisitions over the years, Alliance Atlantis gained full control of Showcase. On January 18,2008, a joint venture between Canwest and Goldman Sachs Capital Partners known as CW Media bought Alliance Atlantis and gained AACs interest in Showcase, following its acquisition by Canwest, the channels new management felt that Showcases adult programming was alienating viewers and advertisers. In August 2009, Showcase underwent a rebranding, introducing a new programming lineup with a greater focus on hit dramas. Canwest executives hoped that the new lineup would make the more attractive to viewers and advertisers. While Showcase continues to air a thematically broad range of programming, its most recent successes, especially in original programming, have been with science fiction. In 2010, a new series, the supernatural crime drama Lost Girl. This was bested less than two years later by the debut of another original series, Continuum, which had an average audience of 900,000 viewers. On October 27,2010, ownership changed again as Shaw Communications gained control of Showcase as a result of its acquisition of Canwest, for the Fall 2013 season, Showcase unveiled a new tagline and branding campaign, Character is Everything. The four-week marketing campaign was highlighted by promos narrated by characters from Showcases series in first-person, an interactive website was created by Stitch Media. On it, viewers can create their own trailers for Showcase programming based their own character, to coincide with the campaign, Showcase tweaked some of its on-air graphics. On April 1,2016, parent company Shaw Media was sold to Corus Entertainment, from the beginning, Showcase has aired frequent repeats of Canadian series, with the lineup changing from year to year, along with other foreign series and independent films. Its known for carrying numerous TV series from American cable channels such as TNT, in recent years, the channel has also increasingly aired second window repeats of both premium and network television series
24.
Graphic novel
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A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content. Although the word normally refers to long fictional works, the term graphic novel is applied broadly and includes fiction, non-fiction. It is distinguished from the comic book, which is used for comics periodicals. Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term graphic novel in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine Capa-Alpha, the Book Industry Study Group began using graphic novel as a category in book stores in 2001. In the publishing trade, the term extends to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium. Collections of comic books that do not form a story, anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces. The term is sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories, in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form. As the exact definition of the novel is debated, the origins of the form are open to interpretation. The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end, the first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition. Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read, inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck. In 1894 Caran dAche broached the idea of a novel in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro. In the United States there is a tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form. In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault, the 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition, with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as the undisputed king of this revival. American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition, publishing Gods Man, in 1929, the 1940s saw the launching of Classics Illustrated, a comic-book series that primarily adapted notable, public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers. In 1947 Fawcett Comics published Comics Novel #1, Anarcho, Dictator of Death, by the late 1960s, American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form. Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self-published a 40-page, magazine-format comics novel, savage in 1968—the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider-Man in a similar format. Meanwhile, in continental Europe, the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as The Adventures of Tintin or Asterix led to long-form narratives published initially as serials. By 1969, the author John Updike, who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth, addressed the Bristol Literary Society, on the death of the novel
25.
Caliber Comics
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Caliber Comics or Caliber Press is an American comic book publisher founded in 1989 by Gary Reed. Featuring primarily creator-owned comics, in the next decade Caliber published over 1300 comics, after ceasing publishing in 2000, Caliber resumed publishing in 2014, focusing primarily on original graphic novels and collections of previously released material. Gary Reed, who owned a chain of bookstores, began publishing with the release of two titles acquired from Arrow Comics—Deadworld and The Realm. Reed arranged with Pocket Classics, a series of illustrated books similar in design to Classics Illustrated, the interest in literary works continued for Caliber when in 1991 the new imprint Tome Press was launched. Tome featured historical and biographical material in addition to literature, after its initial launch, Caliber expanded by bringing in new creators and projects. Jim Calafiore was first published with his novella, Progeny. In the early 1990s, Caliber launched three new imprints, Gauntlet and Iconografix, Gauntlet was an action-based line whose leading titles were U. N. Force, Berzerker, Patrick Zirchers Samurai Seven, and Serpent Rising. Iconografix dealt with more obscure and cutting-edge material that included humor comics as well as comics often referred to as the slice of life. Included here were the first issues of Ed Brubakers Lowlife, Meatcake from Dame Darcy, Bound & Gagged from Michael Aushenker, and a number of projects from Dave Cooper, Jason Lutes, and Matt Howarth. Another licensed property was Mechanoid Invasion, a 1981 RPG from Palladium Books made into a 3-book comic called The Mechanoids beginning in Spring 1991, another comic property affiliated with Caliber called Justice Machine had also been adapted into a Heroes Unlimited sourcebook by Palladium. This was based on the original Noble Comics version by Gustovich in 1981, in late 1993, Caliber merged with the Stabur Corporation. Reed became president of Stabur as well as staying on with Caliber, Caliber began to produce special comics for Wal-Mart, including the series Big Bang Comics, Stormquest, and a number of literary adaptations, including a version of Frankenstein. Caliber also produced records and a specialty magazine, ARC. In 1993, the principles of Stabur were involved in starting up a new toy company with Spawn creator Todd McFarlane, Reed was named vice president of McFarlane Toys while still running Stabur and Caliber. Jim Pruett was hired to take some of the editorial duties of Caliber. Reed would stay with McFarlane Toys until May 1996, Caliber expanded in the mid-1990s with titles such as David Macks Kabuki, Brian Bendis A. K. A. Goldfish and Jinx, Mark Ricketts Nowheresville, Mike Carey and Michael Gaydos on Inferno, New Worlds titles were loosely connected, and included Raven Chronicles, Helsing, Seeker, Saint Germaine, Red Diaries, Black Mist, and others. Although not a shared universe, the settings and characters could cross over with each other
26.
Lauren Beukes
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Lauren Beukes is a South African novelist, short story writer, journalist and television scriptwriter. Lauren Beukes was born 5 June 1976 and she grew up in Johannesburg, South Africa. She has an MA in Creative Writing from the University of Cape Town and she worked as a freelance journalist for ten years, including two years in New York and Chicago. She is the author of The Shining Girls, a novel about a time-traveling serial-killer, harperCollins had won the international rights to the book in a fierce bidding war with several other publishers. The TV rights for the novel have been acquired by MRC, the cover artwork received the 2010 BSFA award for best art. The novel has also been short-listed for the Grand Prix de lImaginaire in France for best foreign novel, best translation by Laurent Philibert-Caillat, the film rights have been optioned by South African producer, Helena Spring. Her first novel was Moxyland, a novel set in a future Cape Town. Both books were first published in South Africa by Jacana Publishing and her first book, the non-fiction Maverick, Extraordinary Women From South Africas Past was long-listed for the 2006 Sunday Times Alan Paton Award. In July 2014, Beukes published a new a novel called Broken Monsters and her first short fiction collection, Slipping, Stories, Essays, and Other Writing, was released in October 2016. As head writer for Clockwork Zoo, she was part of the development team that created South Africas first half-hour animated TV series, URBO, The Adventures of Pax Afrika. She also wrote 12 episodes of the Disney Playhouse show, Florries Dragons for Wish Films and she directed a feature-length documentary on Miss Gay Western Cape called Glitterboys & Ganglands. The film has shown at festivals including The Atlanta Film Festival, Encounters, Out in Africa. The pilot was commissioned by the SABC but never broadcast and her novel, The Shining Girls, is being adapted into a television series by MRC and Appian Way Productions. She won Best Columnist Western Cape in the Vodacom Journalist of the Year Awards in 2007 and 2008, Beukes made her comics writing debut with All The Pretty Ponies in Vertigos Strange Adventures one-shot. She also wrote The Hidden Kingdom, an arc of Fairest, a spin-off of Bill Willinghams Eisner Award-winning Fables series, Beukes currently lives in Cape Town
27.
Great Lakes Avengers
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The Great Lakes Avengers is a fictional superhero team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The characters were first introduced in West Coast Avengers #46, and were created by John Byrne, the team first appeared in The West Coast Avengers vol. 2, #46, and then made appearances in issues #48–49 and #64, the GLA also make an appearance in issue #309 of Avengers and in the 1990 Avengers Annual. This was followed by appearances in issues #15–17 and #25 of Thunderbolts and issues #10–11, in 2005, the GLA were featured in a four-issue mini-series titled GLA, Misassembled and the one-shot GLX-Mas Special. This was followed in 2006 by an appearance in I ♥ Marvel, Masked Intentions. 2, #8, and Cable and Deadpool #30, in 2007, the team was featured in the one-shot Deadpool/GLI Summer Fun Spectacular. The team also made appearances in issues #19 and #25 of Avengers, The Initiative. In 2011, the made a appearance in issue #6 of Fear Itself. A new volume and ongoing series of the team debutted in 2016, the team has changed its name on several occasions. The Avenger Hawkeye first protests their use of the name Avengers, the team rename themselves the Lightning Rods after fellow super-team, the Thunderbolts. Mr. Immortal suggests a name-change to S. W. O. R. D, although ultimately the teams name is changed to the Great Lakes X-Men when its members collectively realize that they are all mutants. After team member Flatman wins a poker tournament, the GLA rename themselves the Great Lakes Champions. Following the events of Avengers, Civil War, the team operated as the Great Lakes Initiative in the state of Wisconsin, some time later, the team reverts to the name Great Lakes Avengers. Craig Hollis discovers that he is immortal, and he decides to fight crime as Mr. Immortal, after being shot by a group of thieves and left for dead, he realizes that operating alone may not be feasible. He places an advertisement for costumed adventurers in the paper and assembles the Great Lakes Avengers, recruiting Dinah Soar, Big Bertha. Mr. Immortal refuses one candidate, Gene Lorrene, a leather fetishist calling himself Leather Boy, turned down because he has no superpowers and is therefore ineligible, Lorrene takes the rejection personally. The team is first seen in public by Avengers Hawkeye and Mockingbird, although annoyed by the teams naiveté and their use of the Avengers name without permission, Hawkeye and Mockingbird agree to act as the teams mentors. The Great Lakes Avengers assist the Avengers and West Coast Avengers from time to time, after aiding the Thunderbolts against the villain Graviton, the GLA clash with the mercenary Deadpool
28.
Spring-heeled Jack
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Spring-heeled Jack is an entity in English folklore of the Victorian era. The first claimed sighting of Spring-heeled Jack was in 1837, later sightings were reported all over Great Britain and were especially prevalent in suburban London, the Midlands and Scotland. There are many theories about the nature and identity of Spring-heeled Jack and this urban legend was very popular in its time, due to the tales of his bizarre appearance and ability to make extraordinary leaps, to the point that he became the topic of several works of fiction. One report claimed that, beneath a cloak, he wore a helmet. Many stories also mention a Devil-like aspect, others said he was tall and thin, with the appearance of a gentleman. Several reports mention that he could breathe out blue and white flames, at least two people claimed that he was able to speak comprehensible English. In the early 19th century, there were reports of ghosts that stalked the streets of London and these human-like figures were described as pale, it was believed that they stalked and preyed on lone pedestrians. The stories told of these formed part of a distinct ghost tradition in London which. The most important of these entities was the Hammersmith Ghost. Another apparition, the Southampton ghost, was reported as assaulting individuals in the night. This particular spirit bore many of the characteristics of Spring-heeled Jack, the first alleged sightings of Spring-heeled Jack were made in London in 1837 and the last reported sighting is said in most of the secondary literature to have been made in Liverpool in 1904. According to much later accounts, in October 1837, a girl by the name of Mary Stevens was walking to Lavender Hill, on her way through Clapham Common, a strange figure leapt at her from a dark alley. In panic, the girl screamed, making the attacker quickly flee from the scene, the commotion brought several residents who immediately launched a search for the aggressor, who could not be found. Several witnesses claimed that he escaped by jumping over a 9 ft high wall while babbling with a high-pitched, gradually, the news of the strange character spread, and soon the press and the public gave him the name Spring-heeled Jack. The wager has, however, been accepted, and the villain has succeeded in depriving seven ladies of their senses. At one house the man rang the bell, and on the servant coming to open door, the consequence was that the poor girl immediately swooned, and has never from that moment been in her senses. The affair has now been going on for time, and, strange to say. The writer has reason to believe that they have the history at their finger-ends but
29.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
30.
Detroit Free Press
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The Detroit Free Press is the largest daily newspaper in Detroit, Michigan, USA. The Sunday edition is entitled the Sunday Free Press and it is sometimes informally referred to as the Freep. It primarily serves Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, Livingston, Washtenaw, the Free Press is also the largest city newspaper owned by Gannett, which also publishes USA Today. The Free Press has received ten Pulitzer Prizes and four Emmy Awards and its motto is On Guard Since 1831. The newspaper was begun by John R. Williams and his uncle, Joseph Campau, the first issues were printed on a Washington press purchased from the discontinued Oakland Chronicle of Pontiac, Michigan. It was hauled from Pontiac in a wagon over rough roads to a building at Bates, the press could produce 250 pages an hour, hand operated by two men. The first issues were 14 by 20 inches in size, with five columns of type, Sheldon McKnight became the first publisher with John Pitts Sheldon as editor. In the 1850s, the paper was developed into a leading Democratic publication under the ownership of Wilbur F. Storey, Storey left for the Chicago Times in 1861, taking a lot of the staff with him. In the 1870s ownership passed to William E. Quinby, who continued its Democratic leanings and established a London, in 1940, the Knight Newspapers purchased the Free Press. During the following 47 years the Free Press competed with The Detroit News, the Free Press was delivered and sold as a morning paper while the News was sold and delivered as an evening newspaper. In 1987, the paper entered into a one hundred-year joint operating agreement with its rival, the combined company is called the Detroit Media Partnership. The two papers began to publish joint Saturday and Sunday editions, though the editorial content of each remained separate. At the time, the Detroit Free Press was the tenth highest circulation paper in the United States, july 13,1995, Newspaper Guild-represented employees of the Free Press and News and the pressmen, printers and Teamsters working for the Detroit Newspapers distribution arm went on strike. By October, about 40% of the staffers had crossed the picket line. The strike was resolved in three years later, and the unions remain active at the paper, representing a majority of the employees under their jurisdiction. In 1998, the Free Press vacated its headquarters in downtown Detroit. August 3,2005, Knight Ridder sold the Free Press to the Gannett company, the News, in turn, was sold to MediaNews Group, Gannett continues to be the managing partner in the papers joint operating agreement. The Free Press resumed publication of its own Sunday edition, May 7,2006, a quirk in the operating agreement, however, allows the News to continue printing its editorial page in the Sunday Free Press
31.
Fairy
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A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. According to Thomas Keightley, the word derives from the Latin fata. Other forms are the Italian fata, and the Provençal fada, in old French romance, fee was a woman skilled in magic, and who knew the power and virtue of words, of stones, and of herbs. Faierie became fairy, but with that now almost exclusively referring to one of the legendary people. The word fairy was used to represent an illusion, or enchantment, to the word faie was added the suffix -erie, used to express either a place where something is found or a trade or typical activity engaged in. In later usage it applied to any kind of quality or activity associated with a particular type of person. In the sense land where fairies dwell, the distinctive and archaic spellings Faery, the latinate fay is not to be confused with the unrelated fey, meaning fated to die. Various folkloristic traditions refer to them euphemistically, by such as wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair folk. Sometimes the term fairy is used to any magical creature, including goblins or gnomes, at other times. Fairies have their origin in the conflation of Celtic traditions in the Middle French medieval romances. Fairie was in origin used adjectivally, meaning enchanted, but was used as a name for enchanted creatures from as early as the Late Middle English period. In English literature of the Elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of Romance culture, the Victorian and Edwardian eras saw an increase in interest in fairies. The Celtic Revival viewed them as part of Irelands cultural heritage, carole Silvers and others suggest that the fascination of English antiquarians arose from a reaction to greater industrialization, and loss of folkways. Fairies are generally described as human in appearance and having magical powers, even with these small fairies, however, their small size may be magically assumed rather than constant. Some fairies though normally quite small were able to dilate their figures to imitate humans, on Orkney they were described as short in stature, dressed in dark grey, and sometimes seen in armour. Wings, while common in Victorian and later artwork of fairies, are rare in the folklore, even very small fairies flew with magic. Nowadays, fairies are depicted with ordinary insect wings or butterfly wings. In some folklore, fairies have green eyes, some depictions of fairies either have them wearing some sort of footwear and other depictions of fairies are always barefoot
32.
Changeling
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A changeling is a creature found in folklore and folk religion. A changeling child was believed to be a child that had been left in place of a human child stolen by the fairies. The theme of the child is common in medieval literature and reflects concern over infants thought to be afflicted with unexplained diseases, disorders. It is typically described as being the offspring of a fairy, Sometimes the term is also used to refer to the child who was taken. The apparent changeling could also be a stock or fetch, a piece of wood that would soon appear to grow sick. The theme of the child is common among medieval literature and reflects concern over infants thought to be afflicted with unexplained diseases, disorders. A human child might be due to many factors, to act as a servant. Most often it was thought that fairies exchanged the children, in rare cases, the very elderly of the Fairy people would be exchanged in the place of a human baby, and then the old fairy could live in comfort, being coddled by its human parents. Simple charms, such as a coat or open iron scissors left where the child sleeps, were thought to ward them off. D. L. Ashliman points out that changeling tales illustrate an aspect of survival in pre-industrial Europe. A peasant familys subsistence frequently depended upon the labor of each member. Changeling tales support other historical evidence in suggesting that infanticide was not infrequently the solution selected, one belief is that trolls thought that it was more respectable to be raised by humans and that they wanted to give their own children a human upbringing. Some people believed that trolls would take unbaptized children, once children had been baptized and therefore become part of the Church, the trolls could not take them. Beauty in human children and young women, particularly blond hair, was said to attract the fairies, in Scottish folklore, the children might be replacements for fairy children in the tithe to Hell, this is best known from the ballad of Tam Lin. According to common Scottish myths, a child born with a caul across his or her face is a changeling, other folklore say that human milk is necessary for fairy children to survive. It is also thought that human midwives were necessary to bring babies into the world. Some stories tell of changelings who forget they are not human, Changelings which do not forget, however, in some stories return to their fairy family, possibly leaving the human family without warning. The human child that was taken may often stay with the family forever
33.
Fairy fort
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Fairy forts are the remains of lios, hillforts or other circular dwellings in Ireland. From late Iron Age to early Christian times, the occupants built circular structures with earth banks or ditches. These were sometimes topped with wooden palisades, and wooden framed buildings, as the dwellings were not durable, in many cases only vague circular marks remain in the landscape. Raths and lios are found in all parts of Ireland, tradition claimed that ringforts were fairy forts imbued with Druids magic and believers in the fairies did not alter them. The early pre-Celtic inhabitants of Ireland came to be seen as mythical and were associated with stories of fairies, Fairy forts and prehistoric Tumuli were seen as entrances to their world. Even cutting brush, especially the sceach or whitethorn, on fairy forts was reputed to be the death of those who performed the act, there are many folk tales about supernatural events happening at fairy forts. Real accidents which happened at ringforts could be given supernatural explanations, for example, a man who tried to blast a dolmen suffered a septic hand. The wrecked dolmen was left untouched. Other traditions hold that a leprechaun may allegedly know of hidden gold in a fairy fort, in literature, British author Rudyard Kipling made allusions to the process by which such legends grow in his 1906 novel, Puck of Pooks Hill. Workmen were working to level earthworks in a fort at Dooneeva. The originator of this fell apparently dead and his wife, a wise woman brought him back to life magically. A farmers best cow kept grazing in a fairy fort and it was unlucky for the cow to graze there but the cow pined when it was prevented from going to the fairy fort. One day the farmer found the cow there with broken legs and he killed the cow and his family ate the meat, some fresh and some salted. A year later the cow was seen in the fairy fort, the fairies told the farmer they had taken the cow because they needed the milk for their children. They had substituted an old horse and made the horse to be like the cow. The farmer took his cow home and he became very prosperous because the fairies supported him. A rich farmers son investigated why none of the cows would enter a field with a fairy fort, the old fairy asked the young man to help him get a young girl for his wife. The farmers son would not give the girl to the old fairy
34.
Fairy godmother
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In fairy tales, a fairy godmother is a fairy with magical powers who acts as a mentor or parent to someone, in the role that an actual godparent was expected to play in many societies. In Perraults Cinderella, he concludes the tale with the moral that no personal advantages will suffice without proper connections. The fairy godmother is a case of the donor. Actual fairy godmothers are rare in fairy tales, but became familiar figures because of the popularity of the fairy tales of Madame dAulnoy and other précieuses. Many other supernatural patrons feature in fairy tales, these various kinds of animals. The fairy godmother has her roots in the figures of the Fates, this is clear in Sleeping Beauty, where they decree her fate. Typically, the fairy godmothers protégé is a prince or princess and the hero of the story, the most well-known example is probably the fairy godmother in Charles Perraults Cinderella. Eight fairy godmothers appear in The Sleeping Beauty, of Charles Perraults, the popularity of these versions of these tales led to this being widely regarded as a common fairy-tale motif, although they are less common in other tales. Indeed, the fairy godmothers were added to The Sleeping Beauty by Perrault, no such figures appeared in his source, Sole, Luna, in the Grimm Brothers variant of Cinderella, Aschenputtel is aided not by her fairy godmother but by her dead mother. A great variety of figures may also take this place. She is portrayed as kind, gentle and sweet, likewise, in her The White Doe, the fairy godmother helps the evil princess get revenge on the heroine. In Henriette-Julie de Murats Bearskin, the heroine has a fairy godmother, but she is offended that the marriage was arranged without consulting her. Fairy godmothers appear frequently in fantasy, especially comic versions and retellings of Cinderella. Whenever events are right for a tale to recur, the relevant Fairy Godmother steps in to make sure that the tale in question runs its course with as few fatalities as possible. In the television animated Halloween special Witchs Night Out, the witch is mistaken for a fairy godmother by the two children, Small and Tender and their sitter, Bazooey corrects them by addressing the fairy godmother as a wicked witch. The Fairly OddParents is a humorous animated TV Series where the fairies Cosmo, in Shrek 2, the fairy godmother who appears is an evil twin sister of Cinderellas fairy godmother. She is a conniving, crooked businesswoman, who is willing to resort to blackmail and/or murder to further her own interests. The Discworld novel Witches Abroad also features a fairy godmother, Lady Lilith de Tempscire
35.
Fairy path
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Ley lines and spirit paths, such as with corpse roads, have some similarities with these fairy paths. A fairy ring is also a used by fairies, but in a circle, for dancing. Yeats. the fairies dance in a place apart, Shaking their milk-white feet in a ring, the concept is usually associated with Celtic folklore, especially that of Ireland. A significant number of the characteristics of fairy paths are shared in common with ley lines, in many parts of Northern Europe the round barrows were the traditional homes of the fairies, elves, or trolls and were avoided by the country folk. Such places were Fairy Toot in Somerset, Elf Howe barrow near Folkton, Yorkshire, cornwall was and is a stronghold of fairy lore, fairies are said to dance on Carn Gluze, near St Just in Penwith. In Danish Jutland there was a belief that Barrow-folk dwelt in barrows and were descendants of angels cast out of Heaven. Likewise, it was considered bad luck to let cattle graze on any place where the Elf-folk have been, however, all evils may be averted if one were to ask at an Elf-barrow for permission to graze cattle on their mound. In Sweden similar beliefs existed and one barrow called Helvetesbacke that lies near Kråktorps gård, in Germany the Wild Troop of Rodenstein was said to ride a straight path between the castles of Rodenstein and Schnellert. Also throughout Europe are Corpse roads, which are believed to be of the same basic belief as fairy paths. In Germany and the Netherlands in particular, these tend to be straight lines and are known by a variety of names including Geisterweg and Helweg in German. A similarly straight road did however run straight over various burial mounds at Rösaring, in Ireland, people who had illnesses or other misfortune, were said to live in houses that were in the way or in a contrary place, obstructing a fairy path. An example is that of a family in four children sickened and died. The fifth child sickened and was near death, only to make a sudden, an example of this fairy path straightness is provided by an account concerning a croft at Knockeencreen, Brosna, County Kerry. In an interview in the 1980s, the last human occupant told of the troubles his grandfather had experienced there, the front door is exactly opposite the back door. The grandfather was informed by a gypsy that the dwelling stands on a fairy path running between two hills. The gypsy advised the grandfather to keep the doors slightly ajar at night to allow the free passage. The advice was heeded and the problem ceased and it so happens that the building is indeed on a straight line drawn between two local hilltops, and is, moreover, at one end of a long, straight track. The fairies processed from Rath Ringlestown in Ireland every night and parents brought their children in before the fairies were due to pass, the path passed round several bushes which were left undisturbed by the locals
36.
Fairy ring
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A fairy ring, also known as fairy circle, elf circle, elf ring or pixie ring, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms. The rings may grow to over 10 metres in diameter, and they become stable over time as the fungus grows and they are found mainly in forested areas, but also appear in grasslands or rangelands. Fairy rings are detectable by sporocarps in rings or arcs, as well as by a necrotic zone, fungus mycelium is present in the ring or arc underneath. Fairy rings are the subject of folklore and myth worldwide—particularly in Western Europe. While they are seen as hazardous or dangerous places, they can sometimes be linked with good fortune. The mycelium of a growing in the ground absorbs nutrients by secretion of enzymes from the tips of the hyphae. This breaks down molecules in the soil into smaller molecules that are then absorbed through the walls of the hyphae near their growing tips. The mycelium will move outward from the center, and when the nutrients in the center are exhausted, there are two theories regarding the process involved in creating fairy rings. One states that the ring is begun by a spore from the sporocarpus. The underground presence of the fungus can also cause withering or varying colour or growth of the grass above, if they make an arc or a ring, they continuously grow about the centre of this object. One of the manifestations of fairy ring growth is a necrotic zone—an area in which grass or other plant life has withered or died and these zones are caused by the mycelia which, during a very dry year, coat the roots of grasses and other herbs in meadows. After some time they are removed by biotic factors from the ground, patterns other than the basic ring or arc are also possible, circles, doubled arcs, sickle-shaped arcs, and other complicated formations are also formed by this process. Fungi can deplete the soil of readily available such as nitrogen. Some fungi also produce chemicals which act like hormones called gibberellins, long-term observations of fairy rings on Shillingstone Hill in Dorset, England, further suggested that the cycle depended on the continuous presence of rabbits. Chalky soils on higher elevations in the counties of Wiltshire and Dorset in southern England used to support many meadow-type fairy rings, rabbits crop grass very short in open areas and produce nitrogen-rich droppings. Mushrooms need more soil nitrogen than grass does, a ring can start from only a few spores from which the mycelium develops, the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms only appearing later, when sufficient mycelial mass has been generated to support them. Subsequent generations of fungi grow only outwards, because the parent generations have depleted their local nitrogen levels, meanwhile, rabbits keep cropping the grass, but do not eat the fungi, allowing them to grow through their competition to tower, relatively, above the grass. It is unclear whether these were metabolites or pollutants, brominated compounds are unknown as metabolites from terrestrial fungi
37.
Fairy tale
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Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables. The term is used for stories with origins in European tradition and, at least in recent centuries. In less technical contexts, the term is used to describe something blessed with unusual happiness. Colloquially, a tale or fairy story can also mean any far-fetched story or tall tale, it is used especially of any story that not only is not true. Legends are perceived as real, fairy tales may merge into legends, Fairy tales are found in oral and in literary form, the name fairy tale was first ascribed to them by Madame dAulnoy in the late 17th century. Many of todays fairy tales have evolved from stories that have appeared, with variations. The history of the tale is particularly difficult to trace because only the literary forms can survive. Still, according to researchers at universities in Durham and Lisbon, such stories may date back thousands of years, Fairy tales, and works derived from fairy tales, are still written today. Folklorists have classified fairy tales in various ways, the Aarne-Thompson classification system and the morphological analysis of Vladimir Propp are among the most notable. Other folklorists have interpreted the significance, but no school has been definitively established for the meaning of the tales. It moves in a world without definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous. In this never-never land, humble heroes kill adversaries, succeed to kingdoms, a fairy tale with a tragic rather than a happy end is called an anti-fairy tale. Although the fairy tale is a genre within the larger category of folktale. The term itself comes from the translation of Madame DAulnoys conte de fées, Vladimir Propp, in his Morphology of the Folktale, criticized the common distinction between fairy tales and animal tales on the grounds that many tales contained both fantastic elements and animals. Were I asked, what is a fairytale, I should reply, Read Undine, that is a fairytale. of all fairytales I know, I think Undine the most beautiful. As Stith Thompson points out, talking animals and the presence of magic seem to be common to the fairy tale than fairies themselves. However, the presence of animals that talk does not make a tale a fairy tale, especially when the animal is clearly a mask on a human face. Steven Swann Jones identified the presence of magic as the feature by which fairy tales can be distinguished from other sorts of folktales, davidson and Chaudri identify transformation as the key feature of the genre
38.
Alberich
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In the Middle High German Nibelungenlied, Alberich is a dwarf, who guards the treasure of the Nibelungen, but is overcome by Siegfried. News of the robbery and ring of power incited gods. The giants Fafner and Fasolt demanded the ring in payment for building Valhalla, in the border, the gods, Odin, Frigg, Loki, Freyr, and Thor all search despairingly for the hidden treasure. In Wagners opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen, Alberich is the chief of the Nibelungen race of dwarfs and he gains the power to forge the ring after renouncing love. His brother, the smith Mime, creates the Tarnhelm for Alberich, hagen, the murderer of the hero, is the son of Alberich by Grimhilde, a human woman. Wagners Alberich is a character, mostly based on Alberich from the Nibelungenlied. In the World War I, the German retreat to fortified positions in the Hindenburg Line, oberon Elegast/Elbegast/Alegast— elf guest, elf spirit Bulfinch, Thomas. Reprinted by New York, Harper & Row,1970, p. 354–356,903, myths of Northern Lands - Index
