Nanofiltration
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Nanofiltration is a membrane filtration process that uses nanometer sized pores through which particles smaller than about 1–10 nanometers pass through the membrane. Nanofiltration membranes have pore
Mechanisms through which solutes in nanofiltration transport through the membrane.
Primary rejection mechanisms that prevent solutes from entering the pores in nanofiltration.
Water softening
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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and a small number of other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not
Nanofiltration
…used for molecular separation was applied entirely on aqueous systems. The original uses for nanofiltration were water treatment and in particular water softening. Nanofilters "soften" water by retaining scale-forming divalent ions (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+). Nanofiltration has been extended into other industries such as…
Limescale buildup in a PVC pipe
Ion exchange resins, in the form of beads, are a functional component of domestic water softening units