1.
Naomi Campbell (Skins)
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Naomi Campbell is a fictional character in the British television teen drama Skins, played by Lily Loveless. Naomi was a character in the third and fourth series of the programme. Her storylines focused mainly on her relationship with Emily Fitch. Naomi is an individualist, passionate, political and principled, much of the third series is about Naomi dealing with her feelings for Emily and questioning her sexuality. Up until Pandora, Naomi maintains that she is straight and does not have feelings for Emily, however, in her centric episode, they share their first sexual experience. By the end of the series they come out publicly as a couple. In season 7, Naomis character has changed significantly and her blonde hair is now brunette in colour, and she has also lost her idealistic, political personality. Instead, she has become an unambitious, unmotivated slacker who spends her days smoking cannabis, worrying that her life has lost direction, Naomi aspires to be, and eventually becomes, a successful stand-up comedian. In Everyone, Naomi is first seen sitting in the auditorium during an assembly. Katie points her out to Effy, stating that Naomi was the lesbian that tried to get off with my sister, Cook sees her and tries to charm her but instead winds her up, by telling her that hell show his genitals if she shows hers. Raising her hand, she tells on Cook, saying that he wanted to show her something inappropriate, causing the teachers to force Cook to show them, in Cook, she is invited to Cooks birthday party, much to Katies chagrin. She begins to complain, asking why they invited the lesbian, in Thomas, Emily admits that she came on to Naomi, not the other way around. She and Naomi almost kiss again, but Naomi leaves, telling Emily that she is straight, in Pandora, as Naomi and Emily arrive together, Naomi urges Emily to admit that she is gay, but Emily denies it. After calling Freddie for help, JJ goes into the house by himself and sees Emily, Katie, too, witnesses the pair kissing, but is interrupted when her footballer boyfriend, Danny Guillermo, and dozens of his friends arrive at the house to crash the party. In her centric episode, Naomi lives with her hippy mother Gina, at college, she avoids Emily to meet with her politics teacher, Kieran, instead. In the students room, they are informed of the upcoming elections for Student President. Emily encourages Naomi to run for president, but Naomi refuses and she later comes across Cook, who tries to persuade her to have sex with him. She jokingly tells him that he has a chance of winning the student elections
2.
Streatham
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Streatham is a district in south London, England, mostly in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is centred 5 miles south of Charing Cross, the area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. Streatham means the hamlet on the street, the street in question, the London to Brighton Way, was the Roman road from the capital Londinium to the south coast near Portslade, today within Brighton and Hove. It is likely that the destination was a Roman port now lost to coastal erosion, the road is confusingly referred to as Stane Street in some sources and diverges from the main London-Chichester road at Kennington. After the departure of the Romans, the road through Streatham remained an important trackway. From the 17th century it was adopted as the coach road to Croydon and East Grinstead. In 1780 it then became the route of the road from London to Brighton. This road have shaped Streathams development, Streathams first parish church, St Leonards, was founded in Saxon times but an early Tudor tower remains is the only structure pre-1831 which the church has as it was rebuilt. The mediaeval parish covered an area by including Balham and Tooting Bec. Streatham Cemetery on Garratt Lane on the borders of Wimbledon is one of the few remaining indications of how far west Streatham once extended, Streatham appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Estreham. It was held by Bec-Hellouin Abbey from Richard de Tonbrige and its domesday assets were,2 hides,1 virgate and 6½ ploughlands of cultivated land and 4 acres of meadow and herbage. Annually it was assessed to render £4 5s 0d to its overlords, the village remained largely unchanged until the 18th century, when the villages natural springs, known as Streatham Wells, were first celebrated for their health-giving properties. The reputation of the spa, and improved roads, attracted wealthy City of London merchants. These roads are considered an important part of what remains of the historic Streatham Village as they found little or no influence from the growth of metropolitan London. Wellfield Road, which had previously known as Leigham Lane, was renamed to reflect its role as the main route from the village centre to one of the well locations. Another mineral well was located on the side of Streatham Common. In the 1730s, Streatham Park, a Georgian country mansion, was built by the brewer Ralph Thrale on land he bought from the Lord of the Manor - the fourth Duke of Bedford, the dining room contained 12 portraits of Henrys guests painted by his friend Joshua Reynolds. These pictures were wittily labelled by Fanny Burney as the Streatham Worthies, Streatham Park was later leased to Prime Minister Lord Shelburne, and was the venue for early negotiations with France that lead to the Peace Treaty of 1783
3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
4.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
5.
British people
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British people, or Britons, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown dependencies, and their descendants. British nationality law governs modern British citizenship and nationality, which can be acquired, for instance, although early assertions of being British date from the Late Middle Ages, the creation of the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 triggered a sense of British national identity. The notion of Britishness was forged during the Napoleonic Wars between Britain and the First French Empire, and developed further during the Victorian era, because of longstanding ethno-sectarian divisions, British identity in Northern Ireland is controversial, but it is held with strong conviction by unionists. Modern Britons are descended mainly from the ethnic groups that settled in the British Isles in and before the 11th century, Prehistoric, Celtic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse. The British are a diverse, multi-national and multicultural society, with regional accents, expressions. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the time of the Roman Empire made much reference to them, the group included Ireland, which was referred to as Ierne inhabited by the different race of Hiberni, and Britain as insula Albionum, island of the Albions. The term Pritani may have reached Pytheas from the Gauls, who used it as their term for the inhabitants of the islands. Greek and Roman writers, in the 1st century BC and the 1st century AD, name the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland as the Priteni, the origin of the Latin word Britanni. It has been suggested that name derives from a Gaulish description translated as people of the forms. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, the term Britannia persisted as the Latin name for the island, during the Middle Ages, and particularly in the Tudor period, the term British was used to refer to the Welsh people and Cornish people. At that time, it was the held belief that these were the remaining descendants of the ancient Britons. This notion was supported by such as the Historia Regum Britanniae. Wales and Cornwall, and north, i. e. Cumbria, Strathclyde and this legendary Celtic history of Great Britain is known as the Matter of Britain. The indigenous people of the British Isles have a combination of Celtic, Norse, Anglo-Saxon, oppenheimer continues that the majority of the people of the British Isles share genetic commonalities with the Basques, ranging from highs of 90% in Wales to lows of 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimers opinion is that. by far the majority of male gene types in the British Isles derive from Iberia, ranging from a low of 59% in Fakenham, Norfolk to highs of 96% in Llangefni, north Wales. The English had been unified under a single state in 937 by King Athelstan of Wessex after the Battle of Brunanburh. However, historian Simon Schama suggested that it was Edward I of England who was responsible for provoking the peoples of Britain into an awareness of their nationhood in the 13th century
6.
Supermodel
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A supermodel is a highly paid fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. The term supermodel became prominent in the culture of the 1980s. Supermodels usually work for prominent fashion designers and clothing brands and they may have multimillion-dollar contracts, endorsements, and campaigns. Supermodels have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers and they have been on the covers of magazines such as French, British, American, and Italian Vogue. Claudia Schiffer stated, In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls. Then I have had what I call the super model and you know the sort of man, he goes in for theatrical effect. On 6 October 1942, a writer named Judith Cass had used the term super model for her article in the Chicago Tribune, according to Model, The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross, Gross stated the term supermodel was first used by Dessner. In 1947, anthropologist Harold Sterling Gladwin wrote supermodel in his book Men Out of Asia, on 18 October 1959, Vancouvers Chinatown News described Susan Chew as a super model. The term supermodel had been used several times in the media in the 1960s and 1970s, in 1965, the encyclopedic guide American Jurisprudence Trials used the term super model. American Vogue used the term super-model to describe Jean Shrimpton in the 15 October 1965 edition, Hemingway was again described as a supermodel in the 25 July 1977 edition of Time. Jet also described Beverly Johnson as a supermodel in the 22 December 1977 edition, Model Janice Dickinson has incorrectly stated that she coined the term supermodel in 1979, as a compound of Superman and model. During an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Dickinson stated that her agent Monique Pilar of Elite Model Management asked her, Janice, im a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division. Dickinson also claims to be the first supermodel, lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered the worlds first supermodel. She was in most of the fashion magazines and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Town & Country, Life, Vogue, the original Vanity Fair, Harpers Bazaar. Dorian Leigh has also called the worlds first supermodel, as well as Gia Carangi. In the 1970s, some became more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public. Lauren Hutton became the first model to receive a contract from a cosmetics company. Iman is considered to have been the first supermodel of color, donyale Luna was the first black model to appear in British Vogue
7.
Fashion
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Fashion is a popular style or practice, especially in clothing, footwear, accessories, makeup, body, or furniture. Fashion is a distinctive and often constant trend in the style in which a person dresses and it is the prevailing styles in behaviour and the newest creations of textile designers. Although aspects of fashion can be feminine or masculine, some trends are androgynous, early Western travelers, traveling whether to Persia, Turkey, India, or China, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in the respective places. The Japanese Shoguns secretary bragged to a Spanish visitor in 1609 that Japanese clothing had not changed in over a thousand years, however, there is considerable evidence in Ming China of rapidly changing fashions in Chinese clothing. Changes in costume took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient Rome. In 8th-century Moorish Spain, the musician Ziryab introduced to Córdoba sophisticated clothing-styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native Baghdad, modified by his own inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the Turks, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia, the beginning in Europe of continual and increasingly rapid change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers, the pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women and mens fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. Art historians are able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, in the 16th century, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats, albrecht Dürer illustrated the differences in his actual contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century. Though textile colors and patterns changed from year to year, the cut of a gentlemans coat, by 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike, local variation became first a sign of provincial culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant. The Haute house was the established by government for the fashion houses that met the standards of industry. Since then, the idea of the designer as a celebrity in his or her own right has become increasingly dominant. The impact of unisex expands more broadly to various themes in fashion including androgyny, mass-market retail. Fashion weeks are held in cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. Modern Westerners have a number of choices available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect his or her personality or interests, when people who have high cultural status start to wear new or different clothes, a fashion trend may start
8.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
9.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
10.
The Face (TV series)
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The Face is a modeling-themed reality television series that follows three supermodel coaches as they compete with each other to find the face of major brand. The inaugural series premiered online on February 1,2013 and officially premiered on television on February 12,2013, the format was created by Shine America and is distributed internationally by Shine Intl. The series is now a franchise, owning its adaptations around the world. Naomi Campbell serves as a coach and also executive producer. In each series of The Face three model mentors select a team of models whose assets they believe will allow them to win the competition, each week, the models participate in an overall challenge. This challenge ignores team division, and whoever wins the challenge does so individually, the next segment involves a campaign or client. The models perform for these clients in a variety of shoots, commercials. These campaigns are performed in the teams that were assigned at the beginning of the series, each mentor supervises the group she chose as they perform. Immediately afterwards, the client for the episode declares which team performed the best, the girls from winning team are granted immunity, and cannot be eliminated. The mentors from the teams must nominate one girl from their team to enter the elimination room. This leaves two of the models from the two losing teams up for elimination, the mentor from the winning/Immune team gets to decide which of the two models will stay and return to her team, and which one will be eliminated. Each girl is given a chance to explain why she should be given a chance to remain in the competition. In instances where a mentor loses all of her contestants, the competition goes on between the two remaining teams. The winning team remains immune as usual, but the losing mentor is forced to two girls into the elimination room as opposed to one, with only one of them returning. In rare cases, a model can also be evicted from the competition without prior warning outside of the elimination room and she could also potentially be eliminated directly by her own mentor. The elimination process is repeated each week until the series finale, the final client decides the winner from the remaining pool of contestants. The model who wins the competition becomes The Face of the brand, bringing victory for her mentor and team
11.
South London
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South London is the southern part of London, England. The River Thames divides Greater London into two parts, the southern part includes the historic central areas of Southwark, Lambeth and Bankside and also maritime Greenwich. The area has only a section of the London Underground network. This area is made up of the London boroughs of Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Greenwich, Kingston, Lambeth, Lewisham, Merton, Richmond, Southwark, Sutton and this definition is used by the Boundary Commission for England. For the purposes of the London Plan, there was a South London sub-region in operation from 2004 to 2008 consisting of Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Richmond, in 2001 this area had a population of 1,329,000. This definition is used by such as Connexions. In 2011 a new South London region was created consisting of Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Merton, Sutton, Richmond now lies within the West London region, and Lambeth and Southwark are part of the Central London region. Three Met Office weather stations collect climate data south of the river, Kew, Hampton and Kenley Airfield. Long term climate observations dating back to 1763 are available for Greenwich, often snow can be seen to lie on the North Downs near Croydon when central London is snow free. The record high temperature at Greenwich is 37.5 °C recorded during August 2003, the highest temperature recorded across South London was 38.1 °C on the same occasion at Kew Gardens. Although the Met Office accepts a higher reading from Brogdale in Kent, many have questioned the accuracy of this, North London v South London - The debate. North London v South London - The debate
12.
Chinese Jamaicans
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Chinese Jamaicans are Jamaican people of Chinese ancestry, which include descendants of migrants from China to Jamaica. Early migrants came in the 19th century, there was wave of migration in the 1980s and 1990s. Many of the descendants of migrants have moved abroad, primarily to Canada. Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka and can trace their origin to the coolies, most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka and can trace their origin to the labourers who came to Jamaica in the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. A further 200 would arrive in the years up until 1870, later, in 1884, a third wave of 680 Chinese migrants would arrive. With the exception of a few from Sze Yup, most of these migrants were Hakka people from Dongguan, Huiyang and this third wave of migrants would go on to bring more of their relatives over from China. From 1910, Chinese immigrants were required to pay a £30 deposit, the restrictions on Chinese migrants were tightened even further in 1931, but relaxed again by 1947 due to lobbying by the Chinese consulate. The 1943 census showed 12,394 Chinese residing in Jamaica and these were divided into three categories by the census, namely China-born, local-born, and Chinese coloured, the latter referring to multiracial people of mixed African and Chinese descent. This made Chinese Jamaicans the second largest Chinese population in the Caribbean, becoming a major immigration destination later on. As a result, clusters of Chinese Jamaicans can be found outside Jamaica primarily in cities like Toronto, New York City, in comparison to Overseas Chinese communities elsewhere, hometown associations related to migrants places of origin in China were not very influential among migrants to Jamaica. Some secret societies such as the Hongmenhui were active in organizing workers in the 1880s, however. Later, the Chinese Benevolent Association was founded in 1891, the CBA continues to operate from a two-story building with guardian lion statues in the front, the ground floor is occupied by the Jamaican-Chinese Historical Museum. The building has featured on a Jamaican postage stamp. It continued publication until 1956, and was revived in 1975, the Chinese Freemasons also published their own handwritten weekly newspaper, the Minzhi Zhoukan until 1956. The Pagoda, started in 1940, was the first English-language newspaper for the Chinese community, the local branch of the Kuomintang also began publishing their own paper, The Chung San News in 1953. Prior to Jamaican independence, there was an annual Miss Chinese Jamaica pageant, however, as the pageant grew in popularity, it drew charges from Afro-Jamaican journalists that the ethnic pride on display there was unpatriotic and un-Jamaican. The pageant renamed itself to the Miss Chinese Athletic Club, in an effort to avoid controversy, over the following years, Chinese Jamaican women did not participate in the Miss Jamaica pageant for fear of racial controversy. There was also a Chinese Jamaican community school, the Chinese Public School and it was set up first by the Chinese Freemasons in 1920, and operated until 1922, a Chinese drama club revived the school in 1924, charging tuition fees of £6
13.
Modern dance
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Modern dance is a broad genre of western concert or theatrical dance, primarily arising out of Germany and the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern dance is considered to have emerged as a rejection of. Socioeconomic and cultural factors contributed to its development. In the late 19th century, dance artists such as Isadora Duncan, Maud Allan, moving into the 1960s, new ideas about dance began to emerge, as a response to earlier dance forms and to social changes. Eventually, postmodern dance artists would reject the formalism of modern dance, and include such as performance art, contact improvisation, release technique. American modern dance can be divided into three periods or eras, Modern dance has evolved with each subsequent generation of participating artists. Artistic content has morphed and shifted from one choreographer to another, artists such as Graham and Horton developed techniques in the Central Modern Period that are still taught worldwide, and numerous other types of modern dance exist today. In America, increasing industrialization, the rise of a class, and the decline of Victorian social strictures led to, among other changes. It was in this atmosphere that a new dance was emerging as much from a rejection of social structures as from a dissatisfaction with ballet, womens colleges began offering aesthetic dance courses by the end of the 1880s. Emil Rath, who wrote at length about this emerging artform at the stated, Music and rhythmic bodily movement are twin sisters of art. 1877, Isadora Duncan was a predecessor of modern dance with her stress on the center or torso, bare feet, loose hair, free-flowing costumes, and incorporation of humor into emotional expression. She was inspired by classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature, natural forces, and new American athleticism such as skipping, running, jumping, leaping and she thought that ballet was ugly and meaningless gymnastics. Although she returned to the United States at various points in her life and she returned to Europe and died in Nice in 1927. 1891, Loie Fuller began experimenting with the effect that gas lighting had on her silk costumes, Fuller developed a form of natural movement and improvisation techniques that were used in conjunction with her revolutionary lighting equipment and translucent silk costumes. She patented her apparatus and methods of lighting that included the use of coloured gels and burning chemicals for luminescence. 1905, Ruth St. Denis, influenced by the actress Sarah Bernhardt and Japanese dancer Sada Yacco, developed her translations of Indian culture and her performances quickly became popular and she toured extensively while researching Oriental culture and arts. Other pioneers included Kurt Jooss and Harald Kreutzberg, an accomplished choreographer, she was a founding artist of the first American Dance Festival in Bennington. Holm choreographed extensively in the fields of dance and musical theater
14.
Barbara Speake Stage School
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The Barbara Speake Stage School was opened on 10 February 1945 and remains one of the longest established stage schools in the world. It is an independent school, and was set up as a dancing school, by the present principal Miss Barbara Speake, MBE. The school is fee-paying but non-selective in its admissions, in 1961, June Collins joined forces with Barbara Speake to become the schools agent. Collins supplied the entertainment industry with children for every production in the West End, TV. Due to the success of both the agency and dancing school in 1963 the decision was made to turn their successes in to an educational establishment for the performing arts. Collins discovered Jack Wild playing football and decided that he was a child with potential, Wild went on to receive an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of The Artful Dodger in Oliver. One of its founders, Barbara Speake, went on to receive an MBE from Queen Elizabeth II in the New Years Honours list of 2007, Collins died on her 98th birthday on 6 November 2011. The School currently has 125 pupils aged 3 1/2 to 16 and is the stage school providing a Stage School Nursery, allowing the children to grow in confidence
15.
Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts
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The Italia Conti Academy is a co-educational independent school for pupils aged from 10 to 19 years, and a theatre arts training school, based in London, England. It was founded in 1911 by the actress Italia Conti, the academy grew out of the first production of the play Where the Rainbow Ends. Italia Conti, an actress with a reputation for her success working with young people, was asked to take over the job of training the cast. The play was a triumph and the school was born in basement studios in London’s Great Portland Street, in the school moved to a church building in Conduit Street. During World War 2, the school was bombed, destroying all records of the school. In 1972 the school moved to a building in Landor Road and it was the home to all full-time Italia Conti pupils for 9 years. In 1981 the school moved again for the time to Goswell Road. The Acting course consists of three years of professional training, offered to students from the age of 18. It is based in Italia Contis Avondale Building in Clapham, the three-year course is university accredited and students graduate with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Acting. Part of the course teaches students to be original and individual in their work, to reinvent old techniques and develop new ones. The Performing Arts course is a three-year full-time course for students from the age of 16, it place at Italia Conti House. It is designed for students who require an all round training in performing arts, the course aims to produce confident, artistic and multi-skilled performers, the emphasis is on training in the three main art forms, acting, singing and dancing. The Intensive course is a full-time one-year course for students from the age of 16, the course, similarly to the diploma course, focuses on the skills of singing, acting and dancing. The course works with students on the Performing Arts three-year diploma course, the course develops technical skills, artistic interpretation and a sense of performance. Students who successfully complete the course graduate with the Academy Diploma, students who achieve the necessary skills are also given the opportunity throughout the course to take external examinations in theatre disciplines which are recognised by outside boards. The Performing Arts with Dance Teacher Training is a three-year full-time course for students from the age of 16, the course trains students to become performers and dance teachers by providing performing arts training and dance teaching qualifications. With the introduction of the ISTD qualifications in 2006, the academy provided students with the opportunity to take these examinations, the course follows the same path as the Performing Arts Course but also incorporates the teacher training by offering the FDI qualifications in Classical Ballet, Tap and Modern. This allows students to become qualified dance teachers to teach up to grade 5 in the ISTD syllabus, the academy has three sites, The main centre Italia Conti House, commonly referred to as mainschool, is based in Goswell Road, Barbican, London
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Ballet
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Ballet /ˈbæleɪ/ is a type of performance dance that originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th century and later developed into a concert dance form in France and Russia. It has since become a widespread, highly technical form of dance with its own based on French terminology. It has been influential and has defined the foundational techniques used in many other dance genres. Becoming a ballet dancer requires years of training, Ballet has been taught in various schools around the world, which have historically incorporated their own cultures to evolve the art. Ballet may also refer to a dance work, which consists of the choreography. A well-known example of this is The Nutcracker, a ballet that was originally choreographed by Marius Petipa. Ballets are choreographed and performed by trained artists, the word came into English usage from the French around 1630. Ballet originated in the Italian Renaissance courts of the 15th and 16th centuries before being spread from Italy to France by an Italian aristocrat, Catherine de Medici, in France, ballet developed even further under her aristocratic influence. The dancers in these early court ballets were mostly noble amateurs, Ballets in this period were lengthy and elaborate and often served a political purpose. Ornamented costumes were meant to impress viewers and restricted freedom of movement. The ballets were performed in large chambers with viewers on three sides, French court ballet reached its height under the reign of King Louis XIV. Known as the Sun King, Louis symbolized the brilliance of France, in 1661 Louis founded the Académie Royale de Danse to establish standards and certify dance instructors. In 1672, Louis XIV made Jean-Baptiste Lully the director of the Académie Royale de Musique from which the first professional ballet company, Lully is considered the most important composer of music for ballets de cour and instrumental to the development of the form. Ballet went into decline in France after 1830, though it continued to develop in Denmark, Italy, the arrival in Europe on the eve of First World War of the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, revived interest in the ballet and started the modern era. The Russian choreographer Michel Fokine challenged tradition and called for reforms that reinvigorated ballet as an art form, in the 20th century, ballet had a wide influence on other dance genres, and subgenres of ballet have also evolved. In the United States, choreographer George Balanchine developed what is now known as neoclassical ballet, other developments include contemporary ballet and post-structural ballet. Also in the century, ballet took a turn dividing it from classical ballet to the introduction of modern dance. Stylistic variations have emerged and evolved since the Italian Renaissance, early, classical variations are primarily associated with geographic origin
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Bob Marley
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Robert Nesta Bob Marley, OM was a Jamaican singer-songwriter, musician and guitarist who achieved international fame and acclaim, blending mostly reggae, ska and rocksteady in his compositions. Starting out in 1963 with the group the Wailers, he forged a distinctive songwriting, the Wailers would go on to release some of the earliest reggae records with producer Lee Scratch Perry. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks and it included four UK hit singles, Exodus, Waiting in Vain, Jamming, and One Love. In 1978 he released the album Kaya, which included the hit singles Is This Love, diagnosed with acral lentiginous melanoma in 1977, Marley died on 11 May 1981 in Miami at age 36. He was a committed Rastafari who infused his music with a sense of spirituality and he is credited with popularising reggae music around the world and served as a symbol of Jamaican culture and identity. Marley has also evolved into a symbol and inspired numerous items of merchandise. Bob Marley was born 6 February 1945 on the farm of his grandfather in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley. Norval Marley was a white Jamaican originally from Sussex, England, Norval claimed to have been a captain in the Royal Marines, at the time of his marriage to Cedella Booker, an Afro-Jamaican then 18 years old, he was employed as a plantation overseer. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child but seldom saw them as he was often away, Bob Marley attended Stepney Primary and Junior High School which serves the catchment area of Saint Ann. In 1955, when Bob Marley was 10 years old, his father died of an attack at the age of 70. Marleys mother went on to marry Edward Booker, an American civil servant, the relationship brought Marley two American brothers, Richard and Anthony. Marley and Neville Livingston had been friends in Nine Mile. They had started to play together while at Stepney Primary. Marley left Nine Mile with his mother when he was 12 and moved to Trenchtown, Cedella Booker and Thadeus Livingston had a daughter together whom they named Claudette Pearl, who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. The move to Trenchtown was proving to be fortuitous, and Marley soon found himself in a group with Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Beverley Kelso. Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal act Higgs and Wilson, resided on 3rd St. and his singing partner Roy Wilson had been raised by the grandmother of Junior Braithwaite. Higgs and Wilson would rehearse at the back of the houses between 2nd and 3rd Streets, and it wasnt long before Marley, Junior Braithwaite and the others were congregating around this successful duo. Marley and the others didnt play any instruments at this time, in February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, Judge Not, One Cup of Coffee, Do You Still Love Me. and Terror, at Federal Studio for local music producer Leslie Kong
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Is This Love (Bob Marley & The Wailers song)
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Is This Love is a song by Bob Marley and the Wailers, released on their 1978 album Kaya. The song became one of the best-known Marley songs and was part of the Legend compilation and it peaked at number 9 in the UK charts upon its release in 1978. A live rendition of the song can be found on the Babylon by Bus live album from Paris in 1978. A music video was produced, shot at the Keskidee Arts Centre in London, in the video, supermodel Naomi Campbell, then seven years old. The original multi-tracks of this song have made available in collectors circles. The song is played in the movies In the Name of the Father, Six Days Seven Nights, Lake Placid,50 First Dates, barbadian recording artist Rihanna covered the song during her first worldwide Good Girl Gone Bad Tour. The performance is included in her DVD album Good Girl Gone Bad Live, scott Matthews has the song as a bonus track on his album Elsewhere. The song is featured as the theme for the credits of Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball as well as its sequel. In 1980, it was covered by The Pat Travers Band on their Crash, in 1983, Carly Simon covered the song on her album Hello Big Man. In 2003, it was covered by Three Plus, a Hawaiian reggae music group, Three Pluss album 3+4 U, which featured the cover, won the 2003 Na Hoku Hanohano Award for Reggae Album of the Year. Their version of Is This Love is also featured on the 2010 compilation album Putamayo Presents, Tribute To A Reggae Legend, in 2006, it was covered by Karen Lane and Paul Malsom on their album Cant Help It, 33JAZZ141. In 2010, it was covered by Corinne Bailey Rae and released digitally as a single and this version won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance at 54th Grammy Awards. Bon Jovis song Lay Your Hands on Me opens with the lyrics youre ready, Im willing, Help me lay my cards down on the table, which bears a clear similarity to the lyrics of Is This Love. Allen Stone performs the Corinne Bailey Rae version of song on the tour of his self-titled album. Adam Lambert covered the song in a set in Sydney, Australia, in the summer of 2012. In June 2016, it was remixed by LVNDSCAPE and Leon Bolier, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Culture Club
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Culture Club are an English band that was formed in 1981. The band comprised Boy George, Roy Hay, Mikey Craig and they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Culture Club sold more than 50 million records worldwide, including 7 million records awards RIAA certificate in the United States, Boy Georges androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media. The group, supporters of the pop genre, made numerous forays into reggae. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide and it appeared on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the music channel MTV. Culture Clubs music combines Bnritish new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, in 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single, and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. Time is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames list of 500 songs that shaped rock, in 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow under the stage name Lieutenant Lush. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay. Realising they had an Irish gay man as the singer, a black Briton on bass, an Anglo-Saxon on guitar and keyboards. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, the band released two singles in May and June 1982, White Boy and Im Afraid of Me, though both failed to chart. In August the single Mystery Boy was released in Japan, in September of that year, the group released their third single, Do You Really Want to Hurt Me, a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No.1 in the UK in late 1982 and became a smash, peaking at No.1 in over a dozen countries. The bands 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. The bands debut album, Kissing to Be Clever was released in October 1982, Ill Tumble 4 Ya also became a Top Ten hit in the US and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album
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I'll Tumble 4 Ya
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Ill Tumble 4 Ya was a hit single from Culture Clubs Platinum-plus debut album Kissing to Be Clever. The 7 single was released only in North America, peaking at #9 in the U. S. in Australia, it was released in September 1983 as a Double A-side single with Karma Chameleon, peaking at #1 and receiving substantial airplay. With this single, in America, Culture Club was the first band to have three Top 10 singles from an album since the Beatles. Much like the two prior American hits, this song was aided by a hugely popular MTV music video. Ill Tumble 4 Ya was one of the most performed songs by Culture Club in their live shows, the song is mocked by Frank Zappa during a 1984 live performance of Tinsel Town Rebellion on the video Does Humor Belong in Music. Ill Tumble 4 Ya -2,32 B, man Shake -2,34 USA7 vinyl A. Ill Tumble 4 Ya -2,32 B, mystery Boy USA12 vinyl A. Ill Tumble 4 Ya -4,38 B. Man Shake -2,34 Ill Tumble 4 Ya -2,36 Ill Tumble 4 Ya -4,38 Ill Tumble 4 Ya U. S. Billboard Hot 100, #9 Canadian Singles Charts, Hot Dance Club Play, #14 U. S. Adult Contemporary, #33 The song was performed by Kids Incorporated in 1984 during a skit of a competition with Kathy Johnson as guest. The song was featured in the film Billy Madison, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
21.
Covent Garden
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Covent Garden is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St Martins Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit-and-vegetable market in the square, now a popular shopping and tourist site, and with the Royal Opera House. The area was settled in the 7th century when it became the heart of the Anglo-Saxon trading town of Lundenwic. By 1200 part of it had been walled off by Westminster Abbey for use as arable land, referred to as the garden of the Abbey and Convent, and later the Covent Garden, it was seized by Henry VIII and granted to the Earls of Bedford in 1552. The 4th Earl commissioned Inigo Jones to build fine houses to attract wealthy tenants. Jones designed the Italianate arcaded square along with the church of St Pauls, the design of the square was new to London and had a significant influence on modern town planning, acting as the prototype for new estates as London grew. By 1654 a small open-air fruit-and-vegetable market had developed on the side of the fashionable square. Gradually, both the market and the area fell into disrepute, as taverns, theatres, coffee-houses. By the 18th century it had become a well-known red-light district, an Act of Parliament was drawn up to control the area, and Charles Fowlers neo-classical building was erected in 1830 to cover and help organise the market. The market grew and further buildings were added, the Floral Hall, Charter Market, by the end of the 1960s traffic congestion was causing problems, and in 1974 the market relocated to the New Covent Garden Market about three miles south-west at Nine Elms. With the postcode WC2, Covent Garden falls within the London boroughs of Westminster and Camden, the area has been served by the Piccadilly line at Covent Garden tube station since 1907, the journey from Leicester Square, at 300 yards, is the shortest in London. What would become the Strand on the boundary of the future Covent Garden was used during the Roman period as part of a route to Silchester. Excavations in 2006 at St Martin-in-the-Fields revealed a late Roman grave and these revealed Covent Garden as the centre of a trading town called Lundenwic, developed around 600 AD, which stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. Alfred the Great gradually shifted the settlement into the old Roman town of Londinium from around 886 AD onwards, leaving no mark of the old town, a document from 1200 AD mentions a walled garden owned by the Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St Peter, Westminster. A later document, dated between 1250 and 1283, refers to the garden of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster. By the 13th century this had become a 40-acre quadrangle of mixed orchard, meadow, pasture and arable land and this is how it was recorded from then on. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540, Henry VIII took the land belonging to Westminster Abbey for himself and his son, Edward VI, granted it to John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford, in 1552. The Russell family, who in 1694 were advanced in their peerage from Earl to Duke of Bedford, held the land until 1918
22.
Elle (magazine)
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Elle is a worldwide lifestyle magazine of French origin that focuses on fashion, beauty, health, and entertainment. Elle is also the worlds best-selling fashion magazine and it was founded by Pierre Lazareff and his wife Hélène Gordon in 1945. The title, in French, means she or her, Elle was founded in France in 1945. In the 1960s, it was considered to not so much reflect fashion as decree it, with 800,000 loyal readers, in 1981, Daniel Filipacchi and Jean-Luc Lagardère purchased Hachette magazines, which included the then-struggling Elle. Elle was then launched in the U. S, the Chinese version of the magazine was published in 1988, and is the only edition which is published twice monthly. In 2007 the website of Elle was launched, among its past editors is Jean-Dominique Bauby, who became known for writing a book after suffering almost total paralysis. Elle is the worlds largest fashion magazine, with 43 international editions in over 60 countries, technologically speaking, the Elle brand is a global network encompassing over 33 websites. Subscriptions account for 73 percent of readers, there are 33 Elle websites globally, which collectively attract over 25 million unique visitors and 370 million page views per month. The magazine reaches over 69 million readers, the vast majority of Elles audience are women between the ages of 18 and 49. Its readers have an age of 34.7 years. Forty percent of the readers are single, and the household income is $69,973. Our readers are young enough to think about life as an adventure and old enough to have the means to live it, said Roberta Myers, the first international edition of Elle was launched in Japan in 1969. Then, its U. S. and UK editions were launched in 1985, next year, the magazine was first published in Spain. In 1987, Elle began to be published in Hong Kong, in 1988, the magazine was launched in six countries, namely Germany, Brazil, China, Sweden, Greece and Portugal. Next year it was first published in the Netherlands and Quebec, in 1990, the magazine was started in Australia and Taiwan. Its Russian edition, published monthly, was launched in 1996, Elle is owned by the Lagardère Group of France. It is published in the U. S, in China, the publisher is Shanghai Translation Publishing House. And in India its owned and published by Ogaan Publications Pvt, in December 2013, Elle hired Randy Minor as design director
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Gianni Versace
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Gianni Versace was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house, which produces accessories, fragrances, make-up, and home furnishings as well as clothes. He also designed costumes for the theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Diana, Princess of Wales, Naomi Campbell, Madonna, Elton John, Cher, Sting, openly homosexual, Versace and his partner Antonio DAmico were regulars on the international party scene. Versace was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina now known as The Villa, an older sister died at age twelve due to an improperly treated tetanus infection. He was strongly influenced by ancient Greek history, which dominates the landscape of his birthplace. He attended Liceo Classico Tommaso Campanella, where he studied Latin and he was also influenced by Andy Warhol. Versace began his apprenticeship at an age at his mothers sewing business. He studied architecture before moving to Milan at the age of 26 to work in fashion design, in 1973 he became the designer of Byblos, a successful Gennys youthful line, and in 1977 he designed another more experimental line for Genny, Complice. A few years later, encouraged by his success, Versace presented his first signature collection for women at the Palazzo della Permanente Art Museum of Milan and his first fashion show followed in September of the same year. After presenting his collection, he joined Jorge Saud. The first boutique was opened in Milans Via della Spiga in 1978, Versace met his partner Antonio DAmico, a model, in 1982. Their relationship lasted until Versaces murder, before his death, Versace was diagnosed with cancer of the ear. During that time, DAmico worked as a designer for the company, becoming head designer for Istante, Versaces will left DAmico with a lifelong pension of 50 million lire per month, and the right to live in any of Versaces homes in Italy and the United States. However, due to Versace familys interference he only obtained a fraction of these allowances, DAmico now runs his own fashion company. Before the death of Gianni he told his family he wanted to supply the Egbers family with Versace clothing, Versace was known for doting upon his nieces and nephews, Santos two children, Francesca and Antonio, and Donatellas two children, Allegra and Daniel. Versace was shot dead on 15 July 1997, aged 50, usually, Versace would have an assistant from his home walk to the coffee shop to receive his morning papers, but on this morning he was in high spirits and took the chore upon himself. He was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, who used the gun to commit suicide on a boat eight days later. Police have said they do not know why Versace was killed, I dont know that we are ever going to know the answers, said Miami Beach Police Chief Richard Barreto
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Peter Lindbergh
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Peter Lindbergh is a German photographer and film director. Lindbergh is known for his cinematic images, Lindbergh was born on November 23,1944 in Leszno, Poland. He spent his childhood in Duisburg, as a teenager, he worked as window dresser for the Karstadt and Horten department stores in Duisburg. Coming from a part of Germany close to the Dutch border, North Rhine-Westphalia, the vast beaches and the industrial settings of his hometown Duisburg, have influenced his work strongly over the years. In the early 1960s, he moved to Lucerne and months later to Berlin where he enrolled in the Berlin Academy of Fine Arts and he hitchhiked to Arles in the footsteps of his idol, Vincent van Gogh. Lindbergh remembers these years, I preferred actively seeking out van Gogh’s inspirations, my idol, rather than painting the mandatory portraits, after several months in Arles, he continued through to Spain and Morocco, a journey that took him two years. Returning to Germany, he studied Abstract Art at the College of Art in Krefeld, influenced by Joseph Kosuth and the Conceptual art movement, he was invited in 1969, before graduating, to present his work at the avant-garde Galerie Denise René. These works were exhibited in the Objets ludiques exhibition at the Tinguely Museum in Basel in 2014, after moving to Düsseldorf in 1971, he turned his attention to photography and worked for two years assisting German photographer Hans Lux, before opening his own studio in 1973. Becoming well known in his country, he joined the Stern magazine family along with photographers Helmut Newton, Guy Bourdin. He changed the standards of photography in times of excessive retouching, in considering there to be something else that makes a person interesting. In 2014 he said that This should be the responsibility of photographers today to free women, in 2016, Lindbergh declared that A fashion photographer should contribute to defining the image of the contemporary woman or man in their time, to reflect a certain social or human reality. How surrealistic is today’s commercial agenda to retouch all signs of life and of experience and he photographs his subjects in their natural state, with hardly any make-up. In 1988, Lindbergh gained international acclaim by showing a new generation of models all dressed in white shirts that he had discovered and launched their careers. In a 2008 interview with art historian Charlotte Cotton, he explained that, every time I tried to shoot them in colour, because their beauty was close to perfection, it ended up looking like a bad cosmetics advert. With black and white, you can see who they are. It toned down the commercial interpretation that colour gives, what’s so striking about black and white is how it really helps a sense of reality to come through. Lindberghs first book,10 Women, sold more than 100,000 copies as of 2008 and he twice photographed the Pirelli calendar, in 1996 and 2002. Lindbergh is the first photographer in the history of the Pirelli calendar to be invited to photograph it for a third time
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Herb Ritts
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Herbert Herb Ritts Jr. was an American fashion photographer who concentrated on black-and-white photography and portraits, often in the style of classical Greek sculpture. Born in Los Angeles, to a Jewish family, Ritts began his working in the family furniture business. His father, Herb Ritts Sr. was a businessman, while his mother and he moved to the East Coast to attend Bard College in New York, where he majored in economics and art history. Later, while living in Los Angeles, he interested in photography when he and friend Richard Gere, then an aspiring actor. The picture gained Ritts some coverage and he began to be serious about photography. He photographed Brooke Shields for the cover of the Oct.12,1981 edition of Elle, five years later, he would replicate that cover pose with Madonna for her 1986 release True Blue. During the 1980s and 1990s, Ritts photographed celebrities and he also worked for Interview, Esquire, Mademoiselle, Glamour, GQ, Newsweek, Harpers Bazaar, Rolling Stone, Time, Vogue, Allure, Vanity Fair, Details, and Elle. The first video he directed was Madonna in Cherish in 1989, in 1991, he won two MTV Video Awards for his work on music videos by Janet Jackson and Chris Isaak. Ritts also directed the video for Michael Jacksons In the Closet. On December 26,2002, Ritts died of complications from pneumonia at the age of 50, according to Ritts publicist, Herb was HIV-positive, but this particular pneumonia was not PCP, a common opportunistic infection of AIDS. But at the end of the day, his system was compromised. State of the Arts Art vs. A, style, Getty Publications,2012 Herb Ritts, The Rock Portraits, Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, VA, June 24 – September 18,2016. November 25,2016 – January 29,2017, Herb Ritts, Super II, Hamiltons Gallery, London. January 30 – March 10,2017, official website Herb Ritts on artnet Monographs Herb Ritts at the Internet Movie Database Herb Ritts at Find a Grave Staley Wise Gallery, Herb Ritts collection
26.
Bruce Weber (photographer)
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Bruce Weber is an American fashion photographer and occasional filmmaker. Webers fashion photography first appeared in the late 1970s in GQ magazine, Nan Bush, his longtime companion and agent, was able to secure a contract with Federated Department Stores to shoot the 1978 Bloomingdales mail catalog. He came to the attention of the public in the late 1980s and early 1990s with his advertising images for Calvin Klein. His photograph for Calvin Klein of Olympic athlete Tom Hintnaus in white briefs is an iconic image and he photographed the winter 2006 Ralph Lauren Collection. Some of Webers other earliest fashion photography appeared in the SoHo Weekly News, the photos became the center of controversy and Weber was told by some that he would never find work as a fashion photographer again. This reputation stuck with him, as he says, I don’t really work editorially in a number of magazines because a lot of magazines don’t want my kind of photographs. After doing photo shoots for and of people, Weber made short films of teenage boxers, his beloved pet dogs, and later. He directed Lets Get Lost, a 1988 documentary about jazz trumpeter Chet Baker, Webers photographs are occasionally in color, however, most are in black and white or toned shades. They are gathered in limited edition books, including A House is Not a Home and Bear Pond, Weber began collaborating with crooner Chris Isaak in the mid-1980s, photographing Isaak in 1986 for his second album, Chris Isaak. In 1988, Weber photographed a shirtless Isaak in bed for a spread in Rolling Stone. Isaak appeared in Lets Get Lost and Weber has directed a video for Isaak. Weber photographed Harry Connick, Jr. for his 1991 album Blue Light, in 1993, Weber photographed singer-songwriter Jackson Browne for his 1993 album Im Alive. Weber is married to Nan Bush, with whom he sometimes collaborates and he has lived in Miami since 1998. Weber created the fashion label Weberbilt in 2003, his first line, eat, swim, sex, sleep, went on sale in boutiques in London and Miami Beach, Florida, in 1990, Weber directed the music video for the Pet Shop Boys single Being Boring. He filmed a party with a group of models. The video was filmed in one day by two crews in a house on Long Island. Content including male and female nudity prevented the video from being played on MTV in the United States, in 1996 he directed the video for the Pet Shop Boys single Se a vida é on location in a Wet n Wild, a water park near Orlando, Florida. In 2002, he directed a Pet Shop Boys video
27.
Christy Turlington
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Christy Nicole Turlington Burns is an American supermodel. She first represented Calvin Kleins Eternity campaign in 1989 and again in 2014, Turlington was named one of Glamours Women of the Year in 2013, and was named as one of Times 100 Most Influential People of 2014. Turlington gained fame in the late 80s and early 90s as a supermodel and was during the peak of her career a top designer favourite and she, Naomi Campbell and Linda Evangelista are called the Trinity because of the power and fame that all three gained. In 2010, Turlington founded Every Mother Counts, a non-profit 501 organization dedicated to making pregnancy, Every Mother Counts informs, engages, and mobilizes new audiences to take actions and raise funds that support maternal health programs around the world. It was founded after the completion of Turlingtons documentary, No Woman, No Cry, a film about pregnant women and their caregivers in Tanzania, Bangladesh, Guatemala, and the United States. She was discovered by local photographer Dennie Cody while she was riding a horse in Miami, Florida, Turlington began modeling after school from age 14 to 16 and during summers while she attended Monte Vista High School. After turning 18, she moved to New York City to model full-time and she continued her studies at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. During the 1990s, she appeared in Unzipped, a documentary about fashion designer Isaac Mizrahi, additionally, she was featured in Catwalk, a documentary about her life on the fashion runways by director Robert Leacock. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American Vogue as one of the Modern Muses. Turlington graced the cover of international fashion magazines across the globe, including Vogue, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Marie Claire, LOfficiel, Tatler, Glamour, Cosmopolitan. She also appeared in two music videos, fellow model Yasmin Le Bon got her husband Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran to feature Turlington in their Notorious video in 1986, at the age of 17. In 1990, singer George Michael drew inspiration from Peter Lindberghs January 1990 British Vogue cover for his Freedom, the video featured all top 5 female models along with their top 5 male counterparts, lip-syncing the song. The video was shown during George Michaels 2008 concert tour while he sang and she was added on as the fourth model investor, after Elle Macpherson, Naomi Campbell and Claudia Schiffer of the now defunct Fashion Cafes. In 1993 she posed nude for PETAs anti-fur campaign, in honor of Turlingtons fortieth birthday, W magazine put together a collection of notable images from her career, from runway shots from the late eighties to today. In 2008, casting agent James Scully said in regards to Turlington, Turlington was one of the faces to land in one of the fourteen covers of V magazine September 2008 issue. Each cover boasts a head shot of a model, either from the new crop of leading models or the supermodel era, it was lensed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde. She featured in the Bally spring/summer 2009 campaign alongside Oriol Elcacho and she has contributed writings to Marie Claire, Yoga Journal, and Teen Vogue along with contributions to the Huffington Post, Canada’s Globe and Mail, and the UK’s Evening Standard. In 2005 Turlington began working with the humanitarian organization CARE and has since become their Advocate for Maternal Health
28.
Linda Evangelista
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Linda Evangelista is a Canadian model. She is regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential models of all time, Evangelista is primarily known for being the longtime muse of photographer Steven Meisel, as well as for coining the phrase We dont wake up for less than $10,000 a day. She holds the record for her appearances on the cover of Vogue Italia. Evangelistas modeling career began in 1984 when she signed with Elite Model Management after having moved from her native Canada to New York City, upon the suggestion of photographer Peter Lindbergh, Evangelista had her hair cut short in 1988. The haircut, nicknamed The Linda, not only sparked many copies worldwide, unlike her colleagues, she chose not to diversify into other ventures outside of modeling. She retired from her career in 1998 and made a three years later, this time working only sporadically. Her achievements as a model led to her being voted as The Greatest Supermodel of All Time by the viewers of the television show Fashion File in 2008, Evangelista was born in 1965 to Italian parents who had emigrated to Canada. Her father, Tomaso, worked for General Motors, and died on January 17,2014 and her mother, Marisa, was a bookkeeper. Evangelista attended a self-improvement school at the age of 12, where she was taught things such as poise and etiquette, as a teenager, Evangelista started modeling locally in her hometown. In 1981, she took part in the Miss Teen Niagara beauty pageant, and while she did not win the pageant, her presence caught the eye of a representative from Elite Model Management. At the age of 16, she flew to Japan to model there and she returned home to Canada, and two years went by before she decided to try her hand again at modeling. Evangelista moved to New York City in 1984 upon signing with Elite, where she met the prominent modeling agent John Casablancas, Elite then moved Evangelista to Paris, France, where she launched her international high-fashion career at the age of 19. Her first major magazine cover was for the November 1984 issue of LOfficiel. All amounting to a total of more than 700 covers worldwide, in 1985, she began working with Karl Lagerfeld, the head designer of the fashion house Chanel, to whom she would become a muse. On the subject of Evangelista, Lagerfeld once uttered, There is not another model in the world as professional as she is, incidentally, Evangelista became one of the first editorial models to successfully cross over into the realm of runway modeling. She also became a muse to the fashion designer Gianni Versace. And, she has represented a diverse array of companies and non-fashion brands like Visa, American Express, Pizza Hut, De Beers. In 1986, Evangelista met the photographer Steven Meisel, with whom she forged a friendship, from that point on, they began working together on many professional collaborations, and Evangelista became Meisels muse in the process
29.
Racial discrimination
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Racism is discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity. Today, the use of the term racism does not easily fall under a single definition, the Holocaust is the classic example of institutionalized racism which led to the death of millions of people based on their race. Ethnicity is often used in a close to one traditionally attributed to race. Therefore, racism and racial discrimination are often used to describe discrimination on an ethnic or cultural basis, according to a United Nations convention on racial discrimination, there is no distinction between the terms racial and ethnic discrimination. Racist ideology can become manifest in many aspects of social life, Racism can be present in social actions, practices, or political systems that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices. Associated social actions may include nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking, supremacism, in the 19th century, many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human population can be divided into races. The term racism is a noun describing the state of being racist, the origin of the root word race is not clear. Linguists generally agree that it came to the English language from Middle French, a recent proposal is that it derives from the Arabic ras, which means head, beginning, origin or the Hebrew rosh, which has a similar meaning. Early race theorists generally held that some races were inferior to others and these early theories guided pseudo-scientific research assumptions, the collective endeavors to adequately define and form hypotheses about racial differences are generally termed scientific racism. To date, there is evidence in human genome research indicating that race can be defined in such a way as to be useful in a genetic classification of humans. An entry in the Oxford English Dictionary defines racialism simply as An earlier term than racism, but now superseded by it. The revised Oxford English Dictionary cites the shortened term racism in a quote from the year,1903. It was first defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as he theory that human characteristics and abilities are determined by race. Additionally, the Oxford English Dictionary records racism as a synonym of racialism, as its history indicates, popular use of the word racism is relatively recent. The word came into usage in the Western world in the 1930s, when it was used to describe the social and political ideology of Nazism. It is commonly agreed that racism existed before the coinage of the word, garner summarizes different existing definitions of racism and identifies three common elements contained in those definitions of racism. First, a historical, hierarchical power relationship between groups, second, a set of ideas about racial differences, and, third, the UDHR was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. They are born equal in dignity and rights and all form a part of humanity
30.
Dolce & Gabbana
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Dolce & Gabbana is a luxury Italian fashion house founded in 1985 in Legnano by Italian designers Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana. The two met in Milan in 1980 and designed for the fashion house. In 1982 they established a designer consulting studio, in time it grew to become Dolce & Gabbana and they presented their first womens collection in 1985 in Milan, where a year later their store would open its doors. In 1988, they launched their line, and in 1989 they began designing underwear. Dolce & Gabbana started to export their products to Japan and other countries like the U. S. where they founded their own showroom in 1990, in 1992, the same year they presented their mens collection, they also launched their first perfume Dolce & Gabbana. They won the Woolmark award in 1991, and the prize most feminine flavor of the year in 1993, towards the end of the 1990s their sales were around 500 million dollars and in 2003 their revenue reached $633 million. By 2005, their turnover was €600 million, Domenico Dolce began his career in the fashion industry after dropping out of a three-year course in fashion design at Marangoni Institute, believing that he knew everything the school had to teach. His dream was to work for Giorgio Armani so one day, inside the door, there was a long white carpet leading to the receptionists desk. Dolce was not sure if he should walk on it with his shoes on, I am such a cretino, he says. He decided that he would look ridiculous appearing at the front desk without shoes, so he approached by sidling along the wall and he handed the book to the receptionist and to this day, Dolce does not know if Armani ever saw the sketches. Dolce found a job as an assistant to a designer named Giorgio Correggiari, One night at a club, he met a young man named Stefano Gabbana. Dolce was impressed with Gabbanas good looks and outgoing personality and Gabbana was happy to hear Dolces advice on how to approach Correggiari for a job. Correggiari ended up hiring Gabbana to work on sportswear, and Dolce taught him how to sketch and the basics of tailoring, Dolce, We always filed two different invoices for the freelance work we did, even when we were working for the same client. Gabbana, Our accountant said, Why not just do one invoice for both of you, put Dolce and Gabbana at the top. So the brand was born, the brainchild of a Milanese bookkeeper, the first collection from the design duo was shown in October 1985 alongside five other up-and-coming Italian labels as part of Milan Fashion Week. The two did not have money to hire models or provide accessories for them, so they sought help from their friends. The models simply wore their personal items to complement the clothing and they used a bed sheet that Dolce had brought from home as their stage curtain. The pair labeled their first collection Real Women, due in part to the use of local women on the runway
31.
Vogue (British magazine)
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The British edition of the fashion magazine Vogue has been published since autumn 1916. Its current editor stated that, “Vogue’s power is universally acknowledged, it’s the place everybody wants to be if they want to be in the world of fashion and 85% of the magazine’s readers agree that “Vogue is the Fashion Bible”. The magazine is considered to be one that links fashion to high society and class, teaching its readers how to ‘assume a distinctively chic, as a branch-off of American Vogue, British Vogue is a magazine whose success is based upon its advertising rather than its sales revenue. In 2007, it ran 2,020 pages of advertising at an average of £16,000 a page and it is deemed to be more commercial than other editions of Vogue. British Vogue is the most profitable British magazine as well as the most profitable edition of Vogue besides the US, during the First World War, Condé Nast, Vogue’s publisher, had to deal with restrictions on overseas shipping as well as paper shortages in America. The British edition of Vogue was the answer to this problem, under the London editions first editor, Elspeth Champcommunal, the magazine was essentially the same as the American edition, except for its British English spellings. However, Champcommunal thought it important that Vogue be more than a fashion magazine and it featured articles on ‘society and sporting news… Health and beauty advice… travelogues… and editorials’, making it a skillfully mixed cocktail. Champcommunal held her position until 1922. There were also features from noted English writers such as Virginia Woolf. Due to Todds changes, the magazine lost much of its audience, British Vogue is not believed to have really taken off until after its third editor, Alison Settle, was appointed in 1926. Under Audrey Withers, the magazine took a literary direction. British Vogue’s current editor-in-chief is Alexandra Shulman, who took the reins in 1992, during her time as editor, the magazine has drawn more than a million readers. Shulman is especially known for developing collector’s issues of British Vogue, such as the ‘Gold Millennium Issue’ where celebrities, Shulman is also praised for her use of up and coming photographers like Mario Testino. The editor has also known for her attempt to change the face of fashion. She has pushed designers to stop using size-zero models, Shulman stated that super-skinny models are no longer acceptable, receiving positive notes from women all over the world. Today, British Vogue has become quite modernised, on the magazine’s website there are more than 25 fashion blogs on beauty, fashion, and culture. You can also find VogueTV which features recent fashion videos from catwalks to interviews with models, though the magazine doesn’t face as much criticism as American Vogue, the UK edition does have its moments. Vogue editor Alexandra Shulman joined the debate, making a statement to the Daily Mail that she doesnt think fashion is institutionally racist in the slightest
32.
Vogue Paris
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The French edition of Vogue magazine, Vogue Paris, is a fashion magazine that has been published since 1920. The French edition of Vogue was first issued on 15 June 1920, more information about French Vogue in the 1920s is available in Mary E. Daviss book Classic Chic, Music, Fashion, and Modernism. Michel de Brunhoff was the magazines editor-in-chief from 1929 until 1954, edmonde Charles-Roux, who had previously worked at Elle and France-Soir, became the magazine’s editor-in-chief in 1954. In August 1956, the magazine issued a special ready-to-wear issue and she left Vogue in 1966, as the result of a conflict for wanting to place a black woman on the cover of the magazine. When later asked about her departure, Charles-Roux refused to confirm or deny this account, francine Crescent, whose editorship would later be described as prescient, daring, and courageous, took the helm of French Vogue in 1968. Under her leadership, the became the global leader in fashion photography. Crescent gave Helmut Newton and Guy Bourdin, the two most influential photographers, complete creative control over their work. At times, Bourdins work was so scandalous that Crescent laid her job on the line to preserve his artistic independence. The two photographers greatly influenced the image of womanhood and were among the first to realize the importance of image, as opposed to product. By the late 1980s, however, Newton and Bourdins star power had faded, colombe Pringle replaced Crescent as the magazines editor-in-chief in 1987. Under Pringle’s watch, the magazine recruited new photographers such as Peter Lindbergh and Steven Meisel, even still, the magazine struggled, remaining dull and heavily reliant on foreign stories. When Pringle left the magazine in 1994, word spread that her resignation had been forced, joan Juliet Buck, an American, was named Pringles successor effective 1 June 1994. Her selection was described by The New York Times as an indication that Conde Nast intended to modernize the magazine, Bucks first two years as editor-in-chief were extremely controversial, many employees resigned or were fired, including the magazines publishing director and most of its top editors. Though rumors circulated in 1996 that the magazine was on the verge of a shutdown, Buck persevered, during her editorship, the magazine’s circulation ultimately increased 40 percent. Buck remade the magazine in her own image, tripling the amount of text in the magazine and devoting special issues to art, music, literature. Juliet Buck announced her decision to leave the magazine in December 2000, the Sydney Morning Herald later compared her departure, which took place during Milans fashion week, to the firing of a football coach during a championship game. Carine Roitfeld, who had been the creative director, was named as Bucks successor the next April. Roitfeld aimed to restore the place as a leader in fashion journalism
33.
Yves Saint Laurent (designer)
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Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent, known as Yves Saint Laurent, was a French fashion designer, regarded as one of the greatest names in fashion history. He was able to adapt his style to accommodate the changes in fashion during that period and he approached fashion in a different perspective by wanting women to look comfortable yet elegant at the same time. He is also credited with having introduced the suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references. Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent was born on 1 August 1936, in Oran, French Algeria, to Charles and he grew up in a villa by the Mediterranean with his two younger sisters, Michèle and Brigitte. Yves liked to create intricate paper dolls, and by his teen years he was designing dresses for his mother. At the age of 17, Saint Laurent moved to Paris and enrolled at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, Michel De Brunhoff, the editor of French Vogue, introduced Saint Laurent to designer Christian Dior, a giant in the fashion world. Dior fascinated me, Saint Laurent later recalled, I couldnt speak in front of him. He taught me the basis of my art, whatever was to happen next, I never forgot the years I spent at by his side. Under Diors tutelage, Saint Laurents style continued to mature and gain more notice. In 1953, Saint Laurent submitted three sketches to a contest for young fashion designers organised by the International Wool Secretariat, subsequently, he was invited to attend the awards ceremony held in Paris in December of that same year. During his stay in Paris, Saint Laurent met Michel de Brunhoff, De Brunhoff, known by some as a considerate person who encouraged new talent, was impressed by the sketches Saint Laurent brought with him and suggested he become a fashion designer. Saint Laurent would eventually consider a course of study at the Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture, Saint Laurent followed his advice and, leaving Oran for Paris after graduation, began his studies there and eventually graduated as a star pupil. Later that same year, he entered the International Wool Secretariat competition again and won, beating out his friend Fernando Sánchez and young German student Karl Lagerfeld. Shortly after his win, he brought a number of sketches to de Brunhoff who recognized close similarities to sketches he had shown that morning by Christian Dior. Knowing that Dior had created the sketches that morning and that the man could not have seen them, de Brunhoff sent him to Dior. Although Dior recognised his talent immediately, Saint Laurent spent his first year at the House of Dior on mundane tasks, such as decorating the studio and designing accessories. Eventually, however, he was allowed to submit sketches for the collection, with every passing season. In August 1957, Dior met with Saint Laurents mother to tell her that he had chosen Saint Laurent to succeed him as designer and his mother later said that she had been confused by the remark, as Dior was only 52 years old at the time
34.
Vogue (magazine)
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Vogue is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine made up of many components including fashion, beauty, culture, living, and runway. Vogue began as a newspaper in 1892 in the United States. The British Vogue was the first international edition launched in 1916, Turnures intention was to create a publication that celebrated the ceremonial side of life, one that attracts the sage as well as debutante, men of affairs as well as the belle. From its inception, the magazine targeted the new New York upper class, the magazine at this time was primarily concerned with fashion, with coverage of sports and social affairs included for its male readership. Despite the magazines content, it very slowly during this period. Condé Montrose Nast purchased Vogue in 1905 one year before Turnures death and he changed it to a bi-weekly magazine and started Vogue overseas in the 1910s. Under Nast, the magazine shifted its focus to women. The magazines number of publications and profit increased dramatically under Nasts management, by 1911, the Vogue brand had garnered a reputation that it continues to maintain, targeting an elite audience and expanding into the coverage of weddings. According to Condé Naste Russia, after the First World War made deliveries in the Old World impossible, the decision to print in England proved to be successful causing Nast to release the first issue of French Vogue in 1920. The magazines number of subscriptions surged during the Great Depression, during this time, noted critic and former Vanity Fair editor Frank Crowninshield served as its editor, having been moved over from Vanity Fair by publisher Condé Nast. In July of 1932, American Vogue placed its first color photograph on the cover of the magazine, the photograph was taken by photographer Edward Steichen and portrays a woman swimmer holding a beach ball in the air. Nast was responsible for introducing color printing and the two-page spread and he greatly impacted the magazine and turned it into a successful business and the womens magazine we recognize today and greatly increased the sales volumes until his death in 1942. Toward this end, Vogue extended coverage to include East Village boutiques such as Limbo on St, marks Place, as well as including features of downtown personalities such as Andy Warhols Superstar Jane Holzers favorite haunts. Vogue also continued making household names out of models, a practice continued with Suzy Parker, Twiggy, Jean Shrimpton, Lauren Hutton, Veruschka, Marisa Berenson, Penelope Tree. In 1973, Vogue became a monthly publication, under editor-in-chief Grace Mirabella, the magazine underwent extensive editorial and stylistic changes to respond to changes in the lifestyles of its target audience. Mirabella states that she was chosen to change Vogue because women werent interested in reading about or buying clothes that served no purpose in their changing lives and she was selected to make the magazine appeal to the the free, working, liberated woman of the seventies. She changed the magazine by adding text with interviews, arts coverage, when that type of stylihtic ceange f ell out of favor in the 1980s, Mirabella was brutally fired. Her take on it, For a magazine devoted to style, in July of 1988, after Vogue had began to lose ground to a three-year-old upstart Elle, Anna Wintour was named editor-in-chief
35.
Interview (magazine)
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Interview is an American magazine founded in late 1969 by artist Andy Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock. The magazine, nicknamed The Crystal Ball of Pop, features conversations between some of the worlds biggest celebrities, artists, musicians, and creative thinkers. Interviews are usually unedited or edited in the fashion of Warhols books and The Philosophy of Andy Warhol, From A to B. In the early days, complimentary copies of Interview were often given away to the in-crowd, toward the end of his life, as Warhol withdrew from everyday oversight of his magazine, a more conventional editorial style was introduced under editor Bob Colacello. The creative covers of Interview which gave the magazine its signature style were done by artist Richard Bernstein from 1972, the magazines format has remained consistent at 60% features and 40% glossy advertising. It has been published by Brant Publications, Inc since shortly after Warhols death in 1987, for a year and a half the magazine was in flux, edited by Christopher Bollen. Interview relaunched under co-editorial directors Fabien Baron and Glenn OBrien in September 2008, Stephen Mooallem and Christopher Bollen served as the working editor-in-chief and editor-at-large, respectively. The publications content can be online and via an app, Other Edition. As of 2017, Fabien Baron is editorial director, Karl Templer is creative director, in December 2013, Stephen Mooallem left Interview to join Harper’s Bazaar as its executive editor. Keith Pollock served as editor-in-chief from 2014 to 2016, the magazine is featured in The CWs television series The Carrie Diaries, a prequel to HBOs Sex and the City. The protagonist, played by actress AnnaSophia Robb, vicariously explores New York City through the fashion editor of Interview
36.
Cindy Crawford
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Cynthia Ann Cindy Crawford is an American model and actress. Her years of success at modeling made her a celebrity that has led to roles in television and film. In 1995, Forbes magazine named her the highest paid model on the planet, Crawford is one of the original five Supermodels. She was named No.3 on VH1s 40 Hottest Hotties of the 90s and was named one of the 100 Hottest Women of All-Time by Mens Health. Crawford is known for her trademark mole just above her lip, cynthia Ann Crawford was born in DeKalb, Illinois, on February 20,1966, the daughter of Jennifer Sue Crawford-Moluf and John Dan Crawford. She has two sisters, Chris and Danielle, as well as a brother, Jeffery, who died of leukemia at age 3. She has stated that her family has been in the United States for generations and that her ancestry is mostly German, English, and French. In her sophomore year at school, she received a call from a local clothing store regarding modelling work. However, the year another store hired a number of high school girls, including Crawford. The photo and positive feedback she received were enough to convince her to take up modeling and she entered the Elite Model Managements Look of the Year contest at 17 and was the runner-up. Elite Model Management in Chicago then started representing her, Crawford graduated from DeKalb High School in 1984 as valedictorian. She earned a scholarship to study chemical engineering at Northwestern University. She dropped out in order to pursue a modeling career. After working for photographer Victor Skrebneski in Chicago, Crawford moved to New York City in 1986, during the 1980s and 1990s, Crawford was among the most popular supermodels and a ubiquitous presence on magazine covers, runways, and in fashion campaigns. She was repeatedly and frequently featured on the cover of magazines, including Vogue, W, People, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Cosmopolitan. A partial count in 1998 totalled over 500 appearances, Crawford has walked the runways for Chanel, Versace, Dolce & Gabbana, Christian Dior, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Michael Kors, Todd Oldham, DKNY, and Valentino. She has also worked for Omega, Maybelline, Clairol, Pepsi, in 1987, Crawford appeared during the opening credits of the Michael J. Fox film The Secret of My Success. Three years later, she appeared alongside top models Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Tatjana Patitz, Crawford and the other four models subsequently appeared in the video for George Michaels hit Freedom 90 later that year
37.
Tatjana Patitz
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Patitz is one of the big five supermodels who appeared in the 1990 music video Freedom. 90 by George Michael, and is associated with the editorial, advertising, in her 2012 memoir, creative director of Vogue Grace Coddington regarded Patitz as one of the original supermodels and a must in photographs and on the catwalk. Harpers Bazaar wrote, Indeed, Patitzs features almost confuse, like Garbo or the Mona Lisa, the inexplicable gifts of line and luminescence defy definition. Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour stated that Patitz had always been one of her favorite models. Patitzs work bridged the eras of the exhibitionist 1980s and the minimalist 1990s in a way, as Barker concluded. Today, Patitz is an avid horsewoman who continues her passion for animals. Her self-described eclectic and bohemian design aesthetic for residential architecture and home design in her home state of California has been recognized internationally. Patitz was born in Hamburg, Germany and raised in Skanör and she learned to ride horses at the age of seven. During the summers, she found respite at her familys vacation home in Mallorca. In 1983 at the age of 17, Patitz entered and became a finalist in the Elite Model Look, Patitz won a contract and moved to Paris to begin working as a model. Though not a success, by 1985, Patitz worked regularly and at the end of that year, she graced the cover of British Vogue. That year she began to work with photographer Peter Lindbergh with whom she cultivated a 30-year collaborative relationship which contributed to the launch of the supermodel era, in his book,10 Women, Lindbergh wrote, I admire Tatjana because she always stays herself. Shes very soft, but at the time shes very strong and knows how to stand up for what she thinks. Its impossible not to admire her and over the years not to be just a bit in love with her. Patitzs work in Europe led her to New York where she worked for Vogue and such photographers as Irving Penn, Helmut Newton, Steven Meisel, Denis Piel, Sheila Metzner and she also worked with Gilles Bensimon at Elle and Francesco Scavullo at Cosmopolitan. The December 1985 issue of Vogue featured Irving Penns photograph, Colored Contact Lenses, the image would later be featured in the 1992 book On The Edge, Images from 100 Years of Vogue as one one of the iconic photographs of the era. In 1986, she appeared on two covers of the Italian edition of Vogue and continued to be featured in editorials in the American and British editions of Vogue. Patitz appeared in campaigns for Calvin Klein photographed by Bruce Weber, Avedon also photographed Patitz for her first cover of American Vogue, which is regarded as one of the definitive covers of the 1980s
38.
George Michael
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Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, known professionally as George Michael, was an English singer, songwriter, record producer, and philanthropist who rose to fame as a member of the music duo Wham. He was best known for his work in the 1980s and 1990s, including hit singles such as Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go and Last Christmas, and albums such as Faith and Listen Without Prejudice Vol.1. Up to the time of his death, Michael sold more than 115 million records worldwide and his breakthrough duo Wham. sold 28 million records between 1982 and 1986, and his debut solo album Faith sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. Michael achieved seven number one singles in the UK and eight number one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, including Careless Whisper and Praying for Time. He ranks among the best-selling British acts of all time, Michael, who came out as gay in 1998, was an active LGBT rights campaigner and HIV/AIDS charity fundraiser. In 2004, the Radio Academy named Michael the most played artist on British radio during the period 1984–2004, the documentary A Different Story covered his career and personal life. Michaels first tour in 15 years, the worldwide 25 Live tour, in the early hours of 25 December 2016, Michael, aged 53, was found dead in bed at his Oxfordshire home. A coroners report attributed his death to natural causes, Michael was born in East Finchley on 25 June 1963. His father, Kyriacos Jack Panayiotou, a Greek Cypriot restaurateur, had emigrated to Britain in the 1950s, Michaels mother, Lesley Angold, was an English dancer, and his maternal grandmother was Jewish. Michael spent most of his childhood in Kingsbury, London, in the home his parents soon after his birth. His older sisters are Yioda and Melanie, while he was in his early teens, the family moved to Radlett. There, Michael attended Bushey Meads School in Bushey, where he befriended his future Wham. partner Andrew Ridgeley, the two had the same career ambition of being musicians. Michael busked on the London Underground, performing such as 39 by Queen. His involvement in the business began with his working as a DJ, playing at clubs and local schools around Bushey, Stanmore. This was followed by the formation of a ska band called The Executive, with Ridgeley, Ridgeleys brother Paul, Andrew Leaver. Michael formed the duo Wham. with Andrew Ridgeley in 1981, the bands first album Fantastic reached No.1 in the UK in 1983 and produced a series of top 10 singles including Young Guns, Wham Rap. and Club Tropicana. Their second album, Make It Big, reached No.1 on the charts in the US, Michael sang on the original Band Aid recording of Do They Know Its Christmas. And donated the profits from Last Christmas/Everything She Wants to charity and he also contributed background vocals to David Cassidys 1985 hit The Last Kiss, as well as Elton Johns 1985 successes Nikita and Wrap Her Up
39.
Freedom! '90
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Freedom 90 is a song written, produced, and performed by George Michael, and released on Columbia Records in 1990. The 90 added to the end of the title is to prevent confusion with a hit by Michaels former band Wham. also titled Freedom. It was the single taken from Listen Without Prejudice Vol.1, though released as the second single from the album in the United States. Freedom 90 was one of a few songs on this album. It was a hit and peaked at number 8 on the U. S. charts. The song refers to Michaels past success with Wham, yet also shows a new side of himself as a new man, who is more cynical about the music business than he had been before. Michael refused to appear in the video and allowed a group of supermodels to appear instead, Michael performed this song, alongside his 2012 single White Light, during the closing ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics. By 1990, Michael had grown weary of the pressures of fame, telling the Los Angeles Times, At some point in your career, the situation between yourself and the camera reverses. For a certain number of years, you court it and you need it, the minute that happens, it turns you off. And it does feel like it is taking something from you and he decided that he no longer wanted to do photo shoots or music videos, saying, I would like to never step in front of a camera again. Although he relented and decided to make a video for his new song, for Freedom 90, the five models would not portray Michaels on-screen girlfriends, but would lip-synch the song in his place. This idea was established in 1985 by Bryan Ferrys music video Slave to Love. This music video included the appearance of five male models, John Pearson, Mario Sorrenti, Scott Benoit, Todo Segalla. Evangelista took some persuading before agreeing to appear in the video, saying, He thought it would make us into a big deal, I was like, Please, were here. After speaking with Michael, she was convinced, and rearranged her schedule. In a 2015 Vanity Fair article, Evangelista reflected on her decision positively, saying, Little did I know that to this day and his team for the multi-day Freedom. 90 shoot included Camilla Nickerson, who went on to become a Vogue contributing editor, as the clothes stylist, hair stylist Guido, the video was shot in a vast building in the London Borough of Merton that Nickerson says exhibited a grandeur and a Blade Runner feel. The 92-sketch storyboard called for each model to film on separate days, with the exception of Evangelista and Turlington, whereas Faith had opened with a jukebox phonograph needle touching a vinyl record, Freedom
40.
Claudia Schiffer
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Claudia Schiffer is a German model, actress and fashion designer. She rose to fame in the early 1990s as one of the worlds most successful models, in her early career, she was compared to Brigitte Bardot. She has appeared on more than one thousand magazine covers and holds the record for the model with the most magazine covers, in 2002, Forbes estimated her net worth to be around US$55 million. Claudia Schiffer was born in Rheinberg, a small town 15 kilometres northwest of Duisburg, on 25 August 1970 to Gudrun and Heinz Schiffer and she has two brothers, Stefan and Andreas, and one sister, Ann Carolin. Schiffer is fluent in three languages – German, English and French, Schiffer originally aspired to become a lawyer and used to work in her fathers law firm. In October 1987, at age 17, she was spotted in a nightclub in Düsseldorf by Michel Levaton, the head of Metropolitan Model Agency, shortly after this, she met Patrick Lafontaine at a beach resort, who then saw her connected with Elite Model Management. After leaving high school, Schiffer flew to Paris for a photo shoot. In the early 1990s, she starred in campaigns for Guess, co-founder Paul Marciano said in E. Forbes Top 15 Supermodel Beauties Who Made Bank, Guess. Name became really much more known around the world because Claudia, after several other magazine appearances including the cover of British Vogue, shot by Herb Ritts, Schiffer was selected by Karl Lagerfeld to become the new face of Chanel. In May 1997, Schiffer was featured on the cover and in the pictorial of Playboy, Schiffer appeared on the November 1999 millennium cover of Vogue as one of the Modern Muses. Named one of the most beautiful women in the world, her ability to appeal to a global audience assured a successful career spanning over 25 years. Other magazines Schiffer has appeared on the covers of include Vanity Fair, Rolling Stone, People, Harpers Bazaar, Elle, Cosmopolitan, salvatore Ferragamo, Neiman Marcus, Gap, Dillards, Saks Fifth Avenue, LOréal, Revlon, Intergaz and Pepsi. From her appearances in a 1998 Citroën advertisement she allegedly earned £3 million, Schiffer still holds a contract with LOréal and is one of their longest standing ambassadors. Schiffer was a judge on Fashion Fringe in 2011, in 2012, she posed for Guess. Again, marking the brands 30th anniversary, Schiffer launched her eponymous cashmere collection during Paris Fashion Week in March 2011. The Autumn–Winter 2011 season saw her fashion design debut and was followed by a Spring–Summer 2012 collection, Schiffer made her film debut in the childrens movie Richie Rich, and then starred opposite Dennis Hopper and Matthew Modine in The Blackout. She then went on to appear in Friends & Lovers, Black and White, In Pursuit, Life Without Dick, films in which Schiffer has made cameo appearances include Ben Stillers Zoolander. She made a appearance in the music video for Bon Jovis Say It Isnt So in 2000
41.
Kate Moss
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Kate Moss is an English model. Born in Croydon, Surrey, she was discovered in 1988 at age 14 by Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management, arriving at the end of the supermodel era, Moss rose to fame in the early 1990s as part of the heroin chic fashion trend. Her collaborations with Calvin Klein brought her to fashion icon status and she is known for her waifish figure, and role in size zero fashion. She received an award at the 2013 British Fashion Awards to acknowledge her contribution to fashion over 25 years, Moss is also a contributing fashion editor for British Vogue. Moss has had her own clothing range and has involved in musical projects. She has won accolades for modelling, in 2007, TIME named her one of the worlds 100 most influential people. She has inspired cultural depictions including a £1. 5m 18 carat gold statue of her and she began dating Jefferson Hack in the early 2000s and they have a daughter. She later dated musician Pete Doherty and she is married to Jamie Hince, guitarist for the Kills. She received media scrutiny for her party lifestyle and drug use, drug allegations beginning in late 2005 led to her being dropped from fashion campaigns. She was cleared of charges and resumed modelling, in 2012, she came second on the Forbes top-earning models list, with estimated earnings of $9.2 million in one year. Moss was born in Croydon, Greater London, the daughter of Linda Rosina, a barmaid, and Peter Edward Moss, an airline employee and she has a younger brother, Nick, and a half-sister named Lottie. Mosss parents divorced when she was 13 and she attended Ridgeway Primary School and Riddlesdown Collegiate, formerly known as Riddlesdown High School, in Purley. Moss was discovered in 1988 at 14 by Sarah Doukas, founder of Storm Model Management, at JFK Airport in New York, after a holiday in the Bahamas. Corinne Day shot black-and-white photographs of her, styled by Melanie Ward, for The Face when she was 16, Day discovered Moss when she was a young and unknown and described the pictures as dirty realism or grunge. Moss then featured in the Levis campaign Levis for Girls, with success, set up by The Design Corporation. Moss featured in the fashion look heroin chic in 1996 with a campaign for Calvin Klein, bill Clinton spoke out against the trend. Moss said, It was just the time and it was a swing from more buxom girls like Cindy Crawford and people were shocked to see what they called a waif. How many times can you say Im not anorexic, on 20 September 2005, the Swedish fashion retailer H&M dropped her from its campaign of autumn clothes designed by Stella McCartney because of drug allegations
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Versace
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Gianni Versace S. p. A. usually referred to as Versace, is an Italian luxury fashion company and trade name founded by Gianni Versace in 1978. The Versace logo is the head of Medusa, a Greek mythological figure, the logo came from the floor of ruins in Rome that the Versace siblings played in as children. Gianni Versace chose Medusa as the logo because she made people fall in love with her and he hoped his company would have the same effect on people. The Versace brand is known for having flashy prints and bright colors, in 1972, Gianni Versace designed his first collections for Callaghan, Genny, and Complice. In 1978, the company launched under the name Gianni Versace Donna, the first Versace boutique was opened in Milans Via della Spiga in 1978. Versace was one of the few independent designers who was in control of everything about the brand, in 1982, the company expanded into the accessory, jewelry, home furnishing, and china industries. In 1993, Donatella Versace created the Young Versace line as well as Versus, in 1994, the brand gained widespread international coverage due to the Black Versace dress of Elizabeth Hurley, referred to at the time as that dress. Versace was often described as the Rock n Roll designer because they designed for many clients, including Elton John, Michael Jackson. Versace designed the costumes and album cover costumes for Elton John in 1992. Versace has also designed clothing for the Princess of Wales and Princess Caroline of Monaco, the Versace company is known for using the same models in their ads as they do on the runway. After the murder of Gianni Versace in 1997, his sister Donatella Versace, formerly vice-president, took over as creative director, donatellas daughter Allegra Versace was left a 50 percent stake in the company, which she assumed control of on her eighteenth birthday. The companys profits were in decline in the early 2000s, Fabio Massimo Cacciatori was hired as interim CEO to reorganise, Cacciatori resigned in December 2003 due to disputes with the Versace family. From 2004 Giancarlo di Risio, from IT Holding, was CEO of the group until his resignation in 2009 due to disagreements with Donatella, since July 2009, Gian Giacomo Ferraris, previously of Jil Sander, has operated as CEO for the group. In February 2014 The Blackstone Group purchased a 20 percent stake in Versace for 210 million €, as of August 2013, more than 80 boutiques operate worldwide, the first boutique outside of Italy was opened in Glasgow, Scotland in 1991. In 2006, Gianni Versace S. p. A. entered into a partnership with Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. to produce the Lamborghini Murciélago LP640 VERSACE, the car had a Versace white satin interior with the Versace logo embroidered into the seats. The car was available in black and white, there were only ten units produced. The car was sold with a luggage set, luxury driving shoes. The Versace company teamed up with AgustaWestland in 2008 to create the AgustaWestland AW109 Grand Versace VIP luxury helicopter, the helicopter includes Versace leather interior and a design on the outside
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Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
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In the Closet
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In the Closet is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson. It is the single from his eighth album, Dangerous. The song became the third consecutive top ten pop single. It also became its second number one R&B single, the song, written and composed by Michael Jackson and Teddy Riley, is about keeping a relationship secret between lovers. In the closet is an English idiom used when one is not open about an aspect of their life, despite the songs suggestive name its lyrics do not allude to hidden sexual orientation but rather a concealed relationship, Dont hide our love / Woman to man. The New York Times stated, Only Jackson would use that title for a love song. The songs female vocal was originally labeled Mystery Girl but was revealed to be Princess Stéphanie of Monaco. The song, with its heavy industrial-sounding percussion and uptempo arrangement, is typical of producer Teddy Rileys style, the unique, Eastern-influenced backing vocals, reaching crescendo at middle eight imbue the song with an erotic edge usually missing from Jacksons music. Princess Stéphanies spoken lines were replaced with Jacksons live speech for the sequence, allMusic wrote that this song is fine and theres a lot to be said for professional craftsmanship at its peak and he highlighted it. Robert Christgau praised and described, hes hawking the most credible sex-and-romance of his career, in the Closet implores his mystery woman to keep their—get this--lust behind closed doors. Soon hes going wild, or fabricating desperate nostalgia for their used-to-be, alan Light of Rolling Stone called this song, repressed lust in the titillatingly titled and he wrote that this song has a snaky, unexpected bridge. In the Closet was originally conceived as a duet between Jackson and Madonna, the sepia colored music video was directed by Herb Ritts and features Jackson performing sensual dance routines with supermodel Naomi Campbell. The spoken vocals by Princess Stéphanie of Monaco were re-recorded by Campbell for the video, the clip was filmed in late March 1992 in Salton Sea, California and premiered on April 23,1992. It was Jacksons most sexually provocative piece and was banned in South Africa because of its imagery. The video is featured on the DVDs Dangerous, The Short Films and Michael Jacksons Vision
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Patrick Demarchelier
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Patrick Demarchelier is a French fashion photographer. Born near Paris in 1943 to a modest family, he spent his childhood in Le Havre with his mother, for his seventeenth birthday, his stepfather bought him his first Eastman Kodak camera. Demarchelier learned how to film, retouch negatives and began photographing friends. In 1975, he left Paris for New York City to follow his girlfriend and he discovered fashion photography by working as a freelance photographer and learning and working with photographers such as Henri Cartier-Bresson, Terry King, and Jacque Guilbert. His work drew the attention of Elle, Marie Claire and 20 Ans Magazine and he later worked for Vogue and Harpers Bazaar, first in September 1992 which resulted in a 12-year collaboration. Demarchelier has lived in New York City since 1975 and he is married to Mia and they have twins. Since the late 1970s he has shot the covers for nearly every fashion magazine including American, British. He has also shot covers for Rolling Stone, Glamour, Life, Newsweek and he was also the primary photographer for the book On Your Own, a beauty/lifestyle guide written for young women by Brooke Shields. Since 1992 he has worked with Harpers Bazaar, becoming its premier photographer, Demarchelier was awarded the contract for the 2005 Pirelli Calendar. Over the years he has helped the careers of many artists like Laura Mercier, Jason Marks. Demarchelier is referenced in the 2006 film The Devil Wears Prada, the first assistant Emily calmly jumps into action and calls his office, replying, I have Patrick. He also appears in the documentary The September Issue which is about Anna Wintour and he was called to do last-minute photographs for Grace Coddington after Edward Enninful were not sufficient. Demarchelier appeared in a cameo in the version of Sex. He was featured prominently in the episode of Cycle 15 of Americas Next Top Model. He was listed as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s by The Guardian in March 2013, in 2007, Christine Albanel, French Minister of Culture, honored Demarchelier as an Officer in lordre des Arts et des Lettres. Official website Demarchelier at Luminous Lint Some of his most famous photographs Christy Turlington New York 1992 Nadja Auermann Paris 1994 Nadja New York 1995
