1.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
Pembroke College, Cambridge
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Pembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. The college is the third-oldest college of the university and has seven hundred students. Physically, it is one of the larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its founding. As of 2014 the college has an endowment of £67 million. Pembroke has a level of academic performance among the highest of all the Cambridge colleges, Pembroke is home to the first chapel designed by Sir Christopher Wren and is one of the six Cambridge colleges to have educated a British prime minister, in Pembrokes case William Pitt the Younger. The college library, with a Victorian neo-gothic clock tower, is endowed with a copy of the first encyclopaedia to contain printed diagrams. The colleges current master is Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury, Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke founded Pembroke College, Cambridge. Christmas Eve 1347, Edward III granted Marie de St Pol, widow of the Earl of Pembroke, the Hall of Valence Mary, as it was originally known, was thus founded to house a body of students and fellows. The college was later renamed Pembroke Hall, and finally became Pembroke College in 1856, Marie was closely involved with College affairs in the thirty years up to her death in 1377. Both the founding of the college and the building of the citys first college Chapel required the grant of a papal bull. The original court was the universitys smallest at only 95 feet by 55 feet, the colleges gatehouse is the oldest in Cambridge. The original Chapel now forms the Old Library and has a striking seventeenth-century plaster ceiling, designed by Henry Doogood, around the Civil War, one of Pembrokes fellows and Chaplain to the future Charles I, Matthew Wren, was imprisoned by Oliver Cromwell. On his release after eighteen years, he fulfilled a promise by hiring his nephew Christopher Wren to build a great Chapel in his former college. The resulting Chapel was consecrated on St Matthews Day,1665, and the end was extended by George Gilbert Scott in 1880. An increase in membership over the last 150 years saw an increase in building activity. The Hall was rebuilt in 1875–6 by Alfred Waterhouse after he had declared the medieval Hall unsafe, Building work continued into the 20th century with W. D. Caröe as architect. He added Pitt Building between Ivy Court and Waterhouses Lodge, and extended New Court with the construction of O staircase on the side of the Lodge. In 1926, as the Fellows had become disenchanted with Waterhouses Hall, Maurice Webb was brought in to remove the open roof, put in a flat ceiling
5.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
6.
Tia Dalma
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Tia Dalma, played by Naomie Harris, is a fictional character from the movie Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End. It is revealed in At Worlds End that she is the sea goddess Calypso, the name implies several linguistic possibilities stemming from Portuguese to Spanish. Tia is both Portuguese and Spanish for aunt, Dalma could be a reference to the colloquial Caribbean Spanish del mar, of the sea. It could also be a reference to Spanish de Alma, or Portuguese da alma and it could be derived from Hypatia meaning highest, supreme. However, it is an anagram of Dalmatia, a region in modern day Croatia infamous for its pirates who were active during the 9th and 10th century. Prior to the events of the films, Tia Dalma was known as the goddess Calypso, Davy Jones, a human, fell in love with her. Calypso gave him the task of guiding the spirits of the dead lost at sea, Jones was granted immortality on the condition that he could return to shore once every ten years. However, when Jones returned to shore after ten years of service, feeling betrayed, Davy Jones made a secret agreement with the Pirate Lords. He showed them how to bind her to form using Pieces of Eight, and thus, at the first Brethren Court. Her binding tamed the seas and satisfied Joness desire for vengeance and this entrapment could only be reversed if the Brethren Court reassembled, resubmitted the original nine Pieces of Eight they used to bind her, and burned them. Until the events of At Worlds End, she was unaware of the role that her former lover had played in her imprisonment. After she was bound in human form, Tia Dalma began to practice Voodoo and it was thought that Tia Dalma and Sparrow became lovers at some point during the latters adult life, Sparrow confessed to having known her at a time when they had been inseparable. Tia Dalma provided him with his compass, a device that pointed to that which its user truly wanted. When the events of Dead Mans Chest begin, Jack Sparrow returns to see Tia Dalma after many years, pursued across the Caribbean by Davy Joness Kraken, he plans to find the Dead Mans Chest. This chest contains Joness heart, and offers the means to kill him. Jacks crew returns to Tia Dalmas shack after Jack is dragged to Davy Joness Locker by the Kraken, Tia has foreseen this eventuality, and informs the mourning crew that there is a chance to save Jack. She reveals that she has resurrected Barbossa, who will lead the rescue mission. Tia Dalma joins Barbossa, Will, Elizabeth, and the rest of the Black Pearls crew as they travel to Singapore
7.
Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
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Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disneys theme park ride of the same name. Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski, Rob Marshall, and Joachim Rønning, the series was most notably written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, other writers include Stuart Beattie, Jay Wolpert, and Jeff Nathanson. The stories followed the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, characters such as Hector Barbossa and Joshamee Gibbs follow Jack, Will, and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film featured Philip Swift and Syrena, while the film will feature Henry Turner. The films take place in a historical setting, a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Company. After the first films success, Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works, the franchises second film, subtitled Dead Mans Chest, was released three years later in 2006, the sequel proved successful, breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere. Dead Mans Chest ended up being the one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office. The third film in the series, subtitled At Worlds End, followed in 2007, on Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion, becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this. A fifth film, subtitled Dead Men Tell No Tales, is set to be released on May 26,2017. Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turners love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jacks mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the Flying Dutchman, to stand against the East India Trading Co. Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones Locker, as one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to summon an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Becketts forces. Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover and she forces Jack aboard the Queen Annes Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelicas father. Both are also in search of the Fountain, Angelica to save her fathers soul, joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George IIs Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth. Captain Jacks only hope of survival lies in seeking out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, with the release of the official trailer of Dead Men Tell No Tales, it was suggested that Dead Men will be the last film in the franchise. However, on March 4,2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, wenches Scarlett and Giselle fix each other up for their wedding, in which they would each marry their groom. Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man – Jack Sparrow – the two find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer
8.
28 Days Later
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Successful both commercially and critically, the film is credited with reinvigorating the zombie genre of horror film. The film spawned a 2007 sequel,28 Weeks Later, a novel titled 28 Days Later, The Aftermath, which expands on the timeline of the outbreak. In Cambridge, three animal liberation activists break into a research laboratory. A scientist in the lab desperately warns them against releasing the captive chimpanzees, ignoring his pleas, the activists release a chimp, which infects a female activist. She then attacks and infects everyone else present,28 days later, in London, Jim, a bicycle courier, awakens from a coma in St Thomas Hospital. He finds the hospital deserted. He wanders the streets of London, finding it deserted as well, Jim enters a church and finds a priest, who turns out to be infected. Jim flees, attracting attention of more infected, but Selena, at one of their safehouses, they explain to Jim that while he was in a coma, a virus spread among the populace, resulting in societal collapse. They claim the virus has been reported in Paris and New York City as well, the next day, Selena and Mark accompany Jim to his parents house in Deptford, where he discovers they committed suicide in bed together. That night, the three are attacked by more infected, Mark is bitten, and Selena kills him. She curtly explains that the virus spreads through blood and saliva and she warns that should Jim become infected, she will kill him in a heartbeat. The two see some blinking Christmas lights from Balfron Tower and head there and they discover two more survivors – cab driver Frank and his daughter Hannah – who allow them to take shelter. The next day, Frank informs them that their supplies – particularly water – are dwindling and he plays them a pre-recorded radio broadcast from a military blockade near Manchester, claiming they have the answer to infection and promises to protect any survivors who reach them. The group board Franks cab and head to Manchester, bonding with one another throughout the trip, at the deserted blockade, Frank is infected when a drop of blood falls into his eye. He is killed by the soldiers, who take the remaining survivors to a fortified mansion under the command of Major Henry West. West reveals to Jim that his answer to infection entails waiting for the infected to starve to death and luring female survivors into sexual slavery, the group attempts to flee, but Jim is captured and chained next to Sergeant Farrell, a dissenting soldier. Farrell shares with Jim his speculation that the virus has not spread beyond Great Britain, the next day, the soldiers prepare the girls for gang rape, while two soldiers lead Jim and Farrell to execution. When his executioners argue after killing Farrell, Jim escapes and spots a NATO aircraft flying overhead, Jim lures West and another soldier to the blockade, where Jim kills the latter and leaves West stranded for arriving infected
9.
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela
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Winnie Madikizela-Mandela is a South African activist and politician who has held several government positions and headed the African National Congress Womens League. She is a member of the ANCs National Executive Committee and she was married to Nelson Mandela for 38 years, including 27 years during which he was imprisoned. Although they were married at the time of his becoming president of South Africa in May 1994. Their divorce was finalised on 19 March 1996, though Winnie Mandela continued to be a presence in Mandelas life in years despite his remarriage in 1998. Winnie could be seen almost daily visiting her former husband Nelson Mandela at the Mediclinic heart hospital in Pretoria where he was receiving treatment and she was offered academic honours abroad. She was born in the village of eMbongweni, Bizana, Pondoland and she was born the fourth out of eight children, which included seven sisters and a brother. Her parents, Columbus and Gertrude, were both teachers, Columbus was a history teacher and a headmaster, and Gertrude was a domestic science teacher. Gertrude died when Winnie was nine, resulting in the break-up of her family as all the siblings were sent to live with different relatives, Madikizela-Mandela went on to become the head girl of her high school in Bizana. After she matriculated she went to Johannesburg to study social work at the Jan Hofmeyer School and she earned her degree in social work in 1956, and several years later earned a bachelors degree in international relations from the University of Witwatersrand. She held a number of jobs in various parts of what was then the Bantustan of Transkei, including with the Transkei government, living at times in Bizana, Shawbury. Her first job was as a worker at Baragwanath Hospital in Soweto. She met lawyer and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela in 1957 and she was 22 and standing at a bus stop in Soweto when Mandela first saw her and charmed her, securing a lunch date the following week. They married in 1958 and had two daughters, Zenani and Zindzi, Nelson Mandela was arrested in 1963 and released in 1990. The couple separated in 1992 and finalised the divorce in 1996 with an unspecified out-of-court settlement and her attempt to obtain a settlement up to US$5 million, half of what she claimed her ex-husband was worth, was dismissed when she failed to appear in court for a settlement hearing. When asked about the possibility of reconciliation in a 1994 interview, Winnie said, in fact, I am not the sort of person to carry beautiful flowers and be an ornament to everyone. Due to her activities, Winnie was regularly detained by the South African government. She was tortured, subjected to house arrest, kept under surveillance, held in confinement for over a year. She emerged as an opponent of apartheid during the later years of her husbands imprisonment
10.
Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom
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Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom is a 2013 British-South African biographical film directed by Justin Chadwick from a script written by William Nicholson and starring Idris Elba and Naomie Harris. The film is based on the 1995 autobiographical book Long Walk to Freedom by anti-apartheid revolutionary, W. de Klerk Zenzo Ngqobe as Patrick Lekota Carl Beukes as Niel Barnard A. J. Following the publication of Mandelas autobiography, Singh was granted the rights to the film adaptation, the film is directed by Justin Chadwick. For the film, U2 wrote the song Ordinary Love, subscribers of the bands official website were able to hear a short snippet first. The film held its premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on 7 September 2013. It was released on 28 November 2013 in South Africa and on 3 January 2014 in the United Kingdom, a week before, William made brief comments to the press while exiting the theatre, stating that I just wanted to say its extremely sad and tragic news. We were just reminded what an extraordinary and inspiring man Nelson Mandela was and my thoughts and prayers are with him and his family right now. The film was pulled from theatres in South Africa the next day out of respect. On the 8th of December to mark the launch of the film a Gala dinner, private screening and charity auction in aid of the childrens charity Onetoonechildrensfund. Sir Trevor McDonald was Master of Ceremonies for the evening, introducing the auction where one of an edition of 6 portrait heads of Nelson Mandela. The head was donated by the sculptor and sold in aid of the work in South Africa. Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom received mixed to positive reviews, at Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 60 based on 32 reviews, indicating mixed or average reviews. Scott Foundas of Variety said the film never opts for a touch when a sledgehammer will do, but also praises Elba for a towering performance. But the talent of the lead actors lends it heft, particularly the commanding performance of Idris Elba as Mandela, jordan Hoffman from Film. com also gave the film a mixed to negative review, Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom should have been a layup. A slow burn leading to eventual triumph, moving speeches, Idris Elba raging against injustice, but as crazy and offensive as it may sound, youll get more chills from Elbas idiotic speech about canceling the apocalypse in Pacific Rim than you will in this by-the-numbers bore. However, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a positive review with 2. They were so exhausted feeling guilty about slavery that I dont think there was left over to be nice about our film. We were deluged with Mandela stuff and after a week we all thought, please, take it away, or, at least, what he wanted to let us know
11.
Miss Moneypenny
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Miss Moneypenny, later assigned the first names of Eve or Jane, is a fictional character in the James Bond novels and films. She is secretary to M, who is Bonds boss and head of the British Secret Service, although she has a small part in most of the films, it is always highlighted by the underscored romantic tension between her and Bond. On that note, she is not always considered to be a Bond girl, having never had anything more than a relationship with Bond. According to the film You Only Live Twice, she holds the rank of officer in the Womens Royal Naval Service. In Ian Flemings first draft of Casino Royale, Moneypennys name was originally Miss Petty Pettaval, which was taken from Kathleen Pettigrew, Fleming changed it to be less obvious. Miss Moneypenny is the secretary of M, the head of MI6. She holds the rank of Lieutenant RN, which is a rank for this position. She is cleared for Top Secret, Eyes Only, and Cabinet-Level intelligence reports, the latter of which she is required to prepare. Ms personal assistant is utterly dedicated to her work, which means she has time for a social life. A close confidante of her boss, she enjoys a flirtatious—though never consummated—relationship with James Bond. Moneypenny was never given any backstory until the film Skyfall, when she was re-introduced to the following the 2006 reboot of the series continuity. Moneypenny, now played by Naomie Harris and given the first name Eve, is originally an agent assigned to work with Bond on an operation in Istanbul. It ends in disaster when she accidentally shoots Bond while he is fighting with the mercenary they are chasing. She is temporarily suspended for this and reassigned to duty, assisting Gareth Mallory, the Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee. She later meets Bond in Macau and aids in locating an agent of Raoul Silvas before returning to London, after her return to London, she is a participant in another shootout with Silva, when Silva ambushes M at a public inquiry into MI6. By the end of the film, she decides to retire from fieldwork, in both the Bond novels and films based upon them, Moneypenny is smitten with Bond. For example, in the novel Thunderball, Fleming wrote that she often dreamed hopelessly about Bond, however, she never explicitly voices these feelings. Miss Moneypennys role in Flemings novels is even smaller than her role in the films, in the novels, Bond also has his own secretary, Loelia Ponsonby and later Mary Goodnight, both of whose lines and relationships were often transferred to Miss Moneypenny for the films
12.
James Bond
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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. The latest novel is Trigger Mortis by Anthony Horowitz, published in September 2015, additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny. The character has also adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games. As of 2017, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productions series, the most recent Bond film, Spectre, stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond, he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also two independent productions of Bond films, Casino Royale and Never Say Never Again. In 2015, the franchise was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion, the Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bonds cars, his guns, the films are also noted for Bonds relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as Bond girls. Ian Fleming created the character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his number,007, and was a Royal Naval Reserve Commander. Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway. Aside from Flemings brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bonds make up, including Conrad OBrien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill Biffy Dunderdale. The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologist James Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies. He further explained that, When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be a dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened. When I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, is the dullest name I ever heard. On another occasion, Fleming said, I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, James Bond was much better than something more interesting, like Peregrine Carruthers. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is certainly good-looking. Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way and that black hair falling down over the right eyebrow
13.
Skyfall
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Skyfall is the 23rd James Bond film produced by Eon Productions and released in 2012. It features Daniel Craig in his performance as James Bond, and Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva. It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and John Logan and it was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. The story centres on Bond investigating an attack on MI6, the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 agent Raoul Silva to humiliate, discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him. The film sees the return of two recurring characters to the series after an absence of two films, Q, played by Ben Whishaw, and Moneypenny, played by Naomie Harris. Skyfall is the last film of the series for Judi Dench, who played M, the position is subsequently filled by Ralph Fiennes character, Gareth Mallory, though Dench would make a brief appearance in the next Bond film, Spectre. Mendes was approached to direct the film after the release of Quantum of Solace in 2008, development was suspended when MGM encountered financial troubles and did not resume until December 2010, during this time, Mendes remained attached to the project as a consultant. The original screenwriter, Peter Morgan, left the project during the suspension, when production resumed, Logan, Purvis, and Wade continued writing what became the final version of the script. Filming began in November 2011 and primarily took place in the United Kingdom, with portions shot in China. Skyfall premiered in London at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 October 2012 and was released in the United Kingdom on 26 October 2012 and it was the first James Bond film to be screened in IMAX venues, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. The films release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series and it was the 14th film to gross over $1 billion worldwide, and the first Bond film to do so. The film won accolades, including two BAFTA Awards, two Academy Awards and two Grammys. In Istanbul, MI6 agents James Bond and Eve Moneypenny chase a mercenary, Patrice, as Bond and Patrice fight atop a train, M, the head of MI6, orders Eve to shoot Patrice from long range. Eve misses and inadvertently hits Bond, who falls into a river, Bond is presumed dead and Patrice escapes. In the aftermath of the operation, M comes under pressure from Gareth Mallory, on her return from the meeting, MI6s servers are hacked and M receives a taunting message via computer moments before the MI6 building explodes, killing several employees. Bond, who used his death to retire, learns of the attack. Although he fails a series of physical and psychological examinations, M approves his return to the field, Bond is ordered to identify Patrices employer, recover the stolen hard drive, and kill Patrice. He meets Q, MI6s new quartermaster, who gives him a radio beacon, in Shanghai, Bond follows Patrice into a skyscraper, but is unable to prevent him from killing his target
14.
Spectre (2015 film)
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Spectre is the 24th instalment in the James Bond film series and the twenty-sixth overall. It was produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures and it is Daniel Craigs fourth performance as James Bond, and Christoph Waltzs first as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, with the film marking the characters re-introduction into the series. It was directed by Sam Mendes as his second James Bond film following Skyfall, with a written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade. With a budget around $245 million, it is the most expensive Bond film, the film marks Spectres first appearance in an Eon Productions film since 1971s Diamonds Are Forever, with Christoph Waltz playing the organisations leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld. Spectre was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015, with locations in Austria and it was released in the United States one week later, on 6 November. Upon its release, the film received positive reviews from critics. The theme song, Writings on the Wall, performed by the British singer Sam Smith won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, Spectre grossed over a total of $880 million worldwide, the second largest unadjusted income for the series after its predecessor Skyfall. Following Gareth Mallorys promotion to M, James Bond takes leave from MI6 and he attacks Marco in a helicopter and before pushing him out, shoves him out of the helicopter grabs his ring which is emblazoned with a stylised octopus. C campaigns for Britain to form Nine Eyes, a surveillance and intelligence co-operation initiative. Bond disobeys Ms order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarras funeral and that evening he seduces Sciarras widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, an organisation of businessmen with criminal and terrorist connections to which her husband belonged. Bond uses Sciarras ring to infiltrate a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, when Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he is pursued across the city by Spectres assassin, Mr. Hinx. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier, Bond locates White in Austria, where he learns that White is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who take him to LAméricain. Bond approaches Swann, and after rescuing her from Hinx, the two meet Q, through Sciarras ring, Q forensically links Oberhauser to Bonds previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that LAméricain is a hotel in Tangier, the two travel to the hotel and discover White left evidence directing them to Oberhausers operations base in the desert. After an encounter with Hinx that sees the assassin killed, Bond, there, Oberhauser reveals that Spectre has been funding the Joint Intelligence Service while staging terrorist attacks around the world, creating a need for the Nine Eyes programme. In return C will give Spectre unlimited access to intelligence gathered by Nine Eyes, allowing them to anticipate, Bond is tortured as Oberhauser discusses their shared history, after the younger Bond was orphaned, Oberhausers father, Hannes, became his temporary guardian. Believing that Bond supplanted his role as son, Oberhauser killed his father and staged his own death, subsequently adopting the name Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Bond and Swann overpower him and escape, destroying the base in an explosion and leaving Blofeld to die
15.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
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The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actress who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Gale Sondergaard was the first winner of award for her role in Anthony Adverse. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 78 actresses. Dianne Wiest and Shelley Winters have received the most awards in this category with two awards each, despite winning no awards, Thelma Ritter was nominated on six occasions, more than any other actress. As of the 2017 ceremony, Viola Davis is the most recent winner in category for her role as Rose Maxson in Fences. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, inside Oscar, The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States, Ballantine Books, oscars. org Oscar. com The Academy Awards Database
16.
Islington
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Islington is a district in Greater London, England, and part of the London Borough of Islington. Islington grew as a sprawling Middlesex village along the line of the Great North Road and this gave rise to some confusion, as neighbouring districts may also be said to be in Islington. This district is bounded by Liverpool Road to the west and City Road and its northernmost point is in the area of Canonbury. The main north-south high street, Upper Street splits at Highbury Corner to Holloway Road to the west, Islington was originally named by the Saxons Giseldone, then Gislandune. The name means Gīslas hill from the Old English personal name Gīsla, the name later mutated to Isledon, which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many small manors thereabouts, along with Bernersbury, some roads on the edge of the area, including Essex Road, were known as streets by the medieval period, possibly indicating a Roman origin, but little physical evidence remains. What is known is that the Great North Road from Aldersgate came into use in the 14th century and this was along the line of modern Upper Street, with a toll gate at The Angel defining the extent of the village. The Back Road, the modern Liverpool Road, was primarily a road where cattle would be rested before the final leg of their journey to Smithfield. Pens and sheds were erected along this road to accommodate the animals, the first recorded church, St Marys, was erected in the twelfth century and was replaced in the fifteenth century. Islington lay on the estates of the Bishop of London and the Dean, there were substantial medieval moated manor houses in the area, principally at Canonbury and Highbury. In 1548, there were 440 communicants listed and the atmosphere, with access to the City and Westminster, made it a popular residence for the rich. The local inns, however, harboured many fugitives and recusants, the Royal Agricultural Hall was built in 1862 on the Liverpool Road site of William Dixons Cattle Layers. The hall was 75 ft high and the glass roof spanned 125 ft. It was built for the annual Smithfield Show in December of that year but was popular for other purposes, including recitals and it was the primary exhibition site for London until the 20th century and the largest building of its kind, holding up to 50,000 people. It was requisitioned for use by the Mount Pleasant sorting office during World War II, the main hall has now been incorporated into the Business Design Centre. The hill on which Islington stands has long supplied the City of London with water and these included Sadlers Wells, London Spa and Clerkenwell. The river was opened on 29 September 1613 by Sir Hugh Myddelton and his statue still stands where Upper Street meets Essex Road. The course of the river ran to the east of Upper Street, the Regents Canal passes through Islington
17.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
18.
Trinidad
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Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands and numerous landforms which make up the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. The island lies 11 km off the northeastern coast of Venezuela, though geographically part of the South American continent, from a socio-economic standpoint it is often referred to as the southernmost island in the Caribbean. With an area of 4,768 km2, it is also the sixth largest in the West Indies, many believe the original name for the island in the Arawaks language was Iëre which meant Land of the Hummingbird. Some believe that Iere was actually a mispronunciation or corruption by early colonists of the Arawak word Kairi which simply means Island, Christopher Columbus renamed it La Isla de la Trinidad, fulfilling a vow he had made before setting out on his third voyage of exploration. Caribs and Arawaks lived in Trinidad long before Christopher Columbus encountered the islands on his voyage in 1498. Tobago changed hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, but eventually ended up in British hands, Trinidad remained Spanish until 1797, but it was largely settled by French colonists from the French Caribbean, especially Martinique. In 1889 the two became a single British Crown colony. Trinidad and Tobago obtained self-governance in 1958 and independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, major landforms include the hills of the Northern, Central and Southern Ranges, the Caroni, Nariva and Oropouche Swamps, and the Caroni and Naparima Plains. Major river systems include the Caroni, North and South Oropouche, there are many other natural landforms such as beaches and waterfalls. Trinidad has two seasons per year, the rainy season and the dry season. El Cerro del Aripo, at 940 metres, is the highest point in Trinidad and it is part of the Aripo Massif and is located in the Northern Range on the island, northeast of the town of Arima. Diversity is the status quo in Trinidad and it is sometimes known as a rainbow island or more fondly a callaloo. There is a range of ethnicity, religion, and culture. As of the 2011 Trinidad and Tobago Census, the population was 34. 22% East Indian,35. 43% African,7. 66% Mixed - African and East Indian, and 15. 16% Mixed - Other. Venezuela has also had a impact on Trinidads culture, such as introducing the music style parang to the island. Many of these groups overlap heavily due to admixture, for example Dougla is a term used to describe a person who is of African and East Indian descent. Trinidad religion primarily centers round Roman Catholic, Anglican, other Christian denominations, Hindu, catholicism constitutes the largest religious denomination of the country. There are also multiple festivals featuring the music of the Caribbean and the steelpan and these festivals include the world-famous Carnival, Jouvert, and Panorama, the national steel pan competition
19.
Finsbury Park, London
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For the nearby park of the same name, see Finsbury Park. Finsbury Park is an area in north London, England, which grew up around an important railway interchange near the borders of the London Boroughs of Islington, Haringey and Hackney. It is not to be confused with Finsbury, which is 3.3 miles farther south in the London Borough of Islington, although in some local contexts the name is shortened in this way. The area is centred on Finsbury Park station, a bus, rail. The surrounding area has a feel, as reflected by the wide variety of shops and establishments on Seven Sisters Road, Blackstock Road. The North London Central Mosque, which drew attention for extremist activity before a change in leadership in 2003, is located here, arsenal Football Clubs Emirates Stadium is nearby. Among other groups, Finsbury Park is home to a significant Irish community, for details of education in Finsbury Park, London see the London Boroughs of Hackney, Haringey and Islington articles. Lead singer of the Sex Pistols and Public Image Limited John Lydon, musician Graham Bond, a key figure in the English rhythm and blues boom of the 1960s, died at Finsbury Park station on 8 May 1974. Rapper Skinnyman grew up in Finsbury Park, actresses Margaret Barton, Kate Beckinsale, Minnie Driver, Emily Mortimer, Lily Loveless, Naomie Harris and Peta Toppano were born in Finsbury Park. Politician John Grant was born in Finsbury Park, photojournalist Don McCullin was born in Finsbury Park. Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour party leader and MP for Islington North, a blog for Finsbury Park N4
20.
EastEnders
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EastEnders is a long running British soap opera created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland which has been broadcast on BBC One since 1985. Set in the East End of London in the fictional Bough of Walford the programme follows the stories of local residents, the series was initially screened as two 30-minute episodes per week however since 2001, episodes have been broadcast every day apart from Wednesdays and weekends. Same-day repeats and omnibus editions of the series were previously shown on BBC Three however as of 2016 these are broadcast on UK-based TV channel W. They gave the job of creating this new soap to script writer Tony Holland and producer Julia Smith and they created twenty-four original characters for the show, based upon Hollands own family, and people they remembered from their own experiences in the East End. Granada Television gave Smith unrestricted access to the Coronation Street production for a month so that she could get a sense how a continuing drama was produced and they cast actors for their characters, and began to film the show at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. Julia Smith thought Eastenders looked ugly written down, and capitalised the second e, the central focus of EastEnders is the fictional Victorian square Albert Square in the fictional London Borough of Walford. In the shows narrative, Albert Square is a 19th-century street, named after Prince Albert, thus, central to Albert Square is The Queen Victoria Public House. Fans have tried to establish the location Walford would have within London if it were real, Walford has the postal district of E20. The postcode district was selected as if it were part of the actual E postcode area covers much of east London although the next unused postcode district in the area was. In 1917 the current postal districts in London were assigned according to the name of the main sorting office for each district. If Walford had been assigned in this scheme it would have been given E17, in March 2011, Royal Mail allocated the E20 postal district to the 2012 Olympic Park. The postal district in EastEnders was entirely fictional up to that point, the shows creators opted for E20 instead of E19 as it was thought to sound better. In September 2011 the postal code for Albert Square was revealed in an episode as E20 6PQ, there is also a market close to Fassett Square at Ridley Road. The postcode for the area, E8, was one of the titles for the series. The name Walford is both a street in Dalston where Tony Holland lived and a blend of Walthamstow and Stratford—the areas of Greater London where the creators were born, other parts of the Square and set interiors are based on other locations. The fictional local newspaper, the Walford Gazette, in local news events such as the arrests or murders of characters appear. EastEnders is built around the idea of relationships and strong families and this theme encompasses the whole Square, making the entire community a family of sorts, prey to upsets and conflict, but pulling together in times of trouble. Co-creator Tony Holland was from a large East End family, Pauline and Petes mother was the domineering Lou Beale, who lived with Pauline and her family
21.
Folk healer
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A folk healer is an unlicensed person who practices the art of healing using traditional practices, herbal remedies and even the power of suggestion. A folk healer may be a trained person who pursues their specialties, learning by study. In some cultures a healer might be considered to be a person who has inherited the gift of healing from his or her parent, the ability to set bones or the power to stop bleeding may be thought of as hereditary powers. Of the most notorious Granny Women, also referred to as witches, is Sam Hughes. Born in 1828, it is believed that this witch has disguised himself as student, more specifically. Granny women are purported to be healers and midwives in Southern Appalachia and they are theorized to be usually elder women in the community and may have been the only practitioners of health care in the poor rural areas of Southern Appalachia. They are fancied to not have expected or received payment, and were respected as authorities on herbal healing and they are mentioned by John C. Though superstitious she has a fund of common sense, and she is a shrewd judge of character. White witch and good witch are qualifying terms in English used to distinguish practitioners of magic for benevolent purposes from practitioners of malevolent witchcraft or black magic. Related terms are cunning-folk, witch doctor, and the French devins-guérisseurs, seer-healers, some of the healers and diviners historically accused of witchcraft have considered themselves mediators between the mundane and spiritual worlds, roughly equivalent to shamans. Such people described their contacts with fairies, spirits, or the dead, often involving out-of-body experiences, beliefs of this nature are implied in the folklore of much of Europe, and were explicitly described by accused witches in central and southern Europe. Sir Walter Scott spoke of a witch in his novel Kenilworth The white witch Glinda is the Good Witch in L. Frank Baums The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. C. S. Terry Pratchett featured white witches as protagonists in many of his Discworld novels and he also depicted them as fairy godmothers and de facto royal wizards. The third season of American Horror Story, subtitled Coven, uses the term for Stevie Nicks as Misty Day describes her as one, in the second season of Outlander, protagonist Claire Fraser is given the name La Dame Blanche by the people of 18th-century Paris. She professes to be a White Witch and practitioner of magic in the episode Faith. Folk medicine Home remedy Alternative medicine Kitchen witch Witcher Curandero Keith Thomas, Religion, ryan Stark, Rhetoric, Science, and Magic in Seventeenth-Century England, 123-27
22.
Woodhouse College
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Woodhouse College is a selective single site state sixth form college situated between North Finchley and Friern Barnet on the eastern side of the London Borough of Barnet in north London, England. It was formerly a grammar school, known as Woodhouse Grammar School. The college caters mainly for students aged 16 to 19 whose primary aim is to progress to Higher Education. After the First World War, the residence of ornamental plasterer Thomas Collins in the Woodhouse area of Finchley was reconstructed. A blue plaque commemorating Thomas Collins is on the wall outside the present college office, the school coat of arms with the motto Cheerfulness with Industry is still displayed above the stage in the college hall. A pink horse-chestnut tree was planted behind the school building to mark the coronation of King George VI. This tree had been presented by the Third Reich authorities to a member of the British team who attended the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, during the Second World War, the school continued to function but the basement was used by the ARP service. The Roll of Honour also records the names of the four houses of the old school, Gordon, Livingstone, Nightingale. They were briefly suspended from the school, Woodhouse Grammar School was later reconstituted as Woodhouse Sixth Form College. There were plans to merge the school with Friern Barnet County Secondary School in 1971, mrs Thatcher gave a speech at the college in May 1983. The school had its first three students attain places on the Prime Ministers Global Fellowship programme in 2009, the college achieves above average A-level results. Woodhouse Colleges 2011 results were 65. 4% for grades A* - B Robert G. W
23.
Science fiction
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Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations, and has been called a literature of ideas. Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying science fiction is what we point to when we say it, a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography, you do not know what it is, in 1970 or 1971William Atheling Jr. According to science fiction writer Robert A, rod Serlings definition is fantasy is the impossible made probable. Science fiction is the improbable made possible, Science fiction is largely based on writing rationally about alternative possible worlds or futures. Science fiction elements include, A time setting in the future, in alternative timelines, a spatial setting or scenes in outer space, on other worlds, or on subterranean earth. Characters that include aliens, mutants, androids, or humanoid robots, futuristic or plausible technology such as ray guns, teleportation machines, and humanoid computers. Scientific principles that are new or that contradict accepted physical laws, for time travel, wormholes. New and different political or social systems, e. g. utopian, dystopian, post-scarcity, paranormal abilities such as mind control, telepathy, telekinesis Other universes or dimensions and travel between them. A product of the budding Age of Reason and the development of science itself. Isaac Asimov and Carl Sagan considered Keplers work the first science fiction story and it depicts a journey to the Moon and how the Earths motion is seen from there. Later, Edgar Allan Poe wrote a story about a flight to the moon, more examples appeared throughout the 19th century. Wells The War of the Worlds describes an invasion of late Victorian England by Martians using tripod fighting machines equipped with advanced weaponry and it is a seminal depiction of an alien invasion of Earth. In the late 19th century, the scientific romance was used in Britain to describe much of this fiction. This produced additional offshoots, such as the 1884 novella Flatland, the term would continue to be used into the early 20th century for writers such as Olaf Stapledon. In the early 20th century, pulp magazines helped develop a new generation of mainly American SF writers, influenced by Hugo Gernsback, the founder of Amazing Stories magazine. In 1912 Edgar Rice Burroughs published A Princess of Mars, the first of his series of Barsoom novels, situated on Mars
24.
The Tomorrow People
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The Tomorrow People is a British childrens science fiction television series, created by Roger Price. Produced by Thames Television for the ITV Network, the series first ran from 1973 to 1979, a remake appeared in 1992, with Roger Price acting as executive producer. This version used the basic premise as the original series with some changes. A series of audio using the original concept and characters was produced by Big Finish Productions between 2001 and 2007. In 2013, an American remake of the show premiered on The CW and it is shown on E4 in the UK. All incarnations of the show concerned the emergence of the stage of human evolution known colloquially as Tomorrow People. Born to human parents, a normal child might at some point between childhood and late adolescence experience a process called breaking out and develop special paranormal abilities. These abilities include psionic powers such as telepathy, telekinesis, however, their psychological make-up prevents them from intentionally killing others. The original series was produced by Thames Television for ITV, the Tomorrow People operate out of a secret base, The lab, built in an abandoned London Underground station. The lab was revamped at the beginning of Series 6, the team constantly watches for new Tomorrow People breaking out to help them through the process as the youngsters endure mental agonies as their minds suddenly change. They sometimes deal with attention from extraterrestrial species as well as facing more earthbound dangers and they also have connections with the Galactic Federation which oversees the welfare of telepathic species throughout the galaxy. In addition to their powers, they use advanced technology such as the biological computer TIM, which is capable of original thought, telepathy. TIM also helps the Tomorrow People to teleport long distances, although they must be wearing a device installed into a belt or bracelet for this to work, teleportation is referred to as jaunting in the programme. The team used jaunting belts up to the end of Series 5, in the original series, the Tomorrow People are also referred to as both Homo Novis and Homo superior. The same term appeared in David Bowies 1971 song Oh. You Pretty Things, Let me make it plain and you gotta make way for the Homo Superior. This term came up as part of a conversation between Roger Price and David Bowie at a meeting at Granada studios in Manchester when Price was directing a programme in which Bowie was appearing. Price had been working on a script for his Tomorrow People project and during a conversation with Bowie, Bowie liked the term and soon afterwards wrote it into his song
25.
The Witch of Edmonton
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The Witch of Edmonton is an English Jacobean play, written by William Rowley, Thomas Dekker and John Ford in 1621. The play depicts Elizabeth Sawyer, an old woman shunned by her neighbours, who gets revenge by selling her soul to the Devil, in addition, there are two subplots. One depicts a bigamist who murders his wife at the devils prompting. Written and first acted in 1621, the play was not published until 1658 and it was entered into the Stationers Register on 21 May that year, the edition that followed was issued by the bookseller Edward Blackmore. The title page of the first edition attributes the play to divers well-esteemed Poets, William Rowley, Thomas Dekker, John Ford, while Goodcoles witch is simply a bad woman, the Sawyer of the play is treated more sympathetically. The play was first acted by Prince Charless Men at the Cockpit Theatre in 1621, a wealthy knight and the employer of Frank Thorney and Winifred. He has an affair with Winifred, and when she gets pregnant. He is a gentleman who has mortgaged all of his lands and he pushes his son to marry Susan Carter in order to escape his financial difficulties. The father of Susan Carter and Katherine Carter and he is a wealthy farmer who uses his daughters’ marriages as means to improve his social status. He beats Mother Sawyer at the beginning of the play for gathering sticks on his land and he becomes bitter when Susan chooses Frank Thorney over him. He makes friends with the Devil-Dog, but due to his innocence and ignorance, the husband of Anne Ratcliffe, a woman who is driven insane by the Devil-Dog at Mother Sawyer’s behest. The local Justice of the Peace and he passes judgment on Frank Thorney and Mother Sawyer at the end of the play. A devil or spirit who has assumed the form of a black dog and he performs mischievous acts for Mother Sawyer after she promises her soul to him. He can only be seen by Mother Sawyer and Cuddy Banks, at Mother Sawyer’s bequest, the Devil-Dog drives her insane and causes her to beat her own brains out. She chooses to marry Frank Thorney rather than Warbeck, Frank murders her when she tries to follow him as he escapes with the dowry money. She is wooed by and agrees to marry Somerton, while nursing Frank back to health, she finds the bloody knife he used to murder her sister Susan, thereby revealing Frank’s guilt. Sir Arthur Clarington’s maid and Frank Thorney’s first wife, sir Arthur gets her pregnant and offers Frank money to marry her. When Frank flees after his marriage, she travels with him disguised as his boy-servant
26.
Danny Boyle
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His debut film Shallow Grave won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. Boyles 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won eight and he also won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director. Boyle was presented with the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award at the 2008 Austin Film Festival, in 2012, Boyle was the Artistic Director for Isles of Wonder, the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Summer Olympic Games. He was subsequently offered a knighthood as part of the New Year Honours, in 2014, it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester. Danny Boyle was born on 20 October 1956 in Radcliffe, Lancashire, although he now describes himself as a spiritual atheist, he was brought up in a working class Catholic family. Boyle was a boy for eight years and his mother had the priesthood in mind for him. Whether he was saving me from the priesthood or the priesthood from me, but quite soon after, I started doing drama. And theres a connection, I think. All these directors — Martin Scorsese, John Woo, M. Night Shyamalan — they were all meant to be priests, Theres something very theatrical about it. It’s basically the same job — poncing around, telling people what to think and he later studied at Thornleigh Salesian College in Bolton, and studied English and Drama at Bangor University. While at university, Boyle dated the actress Frances Barber, Boyle is the patron of North West-based young peoples substance misuse charity, Early Break, which was founded and based in his home town of Radcliffe. Boyle is also a trustee of the UK-based African arts charity Dramatic Need, upon leaving school he began his career at the Joint Stock Theatre Company, before moving onto the Royal Court Theatre in 1982 where he directed The Genius by Howard Brenton and Saved by Edward Bond. He also directed five productions for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in 2011 he directed Frankenstein for the National Theatre. This production was broadcast to cinemas as a part of National Theatre Live on 17 March 2011, Boyle was Artistic Director for the 2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in London. The ceremony, entitled Isles of Wonder, charted aspects of British culture, including the Industrial Revolution and British contributions to literature, music, film, reception to the ceremony was generally positive, both nationally in the United Kingdom and internationally. In December 2012 it was reported that Boyle turned down a knighthood in the New Year Honours list. He told BBC Radio 4 Im very proud to be an equal citizen, in 2014, it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester. These were Masonic Mysteries and Cherubim and Seraphim and he was also responsible for the BBC2 series Mr. Wroes Virgins
27.
Post-apocalyptic
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Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction is a subgenre of science fiction, science fantasy or horror fiction literature in which the Earths technological civilization is collapsing or has collapsed. The story may involve attempts to prevent an event, deal with the impact and consequences of the event itself, or it may be post-apocalyptic. Post-apocalyptic stories often place in a non-technological future world, or a world where only scattered elements of society. And recognizable modern apocalyptic novels had existed since at least the first quarter of the 19th century, however, this form of literature gained widespread popularity after World War II, when the possibility of global annihilation by nuclear weapons entered the public consciousness. As shown above, the apocalypse is also depicted in visual art, the story may involve attempts to prevent an apocalypse event, deal with the impact and consequences of the event itself, or may be post-apocalyptic, and be set after the event. Post-apocalyptic stories often place in a non-technological future world, or a world where only scattered elements of society. The scriptural story of Noah and his Ark describes the end of the original civilization. Noah is assigned the task to build the Ark and save the lifeforms so as to reestablish a new post-flood world, numerous other societies, including the Babylonian, had produced apocalyptic literature and mythology which dealt with the end of the world and of human society. Many of which included stories that refer back to the Biblical Noah or describe a similar flood. The Epic of Gilgamesh, written ca, 2000–1500 BC, details a myth where the angry gods send floods to punish humanity, but the ancient hero Utnapishtim and his family are saved through the intervention of the god Ea. A similar story about the Genesis flood narrative is found in Sura 71 of the Quran, even in the Hindu Dharmasastra, the apocalyptic deluge plays a prominent part. According to the Matsya Purana, the Matsya avatar of Lord Vishnu, at the time of deluge, Vishnu appeared as a horned fish and Shesha appeared as a rope, with which Vaivasvata Manu fastened the boat to the horn of the fish. Variants of this story appear in Buddhist and Jain scriptures. The first centuries AD saw the recording of the Book of Revelation, which is filled with prophecies of destruction, as well as luminous visions. In the first chapter of Revelation, the writer St. John the Divine explains his errand, Write the things which thou hast seen, the things which are. He takes it as his mission to convey—to reveal—to God’s kingdom His promise that justice will prevail, the apocalyptist provides a beautific vision of Judgement Day, revealing God’s promise for redemption from suffering and strife. Revelation describes a New Heaven and a New Earth, and its intended Christian audience is often enchanted and inspired and these Christians believed themselves chosen for God’s salvation, and so such apocalyptic sensibilities inspired optimism and nostalgia for the end times. The fear of the end is about as old as civilization itself
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White Teeth (TV serial)
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White Teeth is a 2002 British four-part television drama miniseries based on the novel of the same name written by Zadie Smith. The series was directed by Julian Jarrold, adapted by Simon Burke and it was broadcast by Channel 4 over four consecutive weeks between 17 September 2002 and 8 October 2002. White Teeth consists of four self-contained short-stories, focusing on a male character as he encounters a turning point in his life. The series spans 20 years of three cultures, chronicling the stories of three families over three generations in a multicultural area of north-west London from 1974 to 1992. The four-hour saga also features leaps back to the Second World War, where Samad and Archie served together, however, after Channel 4 acquired the rights, it compressed a £3.5 million version of Smiths novel into four one-hour episodes. Company Pictures originally approached Zadie Smith to adapt the screenplay for the series from her novel, however, she declined the offer in order to continue with her next novel The Autograph Man. Smith was later given the role of creative consultant, in February 2002, the adaptation went into production. It was shot mainly in Willesden and Cricklewood as well as the Caribbean, in the United Kingdom, White Teeth was broadcast on Channel 4 over four consecutive weeks from 17 September 2002 to 8 October 2002. In the United States, the series aired as part of the PBS Masterpiece Theatre anthology over two weeks on 11 May 2003 and 18 May 2003. The series was also broadcast in, Australia in November 2002, Sweden in March 2003, Finland in September 2003 as Valkoiset hampaat, on 9 May 2011, the DVD of the series was released. White Teeths first episode received 2.2 million viewers and a 14 percent audience share between 10pm and 11. 05pm, according to overnight figures. The series gained healthy viewing figures throughout and peaked at 3.5 million during the final episode, in October 2002, the series was hailed as one of the must-watch shows that autumn on British television. William Feaver called the series an enjoyable epic sweep type romp, liked the way in which topics are brought in, adroitly dealt with and dealt out. Bonnie Greer thought the adapter did a good job. Broke it open and made it something else. Was trying to put a visual style to replace the prose style, tim Lott said it captured the energy of the book very well. More successful than the book, artistically and its one of the best adaptations. BBC News reported White Teeth lives up to the book but arguably betters it, the screenplay captures the books grand scale and intimacy
29.
Zadie Smith
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Zadie Smith FRSL is an English novelist, essayist, and short story writer. She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2002, in a 2004 BBC poll of cultural researchers, Smith was named among the top twenty most influential people in British culture. As of 2016, she has published five novels, all of which have received critical praise. In 2003, she was included on Grantas list of 20 best young authors and she joined New York Universitys Creative Writing Program as a tenured professor on 1 September 2010. Zadie Smith was born as Sadie Smith in the north-west London borough of Brent to a Jamaican mother, Yvonne Bailey, and her mother had grown up in Jamaica and migrated to England in 1969. Their marriage was her fathers second, Zadie has a half-sister, a half-brother, and two younger brothers, one of whom is the rapper and stand-up comedian Doc Brown and the other is rapper Luc Skyz. Her parents divorced when she was a teenager, when she was 14, she changed her name to Zadie. Despite earlier ambitions, literature emerged as her principal interest, Smith attended the local state schools, Malorees Junior School and Hampstead Comprehensive School, and Kings College, Cambridge, where she studied English literature. In an interview with The Guardian in 2000, Smith corrected an assertion that she left Cambridge with a double First. Actually, I got a Third in my Part Ones, she said, at Cambridge she published a number of short stories in a collection of new student writing called The Mays Anthology. These attracted the attention of a publisher, who offered her a contract for her first novel, Smith decided to contact a literary agent and was taken on by A. P. Watt. Smith returned to guest-edit the anthology in 2001, White Teeth was introduced to the publishing world in 1997, before it was completed. On the basis of a partial manuscript an auction among different publishers for the rights started, Smith completed White Teeth during her final year at Cambridge. Published in 2000, the became a best-seller immediately. It was praised internationally and won a number of awards, the novel was adapted for television in 2002 by Channel 4. Smith also served as writer-in-residence at the ICA in London and subsequently published, as editor, in interviews she reported that the hype surrounding her first novel had caused her to suffer a short spell of writers block. Nevertheless, her novel, The Autograph Man, was published in 2002 and was a commercial success. After the publication of The Autograph Man, Smith visited the United States as a 2002–03 Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Fellow at Harvard University
30.
White Teeth
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White Teeth is a 2000 novel by the British author Zadie Smith. It focuses on the lives of two wartime friends—the Bangladeshi Samad Iqbal and the Englishman Archie Jones—and their families in London. The novel is centred around Britains relationships with people from formerly colonised countries in Africa, Asia, time magazine included the novel in its TIME100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005. Filled with an enthusiasm for life, Archie flips a coin. There he meets the much-younger Clara Bowden, a Jamaican woman whose mother, Clara had been interested in the unattractive, anti-social Ryan Topps, but their relationship falls apart after Ryan becomes a member of the Jehovahs Witnesses. Archie and Clara are soon married and have a daughter, Irie, also living in Willesden, North-West London, is Archies best friend Samad Iqbal, a Bengali Muslim from Bangladesh, the two men spend much of their time at the OConnells pub. Archie and Samad met in 1945 when they were part of a tank crew inching through Europe in the days of World War II. Following the war, Samad emigrated to Britain and married Alsana Iqbal, née Begum, in a traditional arranged marriage. Samad is a waiter in a West End curry house, and is obsessed by the history of his great-grandfather, Mangal Pandey. Samad and Alsana have twin boys, Magid and Millat, who are the age as Irie. In an attempt to preserve his traditional beliefs, he sends 10-year-old Magid to Bangladesh in the hope that he grow up properly under the teachings of Islam. From then on, the lives of the two boys follow very different paths, ironically, and to Samads fury, Magid becomes an Anglicised atheist and devotes his life to science. Millat, meanwhile, pursues a rebellious path of womanising and drinking – as well as harbouring a love of mob movies such as The Godfather, by re-engineering the actual genome and watching cancers progress at pre-determined times, Marcus believes he is eliminating the random. The mother, Joyce Chalfen, is a horticulturist and part-time housewife with an often entirely misguided desire to mother, to some extent, the Chalfen family provides a safe haven as they accept and understand the turbulent lives of Irie, Magid, and Millat. However, this comes at the expense of their own son, Joshua. Originally a well-moulded Chalfenist, Joshua later rebels against his father and his background by joining the radical animal rights group Fighting Animal Torture, meanwhile, after his return from Bangladesh, Magid works as Marcuss research assistant on the FutureMouse project, while Millat becomes further involved in KEVIN. Irie, who has working for Marcus, briefly succeeds in her long-hidden attraction to Millat but is rejected under his KEVIN-inspired beliefs. Irie believes that Millat cannot love her, for he has always been the son both symbolically and literally, Millat was born two minutes after Magid
31.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
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Pirates of the Caribbean, Dead Mans Chest is a 2006 American fantasy swashbuckler film and the second installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, following The Curse of the Black Pearl. It was directed by Gore Verbinski, written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio, Sparrow discovers his debt to Davy Jones is due. Two sequels to Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl were conceived in 2004, with Elliott and Rossio developing a story arc that would span both films. Filming took place from February to September 2005 in Palos Verdes, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica and it was shot back-to-back with the third film of the series, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End. Dead Mans Chest was released in the United States on July 7,2006, the film received Academy Award nominations for Best Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and won the Academy Award for Visual Effects. Norringtons whereabouts are uncertain, as he resigned after his obsessive pursuit of Sparrow resulted in the Navys flagship, HMS Dauntless, Elizabeth is imprisoned and Jack reunites with Will’s father Bootstrap Bill, on the Black Pearl. Bootstrap reveals he is a crewman on the Flying Dutchman, captained by Davy Jones, Jack must join Jones crew or be dragged to Davy Jones Locker by the monstrous Kraken. Beckett promises to free Elizabeth if Will tracks down Jack and brings Beckett Jacks magic compass which points to whatever the holder wants most, will eventually finds Jacks crew on an island ruled by cannibals, who worship Jack as a god, from which they escape. Shortly after, Governor Swann tries to escape Port Royal with Elizabeth but is captured, Elizabeth negotiates with Beckett to let her escape to find the compass herself, and she hides aboard a Scottish merchant vessel, the Edinburgh Trader. The pirates meet voodoo priestess Tia Dalma, who tells them Jones’ weakness is his heart, locating the Dutchman, Will is shanghaied into service while Jones sends Jack to bring him one-hundred souls so his blood debt can be paid. On the Dutchman, Will meets his father, and learns that the key is in Jones possession. After playing a game of liars dice against Davy Jones, Bootstrap helps Will escape with the key, in Tortuga, Jack hires a new crew, including Elizabeth, and Norrington, now a drunk. In the chaos, Jack obtains Jones heart and hides it in a jar of dirt, Jack manages to break free, but is dragged with the Pearl down to the bottom of the sea by the Kraken. Jones discovers that his heart was stolen and lost. The Pearl’s crew take shelter with Tia Dalma, where they all agree to rescue Jack, Tia Dalma introduces the captain that will guide them, the resurrected Captain Barbossa. In a post-credits scene, the tribe now worships a dog in replacement of Jack. They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swanns embrace at the end of the first film and they settled on introducing Davy Jones, the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken. They also introduced the historical East India Trading Company, who for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of freedom represented by pirates
32.
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
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Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End is a 2007 American epic fantasy swashbuckler film and the third installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. It is the last film in the series to be directed by Gore Verbinski and it was filmed in two shoots during 2005 and 2006, the former simultaneously with the preceding film, Dead Mans Chest. The film was released in English-speaking countries on May 25,2007, the film was praised for its performances, musical score, action scenes, and special effects, but was criticized for its plot and running time. At Worlds End was a box office hit, becoming the most successful film of 2007, with over $960 million worldwide. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling and the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, which it lost to La Vie en Rose and The Golden Compass, respectively. A fourth installment, On Stranger Tides, the first in the series to neither be directed by Verbinski nor star Bloom and Knightley, was released in cinemas on May 20,2011. With a production budget of $300 million, Pirates of the Caribbean, At Worlds End was the most expensive ever made at the time of its release. To control the oceans, Lord Cutler Beckett executes anyone associated with piracy by ordering Davy Jones to destroy all pirate ships in the seas, condemned prisoners sing Hoist the Colours to compel the nine Pirate Lords to convene at Shipwreck Cove to hold the Brethren Court. Traveling to Singapore, the crew meet Captain Sao Feng, who owns navigational charts to the Locker, Becketts soldiers invade, but the crew escape. Feng and Turner make a deal to give Jack to Feng, the crew travels to the locker and rescues the marooned Jack. They find themselves trapped, encountering dead souls, including Elizabeths father Governor Swann and they learn the Dutchman must always have a captain. Returning to the world, the Pearl is attacked by Sao Feng. Sao Feng tells Elizabeth that the first Brethren Court bound Calypso in human form after she betrayed her lover and he plans to release her to defeat Beckett. Davy Jones attacks Fengs ship, but Feng appoints Elizabeth his successor as Pirate Lord before dying, admiral Norrington frees Elizabeth and her new crew from the Dutchman, but is killed by a crazed Bootstrap Bill. The Black Pearl arrives at Shipwreck Cove where Barbossa attempts to persuade the Brethren Court to release Calypso, Davy Jones visits Tia Dalma in the Pearls brig, revealing she is Calypso, and they promise to be together again. Jacks father Captain Teague and Keeper of the Pirate Code, informs the Court that only an elected Pirate King can decide, to avoid a stalemate, Jack casts his vote for Elizabeth, making her King. The Brethren Court and Becketts fleets emerge for war, Barbossa frees Calypso, but when Will reveals it was Jones who made it possible for the first Court to imprison her, Calypso vanishes and summons an enormous maelstrom. The Pearl and the Dutchman battle in the maelstrom, Elizabeth and Will are wed by Barbossa before swinging over to the Dutchman to aid Jack
33.
Michael Mann
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Michael Kenneth Mann is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer of film and television. His most acclaimed works are the crime film Heat and the docudrama The Insider, Mann was born on February 5,1943 in Chicago, Illinois, of Jewish ancestry, the son of grocers Esther and Jack Mann. He received a B. A. in English at the University of Wisconsin–Madison where he developed interests in history, philosophy and it was at this time that he saw Stanley Kubricks Dr. Strangelove and fell in love with movies. So thats what Kubrick meant, aside from the fact that Strangelove was a revelation and his daughter Ami Canaan Mann is also a film director and producer. Mann later moved to London in the mid 1960s to go to school in cinema. He went on to receive a degree at the London Film School. He spent seven years in the United Kingdom going to school and then working on commercials along with contemporaries Alan Parker, Ridley Scott. Mann returned to United States after divorcing his first wife in 1971 and he went on to direct a road trip documentary,17 Days Down the Line. Three years later, Hawaii Five-O veteran Robert Lewin gave Mann a shot, Mann wrote four episodes of Starsky and Hutch and the pilot episode for Vega$. Around this time, he worked on a show called Police Story with cop-turned-novelist Joseph Wambaugh, Police Story concentrated on the detailed realism of a real cops life and taught Mann that first-hand research was essential to bring authenticity to his work. His first feature movie was a special called The Jericho Mile. It won the Emmy for best MOW in 1979 and the DGA Best Director award and his television work also includes being the executive producer on Miami Vice and Crime Story. Contrary to popular belief, he was not the creator of these shows and they were produced by his production company and his cinematic influence is felt throughout each show in terms of casting and style. Mann is now known primarily as a film director. In terms of sound, he is known for unusual scores, dante Spinotti is a frequent cinematographer of Manns pictures. His next film The Keep, a thriller set in Nazi-occupied Romania, was an uncharacteristic choice. Though it was a flop, the film has since attained cult status amongst fans. He gained widespread recognition in 1992 for his adaptation of James Fenimore Coopers novel into the epic film Last of the Mohicans
34.
Miami Vice (film)
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Miami Vice is a 2006 American action crime thriller film about two MDPD detectives, Crockett and Tubbs, who go undercover to fight drug trafficking operations. The film, written, directed, and produced by Michael Mann, is an adaptation of the 1980s TV series of the same name, on which Mann was an executive producer. The film stars Jamie Foxx as Tubbs and Colin Farrell as Crockett, as well as Gong Li, Justin Theroux, Naomie Harris, Ciarán Hinds, and Barry Shabaka Henley as Castillo. Stevens reveals that hes leaving town, and, believing his wife Leonetta to be in immediate danger, Crockett learns that Stevens was working as an informant for the FBI but has been compromised. Crockett and Tubbs quickly contact FBI Special Agent in Charge John Fujima, tracking down Stevens through a vehicle transponder and aerial surveillance, Crockett and Tubbs stop him along I-95. Stevens reveals that a Colombian cartel had become aware that Russian undercovers were working with the FBI, Rico, learning of Leonettas death by telephone call, tells Alonzo that he doesnt have to go home. Hearing this, the grief-stricken Stevens commits suicide by walking in front of a semi truck. En route to the scene, Sonny and Rico receive a call from Lt. Martin Castillo and are instructed to stay away. He tells them to him downtown, where they are introduced in person to John Fujima. Crockett and Tubbs berate Fujima for the committed and inquire as to why the MDPD wasnt involved. Fujima reveals that the Colombian group is highly sophisticated and run by José Yero and they then use their Miami informant contacts to set up a meet and greet with the cartel. Posing as drug smugglers, Sonny and Rico offer their services to Yero, after a high tension meeting they pass screening and are introduced to Arcangel de Jesus Montoya, South Floridas drug trafficking kingpin. In the course of their investigation, Crockett and Tubbs learn that the cartel is using the Aryan Brotherhood to distribute drugs, Crockett and Montoyas financial adviser and lover Isabella begin a secret romance and Tubbs begins to fear for the teams safety. Those fears are realized as Trudy, the units intelligence agent and Ricos girlfriend, is kidnapped by the Aryan Brotherhood by Yeros order. The Aryan Brotherhood demand for Crockett and Tubbs to deliver the cartels load directly to them, soon afterwards, Yero reveals Isabellas betrayal to Montoya and captures her. In the showdown, Crockett and Tubbs face off against Yero, his men, during the firefight, Crockett begins to call in backup. When Isabella sees his police shield and radio, she realizes hes a cop. Betrayed, she demands that Crockett tell her who he really is, Tubbs guns down Yero as he attempts to shoot his way to safety
35.
Michael Winterbottom
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Not to be confused with the classical scholar Michael Winterbottom. Michael Winterbottom is an English filmmaker and he began his career working in British television before moving into features. Three of his films—Welcome to Sarajevo, Wonderland and 24 Hour Party People—have competed for the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, Winterbottom was born in Blackburn, Lancashire. Winterbottoms television directing career began with a documentary about Ingmar Bergman, in 1991 he directed episodes of various British TV shows, including the 4-part childrens series Time Riders and an episode of Boon. In 1992 he directed the television film Under the Sun about a young British woman traveling in Greece and he next directed the 1994 mini-series Family, written by Roddy Doyle. Each of four episodes focused on one member of a working-class Dublin family and it was this series that first brought Winterbottom to the attention of filmgoers, when it was edited down into a feature and shown at festivals. His final early television project was a 1995 episode of the documentary series Cinema Europe, The Other Hollywood, butterfly Kiss Winterbottoms 1995 cinematic debut firmly established his intense visual sense, naturalistic style and compelling use of pop songs to reinforce narrative. The story of a mentally unbalanced lesbian serial killer and her submissive lover/accomplice falling in love as they slaughter their way across the motorways of Northern England and it found only a limited release. Go Now That same year, he reunited with Jimmy McGovern for the BBC television film Go Now, focusing on the turmoil this causes the couple, the film was given a theatrical release in many countries, including the United States. It was not Winterbottoms first time approaching the work, having filmed the pig slaughter sequence at film school. Starring Christopher Eccleston and Kate Winslet, Jude brought Winterbottom wider recognition, his first screening at Cannes and numerous Hollywood offers, all of which he eventually turned down. The film is based on the story of a British reporter, Michael Nicholson. I Want You Winterbottoms next two films both had difficulties and were not widely seen. I Want You is a neo-noir sex thriller set in a decaying British seaside resort town, starring Rachel Weisz and Alessandro Nivola, it was shot in bold primary colors by the Polish cinematographer Slawomir Idziak and was inspired by the Elvis Costello song of the same name. Idziak won an Honourable Mention award at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival for his work on the film, Wonderland 1999s Wonderland marked a decided shift in style for Winterbottom, with its loose, handheld photography and naturalistic, often improvised dialogue which drew comparisons to Robert Altman. Featuring Gina McKee, Shirley Henderson, John Simm, Ian Hart and Stuart Townsend, the disparate elements are tied together by an orchestral score by minimalist composer Michael Nyman, who would become a frequent collaborator with Winterbottom. The Claim Winterbottom followed that project up with his biggest budgeted film, The Claim, shot with a budget of $20 million in the wilds of Canada, it was not a financial success and proved an ordeal to make, with Winterbottom himself getting frostbite. The production had previously been ready to shoot in Spain, with sets already built, as much an ode to the city of Manchester as the story of the contemporary musical world, the film stars Steve Coogan as broadcaster/music-mogul Tony Wilson
36.
A Cock and Bull Story
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A Cock and Bull Story is a 2005 British comedy film directed by Michael Winterbottom. Gillian Anderson and Keeley Hawes also play themselves in addition to their Tristram Shandy roles, since the book is about a man attempting but failing to write his autobiography, the film takes the form of being about failing to make the film. A Cock and Bull Story depicts Steve Coogan playing himself as an arrogant actor with low self-esteem, Coogan is playing the eponymous role in an adaptation of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman being filmed at a stately home. He constantly spars with actor Rob Brydon, who is playing Uncle Toby and believes his role to be of importance to Coogans. The film incorporates several sequences from Tristram Shandy, not all of these are part of the film-within-the-film. Is followed by the scene of the novel, in which Yorick says It is a story about a Cock and a Bull –. Yorick is not in the film-within-the-film, in this scene he is played by Stephen Fry, who appears elsewhere in the film as Patrick, the DVD extras include a scene of Fry talking with the curator he portrays. Other non-diegetic musical references are made to Amarcord, The Draughtsmans Contract, Smiles of a Summer Night, Fanny and Alexander, quenby Hall, Leicestershire The film has received very positive reviews. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 90% of critics have given the film a review based on 121 reviews. A Cock and Bull Story was released on both Region 1 and Region 2 DVD in July 2006, the fictionalised versions of Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon seen in the film reappear as the central characters in Michael Winterbottoms 2010 BBC series The Trip. A Cock and Bull Story at the Internet Movie Database A Cock and Bull Story at AllMovie A Cock and Bull Story at British Comedy Guide
37.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
38.
Small Island (TV film)
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Small Island is a two-part 2009 BBC One television drama adapted from the 2004 novel of the same title by Andrea Levy. The serial was developed by producers Joanna Anderson and Vicky Licorish of AL Films, the script was first written by Sarah Williams and later amended by Paula Milne. It was directed by John Alexander, who directed the BBCs 2008 adaptation of Jane Austens Sense. The story is based on four characters, Hortense, Queenie, Gilbert. It focuses on the diaspora of Jamaican immigrants during and after World War II, trying to escape economic hardship on their own small island, they have moved to England, the Mother Country, for which the men have fought during the war. However, they find they are not readily accepted into their new society, the story then shifts to London, where we meet Queenie and Bernard. Queenie is a poor girl from Yorkshire who longs for better things in her life than her familys pig farming business. An aunt in London takes Queenie in and employs her in a shop, when her aunt dies suddenly, Queenie marries the well-to-do Bernard Bligh, in order to avoid having to move back to the pig farm. World War II then uproots all of their lives, Michael, in disgrace after being caught in an adulterous relationship, Bernard, impulsively, also joins the RAF, leaving Queenie to look after his mentally incapacitated father, who is shell-shocked after fighting in World War I. During the war, Queenie lets the house to soldiers who need temporary quarters, One night, three airmen come, including a black Jamaican man, Michael. The two share a night together, after which Michael and the other airmen leave for their next mission, later, Hortense, sad about Michaels departure, thinks she has seen him and rushes over to greet him. The man she greets is in fact Gilbert Joseph, a man who slightly resembles Michael, the story follows Gilberts own experiences in the war. He enlists in the RAF and while stationed in Yorkshire, meets Queenie and their friendship angers some American soldiers, however, who attack Gilbert. In the resulting fight, several other soldiers get involved and shots are fired, queenies father-in-law is killed by a stray bullet. After the war, Gilbert returns to Jamaica, where he has a hard time adjusting to life and he wants to go back to England, where he hopes to find work. However, he not have the fare for the ships passage. He runs into Hortense again, since he is dating her friend Celia, Hortense hears of Gilberts plans to go to England. Jealous of the fact that her friend Celia will get to go to England, Hortense blurts out that Celia has a mentally ill mother, Gilbert is disgusted that Celia would do this, and it is implied that he and Celia break up
