1.
City
–
A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
India
–
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
4.
States and union territories of India
–
India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
5.
Andhra Pradesh
–
Andhra Pradesh is one of the 29 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of the country. The state is the eighth largest state in India covering an area of 162,968 km2, as per 2011 Census of India, the state is tenth largest by population with 49,386,799 inhabitants. On 2 June 2014, the portion of the state was bifurcated to form a new state of Telangana. In accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act,2014, Hyderabad will remain the de jure capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states for a period of not exceeding 10 years. The new riverfront proposed capital in Guntur district is Amaravati, which is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA, the Gross State Domestic Product of the state in the 2016–2017 financial year at current prices stood at ₹6,800.3 billion. The state has a coastline of 974 km with jurisdiction over nearly 15,000 km2 territorial waters, the second longest among all the states of India after Gujarat. It is bordered by Telangana in the north-west, Chhattisgarh in the north, Odisha in the north-east, Karnataka in the west, Tamil Nadu in the south and the water body of Bay of Bengal in the east. A small enclave of 30 km2 of Yanam, a district of Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh is composed of two regions, Coastal Andhra, located along the Bay of Bengal, and Rayalaseema, in the inland southwestern part of the state. These two regions comprise 13 districts, with 9 in Coastal Andhra and 4 in Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year. The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the worlds most visited religious sites, a tribe named Andhra has been mentioned in the Sanskrit texts such as Aitareya Brahmana. According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rig Veda, the Andhras left north India, archaeological evidence from places such as Amaravati, Dharanikota and Vaddamanu suggests that the Andhra region was part of the Mauryan Empire. Amaravati might have been a centre for the Mauryan rule. After the death of emperor Ashoka, the Mauryan rule weakened around 200 BCE, the Satavahana dynasty dominated the Deccan region from the 1st century BCE to the 3rd century CE. The Satavahanas have been mentioned by the names Andhra, Andhrara-jatiya and Andhra-bhrtya in the Puranic literature, Dharanikota along with Amaravathi was the capital of the later Satavahanas. Amaravathi became a trade and pilgrimage centre during the Satavahana rule. According to the Buddhist tradition, Nagarjuna lived here, possibly in second, Andhra Ikshvakus were one of the earliest recorded ruling dynasties of the Guntur-Krishna regions of Andhra Pradesh. They ruled the eastern Andhra country along the Krishna river during the half of the second century CE. Puranas called Andhra Ikshvakus Shri Parvatiya Andhras, archaeological evidence has suggested that the Andhra Ikshvakus immediately succeeded the Satavahanas in the Krishna river valley
6.
Guntur district
–
Guntur district is an administrative district in the Coastal Andhra region of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The administrative seat of the district is located at Guntur, the largest city of the district in terms of area and population. It has a coastline of approximately 100 km and is situated on the bank of Krishna River. It is bounded on the south by Prakasam district and on the west by the state of Telangana. It has an area of 11,391 km2 and is the 2nd most populous district in the state a population of 4,889,230 as per 2011 census of India, the district is a major centre for agriculture, education and learning. It exports large quantities of chillies and tobacco, Amaravati, the proposed capital of Andhra Pradesh is situated in Guntur district, on the banks of River Krishna. There are several opinions on the meaning and origin of the word Guntur, in Sanskrit, Guntur was called Garthapuri. The original Sanskrit name for Guntur was Garthapuri, the Agasthyeswara Sivalayam in the old city of Guntur is an ancient temple for Siva. It has inscriptions on two stones in Naga Lipi and it is said that Agastya built the temple in the last Treta-Yuga around the Swayambhu Linga and hence the name. The Nagas were said to have ruled the region, the place of Sitanagaram and the Guthikonda Caves can be traced back to the last Treta-Yuga and Dwapara-Yuga. Guntur District is home to the second oldest evidence of habitation in India. Ancient history can be traced from the time of Sala kings who ruled during the 5th century BCE, the earliest reference to Guntur, a variant of Guntur, comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I, the Vengi Chalukyan King. Guntur also appears in two inscriptions dated 1147 and 1158 CE, since the beginning of Buddhist time, Guntur stood in the forefront in matters of culture, education and civilisation. Gautama Buddha preached at Dharanikota/Dhanyakatakam near Guntur and conducted Kalachakra ceremony, buddhists established universities in ancient times at Dhanyakataka and Amaravathi. Scores of Buddhist stupas were excavated in the villages of Guntur district, Acharya Nagarjuna, an influential Buddhist philosopher taught at Nagarjunakonda and is said to have discovered Mica in 200 BCE. Chinese traveller and Buddhist monk Hiuen Tsang visited Amaravati in 640 C. E. stayed for sometime and he observed that there were many Viharas and some of them were deserted, which points out that Hinduism was gaining ground at that time. Xuanzang wrote an account of the place, Viharas and monasteries that existed. The famous battle of Palnadu which is enshrined in legend and literature as Palnati Yuddham was fought in Guntur district in 1180 CE
7.
Telugu language
–
Telugu is a Dravidian language native to India. It is also spoken by significant minorities in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and it is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the Government of India. Telugu ranks third by the number of speakers in India. It is one of the scheduled languages of the Republic of India. Approximately 10,000 inscriptions exist in the Telugu language, the speakers of the language call it Telugu or Tenugu. The older forms of the name include Teluṅgu, Tenuṅgu and Teliṅga, the etymology of Telugu is not certain. Some historical scholars have suggested a derivation from Sanskrit triliṅgam, as in Trilinga Desa, tradition holds that Shiva descended as a lingam on three mountains, Kaleshwaram, Srisailam, and Bhimeswaram, which are said to have marked the boundaries of the Trilinga Desa. Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar Charles P. Brown comments that it was a strange notion as all the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation. George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term, another view holds that tenugu is derived from the proto-Dravidian word ten– south to mean the people who lived in the south/southern direction. The name telugu then, is a result of n -> l alternation established in Telugu, according to the natve tradition Telugu grammar has a hoary past. Sage Kanva was said to be the first grammarian of Telugu, a Rajeswara Sarma discussed the hisoricity and content of Kanvas grammar written in Sanskrit. He cited twenty grammatical aphorisms ascribed to Kanva, and concluded that Kanva wrote an ancient Telugu Grammar which was lost, according to the Russian linguist M. S. Andronov, Telugu split from the Proto-Dravidian languages between 1500 and 1000 BC. According to linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Telugu, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the associated with the Neolithic societies of South India. A legend gives the Lepakshi town a significant place in the Ramayana — this was where the bird Jatayu fell, when Sri Rama reached the spot, he saw the bird and said compassionately, “Le Pakshi” — ‘rise, bird’ in Telugu. This indicates the presence of Telugu Language during Ramayana period, there is a mention of Telugu people or Telugu country in ancient Tamil literature as Telunka Nadu. Telugu words were found in Hebrew literature, inscriptions with Telugu words dating back to 400 BC to 100 BC have been discovered in Bhattiprolu in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh
8.
Postal Index Number
–
A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
9.
Vehicle registration plate
–
A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
10.
Municipality
–
It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term municipality may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality, a municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French municipalité and Latin municipalis, a municipality can be any political jurisdiction from a sovereign state, such as the Principality of Monaco, or a small village, such as West Hampton Dunes, New York. The power of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state, municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax, and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. Similar terms include Spanish ayuntamiento, also called municipalidad, Polish gmina, Dutch/Flemish Gemeente, in Australia, the term local government area is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia, incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility. In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, the Province of Ontario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers. Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities, nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units. In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality is a local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it directly with the state government. Generally, smaller cities and bigger towns have a Nagar Palika. Nagar Palikas are also a form of local self-government entrusted with duties and responsibilities. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status, or can retain its district title, in Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of government in this jurisdiction. In the United States, municipality is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, in the Peoples Republic of China, a direct-controlled municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. In Taiwan, a municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei. In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ, when referring to the territory, the word concelho is used, when referring to the organ of State, the word município is used
11.
Narasaraopet mandal
–
Narasaraopet mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the India state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Narasaraopet revenue division and the headquarters are located at Narasaraopet city, the mandal is bounded by Rompicherla, Nekarikallu, Muppalla, Phirangipuram, Nadendla and Chilakaluripeta. As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 211,948, the total population constitute,106,926 males and 105,022 females —a sex ratio of 982 females per 1000 males. 21,370 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, the average literacy rate stands at 72. 09% with 137,390 literates. As of 2011 census, the mandal has 18 settlements and it includes 1 town,2 out growths and 15 villages. The settlements in the mandal are listed below, Note, M-Municipality, OG-Out Growth Lingamguntla Agraharam, the mandal is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is M. Leela Sanjeeva Kumari. Narasaraopet mandal is one of the 2 mandals under Narasaraopet, which in turn represents Narasaraopet of Andhra Pradesh, as per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 33,498 students enrolled in over 195 schools. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Narasaraopet mandal
12.
Narasaraopet revenue division
–
Narasaraopet revenue division is an administrative division in the Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 4 revenue divisions in the district with 11 mandals under its administration, the division has 3 municipalities in its limits, including the divisional headquarters of Narasaraopet city. The mandals in the division are Bollapalle, Chilakaluripet, Edlapadu, Ipur, Nadendla, Narasaraopet, Nekarikallu, Nuzendla, Rompicherla, Savalyapuram, list of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh Tenali revenue division Guntur revenue division Gurazala revenue division
13.
Eastern Ghats
–
The Eastern Ghats or Kizhakku thodarchi malaigal or Pūrva Ghaṭ or toorpu kanumalu, also known as Mahendra Parvatam in the south, are a discontinuous range of mountains along Indias eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka and they are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of peninsular India, known as the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri. The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal, the Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range, between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. The coastal plains, including the Coromandel Coast region, lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal, the Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats. The Eastern Ghats are made up of charnockites, granite gneiss, khondalites, metamorphic gneisses, the structure of the Eastern Ghats includes thrusts and strike-slip faults all along its range. Limestone, bauxite and iron ore are found in the Eastern Ghats hill ranges, the Eparchaean Unconformity of the Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition. It is seen at the natural slopes, road scars. As with the Western Ghats, these mountain ranges also have names along the discontinuous hill ranges. At their southern end, the Eastern Ghats form several ranges of low hills, the southernmost of the Eastern Ghats are the low Sirumalai and Karanthamalai Hills of southern Tamil Nadu. North of the Kaveri River are the higher Kollimalai, Pachaimalai, Shevaroy, Kalrayan Hills, Chitteri, Palamalai, the climate of the higher hill ranges is generally cooler and wetter than the surrounding plains, and the hills are home to coffee plantations and enclaves of dry forest. The hill station of Yercaud is located in the Shevaroy Hills, the Malai Mahadeshwara Hills Temple is situated in Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka state in the Eastern Ghats. The Ponnaiyar and Palar rivers flow from headwaters on the Kolar Plateau eastward through gaps in the Ghats to empty into the Bay of Bengal, there are waterfalls in remote areas, such as the Kiliyur Falls. Some 40 km from the end of the Javadu Hills starts the Kalvarayan Hill range. The name Kalvarayan comes from the people known as kalvar. This hill range brings much more rainfall to the part of its surrounding areas during the northwest monsoon. The Thenponnaiyar River divides this range from the Javadu Hills in the north. The hills continue as the Shervarayan Hills further southwest divided by Manchavaadi Pass, the Komuki River originates in this range and flows into the Bay of Bengal, along with the Kaveri River. North of the Palar River in Andhra Pradesh, the portion of the Eastern Ghats consists of two parallel ranges running approximately north-south
14.
Monsoon
–
Usually, the term monsoon is used to refer to the rainy phase of a seasonally changing pattern, although technically there is also a dry phase. The term is sometimes used for locally heavy but short-term rains. The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the West African and Asia-Australian monsoons, the inclusion of the North and South American monsoons with incomplete wind reversal has been debated. The south-west monsoon winds are called Nairutya Maarut in India, the English monsoon came from Portuguese monção, ultimately from Arabic mawsim and/or Hindi mausam, perhaps partly via early modern Dutch monsun. Strengthening of the Asian monsoon has been linked to the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau after the collision of the Indian sub-continent and Asia around 50 million years ago. Because of studies of records from the Arabian Sea and that of the wind-blown dust in the Loess Plateau of China, testing of this hypothesis awaits deep ocean sampling by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program. The monsoon has varied significantly in strength since this time, largely linked to climate change. A study of marine plankton suggested that the Indian Monsoon strengthened around 5 million years ago, then, during ice periods, the sea level fell and the Indonesian Seaway closed. When this happened, cold waters in the Pacific were impeded from flowing into the Indian Ocean and it is believed that the resulting increase in sea surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean increased the intensity of monsoons. Five episodes during the Quaternary at 2.22 Ma,1.83 Ma,0.68 Ma,0.45 Ma and 0.04 Ma were identified which showed a weakening of Leeuwin Current. The weakening of the LC would have an effect on the sea surface temperature field in the Indian Ocean, thus these five intervals could probably be those of considerable lowering of SST in the Indian Ocean and would have influenced Indian monsoon intensity. The impact of monsoon on the weather is different from place to place. In some places there is just a likelihood of having a more or less rain. In other places, quasi semi-deserts are turned into green grasslands where all sorts of plants. The Indian Monsoon turns large parts of India from a kind of semi-desert into green lands, see photos only taken 3 months apart in the Western Ghats. In places like this it is crucial for farmers to have the right timing for putting the seeds on the fields, Monsoons are large-scale sea breezes which occur when the temperature on land is significantly warmer or cooler than the temperature of the ocean. These temperature imbalances happen because oceans and land absorb heat in different ways, in contrast, dirt, sand, and rocks have lower heat capacities, and they can only transmit heat into the earth by conduction and not by convection. Therefore, bodies of water stay at an even temperature
15.
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
–
The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the Andhra Pradesh Legislature. As of 2014 the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh consists of 175 MLAs with a term of 5 years, the structure of the assembly is Bicameral and holds 3 sessions viz. Budget, Monsoon and Winter sessions. After the formation of Andhra State on 1 October 1953, the first Andhra Legislative Assembly was constituted, later, it was merged with Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly to form Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly when the state of Andhra Pradesh was formed on 1 November 1956. The first meeting was held on 3 December 1956 with Unicameral till 1958, with the formation of Legislative Council on 1 July 1958, it was Bicameral till 1 June 1985, before being abolished. Again, on 30 March 2007 it became Bicameral after the revival of Legislative Council, on 2 June 2014, the state of Andhra Pradesh got bifurcated to form new state of Telangana. Hence, the state was allocated 175 seats with the remaining 119 seats been allocated to Telangana Legislative Assembly, the present state assembly is the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh. Sources, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council Andhra Pradesh Legislature
16.
YSR Congress Party
–
YSR Congress Party or Yuvajana, Shramika, Rythu Congress Party is a regional political party in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in India. It was founded by Siva Kumar in 2009 and taken over by Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy, both YSR and Jaganmohan Reddy had been members of the Indian National Congress. Jagan was also elected as the president of the party. After the death of the then-incumbent Chief Minister Y. S and this was however not supported by the Congress leadership. Congress President Sonia Gandhi claimed the rising volatile situation in the state regarding the Telangana issue as the reason for opposing the Odarpu Yatra. Defying the Congress High Commands order to call off the tour, Jagan went ahead with the first leg of the Odarpu Yatra in the West Godavari and Khammam districts from in April 2010. Meanwhile, Jagan-owned Sakshi TV news channel and Sakshi newspaper, had been criticising the new Chief Minister Konijeti Rosaiah. The channel later deleted those remarks in a re-telecast, S. Vijaya Lakshmi resigned from the Kadapa Lok Sabha and Pulivendula Assembly constituencies respectively and also as members of the Congress in November 2010. They took over the leadership of an existing YSR Congress Party in March 2011, which was founded by Siva Kumar, a Telangana-based advocate, many Congress leaders loyal to Jagan also quit the Congress and joined the YSR Congress. This resulted in the weakening of the Congresss strength in both the assembly and the Lok Sabha, necessitating by-elections. In the ensuing by-elections, the party won most of the seats with record breaking majorities, with many of the Congress. The party has a strength of 67 members in the 295-member state assembly and 9 members in the Lok Sabha as the results declared on 17 May 2014. In March 2012, YSR Congress won the Kovur assembly seat in Nellore district in a by-election, on 30 October 2012, YSR Congress won the Nellore Lok Sabha seat and 15 of 18 assembly seats in Andhra Pradesh. The Performance of the party in 2014 is pretty poor and lost the elections to its political rival Telugu Desam Party, list of political parties in India YSR Congress Official Party website
17.
Rayapati Sambasiva Rao
–
Rayapati Sambasiva Rao, also known as Rao, is an Indian Politician, Industrialist and a member of the 11th, 12th, 14th, 15th and 16th Lok Sabha of India. He was one of the youngest member elected to Rajya Sabha of India at the age of 39 and he represents the Narasaraopet parliamentary constituency of Andhra Pradesh and is a member of the Telugu Desam Party. Rayapati Sambasiva Rao was born in Ungutur Village Amaravathi Mandal Guntur District Andhra Pradesh. His father Sri Late Venkata Ranga Rao was a farmer and his mother name is Smt. Sitaramamma sister of Gogineni Nageswararao. Sambasivarao was eldest of the seven children, Amaravathi was a Buddhist pilgrim Centre. Rao has completed his Secondary Education from Tadikonda and graduated from New Science College, Rao was attracted to politics from his college days. Rao was fond of Democracy, Secularism and inclined towards to Social Service, Indian National Congress led by then Prime Minister Smt Indira Gandhi has attracted him. His maternal Uncle Sri Gogineni Kanakaiah was in politics earlier. Rao has served as Sarpanch and President Panchayat Samithi, Tadikonda, Sambasiva Rao is married to Smt Leela Kumari and they have one son and two daughters. His sons name is Mr Rayapati Ranga Rao active in politics and his eldest daughters name is Smt Devika Rani, Director of M/s Jaya Lakshmi Automotives, Guntur. His youngest daughter name is Smt Lakshmi. College of Engineering and College of Law Guntur, installed several Protected Water Supply Schemes in several villages and helped farmers with Lift Irrigation Schemes. Developmental Activities include railway station upgrades in Guntur and helped upgrade of GGH, Mr Rayapati known for his kind heart by donating his personnel wealth to victims of families, offered to donate his kidney to foreign ministry who tweeted of renal failure
18.
Telugu Desam Party
–
Telugu Desam Party, abbreviated as TDP, is a regional political party active in the Southern States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The party was founded by N. T. Rama Rao on 29 March 1982, since 1995, the party is headed by Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the incumbent Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The partys headquarters is located at NTR Bhavan in Hyderabad, N. T. Rama Rao became the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1983 within nine months of the partys formation, thus forming the first non-Congress government in Andhra Pradesh. TDP also achieved the distinction of being the first regional party to become the main opposition party in Lok Sabha from 1984 to 1989. It was founded as an alternative to the Congress hegemony, by emphasizing on the Telugu regional pride, since the 1990s, it has followed an economically liberal policy that has been seen as pro-business and pro-development at the cost of the rural areas. The TDP uses yellow as the colour for the flag with a hut, wheel. A bicycle is used as the party symbol. The total number of Lok Sabha seats in Andhra Pradesh was 42, balayogi as the 12th Speaker of the Lok Sabha. N. T. Rama Rao First term, Nara Chandrababu Naidu First term. 31% of votes, thus achieving the distinction of becoming the first regional party to become a national opposition party. List of political parties in India National Democratic Alliance Official website
19.
Guntur railway division
–
Guntur Railway Division is one of the six divisions of the South Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. It was created in 1997 for better administration in the respective railway zone, the headquarters of the Guntur Division are located at Rail Vikas Bhavan, Pattabhipuram, Guntur. The current Divisional Railway Manager is Vijay Sharma, an officer of the IRSE cadre, Guntur Division]] The Krishna Canal-Nandyal stretch was a part of the important East-West coast link that connected Margao in Goa to Masulipatnam in the erstwhile Madras Province of British India. It was originally built to Metre Gauge by the Southern Mahratta Railway during 1889–90 and this section was converted to Broad Gauge during 1993–95 under Indian Railways Project Unigauge. The gauge conversion was a difficult task owing to the difficult terrain, the railway passes through the historic Cumbum Tank starting from Cumbum railway station for a distance of about 7 km. It is one of the most picturesque valleys in Guntur-Nandyal section of South Central Railway, the Guntur-Macherla section was opened in 1930 by the MSMR to serve the backward inner Telangana region. It too was originally metre gauge and was converted to Indian gauge in 1992–93 and this section was used for the transport of limestone, quartz &cement, primarily from Piduguralla, popularly known as the Lime City. The section from Guntur to the town of Repalle was built to the broad gauge by the Madras. This line connected to the East Coast main line at Tenali, the section from Tenali to Repalle was owned by Guntur District Board until 1964. The project was finished in 1989 and the line commissioned a year later. Two major bridges to span the Krishna River and Musi are located in this section and it is used by many south/east bound trains in a bid to decongest the heavily used Warangal-Vijayawada line. The division is spread over the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh and covers the districts of Nalgonda, Guntur, Kurnool and Prakasam. Consisting entirely of Broad Gauge track, it was formed by merging the most far-flung and least productive stretches of Vijayawada, Secunderabad and it has 72 major and minor stations. The division has a broad gauge route of 629.516 km, source, There are total 200 express, passenger and freight trains are operated everyday. In 2003, the Freight earnings were ₹93 crore, a steady increase saw the figure reach ₹272 crore in 2007-08 before the ongoing worldwide recession brought it down to ₹237 crore in 2008-09. There was a increase in the number of passengers carried as well as the earnings therefrom. This has now risen substantially to ₹452 crore in 2013–14, the divisions total expenditure in 2012–13 was to the tune of ₹22 crore, primarily owing to its track renewal and passenger amenities works. Its Performance Efficiency Index was therefore pegged at 49. 56%, the primary commodity transported by the division is cement, clinker, food grains, besides coal and fertilizer
20.
South Central Railway zone
–
The South Central Railway is one of the sixteen zones of the Indian Railways. The jurisdiction of the zone is spread over the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana and some portions of Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and it has six divisions under its administration, which include, Guntakal, Guntur, Nanded, Secunderabad, Hyderabad and Vijayawada. The zone was formed on 2 October 1966 by merging the carved out divisions of Hubli, Vijayawada of Southern Railway zone and Sholapur, Secunderabad of Central Railway zone. On 2 October 1977, Guntakal division of Southern Railway zone was merged, on 17 February 1978, Hyderabad division was formed by splitting the existing Secunderabad railway division. On 1 April 2003, two new divisions of Guntur and Nanded were created in this zone and the Hubli division was demerged, the list of divisions are shown below, Hyderabad – Gadwal Jn. Manoharabad - Kottapalli Karimnagar Secunderabad Jn, Peddapalle to Jagtial Balharshah Jn. to Gadchandur. Bibinagar Jn to Peddapalle Kazipet Jn, Ramagundam – Manuguru Vijayawada – Nidadavolu Jn. – Bhimavaram Jn – Nidadavolu Jn, venkatachalam to Krishnapatnam Vijayawada to Kondapalli. – Renigunta Junction – Gudur Jn, Guntakal Junction – Adoni – Raichur – Wadi Jn. Guntakal Junction – DhoneJ Jn – Nandyal Jn, Guntur Junction to Krishna Canal Guntur Junction to Repalle. – Parli Vaijnath The zone has mechanical workshops at Lallaguda, Tirupati, the zone has diesel loco sheds at Gooty, Guntakal, Kazipet, Vijayawada and Moula-Ali. The zone has electric loco sheds at Vijayawada, Lallaguda and Kazipet, the zone has one MEMU Car shed at Rajahmundry and an EMU Car shed at Moula-Ali EMU. The zone has Passenger coach care depots at Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Kacheguda, Kazipet, Kakinada, Narsapur, Machilipatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, Tirupati, Guntakal, Nanded, additionally, Ramagundam, Bellampally, Vijayawada and Gooty have wagon maintenance depots. The zone has training institutes for imparting and learning railway techniques serving both Indian as well foreign railway staffs at Secunderabad, Kazipet, Vijayawada, Guntakal, Gooty and Washim. Lallaguda, Vijayawada, Guntakal, Rayanapadu and Nanded have healthcare facilities serving exclusively for the employees of Indian railways and their families
21.
Shiva
–
Shiva is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the supreme God within Shaivism, one of the three most influential denominations in contemporary Hinduism, Shiva is the transformer within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu. In Shaivism tradition, Shiva is the Supreme being who creates, protects, in the goddess tradition of Hinduism called Shaktism, the goddess is described as supreme, yet Shiva is revered along with Vishnu and Brahma. A goddess is stated to be the energy and creative power of each and he is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism. At the highest level, Shiva is regarded as formless, limitless, transcendent and unchanging absolute Brahman, Shiva has many benevolent and fearsome depictions. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient Yogi who lives a life on Mount Kailash as well as a householder with wife Parvati. In his fierce aspects, he is depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi Shiva, regarded as the god of yoga, meditation. Shiva is usually worshipped in the form of Lingam. Shiva is a deity, revered widely by Hindus, in India, Nepal. The Sanskrit word Śiva means, states Monier Williams, auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, the roots of Śiva in folk etymology is śī which means in whom all things lie, pervasiveness and va which means embodiment of grace. The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rig Veda, as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities, the term Shiva also connotes liberation, final emancipation and the auspicious one, this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature. The term evolved from the Vedic Rudra-Shiva to the noun Shiva in the Epics, Sharma presents another etymology with the Sanskrit root śarv-, which means to injure or to kill, interprets the name to connote one who can kill the forces of darkness. The Sanskrit word śaiva means relating to the god Shiva, and it is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism. Some authors associate the name with the Tamil word śivappu meaning red, noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun, the Vishnu sahasranama interprets Shiva to have multiple meanings, The Pure One, and the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti. Shiva is known by names such Viswanathan, Mahadeva, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra, Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha. The highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets Mahādeva, Maheśvara, Sahasranama are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity. There are at least eight different versions of the Shiva Sahasranama, the version appearing in Book 13 of the Mahabharata provides one such list
22.
Guntur
–
There are various modes of transportation available in Guntur City and its region. It includes auto rickshaws, bicycles to mass transit systems - such as buses, the city has many internal roads as well as state and national highways for road connectivity. The Mahatma Gandhi Inner Ring Road is a road of Guntur that starts at National Highway 16 and has a stretch of 6.34 km, encircles the city. State Highway 48 and State Highway 2 are the highways that connects Chebrolu. The GT Road, JKC College Road, Lakshmipuram Road, Ring Road, Pattabhipuram Road, the Guntur–Amaravati Road, Guntur–Parchoor Road, Guntur–Nandivelugu Road are the inter-district roads. Auto rickshaws are the means of transport for the city commuters. APSRTC introduced new city services in major routes of the city, trains are a common mode of transportation in Guntur City and its surroundings. There are many railway stations to serve the needs of suburban. Guntur junction is the railway station and a divisional headquarter in the of South Central Railway zone in the south central region. New Guntur railway station is railway station which is connected to the city and will ease to travel passengers towards Chennai, Tirupati
23.
Guntur revenue division
–
Guntur revenue division is an administrative division in the Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 4 revenue divisions in the district with 19 mandals under its administration, Guntur city is the divisional headquarters of the division. The division has 3 municipalities,1 census town and 1 municipal Corporation, the present Revenue Divisional Officer of the division is G. Narasimhulu. The mandals in revenue division are, List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh Narasaraopet revenue division Tenali revenue division Gurazala revenue division
24.
Tenali revenue division
–
Tenali revenue division is an administrative division in the Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is one of the 4 revenue divisions in the district with 18 mandals under its administration, the division has 4 municipalities in its limits, including the divisional headquarters of Tenali city. There are 18 mandals in Tenali revenue division, the present Revenue Divisional Officer is G. Narasimha Rao. The mandals administered under the division are, List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh Narasaraopet revenue division Guntur revenue division Gurazala revenue division
25.
Amaravathi mandal, Andhra Pradesh
–
Amaravati mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Guntur revenue division and the headquarters are located at Amaravati, the mandal is located on the banks of Krishna River, at a distance 27 km from the district headquarters. It is bounded by Atchampet, Krosuru, Pedakurapadu, Tadikonda, as of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 66,277. The total population constitute,32,709 males and 33,568 females —a sex ratio of 1026 females per 1000 males,6,894 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 3,450 are boys and 3,444 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 48. 45% with 37,507 literates, the mandal also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA. It is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is K. Narasaiah, as of 2011 census, the mandal has seventeen villages. The settlements in the mandal are listed below, †−Mandal headquarters Amaravati mandal is one of the 5 mandals under Pedakurapadu, as per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 7,951 students enrolled in over 70 schools. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Amaravati mandal
26.
Bapatla mandal
–
Bapatla mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is under the administration of Tenali revenue division and the headquarters are located at Bapatla town, the mandal is bounded by Kakumanu, Ponnur, Karlapalem mandals of Guntur district. It also shares borders with Prakasam district and a portion of it lies on the coast of Bay of Bengal, as of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 143,825. The total population constitute,70,847 males and 72,978 females —a sex ratio of 1030 females per 1000 males,13,371 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 6,856 are boys and 6,515 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 71. 79% with 93,653 literates, as of 2011 census, the mandal has 21 settlements. It includes 20 villages and 1 town of Bapatla, the settlements in the mandal are listed below, Note, M-Municipality The mandal is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is T. Valliah. Bapatla mandal is one of the 3 mandals under Bapatla, which in turn represents Bapatla of Andhra Pradesh, as per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 22,103 students enrolled in over 157 schools. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Nizampatnam mandal
27.
Duggirala mandal
–
Duggirala mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tenali revenue division and the headquarters are located at Duggirala, the mandal is bounded by Mangalagiri, Pedakakani, Tenali and Kollipara mandals. Krishna River lies to the northeast of the Duggirala mandal, as of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 62,655. The total population constitute,31,269 males and 31,386 females —a sex ratio of 1004 females per 1000 males,5,947 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,999 are boys and 2,948 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 70. 97% with 40,244 literates, the mandal is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is M. Sirisha. It also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA, Duggirala mandal is one of the 3 mandals under Mangalagiri, which in turn represents Guntur of Andhra Pradesh. As of 2011 census, the mandal has 14 villages and no towns, Duggirala is the most populated and Devarapalle Agraharam is the least populated villages in the mandal. As per the school report for the academic year 2015–16. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Duggirala mandal
28.
Guntur mandal
–
Guntur mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 779,289, the total population constitute,389,582 males and 389,707 females —a sex ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males. 77,189 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, the average literacy rate stands at 78. 82% with 553,422 literates. The mandal has unique characteristics like having largest urban area, highest population and population density, the mandal is also a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA. The mandal is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is Tata Mohan Rao, Guntur mandal is shared by two assembly constituencies namely, Guntur East and Guntur West. Both these constituencies are under Guntur, Guntur mandal consists of Guntur Municipal Corporation and its Urban agglomerations. The area of Guntur was expanded in 2012, chinapalakaluru and Jonnalagadda are the villages in the mandal. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Guntur mandal
29.
Kollipara mandal
–
Kollipara mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is under the administration of Tenali revenue division and the headquarters are located at Kollipara, the mandal is situated on the banks of the Krishna River, bordered by Duggirala, Tenali, Vemuru and Kollur mandal. The mandal is also a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA, as of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 56,662. The total population constitute,27,953 males and 28,709 females —a sex ratio of 1027 females per 1000 males. 4,486 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, the average literacy rate stands at 72. 19% with 37,663 literates. The mandal also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA and it is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is M. Swamy Prasad. Kollipara mandal is one of the 2 mandals under Tenali, which in turn represents Guntur of Andhra Pradesh, as of 2011 census, the mandal has 16 villages and no towns. Kollipara is the most populated and Kunchavaram is the least populated villages in the mandal, as per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 4,504 students enrolled in over 63 schools. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Kollipara mandal
30.
Kollur mandal
–
Kollur mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Tenali revenue division and the headquarters are located at Kollur, the mandal is situated on the banks of Krishna River, bounded by Vemuru, Bhattiprolu and Kollipara mandals. As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 55,323, the total population constitute,27,709 males and 27,614 females —a sex ratio of 997 females per 1000 males. 4,876 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, the average literacy rate stands at 69. 31% with 34,967 literates. Kollur is the most populated and Boddulurupadu is the least populated villages in the mandal, the mandal also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA. It is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is A. Seshagiri Rao, as of 2011 census, the mandal has 12 revenue villages,24 gram panchayats and no towns. The settlements in the mandal are listed below, Kollur mandal is one of the 5 mandals under Vemuru, list of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Kollur mandal
31.
Mangalagiri mandal
–
Mangalagiri mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Guntur revenue division and the headquarters are located at Mangalagiri town, the mandal is bounded by Thullur, Tadepalle, Tadikonda, Pedakakani and Duggirala mandals and a portion of the mandal lies on the banks of Krishna River. Until February 1970, Guntur district had only eight taluks, Mangalagiri taluk was formed on 1 November 1977 by re-organising the then existing eight taluks into eleven taluks. On 25 May 1985, mandals were recognised, replacing taluks, as of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 160,303. The total population constitute,80,363 males and 79,940 females —a sex ratio of 995 females per 1000 males,15,833 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 7,990 are boys and 7,843 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 72. 32% with 104,479 literates, the mandal is controlled by a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is CH. Krishnamurthy. As of 2011 census, the mandal has twelve revenue villages, fourteen gram panchayats, one town, Mangalagiri is the only town and Nowlur, Atmakur are the out growths to Mangalagiri. The settlements in the mandal are listed below, Note, M-Municipality, OG-Out Growth Mangalagiri mandal is one of the 3 mandals under Mangalagiri, which in turn represents Guntur of Andhra Pradesh. As per the school report for the academic year 2015–16. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Mangalagiri mandal
32.
Nizampatnam mandal
–
Nizampatnam mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is under the administration of Tenali Revenue Division and the headquarters are located at Nizampatnam, the mandal is bounded by Repalle, Nagaram, Pittalavanipalem and Karlapalem mandals. The mandals lies on the shore of Bay of Bengal and a portion of the lies on the banks of Krishna River. As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 59,973, the total population constitute,30,533 males and 29,440 females —a sex ratio of 964 females per 1000 males. 5,738 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, the average literacy rate stands at 62. 64% with 33,970 literates. The mandal is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is M. Ravi Kumar, Nizampatnam mandal is one of the 4 mandals under Repalle, which in turn represents Bapatla of Andhra Pradesh. As of 2011 census, the mandal has 8 villages and no towns, Nizampatnam is the most populated and Muthupalle Agraharam is the least populated villages in the mandal. As per the school report for the academic year 2015–16. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Nizampatnam mandal
33.
Pedakakani mandal
–
Pedakakani mandal is one of the 57 mandals in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is under the administration of Guntur Revenue Division and the headquarters are located at Pedakakani, the mandal is bounded by Tadikonda, Mangalagiri, Duggirala, Tenali, Chebrole and Guntur mandals. The mandal also forms a part of the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region under the jurisdiction of APCRDA and it is under the control of a tahsildar and the present tahsildar is SK. Ismail. Pedakakani mandal is one of the 3 mandals under Ponnur, which in turn represents Guntur of Andhra Pradesh, Pedakakani is the most populated village and Devarayabhotlapalem is the least populated settlement in the mandal. As of 2011 census, the mandal has 11 villages, as per the school information report for the academic year 2015–16, the mandal has more than 8,943 students enrolled in over 66 schools. List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh Villages in Pedakakani mandal
