Narcís Monturiol i Estarriol was a Spanish inventor, artist and engineer born in Figueres, Catalonia. He was the inventor of the first air-independent and combustion-engine-driven submarine.
Monturiol circa 1880
Ictíneo I replica at the Museu Marítim in Barcelona.
Ictíneo II replica at Barcelona.
Side view of the Ictineu 3, a crewed submersible named after Ictíneo I and II.
Air-independent propulsion
Air-independent propulsion (AIP), or air-independent power, is any marine propulsion technology that allows a non-nuclear submarine to operate without access to atmospheric oxygen. AIP can augment or replace the diesel-electric propulsion system of non-nuclear vessels.
A replica of Ictineo II, Monturiol's pioneering submarine, in Barcelona.
X-1 midget submarine on display at the Submarine Force Library and Museum in the United States
HSwMS Gotland in San Diego
A Type 212 submarine of the German Navy, equipped with a fuel-cell AIP.