Narcyza Żmichowska pronounced [narˈt͡sɨza ʐmʲiˈxɔfska], also known under her popular pen name Gabryella, was a Polish novelist and poet. She is considered a precursor of feminism in Poland.
Narcyza Żmichowska
Narcyza Żmichowska by Władysław Radzikowski, bust at the Historical Museum of Kraków, 1880s
In one scholarly conception, the history of feminism in Poland can be divided into seven periods, beginning with 19th-century first-wave feminism. The first four early periods coincided with the foreign partitions of Poland, which resulted in an eclipse of a sovereign Poland for 123 years.
Irena Krzywicka, 1930
Speakers at International Women's Day activities, Warsaw, 2010.