National Education Association

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NEA
NEA.png
Full nameNational Education Association of the United States
Founded1857 (1857)
Members2,952,972 (2015)[1]
AffiliationEducation International
Key peopleLily Eskelsen García, president
Office locationWashington, D.C.
CountryUnited States
Websitenea.org
Education in the United States
Diploma icon.png Education portal
Flag of the United States.svg United States portal

The National Education Association (NEA) is the largest labor union and professional interest group in the United States. [2]

It represents public school teachers and other support personnel, faculty and staffers at colleges and universities, retired educators, and college students preparing to become teachers; the NEA has nearly 3 million members and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.[3] The NEA had a budget of more than $341 million for the 2012–2013 fiscal year.[4] Lily Eskelsen García is the NEA's current president.[5]

The stated mission of the NEA is "to advocate for education professionals and to unite our members and the nation to fulfill the promise of public education to prepare every student to succeed in a diverse and interdependent world." [6]

The NEA, originally on the conservative side of U.S. politics, by the 1970s emerged as a factor in modern liberalism.[7] While the NEA has a stated position of "non-partisan", it typically supports the Democratic Party. [8] Conservatives, libertarians, and parents' rights groups have criticized the NEA's liberal positions.[9]

State affiliates of the NEA regularly lobby state legislators for funding, seek to influence education policy, and file legal actions.

At the national level, the NEA lobbies the United States Congress and federal agencies and is active in the nominating process for Democratic candidates.[10] From 1989 through the 2014 election cycle, the NEA spent over $92 million on political campaign contributions, 97% of which went to Democrats.[11]

Structure and governance[edit]

The NEA has a membership of just under 3 million people;[12] the NEA is incorporated as a professional association in a few states and as a Trade union in most. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code, it is not a member of the AFL–CIO, but is part of Education International, the global federation of teachers' unions.[citation needed]

NEA members set the union's policies through the Representative Assembly (RA); the RA, which is a delegation comprising elected representatives from each local and state affiliate, coalitions of student members and retired members, and other segments of the united education profession—is the primary legislative and policy-making body of the NEA.[13]

As of 2014, the executive officers of the NEA are Lily Eskelsen García (President), Rebecca Pringle (Vice President), and Princess Moss (Secretary-Treasurer). These three posts are elected by the Representative Assembly.[13][14]

The Board of Directors and Executive Committee are responsible for the general policies and interests of the NEA; the Board of Directors consists of one director from each state affiliate (plus an additional director for every 20,000 active members in the state), six directors for the retired members, and three directors for the student members. The board also includes at-large representatives of ethnic minorities, administrators, classroom teachers in higher education, and active members employed in educational support positions.[15]

History[edit]

Founding[edit]

The NEA was founded in Philadelphia in 1857 as the National Teachers Association (NTA).[16] Zalmon Richards was elected the NTA's first president and presided over the organization's first annual meeting in 1858;[17] the NTA became the National Education Association (NEA) in 1870 when it merged with the American Normal School Association, the National Association of School Superintendents, and the Central College Association.[18] The union was chartered by Congress in 1906.[17][19]

Mergers[edit]

NEA officially merged with the American Teachers Association, the historically black teachers association founded as the National Association of Teachers in Colored Schools, in 1966.[20]

In 1998, a tentative merger agreement was reached between NEA and American Federation of Teachers (AFT) negotiators, but ratification failed soundly in the NEA's Representative Assembly meeting in New Orleans in early July 1998.[21]

However, five NEA state affiliates have merged with their AFT counterparts. Mergers occurred in Florida (the Florida Education Association formed in 2000); Minnesota (Education Minnesota formed in 1998), Montana (MEA-MFT formed in 2000), New York (New York State United Teachers formed in 2006) and North Dakota. North Dakota United formed in 2013.[citation needed]

Membership trends[edit]

Membership (US records; ×1000)[22]
Finances (US records; ×$1000)[22]
     Assets      Liabilities      Receipts      Disbursements

Before the 1960s, only a small portion of public school teachers were unionized; that began to change in 1959, when Wisconsin became the first state to pass a collective bargaining law for public employees.[23] Over the next 20 years, most other states adopted similar laws; the NEA reported a membership of 766,000 in 1961.[24]

In the 1960s, the NEA's demographics were changing; this was due to the merger with ATA and the decision to become a true labor union, among other factors.[25] In 1967, the NEA elected its first Hispanic president, Braulio Alonso.[26] In 1968, NEA elected its first black president, Elizabeth Duncan Koontz.[27]

In 2006, the NEA and the AFL–CIO also announced that, for the first time, stand-alone NEA locals as well as those that had merged with the AFT would be allowed to join state and local labor federations affiliated with the AFL-CIO.[28]

In 2007, at the 150th anniversary of its founding, NEA membership had grown to 3.2 million.[29] However, by July 2012, USA Today reported that NEA had lost nearly 0.3% of their members each year since 2010.[30]

Notable members[edit]

Composition[edit]

For most of the 20th century, the NEA represented the public school administration in small towns and rural areas; the state organizations played a major role in policy formation for the NEA. After 1957, the NEA reoriented itself to primarily represent the teachers in those districts, rather than just the administrators, it came to resemble the rival American Federation of Teachers (AFT), which was a labor union for teachers in larger cities. The success of the AFT in raising wages through strike activity encouraged the NEA to undertake similar activities. In the 1970s, more militant politics came to characterize the NEA, it created the NEA Political Action Committee to engage in local election campaigns, and it began endorsing political candidates who supported its policy goals. State NEA branches became less important as the national and local levels began direct and unmediated relationships; the NEA's elected leadership often supported teachers in opposition to school administrators.[34]

According to NEA's Department of Labor records since 2005, when membership classifications were first reported, the majority of the union's membership are "active professional" members, having fallen only slightly from 74% to the current 71%; the second largest category have been "active education support professional" members, with about 15%. The third largest category are "retired" members, which have grown from 8% to 10%. Two other categories, "active life" and "student" members, have both remained with around 2%, falling slightly; these categories are eligible to vote in the union, though the union lists some comparatively marginal categories which are not eligible to vote: "staff", "substitute" and "reserve" members, each with less than 1% of the union's membership. NEA contracts also cover some non-members, known as agency fee payers, which since 2006 have numbered comparatively about 3% of the size of the union's membership.[22][35]

As of 2014 these categories account for about: 2.1 million "active professionals", 457,000 "active education support professionals", 300,000 "retirees", 52,000 "students", 42,000 "active life" members, and just under nine thousand others, plus about 90,000 non-members paying agency fees.[3]

Funding[edit]

Most NEA funding comes from dues paid by its members ($295 million in dues from a $341 million total budget in 2005).[36] Typically, local chapters negotiate a contract with automatic deduction of dues from members' paychecks. Part of the dues remain with the local affiliate (the district association), a portion goes to the state association, and a portion is given to the national association; the NEA returned 39 percent of dues money back to state affiliates in 2012-2013.[37]

Federal law prohibits unions from using dues money or other assets to contribute to or otherwise assist federal candidates or political parties, in accordance with their tax-exempt status; the NEA Fund for Children and Public Education is a special fund for voluntary contributions from NEA members which can legally be used to assist candidates and political parties. Critics have repeatedly questioned the NEA's actual compliance with such laws, and a number of legal actions focusing on the union's use of money and union personnel in partisan contexts have ensued.[38]

Policy positions[edit]

The NEA has taken positions on policy issues including:

  • "Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education", a report by the NEA in 1918. They emphasized the education of students in terms of health, a command of fundamental processes, worthy home membership, vocation, citizenship, worthy use of leisure, and ethical character, they Emphasized life adjustment and reflected the social efficiency model of progressive education.[39]
  • The "Preliminary Report on the Tenure of Teachers" appeared in 1920, cautiously recommending school boards adopt a policy of tenure.[40]
  • From 1923–1928, Hunter's "Committee of One Hundred on the Problem of Tenure" stressed the advantages of tenure for society. In 1925, it argued that tenure "protects the great body of good teachers from political attack and from dismissal for petty personal and political reasons", but also argued that administrators should maintain control over dismissal decisions.[41]
  • Reforming the No Child Left Behind Act to reduce the focus on standardized testing[42][43]
  • Increasing education funding[44]
  • A minimum $40,000 starting annual salary for all teachers[45]
  • Mandate high school graduation or equivalency as compulsory for everyone below the age of 21[46]
  • Lowering the achievement gap[47]
  • Reforming Social Security Offsets (GPO/WEP)[48]
  • Discouraging school vouchers and all forms of competition with public schools[49]
  • Reforming laws governing charter schools[50]

Political activities[edit]

The National Education Association headquarters located at 1201 16th Street near the White House.

NEA has played a role in politics since its founding, as it has sought to influence state and federal laws that would affect public education; the extent to which the NEA and its state and local affiliates engage in political activities, especially during election cycles, has been a source of controversy.[10]

The organization tracks legislation related to education and the teaching profession and encourages members to get involved in politics.[51]

  • 1910-1915: Women play increasing leadership roles in NEA.[52]
  • 1912: NEA endorses women's suffrage in the United States[53]
  • 1918: NEA "Commission on the Emergency in Education", with George Strayer as chairman, Warns that the evidence from the wartime draft shows millions of potential soldiers were illiterate or poorly educated, and often in bad health. The NEA study said the cause was very low quality rural schools in the South, badly trained teachers, and inequitable financing, it called for $100 million of federal aid to remedy the deficiencies, but none was forthcoming. Many states, however, started setting minimal standards for rural schools.[54]
  • 1923: NEA starts to promote state pension plans for teachers; by 1950, every state had a pension plan in effect.[55]
  • 1920s: The main NEA goal during this period was to raise teacher salaries, raise standards, and to gain a cabinet-level U.S. Secretary of Education. Success on the cabinet issue came in 1979.[56]
  • 1930s: The NEA was never on good terms with the New Deal. Its main goal was for Congress to pass a multipurpose public finance bill that would supplement local property taxes in funding public schools; some relief money was used to build schools, but the New Deal avoided channeling any of it through the Office of Education. Legislation never succeeded, because it would condone segregated schools in the South and because Roosevelt rejected any across-the-board program, he believed that federal money should only go to the poorest schools, and none to rich states.[57] The New Deal set up its own separate educational program through the Civilian Conservation Corps and other relief agencies.[54]
  • 1940s: NEA successfully lobbied Congress for special funding for public schools near military bases.[58]
  • 1944: NEA lobbied for the G.I. Bill, a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans.[59]
  • 1958: NEA helps gain passage of the National Defense Education Act[60]
  • 1964: NEA lobbies to pass the Civil Rights Act[61]
  • 1965: NEA works with Catholic school leaders to pass the Elementary and Secondary Education Act for federal aid to schools.[62][63]
  • 1968: After years of feuding, the AFT suggests a merger with the NEA. The NEA refuses.[64]
  • 1968: NEA lobbies for passage of the Bilingual Education Act, with federal funding for Spanish-language education in public schools.[65]
  • 1968-68. Wave of school strikes outside South; 80% by NEA.[66]
  • 1969: 450,000 teachers covered by 1,019 collective bargaining agreements. NEA accounted for 90 percent of the contracts and 61 percent of the teachers.[67]
  • 1972: New York State Teachers Association quits the NEA and merges with the AFT.[68]
  • 1970s: State affiliates become powerful lobbyists.[69]
  • 1976: 265 NEA delegates attend the Democratic National Convention; NEA endorses Democrat Jimmy Carter for president; he wins and secures a Department of Education in 1979.[69]
  • 1980: 464 NEA delegates attend the Democratic National Convention.[69]
  • 1984: NEA lobbies for passage of a federal retirement equity law that provides the means to end sex discrimination against women in retirement funds.[70]
  • 2000–present: NEA lobbies for changes to the No Child Left Behind Act
  • 2009: NEA delegates to the Representative Assembly pass a resolution that opposes discriminatory treatment of same-sex couples.[71]

In recent decades the NEA has increased its visibility in party politics, endorsing more Democratic Party candidates and contributing funds and other assistance to political campaigns; the NEA asserts itself as "non-partisan", but critics point out that the NEA has endorsed and provided support for every Democratic presidential nominee from Jimmy Carter to Barack Obama and has never endorsed any Republican or third party candidate for the presidency.[72]

Based on required filings with the federal government, it is estimated that between 1990 and 2002, eighty percent of the NEA's substantial political contributions went to Democratic Party candidates and ninety five percent of contributions went to Democrats in 2012.[73] the NEA maintains that it bases support for candidates primarily on the organization's interpretation of candidates' support for public education and educators. Every presidential candidate endorsed by the NEA must be recommended by the NEA's PAC Council (composed of representatives from every state and caucus) and approved by the Board of Directors by a 58 percent majority.[74] In October 2015, the NEA endorsed Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential bid. Clinton accepted the endorsement in person.[75][76]

The NEA is a member of the U.S. Global Leadership Coalition.[77]

Legislation opposed and supported[edit]

In September 2013, the NEA wrote an open letter to the United States House of Representatives opposing the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res 59; 113th Congress);[78] the NEA urged representatives to vote no because the bill "continues the devastating cuts to education set in motion by the sequester and permanently defunds the Affordable Care Act."[78] The organization stated that they may decide to use the vote on this bill in their NEA Legislative Report Card for the 113th Congress.[78]

Criticism[edit]

Some critics have alleged the NEA puts the interests of teachers ahead of students;[79] the NEA has often opposed measures such as merit pay, school vouchers, weakening of teacher tenure, certain curricular changes, the No Child Left Behind Act, and other reforms that make it easier for school districts to use disciplinary action against teachers.

With the modern scrutiny placed on teacher misconduct, particularly regarding sexual abuse, the NEA has been criticized for its failure to crack down on abusive teachers. From an Associated Press investigation, former NEA President Reg Weaver commented, "Students must be protected from sexual predators and abuse, and teachers must be protected from false accusations." He then refused to be interviewed.[80] The Associated Press reported that much of the resistance to report the problem comes from "where fellow teachers look away", and "school administrators make behind-the-scenes deals".[80]

Also criticized is the NEA's alleged "goal of changing public opinion on homosexuality, starting with the youngest generation,"[81] according to a former chairman of the NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus;[82][83][84] some critics believe the NEA promotes a gay rights agenda, especially since the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals 2005 case Fields v. Palmdale School District. The case originated when some Florida elementary school students were administered a school survey containing sexual questions. Parents, who had not been told the survey would contain questions of a sexual nature, brought the case forward;[85] the court in that case ruled that parents' fundamental right to control the upbringing of their children "does not extend beyond the threshold of the school door", a line specifically stricken from the record, 447 F.3d 1187) and that a public school has the right to provide its students with "whatever information it wishes to provide, sexual or otherwise."[86] NEA states that it does not "encourage schools to teach students to become gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered (LGBT)", but the NEA does believe that "schools should be safe for all students and advocates that schools should raise awareness of homophobia and intervene when LGBT students are harassed."[87]

NEA has come under fire for taking advantage of laws in some states that compel, under certain conditions, membership in the association. In a case brought before the U.S. Supreme Court (Davenport v. Washington Education Association) on behalf of 4,000 Washington State teachers who are not NEA members, but are nonetheless forced to pay NEA dues, the Court partially addressed the issue of collection and use of dues by unions such as the NEA.[88]

A leading critic of NEA from the left is Dr. Rich Gibson, whose article on the NEA-AFT merger convention outlines a critique of unionism itself.[89]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "National Education Association Membership". Union Facts. November 15, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
  2. ^ Layton, Lyndsey (March 25, 2014). "Nation's largest labor union: We want 2016 hopefuls talking about schools". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. Report submitted September 26, 2014.
  4. ^ "IRS Form 990 2012-2013" (PDF). Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  5. ^ Grunwald, Michael (September 23, 2015). "Arne Duncan's Wars". Politico. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  6. ^ "NEA's Vision, Mission and Values". National Education Association. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
  7. ^ Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: the AFT and the NEA: 1900-1980 (1992)
  8. ^ J. Richard Piper (1997). Ideologies and Institutions: American Conservative and Liberal Governance Prescriptions Since 1933. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 131.
  9. ^ Bryan C. Hassel (1999). The Charter School Challenge: Avoiding the Pitfalls, Fulfilling the Promise. Brookings Institution Press. p. 50.
  10. ^ a b Burkins, Glenn; Simpson, Glenn (August 23, 1996). "Teachers' Unions Will Show Political Clout at Convention". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  11. ^ OpenSecrets.org; Center for Responsive Politics
  12. ^ Sawchuk, Stephen (July 4, 2013). "Understanding NEA's Current Membership Numbers". Education Week. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  13. ^ a b NEA (2007) p15
  14. ^ "Teacher of the Year to Union President", Education Next (Summer 2014)
  15. ^ NEA (2007) pp. 15-16
  16. ^ Cardinal, Denise. "National Education Association". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 23 September 2015.
  17. ^ a b Provenzo, Jr., Eugene (2008). Encyclopedia of the Social and Cultural Foundations of Education. SAGE Publications. p. 534. ISBN 9781452265971.
  18. ^ Levinson, David; Cookson, Peter; Sadovnik, Alan (2014). Education and Sociology: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 665. ISBN 9781135570859.
  19. ^ "National Education Association Act of 1906 ~ P.L. 59-398" (PDF). 34 Stat. 804 ~ House Bill 10501. Legis★Works. June 30, 1906.
  20. ^ Cameron, Don (2005). The Inside Story of the Teacher Revolution in America. R&L Education. p. 70. ISBN 9781578861965.
  21. ^ Wayne J. Urban, "Teacher Politics", In Teacher Unions and Education Policy: Retrenchment or Reform? (eds. Ronald D. Henderson, Wayne J. Urban, and Paul Wolman), Emerald Group, 2004. pp. 113-116.
  22. ^ a b c U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. (Search)
  23. ^ John F. Lyons (2007). "American Federation of Teachers". In Eric Arnesen (ed.). Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History. 1. Routledge. p. 89.
  24. ^ Peterson, Paul (2006). Choice and Competition in American Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN 9780742545816.
  25. ^ Gender, Race, and the National Education Association: Professionalism and Its Limitations. By Wayne J. Urban. New York: Routledge, 2000.
  26. ^ Rousmaniere, Kate (2013). Principal's Office, The: A Social History of the American School Principal. SUNY Press. p. 106. ISBN 9781438448251.
  27. ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (January 8, 1989). "Elizabeth Koontz, 69, Dies; Led Teachers' Union". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  28. ^ "Teachers local allowed to join AFL-CIO". Washington Times. 2006-02-14. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
  29. ^ U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. Report submitted November 26, 2007.
  30. ^ Greg Toppo (3 July 2012). "USA's top teachers union losing members". USA Today. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
  31. ^ a b c d e f Binheim, Max; Elvin, Charles A. (1928). Women of the West: A Series of Biographical Sketches of Living Eminent Women in the Eleven Western States of the United States of America. Los Angeles: Publishers Press. Retrieved August 6, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  32. ^ Thomas Jr., Robert McG. (March 10, 1996). "William G. Carr Is Dead at 95; Former Head of Teachers' Group". The New York Times. New York, New York. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  33. ^ "Doctor Mary Yost, Former Stanford Dean of Women, Is Claimed by Stroke". The Stanford Daily. 125 (24). 1954. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  34. ^ Wayne J. Urban, "The Making of a Teachers’ Union: The National Education Association, 1957-‐1972". Historical Studies in Education 5 (1993): 33-53.
  35. ^ U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Labor-Management Standards. File number 000-342. Report submitted November 29, 2012.
  36. ^ Weyrich, Paul (April 12, 2006). "Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao – A Lady of Achievement". Townhall. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  37. ^ Sawchuk, Stephen (July 1, 2012). "Big Membership Losses for NEA". Education Week. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  38. ^ "Landmark Legal Foundation". Landmarklegal.org. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
  39. ^ Karen Graves, "The Cardinal Principles",, American Educational History Journal (2010) 37#1-2, pp 95-107
  40. ^ Timothy Reese Cain, "The NEA's Early Conflict over Educational Freedom", American Educational History Journal (2009) 36#1 pp 361-375
  41. ^ Cain, "The NEA's Early Conflict over Educational Freedom", (2009)
  42. ^ Layton, Lyndsey (April 11, 2015). "NEA: No Child Left Behind rewrite doesn't level the playing field". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  43. ^ Brown, Emma (April 6, 2015). "Nation's largest teachers union launches ad campaign as Congress debates No Child Left Behind". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  44. ^ "TEF". NEA. 2009-10-21. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  45. ^ "Professional Pay". NEA. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  46. ^ "NEA's 12-Point Action Plan for Reducing the School Dropout Rate". NEA. 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  47. ^ "Achievement Gaps". NEA. 2008-08-18. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  48. ^ "Our Position & Actions". NEA. 2008-10-31. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  49. ^ "Vouchers". NEA. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  50. ^ "Charter Schools". NEA. 2008-10-30. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  51. ^ Wayne J. Urban, "Foreshadowing the Seventies: Teacher Militancy and the NEA, 1900 - 1922", California Journal of Teacher Education (1978) 5#1 pp. 55-82 in JSTOR
  52. ^ Kate Rousmaniere (2005). Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley. SUNY Press. p. 179.
  53. ^ Kate Rousmaniere (2005). Citizen Teacher: The Life and Leadership of Margaret Haley. p. 179.
  54. ^ a b David B. Tyack; Robert Lowe & Elisabeth Hansot (1984). Public Schools in Hard Times: The Great Depression and Recent Years. Harvard University Press. p. 98.
  55. ^ Suzanne Saunders Taylor (1986). Public Employee Retirement Systems: The Structure and Politics of Teacher Pensions. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–2.
  56. ^ Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900-1980 (1991) pp 132, 140.
  57. ^ Murphy, Blackboard Unions (1991) pp 132-36, 142-49.
  58. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia Annual Supplement: 1951. 1950. pp. 130–36.
  59. ^ Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin, The GI Bill: A New Deal for Veterans (2009) pp 54, 66
  60. ^ Christine Maitland, "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". Thought & Action (Fall 2007): 71-82; at p 75.
  61. ^ Docherty, James C.; van der Velden, Sjaak (June 14, 2012). Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor. Scarecrow Press. p. 190. ISBN 9780810861961.
  62. ^ Harvey Kantor, "Education, social reform, and the state: ESEA and federal education policy in the 1960s". American Journal of Education (1991): 47-83.
  63. ^ Mitchell B. Lerner, ed., A Companion to Lyndon B. Johnson (2012) pp 264-65
  64. ^ Marjorie Murphy, Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900-1980 (1991) pp 252-53
  65. ^ Maritza De La Trinidad, "Mexican Americans and the push for culturally relevant education: the bilingual education movement in Tucson, 1958–1969". History of Education 44#3 (2015): 316-338.
  66. ^ Maitland, "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". p 76.
  67. ^ Maitland, "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". p 76
  68. ^ Murphy, Blackboard Unions (1991) pp 253-54.
  69. ^ a b c Murphy, Blackboard Unions (1991) p 267.
  70. ^ Jay L. Chronister, "Benefits and Retirement in a Decade of Change", The NEA 1999 Almanac of Higher Education (1999) pp: 93-110.
  71. ^ "New Business Items". NEA. 2009-06-26. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  72. ^ "NEA endorses Kerry for president". USA Today. 2004-07-06.
  73. ^ Open Secrets Database
  74. ^ see "Federal endorsements" Education Minnesota (2015)
  75. ^ Scott, Eugene (October 3, 2015). "Top teachers union endorses Hillary Clinton". CNN. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  76. ^ Haberman, Maggie (October 3, 2015). "Hillary Clinton Gets Backing of National Education Association". New York Times. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  77. ^ U.S. Global Leadership Coalition, Global Trust members
  78. ^ a b c Kusler, Mary. "Letter to the House Opposing the Continuing Resolution H. J. Res. 59". National Education Association. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  79. ^ Moe, Terry (2001). "A Union by Any Other Name". Education Next. Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on March 12, 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  80. ^ a b Irvine, Martha; Tanner, Robert (October 20, 2007). "Thousands of teachers cited for sex misconduct". USA Today. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
  81. ^ News from Agape Press
  82. ^ NEA Ex-Gay Educators Caucus
  83. ^ "Gays, Ex-Gays Square Off At NEA Convention". 365gay.com. July 2, 2006. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-18.
  84. ^ "(In)Tolerance Education". Crisis Magazine. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved December 19, 2006.
  85. ^ Davis, Elliott M. "Unjustly Usupring the Parental Right: Fields v. Palmdale School District, 427 F.3d 1197 (9th Cir. 2005)" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. 29. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
  86. ^ Russo, Charles J. (2014). International Perspectives on Education, Religion and Law. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781135019907.
  87. ^ NEA: A Response to Critics Archived July 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  88. ^ "U.S. Supreme Court Rules in National Right to Work Foundation's Case: Union Officials Have No Constitutional Right to Spend Employees' Forced Dues for Politics". National Right to Work Legal Defense and Education Foundation. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
  89. ^ Rich Gibson, "NEA-AFT-AFL-CIO? 'Not Just No, But HELL NO!", Cultural Logic 2, no. 1 (Fall 1998).

Further reading[edit]

  • Maitland, Christine. "NEA Higher Education: 150 Years and Growing". Thought & Action (Fall 2007): 71-82 online
  • Moe, Terry M. Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America's Public Schools (Brookings Institution Press; 2011) 513 pages; argues that teachers' unions cause serious problems with education in the U.S. and contribute to the slowness of reform.
  • Murphy, Marjorie. Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900-1980. (Cornell University Press, 1991). ISBN 0-8014-2365-1
  • Seifert, Roger V. Teacher militancy: a history of teacher strikes 1896-1987 (Falmer Press, 1987)
  • Urban, Wayne J. "Foreshadowing the Seventies: Teacher Militancy and the NEA, 1900 - 1922", California Journal of Teacher Education (1978) 5#1 pp. 55–82 in JSTOR
  • Urban, Wayne J. "The Making of a Teachers’ Union: The National Education Association, 1957-‐1972". Historical Studies in Education 5 (1993): 33-53. online
  • Urban, Wayne J. Why Teachers Organized (1982)
  • Wesley, Edgar Bruce. NEA: The first hundred years (Harper, 1957)

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Education_Association&oldid=900469981"