1.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
–
A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
Tabloid (newspaper format)
–
British tabloids, July 5, 2011
Tabloid (newspaper format)
–
"A photographer's photographer" quote by
First Lady Mrs. Warren G. Harding who stated the Edward Jackson's photograph of her was "the best photo ever taken." The photo ran on the entire front page of the February 5, 1921
New York Daily News.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
–
For other uses, see
Tabloid.
2.
American Media (publisher)
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American Media, Inc. is an American publisher of magazines, supermarket tabloids, and books. The modern American Media came into being after Generoso Pope, Jr. longtime owner of the National Enquirer, died in 1988, American tabloids began consolidating in 1990, when American Media bought Star from Rupert Murdoch. The purchase of Globe Communications followed nine years later, American Media is not to be confused with American Media Distribution the international news coverage firm. American Medias corporate headquarters in Boca Raton, Florida, figured prominently in news headlines in late 2001 and that building was severely damaged by Hurricane Sandy but reopened in February 2013. The CEO, David J. Pecker, travels between the Boca Raton and New York offices while managing the company, AMI continued to expand after it bought Joe Weiders Weider Publications in 2002. Joe Weider continues to control of his magazines under AMIs Weider Publications subsidiary. American Media also owns Distribution Services, an in-store magazine merchandising company, in fall 2002, it launched the book-publishing imprint, AMI Books. Roger Altman, through Evercore Partners, bought a stake in American Media in 1999. In 2009, American Media was taken over by its bondholders to keep it out of bankruptcy, in November 2010, American Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection due to nearly $1 billion in debt, and assets of less than $50,000. Its subsidiary, American Media Operations Inc. listed assets of $100 to $500 million, in 2015, American Media sold Shape, Natural Health, and Fit Pregnancy to Meredith. In March 2017, American Media acquired US Weekly from Wenner Media for a reported $100 million, National Enquirer US Weekly Star The Globe National Examiner Muscle & Fitness Mens Fitness Flex RadarOnline. com Ok. Soap Opera Digest Country Weekly Shape Natural Health Fit Pregnancy Distribution Services, Inc
American Media (publisher)
–
American Media, Inc.
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
–
Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
–
The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
–
Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
4.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
–
ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
5.
Florida
–
Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
–
St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
Florida
–
Flag
Florida
–
Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
Florida
–
The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
6.
Mentorship
–
Mentorship is a relationship in which a more experienced or more knowledgeable person helps to guide a less experienced or less knowledgeable person. The mentor may be older or younger than the person being mentored and it is a learning and development partnership between someone with vast experience and someone who wants to learn. The person in receipt of mentorship may be referred to as a protégé, a protégée, an apprentice or, in the 2000s, the mentor may be referred to as a godfather/godmother or a rabbi. Mentoring is a process always involves communication and is relationship-based. Mentoring in Europe has existed since at least Ancient Greek times, the roots of the practice are lost in antiquity. The word itself was inspired by the character of Mentor in Homers Odyssey, though the actual Mentor in the story is a somewhat ineffective old man, the goddess Athena takes on his appearance in order to guide young Telemachus in his time of difficulty. Mainstream business literature subsequently adopted the terms and concepts, promoting them as pathways to success for all career climbers, in 1970 these terms were not in the general American vocabulary, by the mid-1990s they had become part of everyday speech. The focus of mentoring is to develop the person and so the techniques are broad. Sowing, mentors are often confronted with the difficulty of preparing the learner before he or she is ready to change. Sowing is necessary when you know that what you say may not be understood or even acceptable to learners at first, catalyzing, when change reaches a critical level of pressure, learning can escalate. Here the mentor chooses to plunge the learner right into change, provoking a different way of thinking, showing, this is making something understandable, or using your own example to demonstrate a skill or activity. You show what you are talking about, you show by your own behavior, harvesting, here the mentor focuses on picking the ripe fruit, it is usually used to create awareness of what was learned by experience and to draw conclusions. The key questions here are, What have you learned, leadership authors Jim Kouzes and Barry Z. Multiple mentors, A new and upcoming trend is having multiple mentors and this can be helpful because we can all learn from each other. Having more than one mentor will widen the knowledge of the person being mentored, there are different mentors who may have different strengths. Profession or trade mentor, This is someone who is currently in the trade/profession you are entering and they know the trends, important changes and new practices that you should know to stay at the top of your career. A mentor like this would be someone you can discuss ideas regarding the field, industry mentor, This is someone who doesnt just focus on the profession. This mentor will be able to give insight on the industry as a whole, whether it be research, development or key changes in the industry, you need to know
Mentorship
–
William Blake's watercolor of "Age teaching youth", a Romantic representation of mentorship. Blake represented this type of relationship in many of his works, including the illustrations of his
Songs of Innocence. The original object is currently held by
Tate Britain
7.
William Randolph Hearst
–
Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father. Acquiring more newspapers, Hearst created a chain that numbered nearly 30 papers in major American cities at its peak and he later expanded to magazines, creating the largest newspaper and magazine business in the world. Politically he espoused the Progressive Movement, speaking on behalf of the working class and he controlled the editorial positions and coverage of political news in all his papers and magazines and thereby exercised enormous political influence. He also called for war in 1898 against Spain—as did many other newspaper editors—but he did it in sensational fashion, after 1918, he called for an isolationist foreign policy to avoid any more entanglement in what he regarded as corrupt European affairs. He was at once a militant nationalist, a fierce anti-communist, and deeply suspicious of the League of Nations and of the British, French, Japanese, and Russians. He was a supporter of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932–34, but then broke with FDR. His life story was the inspiration for Charles Foster Kane. His famous mansion, Hearst Castle, on a hill overlooking the Pacific Ocean near San Simeon, is now a State Historical Monument and a National Historic Landmark. William R. Hearst was born in San Francisco, to mining engineer, goldmine owner and U. S. senator George Hearst. His paternal great-grandfather was John Hearst, of Ulster Protestant origin and he migrated to America from Ballybay, County Monaghan as part of the Cahans Exodus with his wife and six children in 1766 and settled in South Carolina. Their immigration to South Carolina was spurred in part by the governments policy that encouraged the immigration of Irish Protestants. The names John Hearse and John Hearse Jr, the Hearse spelling of the family name never was used afterward by the family members themselves, or any family of any size. Hearsts mother, née Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson, was also of Irish ancestry and she was the first woman regent of University of California, Berkeley, funded many anthropological expeditions and founded the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology. Following preparation at St. Pauls School in Concord, New Hampshire, while there he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon, the A. D. Searching for an occupation, in 1887, Hearst took over management of a newspaper, the San Francisco Examiner, a self-proclaimed populist, Hearst went on to publish stories of municipal and financial corruption, often attacking companies in which his own family held an interest. Within a few years, his paper dominated the San Francisco market, outcault, the inventor of color comics, and all of Pulitzers Sunday staff as well. Another prominent hire was James J. Montague, who came from the Portland Oregonian, Hearst imported his best managers from the San Francisco Examiner and quickly established himself as the most attractive employer among New York newspapers. Hearsts activist approach to journalism can be summarized by the motto, While others Talk, the New York Journal and its chief rival, the New York World, mastered a style of popular journalism that came to be derided as yellow journalism, after Outcaults Yellow Kid comic
William Randolph Hearst
–
Hearst in 1906, photograph by
James E. Purdy
William Randolph Hearst
–
An ad asking automakers to place ads in Hearst chain, noting their circulation.
William Randolph Hearst
–
From left to right: Hearst,
Robert Vignola and Arthur Brisbane in New York, during the filming of Vignola's
The World and His Wife (1920)
William Randolph Hearst
–
William Hearst with fascists: Alfred Rosenberg, Carl Bomer, Tilo von Trota, Rosenberg's adjutant
8.
Broadsheet
–
A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
Broadsheet
–
A broadsheet newspaper
Broadsheet
–
Comparison of some newspaper sizes with metric paper sizes. Approximate nominal dimensions are in millimetres.
9.
Isolationism
–
Isolationism is the foreign policy position that a nations interests are best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. One possible motivation for limiting international involvement is to avoid being drawn into dangerous, there may also be a perceived benefit from avoiding international trade agreements or other mutual assistance pacts. Before 1999, Bhutan had banned television and the Internet in order to preserve its culture, environment, eventually, Jigme Singye Wangchuck lifted the ban on television and the Internet. His son, Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, was elected as Druk Gyalpo of Bhutan, after Zheng Hes voyages in the 15th century, the foreign policy of the Ming dynasty in China became increasingly isolationist. The Hongwu Emperor was the first to propose the policy to ban all maritime shipping in 1371, the Qing dynasty that came after the Ming dynasty often continued the Ming dynastys isolationist policies. From 1641 to 1853, the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan enforced a policy which it called kaikin, the policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries. However, the commonly held idea that Japan was entirely closed is misleading, in fact, Japan maintained limited-scale trade and diplomatic relations with China, Korea, the Ryukyu Islands and the Netherlands. The culture of Japan developed with limited influence from the world and had one of the longest stretches of peace in history. In 1863, King Gojong took the throne of the Joseon Dynasty when he was a child and his father, Regent Heungseon Daewongun, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s he was the proponent of isolationism and the principal instrument of the persecution of both native and foreign Catholics. The Spanish settlers who had arrived just before independence had to intermarry with either the old colonists or with the native Guarani, francia had a particular dislike of foreigners and any who came to Paraguay during his rule were not allowed to leave for the rest of their lives. Switzerland has been neutral in foreign relations since the Battle of Marignano in 1515, switzerland is not a member of the European Union or the European Economic Area and the general public remains opposed to full EU membership. In February 2014, Swiss voters narrowly approved a referendum to restrict immigration, robert Art makes his argument in A Grand Strategy for America. Both sides claim policy prescriptions from George Washingtons Farewell Address as evidence for their argument, a desire for separateness and unilateral freedom of action merged with national pride and a sense of continental safety to foster the policy of isolation. Although the United States maintained diplomatic relations and economic contacts abroad, the Department of State continually rejected proposals for joint cooperation, a policy made explicit in the Monroe Doctrines emphasis on unilateral action. Not until 1863 did an American delegate attend an international conference, a Global Affairs Commentary, The Terms of Power, Foreign Policy in Focus, November 6,2002, University Press. Japan in Print, Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period, ISBN9780520237667, OCLC60697079 Chalberg, John C. ISBN9781565102231, OCLC30078579 Craig, Albert, ISBN9780674128507, OCLC413558 Glahn, Richard Von
Isolationism
–
Opposition to wars or aspects of war
10.
Fascist
–
Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought changes to the nature of war, society, the state. The advent of war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war, Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies. Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, the descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio meaning a bundle of rods and this was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. According to Mussolinis own account, the Fascist Revolutionary Party was founded in Italy in 1915, in 1919, Mussolini founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in Milan, which became the Partito Nazionale Fascista two years later. The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a rod is easily broken. Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements, for example, historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. Each interpretation of fascism is distinct, leaving many definitions too wide or narrow, according to many scholars, fascism—especially once in power—has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right. Roger Griffin describes fascism as a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a form of populist ultranationalism. Griffin describes the ideology as having three components, the rebirth myth, populist ultra-nationalism and the myth of decadence. Fascism is a revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis. Fascist Philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretic commonality, all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities. John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are essentially manifestations of populism, Fascism was influenced by both left and right, conservative and anti-conservative, national and supranational, rational and anti-rational
Fascist
–
Georges Sorel
Fascist
–
Enrico Corradini
Fascist
–
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Italian modernist author of the
Futurist Manifesto (1909) and later the co-author of the
Fascist Manifesto (1919)
11.
Smith Act
–
The Alien Registration Act of 1940, 76th United States Congress, 3d session, ch. Approximately 215 people were indicted under the legislation, including alleged communists, anarchists, prosecutions under the Smith Act continued until a series of United States Supreme Court decisions in 1957 reversed a number of convictions under the Act as unconstitutional. The statute has been amended several times, the U. S. government has attempted on several occasions to regulate speech in wartime, beginning with the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798. Congressional investigations of extremist organizations in 1935 resulted in calls for the renewal of those statutes, the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 addressed a particular concern, but not the general problem. As U. S. involvement in the European war seemed more likely. Patriotic organizations and the press raised alarms and provided examples. In July 1940, Time magazine called fifth column talk a national phenomenon. S, an omnibus bill that included several measures died in 1939, but the Senate Judiciary Committee revived it in May 1940. With little debate, the House of Representatives approved it by a vote of 382 to 4, with 45 not voting, on June 22,1940, the Senate did not take a recorded vote. It was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 28,1940, the Act is referred to by the name of its principal author, for Rep. Howard W. Smith of Virginia, a Democrat and a leader of the anti-labor bloc in Congress. Suddenly the European war seemed almost at our doors, and who could tell what secret agents were already at work in America. So, partly because some such bill would be adopted anyway, and partly because the step, normally distasteful, appeared inevitable, in mid-August, officials of the DOJ held a two-day conference with state officials they called Law Enforcement Problems of National Defense. Attorney General Jackson and FBI Director Hoover delineated the roles for federal. On October 13,1941, the 77th United States Congress amended the Smith Act of 1940 authorizing a criminal offense for the reproduction of alien registration receipt cards. The law was repealed June 27,1952, ch,477, title IV, §403,66 Stat. The Smith Acts prohibition of proselytizing on behalf of revolution repeated language found in previous statutes, because the Supreme Court in Kessler v. at any time thereafter was a member of or affiliated with such an organization. The Smith Act expanded the grounds for deporting aliens to include weapons violations and it added heroin to the category of drug violations. The Smith Act required aliens applying for visas to register and be fingerprinted, every other alien resident of the United States, who is fourteen years of age or older. And remains in the United States for thirty days or longer, to apply for registration, guardians had to register minors, who had to register in person and be fingerprinted within 30 days of their fourteenth birthday
Smith Act
–
Albert Goldman, a member of the Socialist Workers Party and defendant in the Minneapolis case, acted as chief defense counsel.
Smith Act
–
Alien Registration Act
12.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
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The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
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Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
13.
Generoso Pope
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Generoso Pope was an Italian-American businessman and the owner of a chain of Italian-language newspapers in major American cities. Generoso was born with the name Generoso Antonio Pompilio Carlo Papa and he was the son of farmers Fortunato and Fortunata Papa. His last name is a version of his birth name. After coming to the United States, he fathered three sons with his wife Catherine and his eldest son, Fortunato Fortunate, graduated from Columbia University and became an executive in the family construction business. Anthony who was the son, took over the family business and quadrupled the size of Colonial Sand. Generoso Pope, Jr. graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology at age 19 and purchased what was to become the National Enquirer in 1952, Generoso Pope arrived in the United States at age 15 in 1906 and found work carrying water for construction crews. He rose to construction supervisor and, eventually, owner of Colonial Sand & Stone, in 1912, Generoso established Pope Foods to import Italian foods. He bought the Italian-language daily newspaper Il Progresso Italo-Americano in 1928 for $2,050,000 and he doubled its circulation to 200,000 in New York City, making it the largest Italian-language daily in the country. He purchased additional papers in New York, including Il Bollettino della Sera, Il Corriere dAmerica, and he also owned the radio station, WHOM. He became the source of political, social, and cultural information for the community. A conservative Democrat who ran the Columbus Day parade and admired Mussolini and he was closely associated with Tammany Hall politics in New York, and his newspapers played a vital role in securing the Italian vote for Franklin D. Roosevelts Democratic tickets. With his presidential friendships, Generoso was able to make Columbus Day into a holiday in 1934. He also founded the Columbus Day Parade in New York City, Pope served as chairman of the Italian Division of the Democratic National Committee in 1936, and helped persuade the president to take a neutral attitude over Italys invasion of Ethiopia. He broke with Benito Mussolini in 1941 and enthusiastically supported the American war effort, in the late 1940s, Pope supported and helped secure the vote for William ODwyer as New York City mayor in 1945 and Harry S. Truman as president. His business concerns continued to prosper under New Yorks Democratic administrations, in the early years of the Cold War, Pope was a leading anti-Communist, orchestrating a letter writing campaign by his subscribers to stop the Communists from winning the Italian elections in 1948. Generoso Pope died of a heart ailment at age 59 in April,1950, at the time of his death he lived at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, a residence that would become famous fourteen years later as the home of Jackie Kennedy. Pope was interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in a mausoleum adjacent to Central Avenue. His wife Catherine Richichi Pope died in 1998 at age 101, the entire Pope family is interred at Woodlawn except for Gene, Jr. who is buried at Our Lady Queen of Peace Catholic Cemetery in Royal Palm Beach, Florida
Generoso Pope
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The Generoso Pope Foundation in
Tuckahoe,
NY
Generoso Pope
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Iconic picture of Generoso Pope
Generoso Pope
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The mausoleum of Generoso Pope in Woodlawn Cemetery
14.
Italian-American Mafia
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The American Mafia, also referred to as the Italian Mafia or the Italian-American Mafia, is a highly organized Italian-American criminal society. The organization is referred to by members as Cosa Nostra or La Cosa Nostra. The Mafia in the United States emerged in impoverished Italian immigrant neighborhoods in New Yorks East Harlem, Lower East Side and it has its roots in the Sicilian Mafia but is a separate organization in the United States. Today, the American Mafia cooperates in various activities with Italian organized crime groups, such as the Sicilian Mafia, Camorra in Naples. The most important unit of the American Mafia is that of a family, despite the name of family to describe the various units, they are not familial groupings. The Mafia is currently most active in the Northeastern U. S. especially in New York City, Philadelphia, New Jersey, and New England while also being active in Chicago and Florida. At the Mafias peak, there were at least 26 cities around the United States with Cosa Nostra families, with many more offshoots and associates in other cities. There are five main New York City Mafia families, known as the Five Families, the Gambino, Lucchese, Genovese, Bonanno, at its peak, the Mafia dominated organized crime in the U. S. Each crime family has its own territory and operates independently, while nationwide coordination is overseen by the Commission, the term Mafia was originally used in Italy by the media and law enforcement to describe criminal groups in Sicily. The origins of the term are debatable though most agree the term is derived from the word Maafir a term rooted in Arabic, like the Sicilian Mafia, the American Mafia did not use the term Mafia to describe itself. Neither group has a name and instead used the term cosa nostra when referring to themselves. Mafia properly refers to either the Sicilian or Italian-American Mafia, kennedys political team, referred to as the Irish Mafia. The press also coined the name National Crime Syndicate to refer to the network of U. S. organized crime, which includes the Jewish Mafia elements. The first published account of what became the Mafia in the United States dates to the spring of 1869, emigration from southern Italy to the Americas was primarily to Brazil and Argentina, and New Orleans had a heavy volume of port traffic to and from both locales. The Black Hand was a given to an extortion method used in Italian neighborhoods at the turn of the 20th century. It has been mistaken for the Mafia itself, which it is not. The Black Hand was a society, but there were many small Black Hand gangs. Black Hand extortion was often viewed as the activity of a single organization because Black Hand criminals in Italian communities throughout the United States used the methods of extortion
Italian-American Mafia
–
Al Capone 's violent rise to power in
Chicago and the media attention it brought made him a lasting figure of the prohibition era and organized crime in general.
Italian-American Mafia
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FBI chart of American Mafia bosses across the country in 1963.
Italian-American Mafia
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Charles "Lucky" Luciano in 1948
Italian-American Mafia
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Sammy Gravano
15.
Frank Costello
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Frank the Prime Minister Costello was an Italian-American gangster and crime boss. Costello rose to the top of the United States underworld, controlled a vast gambling empire across the United States, while Costello was still a boy, his brother introduced him to gang activities. By age 13, Costello had become a member of a local gang, Costello continued to commit petty crimes, and went to jail for assault and robbery in 1908,1912 and 1917. In 1918, Costello married Lauretta Giegerman, a Jewish woman who was the sister of a close friend and that same year, Costello served ten months in jail for carrying a concealed weapon. After his release, Costello decided to avoid street rackets and use his brain to make money as a criminal, forgoing the use of violence as a road to success and wealth, Costello claimed that he never again carried a gun. He would not return to jail for 37 years, while working for the Morello gang, Costello met Charlie Lucky Luciano, the Sicilian leader of Manhattans Lower East Side gang. The two Italians immediately became friends and partners, several older members of Lucianos family disapproved of this growing partnership, they were mostly old-school mafiosi who were unwilling to work with anyone who was not Sicilian. To Lucianos shock, they warned him against working with Costello, the Luciano-Costello-Lansky-Siegel alliance prospered even further with the passage of Prohibition in 1920. The gang went into bootlegging, backed by criminal financier Arnold the Brain Rothstein, the success of the young Italians let them make business deals with the leading Jewish and Irish criminals of the era, including Dutch Schultz, Owney the Killer Madden and William Big Bill Dwyer. Rothstein became a mentor to Costello, Luciano, Lansky and Siegel while they conducted bootlegging business with Bronx beer baron Schultz. In 1922, Costello, Luciano, and their closest Italian associates joined the Sicilian Mafia crime family led by Joe the Boss Masseria, by 1924, Costello had become a close associate of Hells Kitchens Irish crime bosses Dwyer and Madden. Costello became deeply involved in their operations, known as The Combine. On November 19,1926, Costello and Dwyer were indicted on federal bootlegging charges, the defendants were accused of giving $2,700 to two United States Coast Guard men, presumably so that they would not disturb the unloading of liquor from boats in New York Harbor. The largest boat in the Combine fleet was capable of carrying 20,000 cases of liquor, however, in January 1927, the jury deadlocked on the bootlegging charges for Dwyer and Costello. In 1926, Combine boss Bill Dwyer was convicted of bribing a United States Coast Guard official, after Dwyer was imprisoned, Costello took over the Combines operations with Owney Madden. This caused friction between Madden and top Dwyer lieutenant, Charles Vannie Higgins, Higgins, referred to as Brooklyns Last Irish Crime Boss, believed he should be running the Combine, not Costello. Thus, the Manhattan Beer Wars began between Higgins on one side, and Costello, Madden, and Schultz on the other, at this particular time, Schultz was also having problems with gangsters Jack Legs Diamond and Vincent Mad Dog Coll. With Higgins help, these two hoodlums had begun to rival Schultz and his partners, eventually, the Costello-Madden-Schultz alliance was destroyed by New Yorks underworld
Frank Costello
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Costello testifying before the
Kefauver Committee.
Frank Costello
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Charles "Lucky" Luciano 's mugshot
Frank Costello
–
Vito Genovese 's mugshot
Frank Costello
–
Albert Anastasia 's mugshot
16.
Lantana, Florida
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Lantana is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 10,423 at the 2010 United States Census, the first settlers came to the area after Congress passed the Armed Occupation Act of 1842 at the end of the Seminole Wars during the Administration of President John Tyler. Lyman family is credited with founding the town, Lyman arrived with his family in 1888 and within a year started several enterprises including a general store, Indian Trading Post and a post office. As postmaster, Lyman named the post office – Lantana Point – for the wild Lantana plants that grew in abundance in the area, the word Point was later dropped. One of the other Lyman businesses was the Lantana Fish Company, in the early 1900s the gathering and marketing of oysters became the towns leading industry. The Town of Lantana was incorporated in 1921 with 22 residents voting in the first election, at the time of incorporation, the area of Lantana was one square mile with a population of 100 residents. After World War II, Lantana, like the rest of South Florida experienced a building boom which continues to this day. Interstate 95, which was completed through Lantana in the mid-1970s, since 1950, the town was the home of the A. G. Holley Hospital, the last of the old state-run sanitariums for patients with tuberculosis. The facility treated about fifty patients at a time, those with the most obdurate forms of the disease, the facility was demolished in November 2014. From 1974 until 1988, Lantana was home to the tradition of hosting the largest decorated Christmas Tree in the world. Every year, a tree would be shipped from the Pacific Northwest to Lantana by rail to the grounds of the National Enquirer. The event would attract thousands of visitors every night, and grew to be one of the most spectacular and this annual festivity ended in 1989 due to the sale of the National Enquirer following the death of founder Generoso Pope Jr. at age of 61 in October 1988. Today, Lantana covers 2.25 square miles and boasts a population of about 10,000 residents. During the winter, the swells to around 14,000 residents. Lantana is located at 26°34′58″N 80°3′27″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.9 square miles, of which 2.3 square miles is land and 0.6 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,423 people and 4164 households in the town, the population density was 4,547.6 inhabitants per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 69. 3% White 22. 0% African American,0. 4% Native American,1. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,2. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 6% of the population, of the population 6. 1% was under the age of 5,21. 4% was under the age of 18, and 13. 8% were 65 years of age or older
Lantana, Florida
–
Lantana and South Palm Beach
17.
Boca Raton, Florida
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Boca Raton is the southernmost city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, first incorporated on August 2,1924 as Bocaratone, and then incorporated as Boca Raton in 1925. The 2015 population estimated by the U. S. Census Bureau was 93,235, however, approximately 200,000 people with a Boca Raton postal address reside outside its municipal boundaries. Such areas include newer developments like West Boca Raton, as a business center, the city also experiences significant daytime population increases. It is one of the wealthiest communities in South Florida, Boca Raton is located 43 miles north of Miami and is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. Boca Raton is home to the campus of Florida Atlantic University and the corporate headquarters of Office Depot, ADT. It is also home to the Evert Tennis Academy, owned by tennis player Chris Evert. Town Center Mall, a shopping center in West Boca Raton, is the largest indoor mall in Palm Beach County. Another major attraction to the area is Boca Ratons downtown, known as Mizner Park, still today, Boca Raton has a strict development code for the size and types of commercial buildings, building signs, and advertisements that may be erected within the city limits. No outdoor car dealerships are allowed in the municipality, additionally, no billboards are permitted, the citys only billboard was grandfathered in during annexation. The strict development code has led to major thoroughfares without large signs or advertisements in the travelers view. The original name Boca de Ratones appeared on eighteenth-century maps associated with an inlet in the Biscayne Bay area of Miami. The word ratones appears in old Spanish maritime dictionaries referring to rugged rocks or stony ground on the bottom of some ports and coastal outlets, therefore, the abridged translation defining Boca de Ratones is a shallow inlet of sharp-pointed rocks which scrape a ships cables. Residents of the city have kept the pronunciation of Boca Raton similar to its Spanish origins, in particular, the Raton in Boca Raton is pronounced as /rəˈtoʊn/ instead of /rəˈtɑːn/. The latter is a common mispronunciation by non-natives to the region, the area today known as Boca Raton was originally occupied by the Tequesta tribe, a Native American people that occupied an area along the southeastern Atlantic coast of Florida. What Spanish voyagers called Boca de Ratones was originally located to the south, by mistake since the 19th century, mapmakers moved this location to the north and began referring to the citys lake, today known as Lake Boca Raton, as Boca Ratone Sounde. The area was largely uninhabited after the Indigenous people were cleared from the area by the Spanish and he surveyed and sold land from the canal to beyond the railroad north of what is now Palmetto Park Road. Early settlement in the area increased shortly after Henry Flaglers expansion of the Florida East Coast Railway, in the citys early history during the Florida land boom of the 1920s, several investors were interested in turning Boca Raton into a resort town. Most famously, Addison Mizner had several projects for resorts and mansions in the area and he first constructed his Administrative Buildings and a small hotel to house interested investors
Boca Raton, Florida
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Boca Raton Resort
Boca Raton, Florida
–
Location in
Palm Beach County, Florida
Boca Raton, Florida
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North Boca Raton Florida
Boca Raton, Florida
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West Boca Raton, Florida
18.
Bill Hoest
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He also created other syndicated strips and panels for King Features. Born in Newark, New Jersey, Hoest spent two years in the Navy and studied art at Cooper Union and he started his art career in 1948 as a greeting card designer with Norcross Greeting Cards, continuing in that field until 1951 when he left to become a freelancer. His cartoons soon began appearing in Colliers, Playboy, The Saturday Evening Post, Hoest entered the comic strip community during the 1960s as an assistant on Harry Haenigsens Penny. After an injury from a 1965 traffic accident kept Haenigsen away from the board, Hoest took over most of the work. In 1970, when Hoest left to start his own strip, My Son John, for the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate, Haenigsen chose to end Penny and retired. Hoest was one of the featured in Think Small, a 1967 promotional book distributed as a giveaway by Volkswagen dealers. Top cartoonists of that decade drew cartoons showing Volkswagens, and these were published along with amusing automotive essays by such humorists as H. Allen Smith, Roger Price and Jean Shepherd. While working on Penny, Hoest began his cartoons about a couple, The Lockhorns, as a single-panel daily on September 9,1968. He then took a route with Bumper Snickers, a cartoon series about cars and drivers for the National Enquirer. His King Features comic strip, Agatha Crumm, was published as both a daily and a Sunday strip from 1977 to 1996, what a Guy. co-created with his assistant John Reiner, was syndicated by King Features from 1987 to 1996. Hired as the editor of Parade in 1979, Hoest created Laugh Parade for that Sunday supplement magazine in 1980. For Laugh Parade, he ganged together several miscellaneous cartoons, adding Howard Huge to that mix in 1981 and he was president of the National Cartoonists Society at the time of his death. Hoest, who lived in Lloyd Neck, Long Island, was 62 when he died of lymphoma at New York Medical Center and he was survived by his wife, Bunny Hoest, his mother, Dorothea Whittinghill of Lloyd Neck, nine children and stepchildren. Hoest was reportedly a diligent cartoonist, putting in ten hours a day at his drawing board and it is a business, and I have to treat it like a business. Thats the way I make my living, after Hoests death, Reiner continued to illustrate all the features, while Hoests widow, Bunny Hoest, took over the scripting. Reiner recalled, Bill Hoest insisted on doing each of his comics meticulously, the artwork, writing, lettering and inking were all done in such a way as to meet his high self-imposed standards. I came to realize that his success, which so many young and old tried to analyze, was the result of a simple rule. He then blended the elements to work that stood out on the comics page
Bill Hoest
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Bill Hoest self-portrait
19.
Christmas tree
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A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce, pine, or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas. The modern Christmas tree was developed in early modern Germany, in which devout Christians brought decorated trees into their homes and it acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany, during the second half of the 19th century, at first among the upper classes. The tree was decorated with roses made of colored paper, apples, wafers, tinsel. In the 18th century, it began to be illuminated by candles which were replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification. Today, there is a variety of traditional ornaments, such as garlands, baubles, tinsel. An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the archangel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity. Edible items such as gingerbread, chocolate and other sweets are also popular, the Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the Yule-tree, especially in discussions of its folkloric origins. The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th Century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed, resistance to the custom was often because of its confirmed Lutheran origins. Other sources have tried to make a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions. For example, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, The use of trees, wreaths, and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians, Chinese. During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia, houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants, the modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites, wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees. The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donars Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans. Alternatively, it is identified with the tree of paradise of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December, in such plays, a tree decorated with apples and wafers was used as a setting for the play. Like the Christmas crib, the Paradise tree was placed in homes. The apples were replaced by objects such as shiny red balls. Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany and its 16th-century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree. The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the sculpture of a private home in Turckheim, Alsace. The Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki, made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree and these pale-colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm to 3 meters
Christmas tree
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Glade jul by
Viggo Johansen (1891)
Christmas tree
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Young woman decorates the Christmas tree, painting by Marcel Rieder (1862-1942) from 1898
Christmas tree
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From Northern Antiquities, an English translation of the
Prose Edda from 1847. Painted by Oluf Olufsen Bagge.
Christmas tree
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Chichilaki, a Georgian Christmas tree variety.
20.
Pacific Northwest
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The Pacific Northwest, sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no agreed boundary exists, a common conception includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington and the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader conceptions reach north into Alaska and Yukon, south into far northern California and east to the Continental Divide, thus including Idaho, Western Montana, narrower conceptions may be limited to the northwestern US or to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the history, geography, society. The Northwest Coast is the region of the Pacific Northwest. The term Pacific Northwest should not be confused with the Northwest Territory or the Northwest Territories of Canada. The border — in two sections, along the 49th parallel south of British Columbia and the Alaska Panhandle west of northern British Columbia — has had an effect on the region. According to Canadian historian Ken Coates, the border has not merely influenced the Pacific Northwest—rather, definitions of the Pacific Northwest region vary, and there is no commonly agreed-upon boundary, even among Pacific Northwesterners. A common conception of the Pacific Northwest includes the U. S. states of Oregon and Washington as well as the Canadian province of British Columbia. Broader definitions of the region may include the U. S. state of Alaska, the Canadian territory of Yukon, the portion of the state of California. Definitions based on the historic Oregon Country reach east to the Continental Divide, thus including all of Idaho and parts of western Montana. Sometimes the Pacific Northwest is defined as being the Northwestern United States, often these definitions are made by government agencies whose scope is limited to the United States. Some definitions include, in addition to Washington, Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia, Southeast Alaska, western Montana, the coast of northern California, the Pacific Northwest has been occupied by a diverse array of indigenous peoples for millennia. The Pacific Coast is seen by scholars as a major coastal migration route in the settlement of the Americas by late Pleistocene peoples moving from northeast Asia into the Americas. Other evidence for human occupation dating back as much as 14,500 years ago is emerging from Paisley Caves in south-central Oregon, however, despite such research, the coastal migration hypothesis is still subject to considerable debate. Due in part to the richness of Pacific Northwest Coast and river fisheries, in the interior of the Pacific Northwest, the indigenous peoples, at the time of European contact, had a diversity of cultures and societies. Some areas were home to mobile and egalitarian societies, others, especially along major rivers such as the Columbia and Fraser, had very complex, affluent, sedentary societies rivaling those of the coast. In British Columbia and Southeast Alaska, the Tlingit and Haida erected large, throughout the Pacific Northwest, thousands of indigenous people live, and some continue to practice their rich cultural traditions, organizing their societies around cedar and salmon
Pacific Northwest
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The Pacific Northwest from
outer space.
Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest
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US Navy Admiral
Charles Wilkes ' 1841 Map of the
Oregon Territory from "Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition." Philadelphia: 1845
Pacific Northwest
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CenturyLink Field, home of Seattle Seahawks and Sounders FC
21.
South Florida
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South Florida is a region of the U. S. state of Florida, comprising the southernmost part of the state. It is one of Floridas three most common directional regions, the others being Central Florida and North Florida and it includes the populous Miami metropolitan area, the Florida Keys, and other localities. South Florida is the part of the continental United States with a tropical climate. As with all regions, South Florida has no official boundaries or status and is defined differently by different sources. A2007 study of Floridas regions by Ary Lamme and Raymond K. Oldakowski found that Floridians surveyed identified South Florida as comprising the southernmost sections of peninsular Florida and that area includes the Miami metropolitan area, the Florida Keys, and the interior region known as the Glades. Additionally, Southwest Florida, representing the states southern Gulf Coast, has emerged as a vernacular region. Some respondents from as far northwest as the southern Tampa Bay area identified their region as being in South Florida rather than Southwest or Central Florida, some entities alternately designate this region South Florida. Its definition includes much of the territory as Lamme and Oldakowskis report as well as additional area. It includes Monroe County and the three counties of Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach, as well as the three Treasure Coast counties of Indian River, St. Lucie, and Martin to the north. The demographics of South Florida residents can be segmented as following, the Miami accent is a regional accent of the American English dialect spoken in South Florida, particularly in Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, and Monroe counties. The accent was born in central Miami, but has expanded to much of South Florida in the past few decades, the Miami accent is most prevalent in younger, native south Floridians. Lamme and Oldakowski identify several demographic, political, and cultural elements that characterize South Florida, politically, South Florida is more liberal than the rest of the state. While less than 10% of people in either North or Central Florida felt their area was liberal, 38% characterized the area as conservative, 26% as moderate. The economy in South Florida is very similar to that in Central Florida, compared to the more diversified economy in North Florida, tourism is by far the most significant industry in South and Central Florida, with a much smaller but vibrant agricultural industry. Lamme and Oldakowskis survey also found some cultural indicators distinguishing South Florida, South Florida is the only region of the state where ethnic foods are as popular as general American cuisine. Additionally, while there was little variation for most styles of music. Country was significantly less popular in South Florida than in North or Central Florida, the Anthony J. Catanese Center for Urban and Environmental Solutions at Florida Atlantic University notes the unusual growth pattern of South Florida. The developed area is urbanized and increasingly continuous and decentralized
South Florida
South Florida
South Florida
South Florida
22.
Weekly World News
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Its characteristic black-and-white covers have become pop-culture images widely used in the arts. It ceased publication in August 2007, in 2009, Weekly World News was relaunched as an online only publication. Its current editor-in-chief is Neil McGinness, like many supermarket weeklies in the U. S. the Weekly World News was published in Lantana, Florida, until it moved to Boca Raton in the late 1990s. It was unique as a tabloid because it was printed entirely in black and its longtime editor, Eddie Clontz, a 10th-grade dropout from North Carolina and former copy editor at small newspapers, joined the paper in 1981. In the 1980s, the circulation of WWN peaked at 1.2 million per issue, the WWN traditionally claimed that it always printed the truth. Many stories, however, appeared to have comedic intent, a book about the WWN, a semi-serious introduction admitted that while Reader A reads the tabloid for real news, Reader B will read it for laughs. On occasion, it ran strange-but-true stories, such as DEVOUT CHRISTIAN ATTACKED - AND HES THE ONE FINED, referring to British street evangelist Harry Hammond. Other verifiable stories included, but were not limited to, those of a giant mutant hog monster attacking Georgia, and it reported on the discovery of an infant dragon preserved in formaldehyde proving the existence of dragons, although this was later proven to be a hoax. In February 1989 WWN published real, graphic photos on its front page of the post autopsied body of executed serial killer Ted Bundy, Eddie Clontz, then the managing editor, defended his decision to run the photos claiming that he hoped such images would deter other murderers. Angry and surprised officials in Florida vowed to catch the person responsible, eventually, a low-level employee of the Alachua County, Florida, Medical Examiners office was arrested and charged with taking and selling the photographs. When most of the tabloids were acquired by Fleet Street publishers, they switched to celebrity gossip. In the introduction to Batboy Lives, former managing editor Sal Ivone said, If someone calls me up and says their toaster is talking to them, I dont refer them to professional help, I say, Put the toaster on the phone. I cant attest to the publication, but everything in my stories was fake—you know. Common WWN stories involved alien abductions, the Loch Ness Monster, Bigfoot, time travel, regular columns included Ed Anger, Hi Dolly, first Dear Babs and later Dear Dotti, Horse Sense, Monkey Business and Madame Malisa. Beginning on May 9,2005, the Weekly World News went All New along with other papers such as the National Enquirer. The new WWN included a weekly Weird Picture Search by Mad cartoonist Sergio Aragones, two pages of comic strips became a popular feature, many spun off from feature stories. SpyCat, created by Dick Siegel, was drawn by Ernie Colón, spyCat spoke nine different languages ranging from Persian to dog and was armed with Adamwestium claws and deadly cat-of-nine-tails. He wrote free-form poetry when not waging war on Americas enemies—at home, Matthew Daemon, also created by Dick Siegel, was written and illustrated by Mike Collins and was a spinoff from the SOS Matthew Daemon feature
Weekly World News
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August 15, 2005 cover of Weekly World News
23.
Star Magazine
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Star is an American celebrity tabloid magazine founded in 1974. Star was founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1974 as competition to the tabloid National Enquirer with its headquarters in New York City, in the late 1980s it moved its offices to Tarrytown, NY and in 1990 Murdoch sold the magazine to the Enquirers parent company American Media, Inc. Originally an unstapled, inexpensive, supermarket tabloid printed on newsprint, Star was hugely successful, along with the Enquirer its circulation declined with the advent of celebrity-driven television shows such as Entertainment Tonight and Hard Copy. In 1999, AMI was bought by investors fronted by David Pecker, who personally pledged that Star would never relocate to Florida, editor Phil Bunton was replaced before the move when he angered Pecker by telling the New York Post, Its going to be open warfare. How were going to all work together I dont know and its like having the Bosnians, Croats, the Jews and Arabs all together in the same area. Virtually all Stars staff of experienced tabloid journalists refused to make the move south, as of 2015, Star sells for US$4.99 per issue with reduced rate subscriptions varying from 26 to 52 issues. In fact, Criss was healthy and happily married at the time, Star had instead interviewed and photographed a homeless man who had passed himself as Criss for years. The real Peter Criss was mourning his mother at the time and was distressed to learn that his friends, in 2011 the actress Katie Holmes sued Star magazine for libel after the tabloid published a story about her that suggested she abused drugs. The original lawsuit was for $50 million, but the case was settled before going into court for an amount of money. The publisher took matters into print again publicly apologizing to Holmes and it was said by Star magazines chief editor that brand loyalty is the most important focus for their industry. Star has been accused of publicizing any news that is presented to them and this left Jennifer Aniston stating that if you cooperate with one of the magazines, their competitors become vengeful and attack clients. There is no upside to working with them… and their tactic is to make up stories that are so damaging, which is why she no longer holds interest in talking to reporters, specifically from Star magazine
Star Magazine
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July 14, 2008 cover of Star
Star Magazine
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Star (magazine)
24.
Rupert Murdoch
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Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/, AC, KCSG is an Australian-born American media mogul. His father, Keith Murdoch, had been a reporter, editor, after his fathers death in 1952, Murdoch declined to join his late fathers registered public company and created his own private company, News Limited. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into the U. S. market, however, he retained interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, in 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. Murdochs News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins, and The Wall Street Journal, Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990, and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdochs News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, Murdoch faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the U. S. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International, on 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. Murdoch and his own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne to Sir Keith Murdoch and Dame Elisabeth Murdoch. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, Murdochs parents were also born in Melbourne. Keith Murdoch was a war correspondent and later a newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide, South Australia, and a radio station in a faraway mining town. Later in life, Keith Rupert chose to use Rupert, the first name of his maternal grandfather. Keith Murdoch the elder asked to meet with his wife after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928. In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters, Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury, Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was co-editor of the schools official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived. He took his schools cricket team to the National Junior Finals and he worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business. After her husbands death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch did charity work, as governor of the Royal Womens Hospital in Melbourne. At the age of 102, she had 74 descendants, Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years. Following his fathers death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success
Rupert Murdoch
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Murdoch at
Les Misérables premiere in Sydney, on 21 December 2012
Rupert Murdoch
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Journalist Sir
Keith Murdoch (1885–1952), Rupert Murdoch's father
Rupert Murdoch
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Rupert Murdoch –
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in
Davos, in 2007
Rupert Murdoch
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Murdoch with his third wife,
Wendi, in 2011
25.
Bristol Palin
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Bristol Sheeran Marie Meyer is an American public speaker and reality television personality. She is the oldest daughter and second of five children of Todd, Palin competed in the fall 2010 season of Dancing with the Stars and reached the finals, finishing in third place. In summer 2011, Palin released a memoir Not Afraid of Life, in summer 2012, she starred in the Lifetime show Bristol Palin, Lifes a Tripp. Her most recent television series was as a member of the fall 2012 all-star cast of Dancing with the Starss 15th season, Palin was born on October 18,1990 in Wasilla, Alaska to parents Todd and Sarah Palin. While she was raised largely in Wasilla, Palin attended Juneau-Douglas High School when her mother was governor of Alaska, during 2008, she briefly lived in Anchorage with her aunt and uncle where she attended West Anchorage High School. After returning to Wasilla, she attended and then graduated from Wasilla High School in May 2009, Palin first became the subject of media attention when her pregnancy was announced during her mothers unsuccessful run for Vice President. In February 2009, she told Fox News that abstinence is not realistic at all, but that she would like it to become more accepted among people her age. In May 2009, at age 18, Palin appeared on both the Today show and Good Morning America in recognition of the National Day to Prevent Teen Pregnancy and this observance was started by The National Campaign To Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Palin was not employed by The Campaign, nor was she a spokesperson for the organization, Palin said that her abstinence quote of February had been taken out of context. Also in May 2009, Palin was named a Teen Pregnancy Prevention Ambassador for the Candie’s Foundation and her duties as a paid spokeswoman involved attending town hall meetings, talking about abstinence, public service announcements, and giving interviews on morning talk shows. In May 2009, on Good Morning America, Palin said, Regardless of what I did personally and her role as a spokesperson drew some public criticism. That same month, Meghan McCain stated her support for sex education, criticizing Palins sexual abstinence campaign, in April 2011 it was reported that Palin was paid more than $262,000 by Candies Foundation for her work in 2009. This level of compensation, which constituted 12 percent of the annual budget, was criticized by some commentators as excessive. In a July 10,2011 interview with Drew Pinsky, Palin said she doesn’t want to be named as an abstinence preacher, i’m not out there saying don’t have sex. I hate that kind of stuff, birth control needs to be used effectively each and every single time if you’re gonna be having sex. I’m not advocating for everyone else, on July 13,2011, Palin had an interview with Christianity Today in which she reaffirmed her stance on abstinence. Discussing whether she thought that abstinence was unrealistic, as she had said in 2009. What I am trying to say is its not realistic for everyone. but for me, my sisters, Palin still feels that abstinence is the only choice for her and her family
Bristol Palin
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Palin at a book signing in
Phoenix, Arizona in July 2011.
Bristol Palin
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Politics
26.
Sarah Palin
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Sarah Louise Palin is an American politician, commentator, and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. Also, her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies and she was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. She was the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, from 2010 to 2015, she provided political commentary for Fox News. On April 3,2014, Palin premiered her TV show, Amazing America with Sarah Palin, on the Sportsman Channel, on July 27,2014, Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel, which was closed on July 4,2015. Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, the third of four children of Sarah Sally Heath, a school secretary, Chuck Heath, a science teacher and track-and-field coach. Palins siblings are Chuck Jr. Heather, and Molly, Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. When Palin was a few old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska. They relocated to Eagle River in 1969 and finally settled in Wasilla in 1972, during her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname Sarah Barracuda for her competitive streak. In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant, then finished third in the Miss Alaska pageant and she played the flute in the talent portion of the contest. One author reports that she received the Miss Congeniality award in the Miss Wasilla contest, after graduating from high school in 1982, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. She enrolled at the University of Idaho in Moscow for a year starting in August 1984. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in January 1986 and received her bachelors degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in May 1987, in June 2008, the Alumni Association of North Idaho College gave Palin its Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award. After graduation, she worked as a sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage and as a reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman. In August 1988, she eloped with her school sweetheart. Following the birth of their first child in April 1989, she helped in her husbands commercial fishing business, Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992, winning 530 votes to 310. Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her political career, concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely, Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein 651 to 440 votes. Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes, her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights, the election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin. She ran for reelection against Stein in 1999 and won,909 votes to 292, in 2002, she completed the second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter
Sarah Palin
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Sarah Palin
Sarah Palin
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Palin visits soldiers of the
Alaska National Guard, July 24, 2007
Sarah Palin
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Palin in Germany, July 2007
Sarah Palin
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Palin while visiting
Ketchikan during her gubernatorial campaign in 2006
27.
Levi Johnston
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Levi Keith Johnston is the former fiancé of Bristol Palin. Ultimately, the couple ended their relationship, and Johnston and the Palin family engaged in public feuds. After working in the Alaskan oil fields, Johnston began pursuing a career in the entertainment industry, aspiring to be a model and he has written a book based on his experiences with the Palins titled, Deer in the Headlights. Johnston was born in Wasilla, Alaska, the eldest child of Sherry and he has a younger sister, Mercede Sadie Johnston. He attended Wasilla High School, where he played on the hockey team and he worked full-time on the Alaska North Slope oil fields as an apprentice electrician, quitting in January 2009. According to Johnston, he and Bristol Palin began dating during their year of high school. After losing a promise ring on a hunt, Johnston had Bristols name tattooed on his finger. Johnston denied claims that he was being pressured into a wedding, stating. That was the plan from the start, the couples son, Tripp Easton Mitchell Johnston, was born in December 2008, but the two broke off their engagement in March 2009. In May 2009, Johnston said that their relationship was improving, later, Bristol began a child custody case against Johnston, seeking sole custody and child support. In July 2010, Bristol Palin and Johnston announced that they had reunited and were engaged for the second time, Johnston married Sunny Oglesby on October 28,2012. A month prior to the wedding, the couples first daughter and their second daughter, Indy Rae Johnston, was born in January 2015. Johnston attended the 2008 Republican National Convention with the Palin family, while Sarah Palin was delivering her prime-time nomination acceptance speech, the cameras frequently cut away to Johnston and Bristol. Johnston shook hands onstage with Sarah Palins running mate, Republican presidential candidate, Senator John McCain, after his 2009 breakup with Bristol, Johnston gave a series of nationally televised interviews. He appeared on The Tyra Banks Show with his mother and sister, remarking on Bristols public appearances to promote sexual abstinence, Johnston told The Early Show that abstinence is a great idea but said it was unrealistic to think it is going to work for teens. In another interview he said that he was pretty sure Sarah Palin had known that he, in August 2009, Johnston speculated that Sarah Palins early resignation from office was due to long-standing marital difficulties, the pressures of the job, and lucrative book and other media offers. I have already privately apologized to Todd and Sarah, since my statements were public, I owe it to the Palins to publicly apologize. After the brief second engagement ended, Johnston said that he regretted issuing the apology, saying, it kind of makes me sound like a liar
Levi Johnston
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Johnston at the
2008 Republican National Convention (September 2008).
Levi Johnston
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Politics
28.
John McCain
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John Sidney McCain III is an American politician who currently serves as the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for the 2008 U. S. presidential election, McCain followed his father and grandfather, both four-star admirals, into the United States Navy, graduating from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1958. He became an aviator, flying ground-attack aircraft from aircraft carriers. During the Vietnam War, he was almost killed in the 1967 USS Forrestal fire, in October 1967, while on a bombing mission over Hanoi, he was shot down, seriously injured, and captured by the North Vietnamese. He was a prisoner of war until 1973, McCain experienced episodes of torture, and refused an out-of-sequence early repatriation offer. His war wounds have left him with physical limitations. He retired from the Navy as a captain in 1981 and moved to Arizona, elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1982, McCain served two terms. He was first elected to the U. S. Senate in 1986, winning re-election easily five times, while generally adhering to conservative principles, McCain at times has had a media reputation as a maverick for his willingness to disagree with his party on certain issues. He is also known for his work in the 1990s to restore relations with Vietnam. McCain ran for the Republican nomination in 2000 but lost a primary season contest to George W. Bush of Texas. He subsequently adopted more orthodox conservative stances and attitudes and largely opposed actions of the Obama administration, by 2013, however, he had become a key figure in the Senate for negotiating deals on certain issues in an otherwise partisan environment. In 2015, McCain became chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, John McCain was born on August 29,1936, at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone, to naval officer John S. McCain Jr. and Roberta McCain. He has a brother named Joe and an elder sister named Sandy. At that time, the Panama Canal was under U. S. control, McCains family tree includes Scots-Irish and English ancestors. Both his father and his grandfather, John S. McCain Sr. became four-star United States Navy admirals. The McCain family followed his father to various postings in the United States. Altogether, he attended about 20 schools, in 1951, the family settled in Northern Virginia, and McCain attended Episcopal High School, a private preparatory boarding school in Alexandria. He excelled at wrestling and graduated in 1954, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather, McCain entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis
John McCain
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John McCain
John McCain
John McCain
John McCain
29.
The Huffington Post
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On February 7,2011, AOL acquired the mass market Huffington Post for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. In July 2012, The Huffington Post was ranked #1 on the 15 Most Popular Political Sites list by eBizMBA Rank, Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast. In 2012, The Huffington Post became the first commercially run United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize, the Huffington Post was founded by Arianna Huffington on May 9,2005. It has a community, with over one million comments made on the site each month. Prior to The Huffington Post, Huffington hosted a website called Ariannaonline. com and her first foray into the Internet was a website called Resignation. com, which called for the resignation of President Bill Clinton and was a rallying place for conservatives opposing Clinton. In August 2013, the website banned anonymous comments, in approximately June 2007, the site launched its first local version, HuffPost Chicago. In June 2009, HuffPost New York was launched, followed shortly by HuffPost Denver which launched on September 15,2009, and HuffPost Los Angeles which launched on December 2,2009. In 2011, three new editions were launched, HuffPost San Francisco on July 12, HuffPost Detroit, on November 17. HuffPost Hawaii was launched in collaboration with the investigative reporting. The Huffington Post launched its first international edition, HuffPost Canada, on July 6 of the same year, the Huffington Post UK launched its UK edition. On February 8, another French language edition was launched in the Canadian province of Quebec, on May Day, a U. S. -based Spanish-language edition was launched under the name HuffPost Voces, replacing AOLs Hispanic news platform, AOL Latino. The following month an edition for Spain was announced, as was one for Germany, on September 24, an Italian edition, LHuffington Post, was launched, directed by journalist Lucia Annunziata in collaboration with the media company Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso. On May 6,2013, an edition for Japan was launched with the collaboration of The Asahi Shimbun, with the launch of Al Huffington Post, there is a third francophone edition, this time for the Maghreb area. On October 10, Munich-based Huffington Post Deutschland has been put online in cooperation with the liberal-conservative magazine Focus, in January 2014, Arianna Huffington and Nicolas Berggruen announced the launch of the WorldPost, created in partnership with the Berggruen Institute. Its contributors have included former British prime minister Tony Blair, Google CEO Eric Schmidt, novelist Jonathan Franzen, on January 29,2014, the Brazilian version was launched as Brasil Post, in partnership with Abril Group, the first in Latin America. In September 2014, Huffington Post announced they will launch in Greece, India, and introduce HuffPost Arabi, on August 18,2015, HuffPost Australia was launched. The Huffington Post planned to launch a Chinese version in 2015, due to strict media controls, the content of Chinese version would not include serious news report, only entertainment and lifestyle. In 2011, after its purchase by AOL, The Huffington Post subsumed many of AOLs Voices properties, the Voices brand was expanded in September 2011 with the launch of Gay Voices, a vertical dedicated to LGBT-relevant articles
The Huffington Post
–
The Huffington Post
30.
John Edwards
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Johnny Reid John Edwards is a former American politician who served as a U. S. He was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2004, and was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and 2008, Edwards defeated incumbent Republican Lauch Faircloth in North Carolinas 1998 Senate election. Towards the end of his single term, he sought the Democratic Partys nomination in the 2004 presidential election. He eventually became the 2004 Democratic candidate for president, the running mate of presidential nominee Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts. Following Kerrys loss to incumbent President George W, the Justice Department dropped the remaining charges and did not attempt to retry Edwards. Edwards was born June 10,1953, to Wallace Reid Edwards and Catharine Juanita Bobbie Edwards in Seneca, a football star in high school, Edwards was the first person in his family to attend college. He attended Clemson University and transferred to North Carolina State University, Edwards graduated with high honors earning a bachelors degree in textile technology in 1974, and later earned his Juris Doctor from the University of North Carolina School of Law with honors. Lamar Alexander, a Republican and future governor of and U. S, Senator from Tennessee, was among Edwardss co-workers. The Edwards family returned to North Carolina in 1981, settling in the capital of Raleigh where he joined the firm of Tharrington, Smith & Hargrove. He offered the plaintiffs $3.25 million, half of the jurys award, winning this case established the North Carolina precedent of physician and hospital liability for failing to determine if the patient understood the risks of a particular procedure. After this trial, Edwards gained national attention as a plaintiffs lawyer and he filed at least twenty similar lawsuits in the years following and achieved verdicts and settlements of more than $60 million for his clients. Similar lawsuits followed across the country, in 1993, Edwards began his own firm in Raleigh with a friend, David Kirby. He became known as the top plaintiffs attorney in North Carolina, the biggest case of his legal career was a 1996 product liability lawsuit against Sta-Rite, the manufacturer of a defective pool drain cover. Despite 12 prior suits with similar claims, Sta-Rite continued to make, Sta-Rite protested that an additional warning would have made no difference because the pool owners already knew the importance of keeping the cover secured. In his closing arguments, Edwards spoke to the jury for an hour and a half and referenced his son, Wade, mark Dayton, editor of North Carolina Lawyers Weekly, would later call it the most impressive legal performance I have ever seen. The jury awarded the family $25 million, the largest personal injury award in North Carolina history, the company settled for the $25 million while the jury was deliberating additional punitive damages, rather than risk losing an appeal. For their part in this case, Edwards and law partner David Kirby earned the Association of Trial Lawyers of Americas national award for public service, the size of the jury award was unprecedented, and Edwards did receive the standard one-third-plus-expenses fee typical of contingency cases. The family was so impressed with his intelligence and commitment that they volunteered for his Senate campaign the next year, in December 2003, during his first presidential campaign, Edwards published Four Trials, an autobiographical book focusing on cases from his legal career
John Edwards
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John Edwards
John Edwards
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Senator Edwards on
Meet the Press
John Edwards
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Edwards on the campaign trail in 2004
John Edwards
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Kerry/Edwards campaign logo
.jpg)
