1.
Georgia National Guard
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The Georgia National Guard is the National Guard of the U. S. state of Georgia, and consists of the Georgia Army National Guard and the Georgia Air National Guard. The Constitution of the United States specifically charges the National Guard with dual federal, the state functions range from limited actions during non-emergency situations to full scale law enforcement of martial law when local law enforcement officials can no longer maintain civil control. The National Guard may be called into service by the President under either Title 10 or Title 32 status. When National Guard troops are called to service, the President serves as Commander-in-Chief. The federal mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization for war, National emergency or as otherwise needed. The Governor may call individuals or units of the Georgia National Guard into state service during emergencies or to assist in situations which lend themselves to use of the National Guard. The state mission assigned to the National Guard is, To provide trained and disciplined forces for domestic emergencies or as provided by state law. As authorized under the Constitution, Congress has the power to regulate National Guard units, hence they are trained and equipped as a part of the United States Army, the same ranks and insignia are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all United States military awards. All Georgia National Guard soldiers are eligible for a number of state awards for local services rendered in or to the state of Georgia. Georgia also maintains its own State Defense Force and this force is separate from the National Guard and reports to the Governor of Georgia as Commander-in-Chief. The GSDF services the state exclusively, especially when the National Guard is deployed, the Georgia National Guard has a State Partnership Program relationship with the Military of Georgia. 1, Winder Barrow Airport, Winder Army Aviation Support Facility No,2, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta Army Aviation Support Facility No. Also known as TAG, they are subordinated to the governor, as of today, there have been 36 adjutants general in Georgia and the position has changed hands 42 times
2.
Georgia (country)
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Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. The capital and largest city is Tbilisi, Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres, and its 2016 population is about 3.72 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy, during the classical era, several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century, a unified Kingdom of Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 12th and early 13th centuries. Thereafter the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under hegemony of various powers, including the Mongols, the Ottoman Empire. Russian rule over Georgia was eventually acknowledged in various treaties with Iran. Since the establishment of the modern Georgian republic in April 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil, the countrys Western orientation soon led to the worsening of relations with Russia, culminating in the brief Russo-Georgian War in August 2008. Georgia is a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and it contains two de facto independent regions, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which gained limited international recognition after the 2008 Russo-Georgian War. Georgia and a part of the international community consider the regions to be part of Georgias sovereign territory under Russian military occupation. Georgia probably stems from the Persian designation of the Georgians – gurğān, in the 11th and 12th centuries adapted via Syriac gurz-ān/gurz-iyān, starting with the Persian word gurğ/gurğān, the word was later adopted in numerous other languages, including Slavic and West European languages. This term itself might have established through the ancient Iranian appellation of the near-Caspian region. The self-designation used by ethnic Georgians is Kartvelebi, the medieval Georgian Chronicles present an eponymous ancestor of the Kartvelians, Kartlos, a great-grandson of Japheth. However, scholars agree that the word is derived from the Karts, the name Sakartvelo consists of two parts. Its root, kartvel-i, specifies an inhabitant of the core central-eastern Georgian region of Kartli, ancient Greeks and Romans referred to early western Georgians as Colchians and eastern Georgians as Iberians. Today the full, official name of the country is Georgia, before the 1995 constitution came into force the countrys name was the Republic of Georgia. The territory of modern-day Georgia was inhabited by Homo erectus since the Paleolithic Era, the proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. The earliest evidence of wine to date has found in Georgia. In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, the classical period saw the rise of a number of early Georgian states, the principal of which was Colchis in the west and Iberia in the east
3.
Georgian Civil War
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While the Gamsakhurdia rebellion was eventually defeated, the South Ossetia and Abkhazia conflicts resulted in the de facto secession of both regions from Georgia. As a result, both conflicts have lingered on, with occasional flare-ups, ethnic minority separatist movements – primarily on the part of the Ossetians and the Abkhaz, demanded fuller recognition in the new order of the early 1990s. Asserting its newly gained national prerogatives, Georgia responded with military attempts to restrain separatism forcibly, on January 5,1991 Georgias National Guard entered Tskhinvali, South Ossetian capital and fighting broke out in and around the city. The Georgian-Ossetian Conflict was the first major crisis faced by Gamsakhurdias government, at the time of the dissolution of the USSR, the United States government recognized as legitimate the pre-Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 1933 borders of the country. Because of this, the George H. W. Activity of the opposition against the Government of Zviad Gamsakhurdia caused a political dispute. Following the police dispersion of an opposition demonstration in Tbilisi on September 2, several oppositionists were arrested and their offices raided. The National Guard of Georgia, the paramilitary force in the country split into two, pro- and anti-Gamsakhurdia factions. Another powerful paramilitary organization, the Mkhedrioni led by Jaba Ioseliani also sided with the opposition, demonstrations and barricade-building marked the next three months. On 22 September, there were the first fatalities in Tbilisi, on September 24, state of emergency was declared in Tbilisi. On October 4 anti-Gamsakhurdia groups attacked the supporters of Gamsakhurdia, one supporter of the President was killed, by late October 1991, most of the leadership of the oppositional National Democratic Party, headed by Giorgi Chanturia, had been arrested. On 20 December 1991, Kitovanis fighters returned in force to begin the final onslaught against Gamsakhurdia, the armed oppositionists released Jaba Ioseliani, the leader of Mkhedrioni and mounted barricades in central Tbilisi. On December 22, the rebels seized several official buildings, and attacked the Parliament building where Gamsakhurdia, simultaneously, the rebels already controlling most of the city, brutally suppressed pro-Gamsakhurdia protests in and around Tbilisi. They fired on the crowds, killing and wounding several people, within several days of the fighting the main boulevard in the city, Rustaveli Avenue, had been destroyed and at least 113 people were killed. After the successful coup, a government, the Military Council, was formed in Georgia. The 1992 elections established Shevardnadze as the Chairman of Parliament and the Head of State, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, despite his absence, continued to enjoy substantial support within Georgia, especially in rural areas and in his home region of Samegrelo in western Georgia. The supporters of the president, the Zviadists, responded to the coup with spontaneous street demonstrations. One of the most serious occurred in Tbilisi on June 24,1992. However, they were out within a few hours by the National Guard
4.
Russo-Georgian War
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The Russo-Georgian War was a war between Georgia, Russia and the Russian-backed self-proclaimed republics of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The war took place in August 2008 following a period of worsening relations between Russia and Georgia, both constituent republics of the Soviet Union. The fighting took place in the strategically important Transcaucasia region, which borders the Middle East and it was regarded as the first European war of the 21st century. The Republic of Georgia declared its independence in early 1991 as the Soviet Union began to fall apart, following the war, a joint peacekeeping force of Georgian, Russian, and Ossetian troops was stationed in the territory. Meanwhile, a stalemate developed in the region of Abkhazia. By August 1,2008, Ossetian separatists began shelling Georgian villages, to put an end to these deadly attacks and restore order, the Georgian Army was sent to the South Ossetian conflict zone on 7 August. Georgians took control of most of Tskhinvali, a separatist stronghold, Georgia later stated it was also responding to Russia moving non-peacekeeping units into the country. Russia accused Georgia of aggression against South Ossetia, and launched a land, air. Russian and Ossetian forces battled Georgian forces in and around South Ossetia for several days, Russian and Abkhaz forces opened a second front by attacking the Kodori Gorge held by Georgia. Russian naval forces blockaded part of the Georgian coast and this was the first war in history in which cyber warfare coincided with military action. An active information war was waged during and after the conflict. President of France Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated an agreement on 12 August. Russian forces temporarily occupied the Georgian cities of Zugdidi, Senaki, Poti, the South Ossetians destroyed most ethnic Georgian villages in South Ossetia and were responsible for an ethnic cleansing of Georgians. Russia recognised Abkhazia and South Ossetia as separate republics on 26 August, in response, Russia mostly completed its withdrawal of troops from Georgia proper on 8 October. In the aftermath, Russias international relations were largely unharmed, the war displaced 192,000 people and while many returned to their homes after the war,20,272 people remained displaced as of 2014. Russia has, since the war, occupied Abkhazia and South Ossetia in violation of the agreement of August 2008. In the tenth century AD, Georgia for the first time emerged as a concept in the territories where the Georgian language was used to perform Christian rituals. After the Mongol invasions of the region, the Kingdom of Georgia eventually was broken up into several kingdoms, in the nineteenth century, the Russian Empire gradually annexed the Georgian lands
5.
Tengiz Kitovani
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Kitovani entered the national politics early in 1990 when the independence movement reached its climax in then-Soviet Georgia. In December 1990, Gamsakhurdia decreed the creation of the National Guard of Georgia, however, the two men collided in August 1991, when Gamsakhurdia sacked him as National Guard commander. Kitovani refused to accept his dismissal and left Tbilisi with most of his troops to entrench himself in the Rkoni Gorge and this was the beginning of the end for Gamsakhurdia, whose inflexible politics forced many of his former supporters into opposition. Ioseliani, as well as Gamsakhurdia’s supporters and some independent observers, on January 2,1992, the deposition of Gamsakhurdia and the formation of the Military Council had been announced with Kitovani and Ioseliani as its leaders. In May 1992, Shevardnadze appointed Kitovani Minister of Defence and Deputy Prime Minister in an effort to bring the National Guard under central control. However, both Kitovani and Ioseliani were reluctant to concede power to Shevardnadze and tended to engage in unilateral actions, Shevardnadze failed to have Kitovani’s force withdrawn from Abkhazia and the country became involved in a thirteen-month-long war which would end in Georgia’s loss of control over most of Abkhazia. Later, Shevardnadze would accuse Kitovani of provoking a conflict in Abkhazia, claiming that Kitovani disavowed his order. Shevardnadze’s successor as President of Georgia, Mikheil Saakashvili, has also accused Kitovani of being a Russian agent, Kitovani stood as a candidate in Georgias parliamentary elections of October 11,1992 and was elected in the single-mandate constituency of Bolnisi. In the aftermath of the elections, Shevardnadze attempted to replace him as Minister of Defence with a soldier, General Anatoli Kamkamidze. However, Shevardnadze was able to exploit the military setback in Abkhazia to embark on a crackdown on the paramilitary groups, on January 13,1995, Kitovani, with the support of Tengiz Sigua, led a force of some 700 lightly armed supporters in a march against Abkhazia. They were stopped by Georgian police and arrested, Kitovani was tried for having organized an unlawful armed force and sentenced to eight years imprisonment in October 1996. He served four years of his term and was pardoned by Shevardnadze on medical grounds on May 22,1999. Since early 2000s, Kitovani has lived in Moscow from where he criticized the Shevardnadze government on several occasions. Later that year, Kitovani accused Shevardnadze of being behind the 2002 assassination of Kakhi Asatiani and he also upheld Russia’s claims that some 700 Chechen fighters had spent that winter in Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge. Georgia dismissed all claims, however. Georgian Prosecutor-General Nugzar Gabrichidze claimed that Kitovani had been in contact with National Guard veterans who staged a failed mutiny on March 23,2003. Kitovani, however, denied any links with the mutiny, Kitovani returned to Tbilisi, in December 2012, after the change of government in the aftermath of the October 2012 parliamentary election. Jonathan Wheatley, Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution, Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union, Bruce Parrott, State Building and Military Power in Russia and the New States of Eurasia
6.
Samson Kutateladze
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Samson Semenovich Kutateladze was a Soviet heat physicist and hydrodynamist. Kutateladzes parents divorced when he was four, and he was raised by his mother, Aleksandra Vladimirovna and his father, Semen Samsonovich, had been a nobleman, he was before the Great October Revolution a student at Petrograd University and then an army officer. He was arrested in 1937 and died in a camp near Novosibirsk, following the divorce, Kutateladze and his mother lived for a few years in Georgia, returning in 1922 to Petrograd. Hoping to supplement the low income, Kutateladze left school to find work on completing the eighth grade at Leningrads Secondary School 193. Kutateladze started his research without higher education and worked in the institute until 1958, rising to the position of full professor and his career was interrupted only by the Great Patriotic War, when Kutateladze served as a marine on the Northern Front. He was wounded in the first days of the Nazi offensive on Murmansk and he was a major designer of the Institute of Thermal Physics and its Director from 1964 up to death. In 1994 the institute was renamed, in honor of him, kutateladzes son, Semen Samsonovich Kutateladze, is a distinguished Russian mathematician. Samson Kutateladze is renowned for his theory of the burnout crisis of film boiling. He propounded the latter in Siberia, together with his student Aleksandr Leontiev, Fundamentals of Heat Transfer under State Transformations of Matter, Mashgiz Publishers,1939. Tsukerman, Overview of the Development of the Theory of Heat in the Works of Russian Scientists in the 18th and 19th Centuries, tsukerman, Overview of the Research of Russian Scientists and Engineers in the Area of Boiler Technology, State Energy Publishers,1951. S. S. Kutateladze, Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling, liquid-Metal Heat Transfer Media, Consultans Bureau Inc. and Chapman & Hall,1959. S. S. Kutateladze, Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, Academic Press, borishanskii, A Concise Encyclopedia of Heat Transfer, Pergamon Press,1966. Leontiev, Turbulent Boundary Layers in Compressible Gases, Academic Press, S. S, Kutateladze, Near-Wall Turbulence, Nauka Publishers,1973. S. S. Kutateladze and M. A. Styrikovich, Hydrodynamics of Gas-Liquid Systems, nakoryakov, Heat and Mass Transfer and Waves in Gas-Liquid Systems, Nauka Publishers,1984. S. S. Kutateladze, Similarity Analysis and Physical Models, Leontiev, Heat Transfer, Mass Transfer, and Friction in Turbulent Boundary Layers, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,1989. S. S. Kutateladze—Winner of the Max Jacob International Award, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 20,5, 693—694 Samson Semenovich Kutateladze, Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics27, no. Suntsov, S. S. Kutateladze in the A. N, krylov Naval Academy of Ship Building and Armaments, International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research 27, 517—518 International Journal of Fluid Mechanics Research,2000,27, no. Leontiev, The Unforgettable Samson Semenovich Kutateladze, Thermophysics and Aeromechanics,2007,14, the Kutateladze Institute of Thermophysics Biobibliographic Data The Siberian Heat Physicist
7.
Georgian Armed Forces
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The Georgian Armed Forces is the name of the unified armed forces of Georgia. The Georgian military is a force consisting of the Georgian Land Forces, Georgian Special Forces and a paramilitary organization. The armed forces of Georgia are under the authority of the Georgian Ministry of Defense, Armed Forces consisted of the Regular Army and Peoples Guard in 1918-1921. On March 23,1994, Georgia was one of the first former Soviet Republics to join the NATO Partnership for Peace program, the Georgia Train and Equip Program training was conducted using U. S. Special Operations Forces and U. S. Marine Corps forces from May 2002 to May 2004, during this time approximately 2,600 Georgian soldiers, including a headquarters staff element and 5 tactical units, received training. Another assistance program, the Georgia Security and Stability Operations Program, was launched in January 2005 as a continuation of the of 2002-2004, Georgian contingents were involved in the Kosovo Force and continue to participate in the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Georgia also views a large-scale foreign invasion and the spillover of conflicts from Russia’s North Caucasus as the worst potential near- and long-term scenarios, on August 8,2008 the Georgian military conducted an operation in Georgias breakaway region South Ossetia. The operation led to a conflict with forces from the Russian Federation and resulted in the defeat. Following the military operations, Russia recognized independence of the regions, the military budget of Georgia increased more than 50 times over the period from 2002 to 2007, reaching over 7% of Georgias GDP. In the resulting conflict with Russia, Georgia was driven out of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. According to Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili, Georgia lost $400 million of material worth, Russian forces confiscated a total of 1,728 firearms. Out of its original 200 T-72 tanks, more than 35 were lost, a total of 50 pieces of military equipment were captured, and some others destroyed. Parts of Georgias relatively modern artillery and anti-aircraft units were captured, Russian forces sank four Georgian naval vessels in the port of Poti, a coast guard gunboat in a naval skirmish, and hauled away nine rigid-hull inflatable boats. The Georgian Air Force lost two L-29 jet trainers, one AN-2 airplane, and four helicopters, all destroyed on the ground. Despite these mostly non combat losses, President Mikheil Saakashvili claimed that Georgia had lost less than 5% of its military hardware, Georgia immediately began a process of re-armament after the war. The conflict was followed by a very quick replenishment program of the gaps in the single GAF arms components with an additional massive re-equipment. Two Georgian naval vessels sunk in Poti were raised and returned to service, although their heaviest armaments were 25-30mm cannons. The Georgian Navys remaining operational units were merged into the Georgian Coast Guard
8.
Ministry of Defense of Georgia
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The Minister of Defence is appointed and removed from the post by the Prime Minister of Georgia. The ministry is headed by Levan Izoria. In the midst of dissolution of Soviet Union and political turmoil in Georgia in late 1980s, Georgian military played an important role in the struggle for, in November 1992, the Parliament of Georgia passed a law creating Council for National Security and Defense. The council reported all its activities to the parliament but was subordinate to the head of state. Eduard Shevardnadze was then appointed the Council Chairman, Georgian politicians Jaba Ioseliani and Tengiz Kitovani were appointed deputy chairmen by Shevardnadze while Tedo Japaridze, the Georgian MFA expert on the United States became the chairmans aide. The council had the right to issue binding resolutions on military. In May 1993, Ioseliani and Kitovani were relieved of their duties in the council and disbanded of their government power bases, the Ministry of Defence was established in 1991. Due to Georgian Civil War, the Georgian military shrunk and was limited in resources, lack of financial resources forced the Georgian government to allocate less money to defence with defence budget being as little as GEL55 million in 1999. By 2005 Georgian government consolidated the seven branches of the defence forces, the number of the active duty personnel in the Armed Forces was reduced to 15,000. As a part of Georgian foreign and security policy, the government has been trying towards progressive integration into European and Euro-Atlantic political, economic, State Ministry for Euro-Atlantic Integration was also created as a part of the process. It consists of four departments, State Military Scientific-Technical Center Delta Military Police Department General Inspection Military Intelligence Department
9.
Military reserve force
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A military reserve force is a military organisation composed of citizens of a country who combine a military role or career with a civilian career. They are not normally kept under arms and their role is to be available to fight when a nation mobilises for total war or to defend against invasion. Reserve forces are not considered part of a permanent standing body of armed forces. The existence of reserve forces allows a nation to reduce its military expenditures while maintaining a force prepared for war. It is analogous to the model of military recruitment before the era of standing armies. In some countries, such as Canada, United States, Spain and they may do so as individuals or as members of standing reserve regiments, for example the Army Reserve of the United Kingdom. In Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Colombia, and Israel, during the eighteenth century some nations military systems included practices and institutions that functioned effectively as a reserve force, even if they were not specifically designated as such. The Militia Act of 1757 effectively gave Britain at least somewhat of a structure for a reserve force. Historically reservists first played a significant role in Europe after the Prussian defeat in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, on 9 July 1807 in the Treaties of Tilsit, Napoleon I forced Prussia to drastically reduce its military strength, in addition to ceding large amounts of territory. The Prussian army could no longer be stronger than 42,000 men, with this the reduction of the armys strength did not have the desired effect, and in the following wars Prussia was able to draw up a large number of trained soldiers. The system was retained by the Imperial German Army into the First World War, in some countries, for example the United States, reservists are often former military members who reached the end of their enlistment or resigned their commission. Indeed, service in the reserves for a number of years after leaving active service is required in the enlistment contracts, Reservists can also be civilians who undertake basic and specialised training in parallel with regular forces while retaining their civilian roles. They can be deployed independently or their personnel may make up shortages in regular units, United Kingdoms Army Reserve is one example of such a reserve. With universal conscription, most of the population may be reservists. In Finland, all men belong to the reserve until 60 years of age, ten percent of conscripts are trained as reserve officers. Reservists and reserve officers are called up for refresher exercises. Reserves are used and employed in many ways, in wartime they may be used to provide replacements for combat losses to in-action units and formations, thus allowing these to remain battle-worthy longer. They can also be used to new units and formations to augment the regular army
10.
Zviad Gamsakhurdia
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Zviad Gamsakhurdia was a Georgian politician, dissident, scholar, and writer who became the first democratically elected President of Georgia in the post-Soviet era. Gamsakhurdia is the only Georgian President to have died whilst formally in office, perhaps influenced by his father, Zviad received training in philology and began a professional career as a translator and literary critic. Despite the countrys association with Joseph Stalin, Soviet rule in Georgia was particularly harsh during the 1950s, in 1955, Zviad Gamsakhurdia established a youth underground group which he called the Gorgasliani which sought to circulate reports of human rights abuses. In 1956, he was arrested during demonstrations in Tbilisi against the Soviet policy of de-stalinization and was arrested again in 1958 for distributing anti-communist literature and he contributed to the Moscow-based underground periodical Chronicle of Current Events. Gamsakhurdia was also the first Georgian member of the International Society for Human Rights, perhaps seeking to emulate his father, Zviad Gamsakhurdia also pursued a distinguished academic career. He was also an outstanding Rustvelologist and researcher of history of the Iberian-Caucasian culture and his luck ran out in 1977 when the activities of the Helsinki Groups in the Soviet Union became a serious embarrassment to the Soviet government of Leonid Brezhnev. A nationwide crackdown on human rights activists was instigated across the Soviet Union and members of the Helsinki Groups in Moscow, Lithuania, Ukraine, in Georgia, the government of Eduard Shevardnadze arrested Gamsakhurdia and his fellow dissident Merab Kostava on 7 April 1977. There remains some dispute about Gamsakhurdias behaviour or strategy during his pre-trial detention, in particular, this concerns a TV broadcast in which, apparently, he recanted his activities as a human rights activist. A contemporary and uncensored account of events may be found in the Chronicle of Current Events. The two men were sentenced to three years in the camps three years exile for anti-Soviet activities. Gamsakhurdia did not appeal but his sentence was commuted to two years exile in neighbouring Dagestan, kostavas appeal was rejected and he was sent to a penal colony for three years, followed by three years exile or internal banishment to Siberia. Kostavas sentence only ended in 1987, at the end of June 1979, Gamsakhurdia was released from jail and pardoned in controversial circumstances. By then, taking pre-trial detention into account, he had served two years of his sentence, the authorities claimed that he had confessed to the charges and recanted his beliefs, a film clip was shown on Soviet television to substantiate their claim. According to a transcript published by the Soviet news agency TASS, bourgeois propaganda seized upon my mistakes and created a hullabaloo around me, which causes me pangs of remorse. I have realized the essence of the campaign launched in the West. Perhaps more importantly, his actions ensured that the dissident leadership could remain active, Kostava and Gamsakhurdia later both independently stated that the latters recantation had been a tactical move. In an open letter to Shevardnadze, dated April 19,1992, if there had been no confession and my release from the prison in 1979 had not taken place, then there would not have been a rise of the national movement. Gamsakhurdia returned to dissident activities soon after his release, continuing to contribute to samizdat periodicals, in 1981 he became the spokesman of the students and others who protested in Tbilisi about the threats to Georgian identity and the Georgian cultural heritage
11.
Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena
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With a capacity of 54,549, the stadium is the largest in Georgia. Prior to the construction of Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena, the stadium of Dinamo Tbilisi was the Central Stadium with an approximate capacity of 35,000 spectators. The demand for a bigger stadium was increased with the successful performance of Dinamo Tbilisi in the mid 1970s. After the inauguration of the stadium, it became the third-largest in the Soviet Union, on 29 September 1976, the first official match was played at the newly built stadium between Dinamo Tbilisi and Welsh Cardiff City. The game ended with a 3–0 victory for Dinamo, the stadium hosted many glorious days during Dinamos 1978 and 1979 triumphs. Holding lighted torches,80,000 fans came in 1981 just to congratulate the 1980–81 European Cup Winners Cup winning team Dinamo Tbilisi, the Dinamo Arena is now one of the largest stadiums in Eastern Europe. Most of the seats in the second tier are covered by the roof, the USSR national football team played several international matches on the Dinamo Arena. Football clubs Spartak Moscow and Dynamo Kiev often played their autumn international matches at the stadium,100,000 fans attended the opening game of the First Georgian Championship, match between FC Dinamo Tbilisi and FC Kolkheti-1913 Poti. In the Soviet Union, the stadium had the record for the highest average attendance, in 1995, the stadium was renamed to Boris Paichadze National Stadium, after the former Georgian football player. The National Stadium has been the ground of the Georgian National Football Team for several years. Georgia achieved memorable wins against Wales, and Poland, the stadium was refurbished in 2006 and became an all-seater stadium. This reduced the capacity to 54,549, the newly built Dinamo stadium, housing 23,000 spectators, was inaugurated in Tbilisi in 1936. The author of the design was architect Archil Kurdiani. The reconstructed Dinamo Arena stadium was inaugurated on 26 September 1976, architects Archil Kurdiani and Gia Kurdiani, along with the construction designer Shalva Gazashvili extended the capacity of the stadium to 74,354. Fragments of the 1936 Stadium were partly maintained, and yet quite complex architectural-designing construction elements were realized, the facility represented a console system supported by 58 pylons. Each of these pylons been supported by 24 poles, where the depth of each ranged from 8 to 12 meters, the console system comprised several elements. The evacuation terrace was arranging spectators ascending by 23 staris between the II and I tiers, the II tier, like the evacuation terrace, represented an element of indivisible console system. The solution for Roofing of II tier was also of the console design,30 meter console-design roofing protects spectators against precipitations
12.
Red Army
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The Workers and Peasants Red Army was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and after 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The army was established immediately after the 1917 October Revolution, the Bolsheviks raised an army to oppose the military confederations of their adversaries during the Russian Civil War. The Red Army is credited as being the land force in the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II. During operations on the Eastern Front, it fought 75%–80% of the German land forces deployed in the war, inflicting the vast majority of all German losses and ultimately capturing the German capital. In September 1917, Vladimir Lenin wrote, There is only one way to prevent the restoration of the police, at the time, the Imperial Russian Army had started to collapse. The Tsarist general Nikolay Dukhonin estimated that there had been 2 million deserters,1.8 million dead,5 million wounded and 2 million prisoners and he estimated the remaining troops as numbering 10 million. Therefore, the Council of Peoples Commissars decided to form the Red Army on 28 January 1918 and they envisioned a body formed from the class-conscious and best elements of the working classes. All citizens of the Russian republic aged 18 or older were eligible, in the event of an entire unit wanting to join the Red Army, a collective guarantee and the affirmative vote of all its members would be necessary. Because the Red Army was composed mainly of peasants, the families of those who served were guaranteed rations, some peasants who remained at home yearned to join the Army, men, along with some women, flooded the recruitment centres. If they were turned away they would collect scrap metal and prepare care-packages, in some cases the money they earned would go towards tanks for the Army. Nikolai Krylenko was the supreme commander-in-chief, with Aleksandr Myasnikyan as deputy, Nikolai Podvoisky became the commissar for war, Pavel Dybenko, commissar for the fleet. Proshyan, Samoisky, Steinberg were also specified as peoples commissars as well as Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich from the Bureau of Commissars, at a joint meeting of Bolsheviks and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, held on 22 February 1918, Krylenko remarked, We have no army. The Red Guard units are brushed aside like flies and we have no power to stay the enemy, only an immediate signing of the peace treaty will save us from destruction. This provoked the insurrection of General Alexey Maximovich Kaledins Volunteer Army in the River Don region, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk aggravated Russian internal politics. The situation encouraged direct Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, a series of engagements resulted, involving, amongst others, the Czechoslovak Legion, the Polish 5th Rifle Division, and the pro-Bolshevik Red Latvian Riflemen. The Whites defeated the Red Army on each front, Leon Trotsky reformed and counterattacked, the Red Army repelled Admiral Kolchaks army in June, and the armies of General Denikin and General Yudenich in October. By mid-November the White armies were all almost completely exhausted, in January 1920, Budennys First Cavalry Army entered Rostov-on-Don. 1919 to 1923 At the wars start, the Red Army consisted of 299 infantry regiments, Civil war intensified after Lenin dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and the Soviet government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, removing Russia from the Great War
13.
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
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Georgia, formally the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, also commonly known as Soviet Georgia was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its inception in 1922 to its breakup in 1991. From November 18,1989, the Georgian SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws, geographically, the Georgian SSR was bordered by Turkey to the south-west and the Black Sea to the west. Within the Soviet Union it bordered the Russian SFSR to the north, Armenian SSR to the south, on November 28,1917, after the October Revolution in Russia, there was a Transcaucasian Commissariat established in Tiflis. A moderate, multi-party democratic system led by the Social Democratic Party of Georgia operated in the Democratic Republic of Georgia, but in February 1921, the Red Army invaded Georgia. The Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia was established on February 25,1921, on March 2 of the following year the first constitution of Soviet Georgia was accepted. From March 12,1922 to December 5,1936 it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR together with the Armenian SSR, in 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved. In 1936, the TSFSR was dissolved and Georgia became the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, lavrentiy Beria became head of the Georgian OGPU and purged Georgia until he was transferred to Moscow in 1938. Reaching the Caucasus oilfields was one of the objectives of Hitlers invasion of the USSR in June 1941. The country contributed almost 700,000 fighters to the Red Army and he abolished their respective autonomous republics. The Georgian SSR was briefly granted some of their territory until 1957, the decentralisation program introduced by Khrushchev in the mid-1950s was soon exploited by Georgian Communist Party officials to build their own regional power base. A thriving pseudo-capitalist shadow economy emerged alongside the official state-owned economy, corruption was at a high level. Among all the republics, Georgia had the highest number of residents with high or special secondary education. Although corruption was hardly unknown in the Soviet Union, it became so widespread, shevardnadze ascended to the post of First Secretary with the blessings of Moscow. He was an effective and able ruler of Georgia from 1972 to 1985, improving the official economy, Soviet power and Georgian nationalism clashed in 1978 when Moscow ordered revision of the constitutional status of the Georgian language as Georgias official state language. Bowing to pressure from street demonstrations on April 14,1978. April 14 was established as a Day of the Georgian Language, on April 9,1989, Soviet troops were used to break up a peaceful demonstration at the government building in Tbilisi. Twenty Georgians were killed and hundreds wounded and poisoned, the event radicalised Georgian politics, prompting many - even some Georgian communists - to conclude that independence was preferable to continued Soviet unity. On October 28,1990, democratic elections were held
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Tengiz Sigua
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Tengiz Sigua is a Georgian politician and former Prime Minister of the country. Sigua was an engineer by profession and entered politics on the eve of the Soviet Union’s collapse, in 1990 he led an expert group of the bloc Round Table-Free Georgia. Following the first multiparty elections in Georgia, he was elected Chair of the Ministers’ Council of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on 14 November 1990 and he was the prime minister in Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s government from 15 November 1990 to 18 August 1991. However, he resigned in August 1991 after disagreements with the president, after Gamsakhurdia’s fall, he became Prime Minister in the Georgian interim government which was joined by Eduard Shevardnadze) on 6 January 1992. He was reappointed Prime Minister on 8 November 1992 by the newly elected Parliament and he resigned on 6 August 1993 after the Parliament rejected the budget submitted by the government. He remained as an MP, led the National Liberation Front opposition party, list of Georgians Prime Minister of Georgia
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Jaba Ioseliani
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Jaba Ioseliani was a Georgian politician, writer, thief-in-law and leader of the paramilitary Mkhedrioni organisation. Born in Khashuri, Georgia, Ioseliani majored in Oriental studies at Leningrad University and he staged a bank robbery in Leningrad in 1948, for which he served 17 years in a Soviet jail. Released in 1965, he served another sentence for manslaughter. He eventually returned to his native Georgia and graduated from the Georgian Institute of Theater Arts and he wrote a number of popular plays. Ioseliani rose to prominence as the leader of the Mkhedrioni, an armed paramilitary group which he founded in 1989. He attempted to control of large areas of Abkhazia and South Ossetia with the goal of defeating regional separatist elements. In February 1991, his organisation was outlawed by President Zviad Gamsakhurdia, in response, Ioseliani accused Gamsakhurdia of trying to take control of state media and silence rivals. He was one of the three leaders of the Military Council that ruled Georgia from January–March 1992, despite this, he was given a formal government position in September 1993 to enforce a national state of emergency. This gave him almost unlimited powers to detain people and he used these powers enthusiastically, imposing a severely repressive regime that was widely criticised by international human rights organisations. There were also allegations that Ioseliani and his supporters were systematically taxing businesses. On August 29,1995, Shevardnadze narrowly escaped assassination in a bomb attack, the attack was blamed on a shadowy coalition of mafia forces including Ioseliani and others. Ioseliani was detained in November 1998 and held for three years pending trial, then sentenced to 11 years for banditry, terrorism, and conspiring to kill Shevardnadze and he denied the charges and was eventually released in the spring of 2000 in a general amnesty of convicts. He suffered an attack on February 26,2003 and died in a Tbilisi hospital a week later. He is buried in the Pantheon of Didube, Tbilisi, violent warlord in post-Communist Georgia The Independent. Александр КРЫЛОВ Забытые уроки Джабы Иоселиани НОВАЯ ПОЛИТИКА March 6,2006
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United States European Command
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The United States European Command is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21,000,000 square miles and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, Russia, Greenland, the Commander of the United States military EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe within NATO—an intergovernmental military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base, prior to 1952, the title European Command referred to a single-service, United States Army command. The first unified command in the European area was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 August 1952, European Command, it was established to provide unified command and authority over all U. S. forces in Europe. Prior to 1 August 1952, the U. S. Air Force, U. S. Navy, in line with the creation of the joint-service European Command, the Army command in Europe was redesignated U. S. Army Europe on 1 August 1952. The unified command structure was born of the need to address changes wrought not only by Americas rapid post-war demobilization, questions arose over the U. S. commitment to the defense of Western Europe against the Soviet Union. In 1949 the allies established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, in 1952 the area of responsibility included continental Europe, the United Kingdom, North Africa and Turkey. The AOR was subsequently expanded to include Southwest Asia as far east as Iran, in early 1951, NATO established Allied Command Europe and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was called from retirement to become the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe, the United States sent massive reinforcements to Europe designed to deter the Soviet Union. From 1950 to 1953 United States military personnel in Europe grew from 120,000 to over 400,000, United States Air Forces in Europe grew from three groups with 35,000 personnel to eleven wings with 136,000 personnel. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean doubled to more than 40 warships, the Army activated the 10th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg in 1952 and deployed it to Bad Tölz in November 1953 for unconventional warfare missions in the Soviet Bloc countries. To provide for national command within NATO and to control this build-up of forces. Because the senior United States commander would continue as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, Eisenhower returned to the United States just as the new command was established. The first United States Commander-in-Chief Europe was General Matthew Ridgway, former commander of Eighth Army and his deputy was General Thomas T. Handy, commander of United States Army, Europe. Headquarters EUCOM initially shared the I. G, farben Building in Frankfurt, Germany, with Headquarters United States Army, Europe. By 1953 over 400,000 U. S. troops were stationed in Europe, in 1954, the headquarters moved to Camp des Loges, a French Army base west of Paris and a short distance from SHAPE. There, EUCOM prepared plans for the defense of Western Europe within the NATO framework against the Soviet Union, EUCOM used the Military Assistance Program to help its NATO partners build their military capabilities, including after 1955 the German Bundeswehr. In 1955, EUCOM established a Support Operations Command Europe, soon renamed Support Operations Task Force Europe for special operations missions, in 1961, EUCOM began operating an airborne command post, Operation Silk Purse
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Senaki
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Senaki is a town in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region, western Georgia. It is located at around 42°16′8″N 42°4′45″E, from 1935 to 1976 it was called Tskhakaya in honor of the Georgian Bolshevik revolutionary leader Mikhail Tskhakaya. The Second Brigade of the Georgian Army is stationed near Senaki, Senaki was the center of the Georgia military mutiny of 1998. The town was also the site of a battle during the 2008 South Ossetia war, one of the important landmarks of the town is the State Theater built in Baroque Revival style
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Telavi
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Telavi is the main city and administrative center of Georgias eastern province of Kakheti. Its population consists of some 21,800 inhabitants, the city is located on foot-hills of Tsiv-Gombori Range at 500–800 meters above the sea level. The first archaeological findings from Telavi date back to the Bronze Age, one of the earliest surviving accounts of Telavi is from the 2nd century AD, by Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus, who mentions the name Teleda. Telavi began to transform into an important and large political. Speaking about the population of Telavi, Al-Muqaddasi points out that for the most part it consisted of Christians, from the 10th until the 12th century AD, Telavi served as the capital of the Kingdom of Kakheti and later Kingdom of Kakhet-Hereti. During the so-called Golden Era of the Georgian State, Telavi turned into one of the most important political and economic centers of the Georgian State. After the disintegration of the united Georgian Kingdom in the 15th century, the role of Telavi started to decline, Telavi re-gained its political importance in the 17th century when it became a capital of the kingdom of Kakheti. By 1762, it turned into the capital of the united Eastern Georgian Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti. The reign of King Erekle II, who was born and died in this city, was an epoch in the history of Telavi. During this period it grew into a strategic and cultural centre, erakle II established there a theological seminary and founded a theatre. Erekle IIs reforms touched upon all aspects of life in the country and they changed fundamentally the political, economical and cultural orientation of Kartli-Kakheti and, subsequently of the whole Georgia. His name became a symbol of freedom and national independence of the Georgian people, erakle II is still called affectionately Patara Kakhi, and his heroic deeds are described in folk literature. In 1801, after the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti was annexed by the Russian Empire, in the 19th century, the city was given the status of an administrative center of an uyezd within the Tbilisi Gubernyia. During that period, the economy of the city was composed of small-scale industries, commerce. The towns population was about 12,000 in the end of the 19th century, Telavi and its surroundings are rich in historical, architectural and natural monuments. Due to this reason, architects, scholars and art historians consider Telavi as the most medieval city in the country, another curious sight in Telavi is a 900-year-old sycamore. The landscape of Telavi is scenic, the city is wrapped in picturesque landscapes from all sides. Telavi faces the Tsiv-Gombori Range to the south and south-west and borders on the Alazani Valley to the north, the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, which runs to the north of the Alazani Valley, can be seen from most of Telavi
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Guard of honour
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An honor guard, or ceremonial guard, is a ceremonial unit, usually military in nature. A primary role for honor guards in the United States and some countries is to provide funeral honors for fallen comrades. An honor guard may also serve as the guardians of the colors by displaying and escorting the national flag on ceremonial occasions at official state functions, finally, honor guards usually provide detachments for review by visiting heads of state. Honor guards also serve in the world for fallen police officers. Persons serving in this capacity may or may not be designated, meaning they may not be assigned to serve each, in the USA, military honor guards may serve as ambassadors to the public, presenting a positive image of their service, and assisting with the recruiting effort. In member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, a guard mounted for ceremonial events is known as a guard of honour. Still serving as part of the Argentine Army, they are the presidential guard, two unmounted grenadiers are stationed in front of the Pink House as a symbol of the ceremonial and honor guard. The Brazilian armed forces and police have several troops for ceremonial usages, the most important of them is the Brazilian presidents honor guard. It is composed of the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment – Independence Dragoons, the Presidential Guard Battalion, National Guards Unit includes military units for army salute ceremonials, a band and a wind orchestra. They marched as the first division in the parade of the 35th, 50th. They are often on parades led by a guard detail carrying the PLA flag. It is stationed at the Casa de Nariño in Bogota and carries the traditions of Simon Bolivars infantry guards company raised in the midst of the Spanish American wars of independence in 1815, in Croatia, the Honor Guard Battalion serves as the guard of honor. The Honor Guard Battalion performs protocol tasks for the needs of state and military officials, as well as tasks related to the protection. It consist of up to 300 members, the unit is under direct command of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia. The Republican Guard of the French Gendarmerie provides both foot and horse-mounted guards of honor, in addition, the Wachbataillon takes part in military events and ceremonies of major importance. In Greece, the Presidential Guard is a unit of the Greek Army having the privilege to guard the Monument of the Unknown Soldier. Its members, mostly known as Evzones must be taller than 1. 85m and are trained hard as their duty includes standing completely still for more than an hour 4 times a day. They are famous for their discipline, the ability to stand motionless without even blinking, their stylish walking
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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Georgian Land Forces
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The Georgian Ground Forces are the land force component of the Georgian Armed Forces. They are the largest branch of the military and constitute the bulk of the GAF, after the collapse of the Soviet Union Georgia was left with virtually no military. Alongside the National Guard, Land Forces formed the core of the Georgian army, most of the infantry brigades were created on the basis of old Soviet formations. Previously, the Soviet Armys 31st Army Corps was stationed in the former Georgian SSR, in the July 1993 issue of Janes Intelligence Review it was reported that the 31st Army Corps was to leave Kutaisi by the end of July 1993. The 31st Army Corps had at the dissolution of the Soviet Union four divisions, the other two appear to have transitioned into Georgian formations, as Georgian brigades appear in the same locations after the divisions disbanded. The 25th Motorised Brigade was located in Batumi, with Roman Dumbadze the brigade commander by 2004, in early 1996 Richard Woff wrote in Janes Intelligence Review that the ground forces had been commanded since May 1994 by Major General Gudzha Kurashvili. He said they comprised five brigades, the 1st Guards, the 2nd, the 11th, the 21st, at the start of the 21st century the Georgian army was neglected in terms of equipment and training. The Georgian governments solution was to ask for help in training its army. The United States agreed to turn the Georgian army into an effective fighting force. The program enabled the US to expedite funding for the Georgian military for Operation Enduring Freedom, in early April 2004 the Georgian Defense Minister relieved General Dumbadze, commander of the 25th Motorised Brigade, of his command. It accusing him of disobeying Tbilisi’s orders, and working on Aslan Abashidze’s behalf to block the highway connecting Ajara to the rest of Georgia, when a new commander was appointed, Dumbadze mutinied, taking some 300 Ajaran soldiers and a few pieces of heavy weaponry with him. In August 2008, following a series of clashes in South Ossetia, Georgia attempted to take the separatist territory by force. In the resulting conflict with Russia, Georgia was driven out of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. According to Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili, Georgia lost $400 million of material worth, Russian forces confiscated a total of 1,728 firearms. Out of its original 200 T-72 tanks, more than 65 were lost, a total of 50 pieces of military equipment were captured, and some others destroyed. Parts of Georgias relatively modern artillery and anti-aircraft units were captured, despite these mostly non combat losses, President Mikheil Saakashvili claimed that Georgia had lost less than 5% of its military hardware capabilities, disagreeing on Georgian military figures. Georgia lost 171 soldiers during the conflict, about 200 Georgian troops were deployed in the Kosovo in 1999–2008,70 were deployed in Iraq in 2003 and 50 in Afghanistan in 2004. From 2004 in Iraq were 300 Georgian troops, from 2005 approximately 850 troops were serving under Coalition Command
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Georgian Special Operations Forces
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The Special Forces Brigade is the elite Georgian Armed Forces component. One of the centers is located in Tbilisi, Georgia. Georgian special forces are subordinated under the MOD Special Operations Main Division to a command structure. Each formation is split into several sub-divisions which are allocated on different Georgian regions, cities, most instructor units are composed of veterans of past conflicts including the Soviet war in Afghanistan and the internal conflicts in Georgia. Officers and instructors served as in former Soviet Army or NATO special services, since then various special formations occurred under mixed supervision, Russian designed units always enjoying more popularity among the Georgian leadership. A lot of efforts was put into the establishment of a system of development of special military units. Under the guidance of Turkish instructors a program called SOF Train, since 2001, Georgia has intensified the training of its elite forces in cooperation with American, French, British, Israeli and other countries special services. Georgian commandos participated in the Iraq War from 2003 until the withdrawal of the Georgian contingent in 2008 due to an escalation of hostilities in South Ossetia. According to independent accounts, a number of Georgian operatives were deployed prior in Afghanistan to aid the United States special operations forces in hunting down the Taliban leaders. Georgian officials have stated that a group of servicemen were deployed in Afghanistan for medical purposes, numerous tactical units appeared during the early 1990s. Apart of state security group ALFA, those included a Russian trained special battalion called Orbi which was considered more or less a military counterpart and their members were trained primarily by Russian officers from Spetsnaz and equipped with heavy military hardware. Both units saw action in the coastal town of Gagra when it got struck by a surprise attack from Abkhaz forces aided by their North Caucasian allies. The attackers gathered several hundred men, key positions were a police station and the nearby train station. The remaining Georgians put up a fight and repelled several attacks for some time but got eventually surrounded. Most of the militia were captured. Among the dead were 12 members of the White Eagle unit including its commander Gocha Karkarashvili who chose to stay, the Georgian task force regrouped and hesitated for a counterattack when they were suddenly confronted by a large number of Abkhaz and North Caucasian combatants. Both sides were surprised by the encounter and exchanged fire, the Georgians were heavily outnumbered and had to retreat, losing another 30 men including a few of the surviving members of the White Eagles. This marked the final engagement in the Gagra campaign, the remaining special forces were called off to fight Georgian paramilitary groups which were attacking government forces and werent deployed anymore into Abkhazia
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Georgian Air Force
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The Georgian Air Force was the air force of the Georgian Armed Forces from its establishment in 1992 until 2010, when it was incorporated into the Georgian Land Forces. As of September 2009, the Georgian Air Force had 2,971 military, the Georgian Air Force and Air Defense Division was established on January 1,1992. On August 18,1998, the two divisions were unified in a joint command structure and renamed the Georgian Air Force, the first combat flight was conducted by Izani Tsertsvadze and Valeri Nakopia on September 19,1992, during the separatist war in Abkhazia. This date was designated as the Georgian Air Force Day. Relative to the Georgian ground forces, the air force was comparatively underfunded following Georgian independence, during the August 2008 war with Russia, Georgian aircraft were initially active, but were soon grounded by Russian air superiority. The Russians claimed at least 3 Su-25 and 2 L-29 destroyed, the Georgian Ministry of Defense reported 5 air force personnel were killed in action. In 2010, the Georgian Air Force was reorganized and it was abolished as a separate branch and incorporated into the Georgian Land Forces as Air and Air Defense brigades. In 2012 the Georgian military with approval from government decided to reestablish the air force as its own arm in the military of Georgia. It will undergo a transformation and modernisation process, getting rid of almost its entire Soviet helicopter park to replace it with US. It was also announced by the ministry of defense that six Su-25 aircraft would be sold at a date to add to the finances. Providing air support for land and naval forces Participation in collective
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Coast Guard of Georgia
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The Georgian Coast Guard is the maritime arm of the Georgian Border Police, within the Ministry for Internal Affairs. It is responsible for the protection of the entire 310 km coastline of Georgia. The primary missions of the service are administration of the waters, marine pollution protection, maritime law enforcement, search and rescue, port security. The former Georgian Navy was absorbed into the Coast Guard in 2009, the Georgian Navy was a branch of the Georgian Defense Ministry armed forces until 2009, when it was merged with the Coast Guard and transferred to the Ministry for Internal Affairs. Before the 2008 South Ossetia war, the Georgian Navy consisted of 19 vessels and 531 personnel of which 181 were officers,200 NCOs,114 conscripts and 36 civilians, the headquarters and a principal Coast Guard base are located at the Black Sea port of Poti. A second smaller base is in Batumi, Adjaria, besides the Poti-based force, the Coast Guard also includes a special counter-terrorist Detachment. Maritime surveillance radar stations are maintained at Anaklia, Poti, Supsa, Chakvi and Gonio, the current commander of the Georgian Coast Guard is Captain 2nd Rank Lasha Kharabadze. Despite Georgias location at the Black Sea coast and historical association with maritime commerce, the first attempt to build a modern navy dates to the countrys short-lived independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia from 1918 to 1921. The Georgian Navy at that time consisted of a flagship, several sailing-boats, the 1921 Red Army invasion brought the nation-building to an end and Georgia became part of the Soviet Union. By 1990, Georgia’s coastal waters had been controlled by the Poti-based 184th Coast Guard Brigade of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet, smaller bases were located at Ochamchire, Batumi, Anaklia, and Sukhumi. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Poti brigade was withdrawn from Georgia in 1992. However, the Russian border guards continued to patrol Georgia’s coastline until 1998, in February 1990, the Cabinet of Ministers of Georgia decreed an ad hoc commission for the army-building problems. One of its groups, led by Captain Alexander Javakhishvili, the commander of a Soviet nuclear submarine, was responsible for building up a navy. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Georgia, not a CIS member at that time, was not included in the initial Russian-Ukrainian Black Sea Fleet partition negotiations in January 1992. Thus, when the separatist war in Abkhazia broke out in 1992, Georgia was without an effective naval force and defense system. July 7,1993, the day when the Georgian minesweeper Gantiadi under Shukri Kopaliani, patrolling off Tamysh, the navy-building began with equipping fishing vessels by small caliber anti-aircraft guns and machine guns. Later, the rest of the Georgian share was decided to be ceded to Russia in return for diminution of debt, Georgia is one of the founding members and a participant of the Black Sea Force. Later in the 1990s, Georgia, with the help of NATO member states, chiefly Turkey and Greece, following Georgias 2008 conflict with Russia, in which Georgia had most of its naval forces destroyed, it was decided to merge the Georgian Navy with the Georgian Coast Guard
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Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
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The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia abbreviated MIA, is a state law enforcement agency of Georgia. Its main office is in Tbilisi, after gaining an independence, on May 26,1918 on the National Council meeting the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia was formed. Its main tasks included fighting counter-revolutionary rallies and Bolshevik propaganda, combating embezzlement of public funds, on 25 February 1921, with the help of Russia, the Georgian Bolsheviks overthrew the legitimate Menshevik government of Georgia. Since this day, the independent Ministry of Internal Affairs was disbanded, by the Decision of Georgian Revolutionary Committee of March 6,1921, the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs of Georgia was established. On April 15,1953, the Supreme Council of Georgian SSR adopted a law on Transformation of state ministries of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia, according to the new law, the State Security Ministry merged into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgian SSR. On April 10,1954, by the Decree of the Presidium of Supreme Council of Georgian SSR, the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the Georgian SSR was founded. On September 18,1962, under the Decree of the Supreme Council of Georgian SSR, on November 19,1968, it recovered its old name – the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since the introduction of reforms of Georgian law enforcement in 2003. Based on the reforms implemented during 2015, organizational and institutional separation of police, an Independent State Security Service was formed. The MIA deploys numerous designated sub branches for extraordinary crisis and emergency situations and those include special measures and rapid deployment capabilities for particular events such as unrests or biological and chemical warfare utilized against the civilian population by hostile entities. Employed especially for latter events is the Emergency Management Agency which is responsible for dealing with any kind of man-made or natural disasters, the Special Tasks Department was established for rapid response to maintain public order and security as a supportive operational force to all other divisions. Its units are among various other obligations, also tasked with protecting the vital Baku–Supsa Pipeline, the STD is also capable of performing combat operations in a supportive role for the armed forces of Georgia and did so during the 2008 war. The overall security of pipelines, however, falls under the responsibility of the Strategic Pipelines Protection Department. The primary surgical force against crime and terrorism are the Anti-Crime Department and Special Emergency and Operations Center
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Law enforcement in Georgia (country)
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Law enforcement in Georgia is conducted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia. Currently, there are more than 42,000 registered police officers, the Georgian police introduced an 022 emergency dispatch service in 2004. In the mid-2000s the Patrol Police Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia underwent a radical transformation, in 2005 Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili fired the entire traffic police force of the Georgian National Police due to corruption, numbering around 30,000 police officers. A new force was built around new recruits, the United States State Departments Bureau of International Narcotics and Law-Enforcement Affairs has provided assistance to the training efforts. Patruli was first introduced in the summer of 2005 replacing the traffic police, report on the Current Situation with the Recommendations for Reform. The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
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Georgian Intelligence Service
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The Georgian Intelligence Service is a national intelligence agency of Georgia, with its headquarters in Tbilisi. The current head of the service is Davit Sujashvili, appointed in 2013, the GIS is directly subordinated to the Prime Minister of Georgia. It is responsible for providing national security assessment and conducting counter-intelligence duties abroad. From 1993 to 1997, it functioned as the Chief Directorate for Foreign Intelligence under the Ministry for State Security, on September 19,1997, the agency was transformed into an independent State Intelligence Department, with two regional divisions for Adjara and Abkhazia. Being briefly under the Ministry for State Security from 2004 to 2005, the current name—Georgian Intelligence Service—was adopted in compliance with the new intelligence legislature passed in the Parliament of Georgia on April 27,2010. The GIS consists of five principal subdivisions
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Special State Protection Service of Georgia
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It is mostly subordinated to the Parliament of Georgia, with only the part responsible for the incumbent presidents security being under the authority of the President of Georgia. On February 20,1996 the agency adopted the current name in line with the Law of Georgia on Special State Protection Service, in 1998, the SSPS was further tasked with providing security to the ongoing energy projects in Georgia, such as the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline. This function was transferred to the Main Division for Protection of Strategic Pipelines of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on January 1,2006, the agency has lost 7 personnel in the line of duty. Of these, two were killed in the attack on the then-President Eduard Shevardnadzes motorcade in Tbilisi on February 9,1998
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