1.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha
2.
Government of India
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It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. There is a bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court,24 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. Similar to the government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common, the full name of the country is the Republic of India. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name appears on legal banknotes, in treaties. The Union Government, Central Government or Government of India are often used in an official and unofficial capacity to refer to the Government of India, because the seat of government is in New Delhi, New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government. Legislative branch in India is exercised by the Parliament and a legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha. The latter is considered the house or the House of the people. The Parliament does not have control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch, the members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected there to within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha, the Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can only be dissolved when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. Whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved though the members of the Rajya Sabha who are elected for a six-year term, the Executive Branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, the President has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53. The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers remains in power during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha, if a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. His/Her work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government, the President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces
3.
Information and communications technology
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The term ICT is also used to refer to the convergence of audio-visual and telephone networks with computer networks through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone network with the network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution. However, ICT has no definition, as the concepts, methods. Skills Framework for the Information Age is one of models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals for the 21st century. The money spent on IT worldwide has been most recently estimated as US $3.5 trillion and is growing at 5% per year. The 2014 IT budget of US federal government is nearly $82 billion, IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to keep the lights on in the IT department, the average IT budget has the following breakdown, 31% personnel costs 29% software costs 26% hardware costs 14% costs of external service providers. The worlds technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 exabytes in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 exabytes in 2007, and some 5 zettabytes in 2014. This is the equivalent to 1.25 stacks of CD-ROM from the earth to the moon in 2007. The worlds technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, the following is a list of OECD countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013. The ICT Development Index ranks and compares the level of ICT use, in 2014 ITU released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the United Nations Millennium Declarations goal of implementing ICT to achieve Millennium Development Goals. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve goals, using all stakeholders including civil society. To help anchor and expand ICT to every part of the world,2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals. UNESCO takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promoting ICT in education, access, inclusion and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organizations Intersectral Platform for ICT in education focuses on issues through the joint work of three of its sectors, Communication & Information, Education and Science. In modern society ICT is ever-present, with three billion people having access to the Internet. With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps, however, hurdles are still at large
4.
National e-Governance Plan
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The National e-Governance Plan is an initiative of the Government of India to make all government services available to the citizens of India via electronic media. NeGP was formulated by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology and Department of Administrative Reforms, the Government approved the National e-Governance Plan, consisting of 27 Mission Mode Projects and Tencomponents, on 18 May 2006. The ARC report was submitted to the Government of India on 20 December 2008, the report cited several prior initiatives as sources of inspiration, including references to the Singapore ONE programme. To pursue this goal, the National e-Governance Plan was formulated by the Department of Information Technology, lack of needs analysis, business process re-engineering, interoperability across MMPs, and coping with new technology trends were some of the limitations of the initiative. My Gov National eGovernance Website Informatics An eGovernance publication from National Informatics Centre Saaransh – A compendium of Mission Mode Projects under NeGP
5.
Telecommunications network
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A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, links are connected so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals. The transmission links connect the nodes together, the nodes use circuit switching, message switching or packet switching to pass the signal through the correct links and nodes to reach the correct destination terminal. Each terminal in the network usually has an address so messages or connections can be routed to the correct recipients. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space, for example, businesses need a greater telecommunications network if they plan to expand their company. With Internet, computer, and telephone networks, businesses can allocate their resources efficiently and these core types of networks will be discussed below, Computer network, a computer network consists of computers and devices connected to one another. Information can be transferred from one device to the next, for example, an office filled with computers can share files together on each separate device. Computer networks can range from a local area to a wide area network. The difference between the types of networks is the size and these types of computer networks work at certain speeds, also known as broadband. The Internet network connects computers worldwide, Internet network, access to the network allows users to use many resources. Over time the Internet network will replace books and this will enable users to discover information almost instantly and apply concepts to different situations. The Internet can be used for recreational, governmental, educational, businesses in particular use the Internet network for research or to service customers and clients. Telephone network, the network connects people to one another. This network can be used in a variety of ways, many businesses use the telephone network to route calls and/or service their customers. Some businesses use a network on a greater scale through a private branch exchange. It is a system where a specific business focuses on routing and servicing calls for another business, majority of the time, the telephone network is used around the world for recreational purposes. In general, every telecommunications network conceptually consists of three parts, or planes, The data plane carries the networks users traffic, the actual payload, the control plane carries control information. The management plane carries the operations and administration traffic required for network management, the management plane is sometimes considered a part of the control plane. The data network is used throughout the world to connect individuals
6.
Time-division multiple access
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Time-division multiple access is a channel access method for shared-medium networks. It allows several users to share the same channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other and this allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium while using only a part of its channel capacity. It is also used extensively in satellite systems, combat-net radio systems, for usage of Dynamic TDMA packet mode communication, see below. TDMA is a type of multiplexing, with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver. GSM, D-AMPS, PDC, iDEN, and PHS are examples of TDMA cellular systems, GSM combines TDMA with Frequency Hopping and wideband transmission to minimize common types of interference. In the GSM system, the synchronization of the phones is achieved by sending timing advance commands from the base station which instructs the mobile phone to transmit earlier. This compensates for the delay resulting from the light speed velocity of radio waves. The mobile phone is not allowed to transmit for its time slot. As the transmission moves into the period, the mobile network adjusts the timing advance to synchronize the transmission. Initial synchronization of a phone requires even more care, before a mobile transmits there is no way to actually know the offset required. For this reason, a time slot has to be dedicated to mobiles attempting to contact the network. The mobile attempts to broadcast at the beginning of the time slot, if the mobile is located next to the base station, there will be no time delay and this will succeed. If, however, the phone is at just less than 35 km from the base station. In that case, the mobile will be instructed to broadcast its messages starting nearly a whole time slot earlier than would be expected otherwise. Finally, if the mobile is beyond the 35 km cell range in GSM, then the RACH will arrive in a time slot. It is this feature, rather than limitations of power, that limits the range of a GSM cell to 35 km when no special extension techniques are used, in G. hn, a master device allocates Contention-Free Transmission Opportunities to other slave devices in the network. Only one device can use a CFTXOP at a time, thus avoiding collisions, flexRay protocol which is also a wired network used for safety-critical communication in modern cars, uses the TDMA method for data transmission control
