1.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Judiciary Square
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Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D. C. the vast majority of which is occupied by various federal and municipal courthouses and office buildings. Judiciary Square is located roughly between Pennsylvania Avenue to the south, H Street to the north, 6th Street to the west, the center of the neighborhood is an actual plaza named Judiciary Square. The square itself is bounded by 4th Street to east, 5th Street to the west, D Street to the south, the neighborhood is served by the Judiciary Square station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro. Judiciary Square is also home to Georgetown University Law Center, located on New Jersey Avenue NW, during the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square had a heavily residential population. Among its most prominent residents were Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Vice President John C, as of 2006, however, nearly all of the rowhouses in the area were gone, with the remaining houses mostly centered on the intersection of 5th and D Streets. Around the turn of the 20th century, the side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington. The Italian neighborhood rested on the edge of the square proper. The heart of the community was Holy Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd, the neighborhood grew throughout the 20th century, with a particular surge of Italian immigrants in the 1950s and 60s. However, the construction of Interstate 395 through the city in the 1970s razed about half of the neighborhood, today, the former Italian enclave is dominated by Federal office buildings and law offices. The Holy Rosary Church remains standing and continues to draw a heavily Italian congregation along with its Casa Italiana cultural center next door, the plaza is flanked on the East and West by the District of Columbia Courts Buildings B and A respectively. Located within the grounds are the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, the District government finalized a deal in 2010 with the Louis Dreyfus Group to construct a 2,100, 000-square-foot mixed-use development in the airspace over the Center Leg Freeway. The project is awaiting final approval and is expected to be complete by 2016
4.
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
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The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D. C. at Judiciary Square, honors 20,267 U. S. law enforcement officers who have died in the line of duty throughout history. The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund was established by former U. S, representative Mario Biaggi, a 23-year New York City police veteran who was wounded in the line of duty over 10 times before retiring in 1965. Donald J. Guilfoil, a detective with the Suffolk County Police Benevolent Association, rep. Biaggi then took up the cause and joined forces with U. S. Senator Claiborne Pell to establish the monument to honor all of Americas fallen law enforcement officers. The legislation to authorize the memorial was enacted in October 1984, in 2012, three additions were made to the Board including representatives from DuPont, Motorola and Target. Seven years after passage of the legislation, on October 15,1991. At the time of dedication, the names of over 12,000 fallen officers were engraved on the Memorials walls, currently, there are 20,267 names on the memorial. At the current rate at which names are being added, the walls are expected to be filled by 2050. Designed by architect Davis Buckley, the features a reflecting pool which is surrounded by walkways on a 3-acre park. Along the walkways are walls that are inscribed with names of all U. S. law enforcement officers — federal, state, one entrance of the Judiciary Square Metro station is on the memorial site. The memorial maintains a Visitors Center & Store, where visitors can browse merchandise and learn more about the history of law enforcement, the Visitors Center & Store is located at 400 7th Street, NW. While the memorial sits on land, the monument was constructed and is maintained with private funds. The memorial is adjacent to the upcoming National Law Enforcement Museum, the Memorial and Museum are both projects of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a non-profit,501 organization based in Washington, D. C. The memorial features four bronze lions--two male and two female—each watching over a pair of lion cubs, the adult lions were sculpted by Raymond Kaskey, the cubs by George Carr. Below each lion is carved a different quotation, It is not how these officers died that made them heroes, —Vivian Eney Cross, Survivor In valor there is hope. —Tacitus The wicked flee when no man pursueth, but the righteous are as bold as a lion. —Proverbs 28,1 Carved on these walls is the story of America, of a continuing quest to preserve both democracy and decency, and to protect a national treasure that we call the American dream
5.
Mario Biaggi
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Representative from New York and former New York City police officer. He was elected as a Democrat from The Bronx in New York City, in 1987 and 1988, he was convicted in two separate corruption trials, and he resigned from Congress in 1988. Biaggi was born in East Harlem, New York, on 26 October 1917 and his father, Salvatore Biaggi, was a marble setter. His mother, Mary, worked as a charwoman, at age 18, Biaggi became a substitute letter carrier for the U. S. Later, he became a letter carrier, his mail route included the home of one of his heroes. He served nearly six years with the Post Office and, in a preview of things to come, became an activist in Branch 36 of the National Letter Carriers Association, in 1942, Biaggi joined the New York City Police Department. His police career spanned 23 years and he retired from the Department in 1965, with the rank of Detective Lieutenant. Among his many exploits as one of the NYPDs most decorated officers, was the rescue of a woman on a runaway horse, at the age of 45, and near the end of his police career, Biaggi entered law school. The American Bar Association granted him a dispensation to study law even though Biaggi did not have an undergraduate college degree. Biaggi attended New York Law School, and received a full scholarship thanks to Dean Daniel Gutman, studying days, nights and weekends, Biaggi completed the three-year law degree program in only two and one-half years. In 1966, at the age of 49, he was admitted to the New York Bar and founded the law firm Biaggi and Ehrlich. In 1968, the 24th District seat in the U. S. House became open when 8-term Republican incumbent Paul Fino resigned to become a New York Supreme Court Justice. Biaggi ran as a Democrat, and won easily, with 60. 5% of the vote in what had been a traditional Bronx Republican stronghold and he was easily re-elected in 1970. From 1972 onward, he was nominated by the Republicans as well, in 1968,1970, and 1972, he also got the Conservative nomination, but this support ended after his abortive run for mayor in 1973. From 1978 onward he got the Liberal nomination, in the redistricting after the 1970 census, Biaggis district was renumbered the 10th, and included part of Queens. In the redistricting after the 1980 census, his district was renumbered the 19th, Biaggi was a leader in the effort to ban cop killer bullets. In 1973, he declared his candidacy for Mayor of New York City and he entered the Democratic primary, and also sought the Conservative nomination. Biaggi was a fairly conservative Democrat by New York City standards, Conservative Party leaders supported him and planned to make him their nominee regardless of whether he received the Democratic line
6.
Suffolk County, New York
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Suffolk County /ˈsʌfək/ is a suburban county on Long Island and the easternmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,493,350, estimated to have increased to 1,501,587 in 2015. Its county seat is Riverhead, though most county offices are located in Hauppauge, the county was named after the county of Suffolk in England, from where its earliest European settlers came. Suffolk County incorporates the easternmost extreme of the New York City metropolitan area, the largest of Long Islands four counties and the second-largest of 62 counties in New York State, Suffolk measures 86 miles in length and 26 miles in width at its widest. Major scientific research facilities in Suffolk County include Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, Suffolk County was an original county of the Province of New York, one of twelve created in 1683. From 1664 until 1683 it had been the East Riding of Yorkshire, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,373 square miles, of which 912 square miles is land and 1,461 square miles is water. It is the second-largest county in New York by total area, Suffolk County occupies the central and eastern part of Long Island, in the extreme east of New York State. The eastern end of the county splits into two peninsulas, known as the North Fork and the South Fork, the county is surrounded by water on three sides, including the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, with 980 miles of coastline. The eastern end contains large bays, the highest elevation in the county, and on Long Island as a whole, is Jaynes Hill in West Hills, at 401 feet above sea level. The population density in 2010 was 1,637 people per square mile, however, by 2012, with an estimated total population increasing moderately to 1,499,273 there were 569,359 housing units. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 2% of the population and those who identified as white alone, not being of Hispanic or Latino origin, represented 69. 3% of the population. In 2006, the racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 83. 6% White, african Americans were 7. 4% of the population. Asians stood at 3. 4% of the population,5. 4% were of other or mixed race. Latinos were 13. 0% of the population, the most common ethnicities in Suffolk County in 2007 were Italian, Irish, and German. 18. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.36. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,23. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, in 2008, Forbes magazine released its American Community Survey and named Suffolk County number 4 in its list of the top 25 richest counties in America
7.
Claiborne Pell
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Claiborne de Borda Pell was a U. S. Senator from Rhode Island, serving six terms from 1961 to 1997, and was the sponsor of the Pell Grant, a member of the Democratic Party, he served in the U. S. Senate longer than anyone else from Rhode Island. Claiborne Pell was born on November 22,1918 in New York City, Pells family members included John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne, George Mifflin Dallas, William Charles Cole Claiborne, and Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne. He was a descendant of mathematician John Pell. During 1927 Pells parents divorced and his mother was re-married to Commander Hugo W. Koehler of the United States Navy and he attended St. Georges School in Newport, Rhode Island and received an A. B. in history from Princeton University during 1940. While at Princeton, he was a member of Colonial Club and the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, after graduating, Pell worked as an oil field roustabout in Oklahoma. He then served as secretary for his father, who was United States Ambassador to Portugal. At the start of World War II he was with his father, Claiborne Pell drove trucks carrying emergency supplies to prisoners of war in Germany, and was detained several times by the Nazi government. Pell enlisted in the U. S. Coast Guard as a second class on August 12,1941. Pell served as a cook, was promoted to seaman first class on October 31. During the war, Pells ships served as North Atlantic convoy escorts, and also in warfare during the allied invasion of Sicily. Pell was promoted to lieutenant on October 1,1942, due to his fluency in Italian, Pell was assigned as a civil affairs officer in Sicily where he became ill from drinking unpasteurized milk. He was sent home during the summer of 1944 for recuperation, Pell was discharged from active duty on September 5,1945. After the end of World War II, he remained in the U. S. Coast Guard Reserve and he retired from that service during 1978 with the rank of captain. Pell married Nuala ODonnell during December 1944, together, they had four children, Herbert Claiborne Pell III, Christopher Thomas Hartford Pell, Nuala Dallas Pell, and Julia Lorillard Wampage Pell. Pell believed the painter Ella Ferris Pell to be a distant relative, from 1945 to 1952, he served in the United States Department of State as a Foreign Service Officer in Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Washington, D. C. He was fluent in French, Italian, and Portuguese, during 1945, Pell was a participant with the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco that drafted the United Nations Charter. During 1946 he completed studies in International Relations at Columbia University receiving a Master of Arts degree
8.
Fraternal Order of Police
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The Fraternal Order of Police is a fraternal organization consisting of sworn law enforcement officers in the United States. It reports a membership of over 325,000 members organized in 2100 local chapters, organized into local lodges, state lodges, and the national Grand Lodge. It lobbies Congress and regulatory agencies on behalf of law enforcement officers, provides labor representation, promotes legal defense for officers and it also sponsors charities such as Easter Seals, Special Olympics, memorials for fallen officers, and support programs for spouses and family members of police officers. The Fraternal Order of Police was founded in 1915 by two Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania patrol officers, Martin Toole and Delbert Nagle. They and 21 other members of the Pittsburgh Police met on May 14,1915, establishing the Fraternal Order of Police its first local, in 1918, it was decided that the Order should become a national organization. The Orders constitution stated that race, Creed or Color shall be no bar, the constitution also had a no strike pledge, but this has not been enforced since 1967 when FOP police in Youngstown, Ohio refused to work during a salary dispute. In 1974 and 1975 the FOP stated that it would take no action against members who violated the anti-strike clause until all efforts were exhausted on the local and state level. During the 1960s the FOP opposed the creation of police review boards, spearheaded by Robert F. Kennedy, the FOP also clashed with the ACLU on the issue of police brutality, seeing it as a liberal attempt to discredit law enforcement. The Order was heartened by Richard Nixons emphasis on law and order, the Fraternal Order of Police emblem is a five-pointed star. According to the FOP, The five-cornered star tends to remind us of the allegiance we owe to our Flag and is a symbol of the authority with which we are entrusted and it is an honor the people we serve bestow upon us. They place their confidence and trust in us, serve them proudly, midway between the points and center of the star is a blue field representative of the thin blue line protecting those we serve. The points are of gold, which indicates the position under which we are now serving, the background is white, the unstained color representing the purity with which we should serve. We shall not let anything corrupt be injected into our order, therefore, our colors are blue, gold and white. The open eye is the eye of vigilance ever looking for danger, the hand of friendship is always extended to those in need of our comfort. The circle surrounding the star midway indicates our never ending efforts to promote the welfare, within the half circle over the centerpiece is our motto, Jus, Fidus, Libertatum which translated means Law is a Safeguard of Freedom. When adopted, the motto was believed to be Latin and assumed to mean Fairness, Justice, Equality or Justice, Friendship, Equality. Actually, the motto is an impossible and hardly translatable sequence of Latin words. In the center of the star is the coat of arms of the city of Pittsburgh, Local lodges often have provisions for retired law enforcement officers
9.
International Association of Chiefs of Police
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International Association of Chiefs of Police is a 501 nonprofit organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. IACP developed and/or promoted many tools used by law enforcement agencies. These tools include the use of fingerprints, Uniform Crime Reports, the United Nations granted a Consultative Status to the IACP in the 1970s due to the IACPs work in several UN member nations. Also in the 1970s, the IACP developed a national bomb data center, along with other activities, the IACP publishes Police Chief Magazine. The Psychological Services Section of IACP has over a hundred members and they are recognized specialists in this field, including those employed by larger departments and independent consultants. The section has been in operation since 1986, and publishes guidelines for various types of police psychological services, at the meeting, the organization was founded as the National Chiefs of Police Union. At the Chicago meeting, Chief W. S. Seavey of Omaha, Chief Harvey O. Carr of Grand Rapids, Michigan, was the first treasurer and secretary. Chief of police Interpol Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook
10.
National Sheriffs' Association
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The National Sheriffs Association is a U. S. trade association. Its stated purpose is to raise the level of professionalism among U. S. sheriffs, their deputies and others in the fields of criminal justice, since its founding in 1940, NSA has been the advocacy organization for the nations sheriffs in Washington, D. C. A sheriff generally serves as the highest, usually elected, law enforcement officer of a county, over 99% of the nations sheriffs are elected. The political election of a person to serve as a law enforcement leader is an almost uniquely American tradition, the practice has been followed in the British Channel Island of Jersey since at least the 16th Century. The NSA provides resources, technical assistance, opportunities for development, information, congressional advocacy. Nominee of Republican Party for President, Senator John McCain, delivered his speech as the Keynote Speaker at the 2008 Annual Conference in Indianapolis. Chartered in 1940, the NSA represents over 3,000 elected sheriffs nationwide and has a membership of over 22,000 and its headquarters is in Alexandria, Virginia. The Articles of Incorporation for NSA were filed on September 26,1940, the National Sheriffs Association badge has heraldic significance. The shield denotes defense, protection, and faith, the circle surrounding the emblem denotes eternity. The five points of the star denote friendship, guidance, honesty, integrity, Neighborhood Watch is one of the oldest and most effective crime prevention programs in the country, bringing citizens together with law enforcement to deter crime and make communities safer. Sponsored by the National Sheriffs’ Association, Neighborhood Watch can trace its roots back to the days of colonial settlements, National Sheriffs Institute boasts one of the nations most respected training opportunities available for new sheriffs. Originally conceived in 1973 by the late Ferris E and its Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer is Jonathan Thompson, former Assistant Secretary at FEMA. The Deputy Executive Director and COO is John Thompson, retired police chief, the 2015 -16 President of the Association is Sheriff Danny Glick of Wyoming. Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies Don Hathaway, former sheriff of Caddo Parish, Louisiana, and former association president
11.
Police Executive Research Forum
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The Police Executive Research Forum is a national membership organization of police executives primarily from the largest city, county and state law enforcement agencies in the United States. The organization is dedicated to improving policing and advancing professionalism through research, since its founding in 1976, it has fostered debate, research and an openness to challenging traditional police practices. It is headquartered in Washington, D. C, PERF General members lead larger police agencies in the United States and around the world, their jurisdictions are often the seedbeds of the toughest problems and hardest-won solutions in policing. All members must have completed a 4-year college degree program, established in 1976, PERFs primary sources of operating revenues are government grants and contracts, and partnerships with private foundations and other organizations. PERFs research and publications are targeted in areas its members find important to their agencies and its conferences and training programs are targeted to audiences who want to be on the cutting edge of relevant policing topics. In 2007, PERF made news by reporting that violent crime had risen by double-digit percentages in cities across the country between 2005 and 2007. This claim was disputed at the time but the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics show an increase in violent crime in 2005-2006 amid an otherwise consistent decrease between 1994 and 2009. PERF organized conference calls with city police chiefs to discuss their response to the Occupy Wall Street movement during the Fall of 2011, commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies Egon Bittner Association of Chief Police Officers Official website Under Fire, Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges and Amnesty Programs
12.
International Association of Women Police
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The International Association of Women Police is a global organization for women in criminal justice professions. Its mission is to strengthen, unite and raise the profile of women in criminal justice internationally, according to the IAWP website, its mission, as stated in Article III, is to “strengthen, unite and raise the profile of women in criminal justice internationally”. Its vision is to ensure that “women’s lives free from discrimination, valued for their contribution, to contribute by being an example of excellence in securing a safe, harmonious workplace and society as partners in safety in the criminal justice system”. The International Policewomens Association was founded in 1915, alice Stebbins Wells, the first policewoman in the United States, was appointed the associations first president. Its charter was adopted in 1916 in Washington, D. C, from 1919–1932, the president of the association was Mina Van Winkle. After her death, the association dwindled and it was not until 1956 that the association was revived at a meeting of the Women Peace Officers of California, where it was renamed the International Association of Women Police. Lois Higgins, a veteran of the Chicago Police Department, was elected the associations president, the organization fought discrimination against women in the police force and opposed separate women’s bureaus within police departments. The Records of the International Association of Women Police are housed in the Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections, John Jay College of Criminal Justice. As Stated in its Mission and Vision Statements, The International Association of Women Police came to be in order to fight against the discrimination of women on police forces across the world. The IAWP also works to ensure that women are satisfied with their careers on the force, the IAWP promotes the idea that female officers should not live in fear of harassment, and should be treated with respect and fairness from each of their coworkers. The members of this work to deconstruct the social stigmas that follow women on to the police force. Wells and Betty L. Alt discuss the forms of harassment in their book “Police Women. They discuss how one of the most common occurrences on the force is the issue of harassment, sexual harassment and a hostile environment are most commonly dealt with. A hostile environment involves any act that unwanted and may have an effect on the person being acted against. This may be in the form of offensive or rude remarks about a body or gender. According to their book, anyone is capable of harassment, it is not limited to just men harassing women, other forms of harassment involve inappropriate touching, remarks about one’s body, and offensive remarks that degrade the individual. According to Women and Policing News Wire,80 percent of women on the force have encountered or been a victim of harassment on the job. ” One of the goals that the IAWP prides itself on is the abolishment of discrimination of women on the police force
13.
Judiciary Square station
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Judiciary Square is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D. C. on the Red Line. Judiciary Square is located in Northwest, with entrances at 4th and D Street and 5th and it serves the many courthouses and municipal buildings in the area. The 5th and F Street entrance is in the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, as the monument is built around the escalator, the 4th and D Street entrance is closed on weekends. Service began on March 27,1976 and this station is also the birthplace of the Metro, as the initial groundbreaking was held here on December 9,1969. During a September 2012 refurbishment of the station, new signage was installed, similar signage can be found at the Gallery Place, NoMa – Gallaudet University, Morgan Boulevard, Grosvenor-Strathmore, and Largo Town Center stations. The station has 2 tracks with 2 side platforms, each of which has a platform-level faregate and an elevator directly to the surface at the entrance for the National Building Museum
14.
Washington Metro
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The Washington Metro, known colloquially as Metro and branded Metrorail, is the heavy rail rapid transit system serving the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area in the United States. It is administered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, which also operates Metrobus service under the Metro name, besides the District, Metro serves several jurisdictions in Maryland and Virginia. In Maryland, Metro provides service to Montgomery and Prince Georges counties, in Virginia, to Arlington and Fairfax counties and the independent city of Alexandria. Combined with its ridership in the independent Virginia cities of Falls Church and Fairfax, the system is currently being expanded into Loudoun County, Virginia. It operates mostly as a subway in the District itself, while most of the tracks are at surface level or elevated. Opened in 1976, the network now includes six lines,91 stations, Metro is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the United States in number of passenger trips, after the New York City Subway. There were 215.3 million trips on Metro in fiscal year 2015, in June 2008, Metro set a monthly ridership record with 19,729,641 trips, or 798,456 per weekday. Fares vary based on the distance traveled, the time of day, Riders enter and exit the system using a proximity card called SmarTrip. Metro also has the distinction of having the longest, single-tier escalator in the Western Hemisphere in the Wheaton station, during the 1960s plans were laid for a massive freeway system in Washington. But the plan met fierce opposition, and was altered to include a Capital Beltway system plus rail line radials, the Beltway received full funding, funding for the ambitious Inner Loop Freeway system was partially reallocated toward construction of the Metro system. In 1960 the federal government created the National Capital Transportation Agency to develop a rail system. In 1966, a bill creating WMATA was passed by the government, the District of Columbia, Virginia. WMATA approved plans for a 98-mile regional system in 1968, the first portion of the system opened March 27,1976, with 4.6 miles available on the Red Line with five stations from Rhode Island Avenue to Farragut North, all in the District of Columbia. Underground stations were built with arches of concrete, highlighted by soft. The name Metro was suggested by Massimo Vignelli, who designed the subway maps for the New York City Subway, the 103-mile, 83-station system was completed with the opening of the Green Line segment to Branch Avenue on January 13,2001. This did not mean the end of the growth of the system, the first in-fill station, NoMa – Gallaudet University on the Red Line between Union Station and Rhode Island Ave-Brentwood, opened November 20,2004. Construction began in March 2009 for an extension to Dulles Airport to be built in two phases, the first phase, five stations connecting East Falls Church to Tysons Corner and Wiehle Avenue in Reston, opened on July 26,2014. Metro construction required billions of dollars, originally provided by Congress under the authority of the National Capital Transportation Act of 1969
15.
7th Street (Washington, D.C.)
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There are two north-south arteries in Washington, D. C. named 7th Street that are differentiated by the quadrants of the city in which they are located. Historically, 7th Street has been a main road in Washington. The space occupied by this Central Market has now become the location of the Navy Memorial, seventh Street forms major intersections at Pennsylvania Ave, E Street NW, H Street NW, K Street NW, and Massachusetts Avenue. 7th Street SW begins at Water Street, near the banks of the Washington Channel, continuing north, 7th Street crosses the National Mall, where it becomes 7th Street NW. In this southernmost segment of 7th Street NW, it is the main thoroughfare in Penn Quarter. Farther north, it crosses New York Avenue at Mount Vernon Square, north of Florida Avenue, 7th Street remains U. S.29 but becomes a diagonal and continues as Georgia Avenue. Between Pennsylvania Avenue and Mount Vernon Square, 7th Street has a northbound bus/bicycle lane, the corresponding southbound lane is on 9th Street. 7th Street begins again at Quincy Street NW extending north about 3 miles to near the Maryland border, north of Independence Avenue, 7th Street/Georgia Avenue is part of the National Highway System. A second set of 7th Streets lie in the quadrants of the city, parallel to the western ones. The longest section begins at M Street SE, just north of the Washington Navy Yard and it continues north through the neighborhood of Capitol Hill. When 7th Street SE crosses East Capitol Street it becomes 7th Street NE and continues due north, ending at Florida Avenue, shorter segments of the 7th Street SE exist south of the Anacostia River, while parts of 7th Street NE are further north in the Brookland neighborhood
16.
National Building Museum
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The National Building Museum, historically known as the Pension Building, in Washington, D. C. United States, is a museum of architecture, design, engineering, construction and it was created by an act of Congress in 1980, and is a private non-profit institution, it is adjacent to the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial and the Judiciary Square Metro station. The museum hosts temporary exhibits in galleries around the spacious Great Hall. The National Building Museum is housed in the former Pension Bureau building, Meigs, the U. S. Army quartermaster general. The vast interior, measuring 316 ×116 feet, has used to hold inauguration balls. The number of staff needed to implement and administer the new benefits system ballooned to over 1,500, Meigs was chosen to design and construct the new building. He departed from the established Greco-Roman models that had been the basis of government buildings in Washington, D. C. until then, Meigs based his design on Italian Renaissance precedents, notably Romes Palazzo Farnese and the Palazzo della Cancelleria. Included in his design was a frieze sculpted by Caspar Buberl, because of the 28 sections modification and mixture, it is only in careful examination that the frieze is seen to be the same figures repeated several times. Meigss correspondence with Buberl reveals that Meigs insisted that a black teamster, who must be a negro and this figure was ultimately to assume a central position, over the buildings west entrance. Made of brick and tile, the stairs were designed for the limitations of disabled and aging veterans, in addition, each step slanted slightly from back to front to allow easy drainage, a flight could be washed easily by pouring water from the top. When Philip Sheridan was asked to comment on the building, his reply echoed the negative sentiment of much of the Washington establishment of the day. A similar quote is attributed to William Tecumseh Sherman, perhaps casting doubt on the truth of the Sheridan tale. The completed building, sometimes called Meigs Old Red Barn, required more than 15,000,000 bricks, the building was used for federal government offices until the 1960s when it had fallen into a state of disrepair and was considered for demolition. After pressure from conservationists, the government commissioned a report by architect Chloethiel Woodard Smith of possible uses for the building. Her 1967 report suggested a museum dedicated to the building arts, the building was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. In 1980, Congress created the National Building Museum as a private, the building itself was formally renamed the National Building Museum in 1997. Every year, the annual Christmas in Washington program is filmed at the museum, with the President and First Lady. C. by National Geographic Travelers blog, Intelligent Travel, in July 2009. In 2010, The Huffington Post included the National Building Museum in a story, the Museum Shop sells books about the built environment and an array of housewares, educational toys, watches, and items for an office, all with an emphasis on design
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United States Secretary of the Interior
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The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board, the Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. The U. S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in other countries. Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U. S, Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice. On December 13,2016, President-elect Donald Trump picked Ryan Zinke for the position of Interior Secretary, the most recent to die was William P. Clark, Jr. on August 10,2013. List of Secretaries of the Interior List of Secretaries of the Interior The Department of Everything Else, Highlights of Interior History
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U.S. Mint
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The United States Mint produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money, the Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centres, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints, Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, the Mint was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and originally placed within the Department of State. Per the terms of the Coinage Act, the first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States, today, the Mints headquarters are in Washington D. C. It operates mint facilities in Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, New York and a bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Official Mints were once located in Carson City, Nevada, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D. C. and even in Manila. Originally part of the State Department, the Mint was made an independent agency in 1799 and it converted precious metals into standard coin for anyones account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury and it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasurys account, the first Director of the United States Mint was renowned scientist David Rittenhouse from 1792 to 1795. The position was held most recently by Edmund C, moy until his resignation effective January 9,2011. Henry Voigt was the first Superintendent and Chief Coiner, and is credited with some of the first U. S. coin designs. Another important position at the Mint is that of Chief Engraver, the Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as Ye Olde Mint. With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, the first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana branches. Both the Charlotte and Dahlonega Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of gold deposits into coinage. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently, the New Orleans Mint closed at the beginning of the Civil War and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time. A new branch facility was opened in Carson City, Nevada, in 1870, it operated until 1893, like the Charlotte and Dahlonega branches, the Carson City Mint was opened to take advantage of local precious metal deposits, in this case, a large vein of silver. Though gold coins were produced there, no base metal coins were
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Lion
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The lion is one of the big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family Felidae. The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies in Africa, with some males exceeding 250 kg in weight, it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger. Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan Africa and in India, in ancient historic times, their range was in most of Africa, including North Africa, and across Eurasia from Greece and southeastern Europe to India. Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks, although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Within Africa, the West African lion population is particularly endangered, in the wild, males seldom live longer than 10 to 14 years, as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity. In captivity they can more than 20 years. They typically inhabit savanna and grassland, although they may take to bush, Lions are unusually social compared to other cats. A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates, Lions are apex and keystone predators, although they are also expert scavengers obtaining over 50 percent of their food by scavenging as opportunity allows. While lions do not typically hunt humans, some have, sleeping mainly during the day, lions are active primarily at night, although sometimes at twilight. Highly distinctive, the lion is easily recognised by its mane. It has been depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags. Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire, Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies. The lions name, similar in many Romance languages, is derived from the Latin leo, the Hebrew word לָבִיא may also be related. It was one of the originally described by Linnaeus, who gave it the name Felis leo, in his eighteenth-century work. The lions closest relatives are the species of the genus Panthera, the tiger, the snow leopard, the jaguar. P. leo evolved in Africa between 1 million and 800,000 years ago, before spreading throughout the Holarctic region and it appeared in the fossil record in Europe for the first time 700,000 years ago with the subspecies Panthera leo fossilis at Isernia in Italy. From this lion derived the later cave lion, which appeared about 300,000 years ago, Lions died out in northern Eurasia at the end of the last glaciation, about 10,000 years ago, this may have been secondary to the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna
