1.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Judiciary Square
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Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D. C. the vast majority of which is occupied by various federal and municipal courthouses and office buildings. Judiciary Square is located roughly between Pennsylvania Avenue to the south, H Street to the north, 6th Street to the west, the center of the neighborhood is an actual plaza named Judiciary Square. The square itself is bounded by 4th Street to east, 5th Street to the west, D Street to the south, the neighborhood is served by the Judiciary Square station on the Red Line of the Washington Metro. Judiciary Square is also home to Georgetown University Law Center, located on New Jersey Avenue NW, during the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square had a heavily residential population. Among its most prominent residents were Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Vice President John C, as of 2006, however, nearly all of the rowhouses in the area were gone, with the remaining houses mostly centered on the intersection of 5th and D Streets. Around the turn of the 20th century, the side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington. The Italian neighborhood rested on the edge of the square proper. The heart of the community was Holy Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd, the neighborhood grew throughout the 20th century, with a particular surge of Italian immigrants in the 1950s and 60s. However, the construction of Interstate 395 through the city in the 1970s razed about half of the neighborhood, today, the former Italian enclave is dominated by Federal office buildings and law offices. The Holy Rosary Church remains standing and continues to draw a heavily Italian congregation along with its Casa Italiana cultural center next door, the plaza is flanked on the East and West by the District of Columbia Courts Buildings B and A respectively. Located within the grounds are the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, the District government finalized a deal in 2010 with the Louis Dreyfus Group to construct a 2,100, 000-square-foot mixed-use development in the airspace over the Center Leg Freeway. The project is awaiting final approval and is expected to be complete by 2016
4.
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
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The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D. C. at Judiciary Square, honors 20,267 U. S. law enforcement officers who have died in the line of duty throughout history. The National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund was established by former U. S, representative Mario Biaggi, a 23-year New York City police veteran who was wounded in the line of duty over 10 times before retiring in 1965. Donald J. Guilfoil, a detective with the Suffolk County Police Benevolent Association, rep. Biaggi then took up the cause and joined forces with U. S. Senator Claiborne Pell to establish the monument to honor all of Americas fallen law enforcement officers. The legislation to authorize the memorial was enacted in October 1984, in 2012, three additions were made to the Board including representatives from DuPont, Motorola and Target. Seven years after passage of the legislation, on October 15,1991. At the time of dedication, the names of over 12,000 fallen officers were engraved on the Memorials walls, currently, there are 20,267 names on the memorial. At the current rate at which names are being added, the walls are expected to be filled by 2050. Designed by architect Davis Buckley, the features a reflecting pool which is surrounded by walkways on a 3-acre park. Along the walkways are walls that are inscribed with names of all U. S. law enforcement officers — federal, state, one entrance of the Judiciary Square Metro station is on the memorial site. The memorial maintains a Visitors Center & Store, where visitors can browse merchandise and learn more about the history of law enforcement, the Visitors Center & Store is located at 400 7th Street, NW. While the memorial sits on land, the monument was constructed and is maintained with private funds. The memorial is adjacent to the upcoming National Law Enforcement Museum, the Memorial and Museum are both projects of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a non-profit,501 organization based in Washington, D. C. The memorial features four bronze lions--two male and two female—each watching over a pair of lion cubs, the adult lions were sculpted by Raymond Kaskey, the cubs by George Carr. Below each lion is carved a different quotation, It is not how these officers died that made them heroes, —Vivian Eney Cross, Survivor In valor there is hope. —Tacitus The wicked flee when no man pursueth, but the righteous are as bold as a lion. —Proverbs 28,1 Carved on these walls is the story of America, of a continuing quest to preserve both democracy and decency, and to protect a national treasure that we call the American dream
5.
Mario Biaggi
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Representative from New York and former New York City police officer. He was elected as a Democrat from The Bronx in New York City, in 1987 and 1988, he was convicted in two separate corruption trials, and he resigned from Congress in 1988. Biaggi was born in East Harlem, New York, on 26 October 1917 and his father, Salvatore Biaggi, was a marble setter. His mother, Mary, worked as a charwoman, at age 18, Biaggi became a substitute letter carrier for the U. S. Later, he became a letter carrier, his mail route included the home of one of his heroes. He served nearly six years with the Post Office and, in a preview of things to come, became an activist in Branch 36 of the National Letter Carriers Association, in 1942, Biaggi joined the New York City Police Department. His police career spanned 23 years and he retired from the Department in 1965, with the rank of Detective Lieutenant. Among his many exploits as one of the NYPDs most decorated officers, was the rescue of a woman on a runaway horse, at the age of 45, and near the end of his police career, Biaggi entered law school. The American Bar Association granted him a dispensation to study law even though Biaggi did not have an undergraduate college degree. Biaggi attended New York Law School, and received a full scholarship thanks to Dean Daniel Gutman, studying days, nights and weekends, Biaggi completed the three-year law degree program in only two and one-half years. In 1966, at the age of 49, he was admitted to the New York Bar and founded the law firm Biaggi and Ehrlich. In 1968, the 24th District seat in the U. S. House became open when 8-term Republican incumbent Paul Fino resigned to become a New York Supreme Court Justice. Biaggi ran as a Democrat, and won easily, with 60. 5% of the vote in what had been a traditional Bronx Republican stronghold and he was easily re-elected in 1970. From 1972 onward, he was nominated by the Republicans as well, in 1968,1970, and 1972, he also got the Conservative nomination, but this support ended after his abortive run for mayor in 1973. From 1978 onward he got the Liberal nomination, in the redistricting after the 1970 census, Biaggis district was renumbered the 10th, and included part of Queens. In the redistricting after the 1980 census, his district was renumbered the 19th, Biaggi was a leader in the effort to ban cop killer bullets. In 1973, he declared his candidacy for Mayor of New York City and he entered the Democratic primary, and also sought the Conservative nomination. Biaggi was a fairly conservative Democrat by New York City standards, Conservative Party leaders supported him and planned to make him their nominee regardless of whether he received the Democratic line
6.
Suffolk County, New York
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Suffolk County /ˈsʌfək/ is a suburban county on Long Island and the easternmost county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,493,350, estimated to have increased to 1,501,587 in 2015. Its county seat is Riverhead, though most county offices are located in Hauppauge, the county was named after the county of Suffolk in England, from where its earliest European settlers came. Suffolk County incorporates the easternmost extreme of the New York City metropolitan area, the largest of Long Islands four counties and the second-largest of 62 counties in New York State, Suffolk measures 86 miles in length and 26 miles in width at its widest. Major scientific research facilities in Suffolk County include Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, Suffolk County was an original county of the Province of New York, one of twelve created in 1683. From 1664 until 1683 it had been the East Riding of Yorkshire, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2,373 square miles, of which 912 square miles is land and 1,461 square miles is water. It is the second-largest county in New York by total area, Suffolk County occupies the central and eastern part of Long Island, in the extreme east of New York State. The eastern end of the county splits into two peninsulas, known as the North Fork and the South Fork, the county is surrounded by water on three sides, including the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, with 980 miles of coastline. The eastern end contains large bays, the highest elevation in the county, and on Long Island as a whole, is Jaynes Hill in West Hills, at 401 feet above sea level. The population density in 2010 was 1,637 people per square mile, however, by 2012, with an estimated total population increasing moderately to 1,499,273 there were 569,359 housing units. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 2% of the population and those who identified as white alone, not being of Hispanic or Latino origin, represented 69. 3% of the population. In 2006, the racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 83. 6% White, african Americans were 7. 4% of the population. Asians stood at 3. 4% of the population,5. 4% were of other or mixed race. Latinos were 13. 0% of the population, the most common ethnicities in Suffolk County in 2007 were Italian, Irish, and German. 18. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.36. In the county, the population was out with 26. 10% under the age of 18,7. 60% from 18 to 24,31. 20% from 25 to 44,23. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 95.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.80 males, in 2008, Forbes magazine released its American Community Survey and named Suffolk County number 4 in its list of the top 25 richest counties in America
7.
Claiborne Pell
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Claiborne de Borda Pell was a U. S. Senator from Rhode Island, serving six terms from 1961 to 1997, and was the sponsor of the Pell Grant, a member of the Democratic Party, he served in the U. S. Senate longer than anyone else from Rhode Island. Claiborne Pell was born on November 22,1918 in New York City, Pells family members included John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne, George Mifflin Dallas, William Charles Cole Claiborne, and Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne. He was a descendant of mathematician John Pell. During 1927 Pells parents divorced and his mother was re-married to Commander Hugo W. Koehler of the United States Navy and he attended St. Georges School in Newport, Rhode Island and received an A. B. in history from Princeton University during 1940. While at Princeton, he was a member of Colonial Club and the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, after graduating, Pell worked as an oil field roustabout in Oklahoma. He then served as secretary for his father, who was United States Ambassador to Portugal. At the start of World War II he was with his father, Claiborne Pell drove trucks carrying emergency supplies to prisoners of war in Germany, and was detained several times by the Nazi government. Pell enlisted in the U. S. Coast Guard as a second class on August 12,1941. Pell served as a cook, was promoted to seaman first class on October 31. During the war, Pells ships served as North Atlantic convoy escorts, and also in warfare during the allied invasion of Sicily. Pell was promoted to lieutenant on October 1,1942, due to his fluency in Italian, Pell was assigned as a civil affairs officer in Sicily where he became ill from drinking unpasteurized milk. He was sent home during the summer of 1944 for recuperation, Pell was discharged from active duty on September 5,1945. After the end of World War II, he remained in the U. S. Coast Guard Reserve and he retired from that service during 1978 with the rank of captain. Pell married Nuala ODonnell during December 1944, together, they had four children, Herbert Claiborne Pell III, Christopher Thomas Hartford Pell, Nuala Dallas Pell, and Julia Lorillard Wampage Pell. Pell believed the painter Ella Ferris Pell to be a distant relative, from 1945 to 1952, he served in the United States Department of State as a Foreign Service Officer in Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Washington, D. C. He was fluent in French, Italian, and Portuguese, during 1945, Pell was a participant with the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco that drafted the United Nations Charter. During 1946 he completed studies in International Relations at Columbia University receiving a Master of Arts degree
8.
Fraternal Order of Police
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The Fraternal Order of Police is a fraternal organization consisting of sworn law enforcement officers in the United States. It reports a membership of over 325,000 members organized in 2100 local chapters, organized into local lodges, state lodges, and the national Grand Lodge. It lobbies Congress and regulatory agencies on behalf of law enforcement officers, provides labor representation, promotes legal defense for officers and it also sponsors charities such as Easter Seals, Special Olympics, memorials for fallen officers, and support programs for spouses and family members of police officers. The Fraternal Order of Police was founded in 1915 by two Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania patrol officers, Martin Toole and Delbert Nagle. They and 21 other members of the Pittsburgh Police met on May 14,1915, establishing the Fraternal Order of Police its first local, in 1918, it was decided that the Order should become a national organization. The Orders constitution stated that race, Creed or Color shall be no bar, the constitution also had a no strike pledge, but this has not been enforced since 1967 when FOP police in Youngstown, Ohio refused to work during a salary dispute. In 1974 and 1975 the FOP stated that it would take no action against members who violated the anti-strike clause until all efforts were exhausted on the local and state level. During the 1960s the FOP opposed the creation of police review boards, spearheaded by Robert F. Kennedy, the FOP also clashed with the ACLU on the issue of police brutality, seeing it as a liberal attempt to discredit law enforcement. The Order was heartened by Richard Nixons emphasis on law and order, the Fraternal Order of Police emblem is a five-pointed star. According to the FOP, The five-cornered star tends to remind us of the allegiance we owe to our Flag and is a symbol of the authority with which we are entrusted and it is an honor the people we serve bestow upon us. They place their confidence and trust in us, serve them proudly, midway between the points and center of the star is a blue field representative of the thin blue line protecting those we serve. The points are of gold, which indicates the position under which we are now serving, the background is white, the unstained color representing the purity with which we should serve. We shall not let anything corrupt be injected into our order, therefore, our colors are blue, gold and white. The open eye is the eye of vigilance ever looking for danger, the hand of friendship is always extended to those in need of our comfort. The circle surrounding the star midway indicates our never ending efforts to promote the welfare, within the half circle over the centerpiece is our motto, Jus, Fidus, Libertatum which translated means Law is a Safeguard of Freedom. When adopted, the motto was believed to be Latin and assumed to mean Fairness, Justice, Equality or Justice, Friendship, Equality. Actually, the motto is an impossible and hardly translatable sequence of Latin words. In the center of the star is the coat of arms of the city of Pittsburgh, Local lodges often have provisions for retired law enforcement officers
9.
International Association of Chiefs of Police
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International Association of Chiefs of Police is a 501 nonprofit organization based in Alexandria, Virginia. IACP developed and/or promoted many tools used by law enforcement agencies. These tools include the use of fingerprints, Uniform Crime Reports, the United Nations granted a Consultative Status to the IACP in the 1970s due to the IACPs work in several UN member nations. Also in the 1970s, the IACP developed a national bomb data center, along with other activities, the IACP publishes Police Chief Magazine. The Psychological Services Section of IACP has over a hundred members and they are recognized specialists in this field, including those employed by larger departments and independent consultants. The section has been in operation since 1986, and publishes guidelines for various types of police psychological services, at the meeting, the organization was founded as the National Chiefs of Police Union. At the Chicago meeting, Chief W. S. Seavey of Omaha, Chief Harvey O. Carr of Grand Rapids, Michigan, was the first treasurer and secretary. Chief of police Interpol Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook
10.
National Sheriffs' Association
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The National Sheriffs Association is a U. S. trade association. Its stated purpose is to raise the level of professionalism among U. S. sheriffs, their deputies and others in the fields of criminal justice, since its founding in 1940, NSA has been the advocacy organization for the nations sheriffs in Washington, D. C. A sheriff generally serves as the highest, usually elected, law enforcement officer of a county, over 99% of the nations sheriffs are elected. The political election of a person to serve as a law enforcement leader is an almost uniquely American tradition, the practice has been followed in the British Channel Island of Jersey since at least the 16th Century. The NSA provides resources, technical assistance, opportunities for development, information, congressional advocacy. Nominee of Republican Party for President, Senator John McCain, delivered his speech as the Keynote Speaker at the 2008 Annual Conference in Indianapolis. Chartered in 1940, the NSA represents over 3,000 elected sheriffs nationwide and has a membership of over 22,000 and its headquarters is in Alexandria, Virginia. The Articles of Incorporation for NSA were filed on September 26,1940, the National Sheriffs Association badge has heraldic significance. The shield denotes defense, protection, and faith, the circle surrounding the emblem denotes eternity. The five points of the star denote friendship, guidance, honesty, integrity, Neighborhood Watch is one of the oldest and most effective crime prevention programs in the country, bringing citizens together with law enforcement to deter crime and make communities safer. Sponsored by the National Sheriffs’ Association, Neighborhood Watch can trace its roots back to the days of colonial settlements, National Sheriffs Institute boasts one of the nations most respected training opportunities available for new sheriffs. Originally conceived in 1973 by the late Ferris E and its Executive Director and Chief Executive Officer is Jonathan Thompson, former Assistant Secretary at FEMA. The Deputy Executive Director and COO is John Thompson, retired police chief, the 2015 -16 President of the Association is Sheriff Danny Glick of Wyoming. Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies Don Hathaway, former sheriff of Caddo Parish, Louisiana, and former association president
11.
Police Executive Research Forum
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The Police Executive Research Forum is a national membership organization of police executives primarily from the largest city, county and state law enforcement agencies in the United States. The organization is dedicated to improving policing and advancing professionalism through research, since its founding in 1976, it has fostered debate, research and an openness to challenging traditional police practices. It is headquartered in Washington, D. C, PERF General members lead larger police agencies in the United States and around the world, their jurisdictions are often the seedbeds of the toughest problems and hardest-won solutions in policing. All members must have completed a 4-year college degree program, established in 1976, PERFs primary sources of operating revenues are government grants and contracts, and partnerships with private foundations and other organizations. PERFs research and publications are targeted in areas its members find important to their agencies and its conferences and training programs are targeted to audiences who want to be on the cutting edge of relevant policing topics. In 2007, PERF made news by reporting that violent crime had risen by double-digit percentages in cities across the country between 2005 and 2007. This claim was disputed at the time but the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Statistics show an increase in violent crime in 2005-2006 amid an otherwise consistent decrease between 1994 and 2009. PERF organized conference calls with city police chiefs to discuss their response to the Occupy Wall Street movement during the Fall of 2011, commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies Egon Bittner Association of Chief Police Officers Official website Under Fire, Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges and Amnesty Programs
12.
International Association of Women Police
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The International Association of Women Police is a global organization for women in criminal justice professions. Its mission is to strengthen, unite and raise the profile of women in criminal justice internationally, according to the IAWP website, its mission, as stated in Article III, is to “strengthen, unite and raise the profile of women in criminal justice internationally”. Its vision is to ensure that “women’s lives free from discrimination, valued for their contribution, to contribute by being an example of excellence in securing a safe, harmonious workplace and society as partners in safety in the criminal justice system”. The International Policewomens Association was founded in 1915, alice Stebbins Wells, the first policewoman in the United States, was appointed the associations first president. Its charter was adopted in 1916 in Washington, D. C, from 1919–1932, the president of the association was Mina Van Winkle. After her death, the association dwindled and it was not until 1956 that the association was revived at a meeting of the Women Peace Officers of California, where it was renamed the International Association of Women Police. Lois Higgins, a veteran of the Chicago Police Department, was elected the associations president, the organization fought discrimination against women in the police force and opposed separate women’s bureaus within police departments. The Records of the International Association of Women Police are housed in the Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections, John Jay College of Criminal Justice. As Stated in its Mission and Vision Statements, The International Association of Women Police came to be in order to fight against the discrimination of women on police forces across the world. The IAWP also works to ensure that women are satisfied with their careers on the force, the IAWP promotes the idea that female officers should not live in fear of harassment, and should be treated with respect and fairness from each of their coworkers. The members of this work to deconstruct the social stigmas that follow women on to the police force. Wells and Betty L. Alt discuss the forms of harassment in their book “Police Women. They discuss how one of the most common occurrences on the force is the issue of harassment, sexual harassment and a hostile environment are most commonly dealt with. A hostile environment involves any act that unwanted and may have an effect on the person being acted against. This may be in the form of offensive or rude remarks about a body or gender. According to their book, anyone is capable of harassment, it is not limited to just men harassing women, other forms of harassment involve inappropriate touching, remarks about one’s body, and offensive remarks that degrade the individual. According to Women and Policing News Wire,80 percent of women on the force have encountered or been a victim of harassment on the job. ” One of the goals that the IAWP prides itself on is the abolishment of discrimination of women on the police force
13.
Judiciary Square station
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Judiciary Square is a Washington Metro station in Washington, D. C. on the Red Line. Judiciary Square is located in Northwest, with entrances at 4th and D Street and 5th and it serves the many courthouses and municipal buildings in the area. The 5th and F Street entrance is in the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, as the monument is built around the escalator, the 4th and D Street entrance is closed on weekends. Service began on March 27,1976 and this station is also the birthplace of the Metro, as the initial groundbreaking was held here on December 9,1969. During a September 2012 refurbishment of the station, new signage was installed, similar signage can be found at the Gallery Place, NoMa – Gallaudet University, Morgan Boulevard, Grosvenor-Strathmore, and Largo Town Center stations. The station has 2 tracks with 2 side platforms, each of which has a platform-level faregate and an elevator directly to the surface at the entrance for the National Building Museum
14.
Washington Metro
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The Washington Metro, known colloquially as Metro and branded Metrorail, is the heavy rail rapid transit system serving the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area in the United States. It is administered by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, which also operates Metrobus service under the Metro name, besides the District, Metro serves several jurisdictions in Maryland and Virginia. In Maryland, Metro provides service to Montgomery and Prince Georges counties, in Virginia, to Arlington and Fairfax counties and the independent city of Alexandria. Combined with its ridership in the independent Virginia cities of Falls Church and Fairfax, the system is currently being expanded into Loudoun County, Virginia. It operates mostly as a subway in the District itself, while most of the tracks are at surface level or elevated. Opened in 1976, the network now includes six lines,91 stations, Metro is the second-busiest rapid transit system in the United States in number of passenger trips, after the New York City Subway. There were 215.3 million trips on Metro in fiscal year 2015, in June 2008, Metro set a monthly ridership record with 19,729,641 trips, or 798,456 per weekday. Fares vary based on the distance traveled, the time of day, Riders enter and exit the system using a proximity card called SmarTrip. Metro also has the distinction of having the longest, single-tier escalator in the Western Hemisphere in the Wheaton station, during the 1960s plans were laid for a massive freeway system in Washington. But the plan met fierce opposition, and was altered to include a Capital Beltway system plus rail line radials, the Beltway received full funding, funding for the ambitious Inner Loop Freeway system was partially reallocated toward construction of the Metro system. In 1960 the federal government created the National Capital Transportation Agency to develop a rail system. In 1966, a bill creating WMATA was passed by the government, the District of Columbia, Virginia. WMATA approved plans for a 98-mile regional system in 1968, the first portion of the system opened March 27,1976, with 4.6 miles available on the Red Line with five stations from Rhode Island Avenue to Farragut North, all in the District of Columbia. Underground stations were built with arches of concrete, highlighted by soft. The name Metro was suggested by Massimo Vignelli, who designed the subway maps for the New York City Subway, the 103-mile, 83-station system was completed with the opening of the Green Line segment to Branch Avenue on January 13,2001. This did not mean the end of the growth of the system, the first in-fill station, NoMa – Gallaudet University on the Red Line between Union Station and Rhode Island Ave-Brentwood, opened November 20,2004. Construction began in March 2009 for an extension to Dulles Airport to be built in two phases, the first phase, five stations connecting East Falls Church to Tysons Corner and Wiehle Avenue in Reston, opened on July 26,2014. Metro construction required billions of dollars, originally provided by Congress under the authority of the National Capital Transportation Act of 1969
15.
7th Street (Washington, D.C.)
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There are two north-south arteries in Washington, D. C. named 7th Street that are differentiated by the quadrants of the city in which they are located. Historically, 7th Street has been a main road in Washington. The space occupied by this Central Market has now become the location of the Navy Memorial, seventh Street forms major intersections at Pennsylvania Ave, E Street NW, H Street NW, K Street NW, and Massachusetts Avenue. 7th Street SW begins at Water Street, near the banks of the Washington Channel, continuing north, 7th Street crosses the National Mall, where it becomes 7th Street NW. In this southernmost segment of 7th Street NW, it is the main thoroughfare in Penn Quarter. Farther north, it crosses New York Avenue at Mount Vernon Square, north of Florida Avenue, 7th Street remains U. S.29 but becomes a diagonal and continues as Georgia Avenue. Between Pennsylvania Avenue and Mount Vernon Square, 7th Street has a northbound bus/bicycle lane, the corresponding southbound lane is on 9th Street. 7th Street begins again at Quincy Street NW extending north about 3 miles to near the Maryland border, north of Independence Avenue, 7th Street/Georgia Avenue is part of the National Highway System. A second set of 7th Streets lie in the quadrants of the city, parallel to the western ones. The longest section begins at M Street SE, just north of the Washington Navy Yard and it continues north through the neighborhood of Capitol Hill. When 7th Street SE crosses East Capitol Street it becomes 7th Street NE and continues due north, ending at Florida Avenue, shorter segments of the 7th Street SE exist south of the Anacostia River, while parts of 7th Street NE are further north in the Brookland neighborhood
16.
National Building Museum
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The National Building Museum, historically known as the Pension Building, in Washington, D. C. United States, is a museum of architecture, design, engineering, construction and it was created by an act of Congress in 1980, and is a private non-profit institution, it is adjacent to the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial and the Judiciary Square Metro station. The museum hosts temporary exhibits in galleries around the spacious Great Hall. The National Building Museum is housed in the former Pension Bureau building, Meigs, the U. S. Army quartermaster general. The vast interior, measuring 316 ×116 feet, has used to hold inauguration balls. The number of staff needed to implement and administer the new benefits system ballooned to over 1,500, Meigs was chosen to design and construct the new building. He departed from the established Greco-Roman models that had been the basis of government buildings in Washington, D. C. until then, Meigs based his design on Italian Renaissance precedents, notably Romes Palazzo Farnese and the Palazzo della Cancelleria. Included in his design was a frieze sculpted by Caspar Buberl, because of the 28 sections modification and mixture, it is only in careful examination that the frieze is seen to be the same figures repeated several times. Meigss correspondence with Buberl reveals that Meigs insisted that a black teamster, who must be a negro and this figure was ultimately to assume a central position, over the buildings west entrance. Made of brick and tile, the stairs were designed for the limitations of disabled and aging veterans, in addition, each step slanted slightly from back to front to allow easy drainage, a flight could be washed easily by pouring water from the top. When Philip Sheridan was asked to comment on the building, his reply echoed the negative sentiment of much of the Washington establishment of the day. A similar quote is attributed to William Tecumseh Sherman, perhaps casting doubt on the truth of the Sheridan tale. The completed building, sometimes called Meigs Old Red Barn, required more than 15,000,000 bricks, the building was used for federal government offices until the 1960s when it had fallen into a state of disrepair and was considered for demolition. After pressure from conservationists, the government commissioned a report by architect Chloethiel Woodard Smith of possible uses for the building. Her 1967 report suggested a museum dedicated to the building arts, the building was then listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. In 1980, Congress created the National Building Museum as a private, the building itself was formally renamed the National Building Museum in 1997. Every year, the annual Christmas in Washington program is filmed at the museum, with the President and First Lady. C. by National Geographic Travelers blog, Intelligent Travel, in July 2009. In 2010, The Huffington Post included the National Building Museum in a story, the Museum Shop sells books about the built environment and an array of housewares, educational toys, watches, and items for an office, all with an emphasis on design
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United States Secretary of the Interior
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The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board, the Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. The U. S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in other countries. Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U. S, Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice. On December 13,2016, President-elect Donald Trump picked Ryan Zinke for the position of Interior Secretary, the most recent to die was William P. Clark, Jr. on August 10,2013. List of Secretaries of the Interior List of Secretaries of the Interior The Department of Everything Else, Highlights of Interior History
18.
U.S. Mint
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The United States Mint produces circulating coinage for the United States to conduct its trade and commerce, as well as controlling the movement of bullion. It does not produce paper money, the Mint was created in Philadelphia in 1792, and soon joined by other centres, whose coins were identified by their own mint marks. There are currently four active coin-producing mints, Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, the Mint was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and originally placed within the Department of State. Per the terms of the Coinage Act, the first Mint building was in Philadelphia, then the capital of the United States, today, the Mints headquarters are in Washington D. C. It operates mint facilities in Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, and West Point, New York and a bullion depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Official Mints were once located in Carson City, Nevada, Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, New Orleans, Louisiana, Washington, D. C. and even in Manila. Originally part of the State Department, the Mint was made an independent agency in 1799 and it converted precious metals into standard coin for anyones account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury and it was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasurys account, the first Director of the United States Mint was renowned scientist David Rittenhouse from 1792 to 1795. The position was held most recently by Edmund C, moy until his resignation effective January 9,2011. Henry Voigt was the first Superintendent and Chief Coiner, and is credited with some of the first U. S. coin designs. Another important position at the Mint is that of Chief Engraver, the Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as Ye Olde Mint. With the opening of branch mints came the need for mint marks, the first of these branch mints were the Charlotte, North Carolina, Dahlonega, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana branches. Both the Charlotte and Dahlonega Mints were opened to facilitate the conversion of gold deposits into coinage. The Civil War closed both these facilities permanently, the New Orleans Mint closed at the beginning of the Civil War and did not re-open until the end of Reconstruction in 1879. During its two stints as a facility, it produced both gold and silver coinage in eleven different denominations, though only ten denominations were ever minted there at one time. A new branch facility was opened in Carson City, Nevada, in 1870, it operated until 1893, like the Charlotte and Dahlonega branches, the Carson City Mint was opened to take advantage of local precious metal deposits, in this case, a large vein of silver. Though gold coins were produced there, no base metal coins were
19.
Lion
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The lion is one of the big cats in the genus Panthera and a member of the family Felidae. The commonly used term African lion collectively denotes the several subspecies in Africa, with some males exceeding 250 kg in weight, it is the second-largest living cat after the tiger. Wild lions currently exist in sub-Saharan Africa and in India, in ancient historic times, their range was in most of Africa, including North Africa, and across Eurasia from Greece and southeastern Europe to India. Lion populations are untenable outside designated reserves and national parks, although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, habitat loss and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes of concern. Within Africa, the West African lion population is particularly endangered, in the wild, males seldom live longer than 10 to 14 years, as injuries sustained from continual fighting with rival males greatly reduce their longevity. In captivity they can more than 20 years. They typically inhabit savanna and grassland, although they may take to bush, Lions are unusually social compared to other cats. A pride of lions consists of related females and offspring and a number of adult males. Groups of female lions typically hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates, Lions are apex and keystone predators, although they are also expert scavengers obtaining over 50 percent of their food by scavenging as opportunity allows. While lions do not typically hunt humans, some have, sleeping mainly during the day, lions are active primarily at night, although sometimes at twilight. Highly distinctive, the lion is easily recognised by its mane. It has been depicted in sculptures, in paintings, on national flags. Lions have been kept in menageries since the time of the Roman Empire, Zoos are cooperating worldwide in breeding programs for the endangered Asiatic subspecies. The lions name, similar in many Romance languages, is derived from the Latin leo, the Hebrew word לָבִיא may also be related. It was one of the originally described by Linnaeus, who gave it the name Felis leo, in his eighteenth-century work. The lions closest relatives are the species of the genus Panthera, the tiger, the snow leopard, the jaguar. P. leo evolved in Africa between 1 million and 800,000 years ago, before spreading throughout the Holarctic region and it appeared in the fossil record in Europe for the first time 700,000 years ago with the subspecies Panthera leo fossilis at Isernia in Italy. From this lion derived the later cave lion, which appeared about 300,000 years ago, Lions died out in northern Eurasia at the end of the last glaciation, about 10,000 years ago, this may have been secondary to the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna
20.
Tacitus
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Publius Cornelius Tacitus was a senator and an historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors. These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus, in AD14, to the years of the First Jewish–Roman War, There are substantial lacunae in the surviving texts, including a gap in the Annals that is four books long. Tacitus is considered to be one of the greatest Roman historians, details about his personal life are scarce. What little is known comes from scattered hints throughout his work, the letters of his friend and admirer Pliny the Younger, and an inscription found at Mylasa in Caria. Tacitus was born in 56 or 57 to an equestrian family, one scholars suggestion of Sextus has gained no approval. Most of the aristocratic families failed to survive the proscriptions which took place at the end of the Republic. The claim that he was descended from a freedman is derived from a speech in his writings which asserts that many senators and knights were descended from freedmen, but this is generally disputed. His father may have been the Cornelius Tacitus who served as procurator of Belgica and Germania, Pliny the Elder mentions that Cornelius had a son who aged rapidly, which implies an early death. There is no mention of Tacitus suffering such a condition, the friendship between the younger Pliny and Tacitus leads some scholars to conclude that they were both the offspring of wealthy provincial families. The province of his birth remains unknown, though various conjectures suggest Gallia Belgica, Gallia Narbonensis and his marriage to the daughter of Narbonensian senator Gnaeus Julius Agricola implies that he came from Gallia Narbonensis. Tacitus dedication to Fabius Iustus in the Dialogus may indicate a connection with Spain, no evidence exists, however, that Plinys friends from northern Italy knew Tacitus, nor do Plinys letters hint that the two men had a common background. Pliny Book 9, Letter 23 reports that, when he was asked if he was Italian or provincial, he gave an unclear answer, since Pliny was from Italy, some infer that Tacitus was from the provinces, probably Gallia Narbonensis. His ancestry, his skill in oratory, and his depiction of barbarians who resisted Roman rule have led some to suggest that he was a Celt. This belief stems from the fact that the Celts who had occupied Gaul prior to the Roman invasion were famous for their skill in oratory, and had been subjugated by Rome. As a young man, Tacitus studied rhetoric in Rome to prepare for a career in law and politics, like Pliny, in 77 or 78, he married Julia Agricola, daughter of the famous general Agricola. Little is known of their life, save that Tacitus loved hunting. He started his career under Vespasian, but entered political life as a quaestor in 81 or 82 under Titus
21.
Book of Proverbs
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The Book of Proverbs is the second book of the third section of the Hebrew Bible and a book of the Christian Old Testament. Proverbs is not merely an anthology but a collection of collections relating to a pattern of life lasted for more than a millennium. It is an example of the Biblical wisdom tradition, and raises questions of values, moral behaviour, the meaning of human life, the repeated theme is that the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom. Proverbs translates the Hebrew word mashal, but mashal has a range of meaning than the short catchy sayings implied by the English word. Thus, while half the book is made up of sayings of this type. The first section consists of an invitation to young men to take up the course of wisdom, ten instructions. Proverbs 10, 1–22,16, with 375 sayings, consists of two parts, the first contrasting the wise man and the fool, the second addressing wise and foolish speech. Chapters 25–29, attributed to editorial activity of the men of Hezekiah, contrasts the just, chapter 30, 1–4, the sayings of Agur, introduces creation, divine power, and human ignorance. It is impossible to offer precise dates for the sayings in Proverbs, the phrase conventionally used for the title is taken from chapter 1,1, mishley shelomoh, Proverbs of Solomon, is likely more concerned with labeling the material than ascribing authorship. The book is a made up of six discrete units. The first, chapters 1–9, was probably the last to be composed and this section has parallels to prior cuneiform writings. The second, chapters 10–22,16, carries the superscription the proverbs of Solomon, chapter 24,23 begins a new section and source with the declaration, these too are from the wise. Chapters 30 and 31 are a set of appendices, quite different in style, Proverbs was almost excluded from the Bible because of its contradictions. The reader is told, for example, both to not answer a fool according to his folly, according to 26,4, the fear of God is the beginning of wisdom. Wisdom is praised for her role in creation, God acquired her before all else, and through her he gave order to chaos. Since humans have life and prosperity by conforming to the order of creation, seeking wisdom is the essence and goal of the religious life. Wisdom, or the person, is compared and contrasted with foolishness or the fool, meaning one who is lacking in wisdom and uninterested in instruction. For the most part Proverbs offers a view of life with few grey areas, life lived according to the rules brings reward
22.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima
23.
National Police Memorial
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The National Police Memorial is a memorial in central London, commemorating about 4000 police officers killed in the course of their duties in the United Kingdom. It was designed by Lord Foster of Thames Bank and Per Arnoldi, the Project Architect for Foster was Peter Ridley. In 1984, following the shooting of Yvonne Fletcher, film director Michael Winner founded the Police Memorial Trust, initially the Trust concentrated on erecting smaller monuments at the points where officers had died on duty. From the mid-1990s the Trust also lobbied and raised funds for a single, Winner stated that Memorials to soldiers, sailors and airmen are commonplace, but the police fight a war with no beginning and no end. Winner donated £500,000 of his own money to the campaign for a national memorial, after a ten-year campaign, Westminster City Council granted planning permission in October 2002. The Memorial was built to a design by Lord Foster of Thames Bank and Danish designer Per Arnoldi, on the corner of The Mall and Horse Guards Road, the site was occupied at the time by an air shaft on the Bakerloo line of the London Underground. The Memorial was formally unveiled on 26 April 2005 by Queen Elizabeth, Michael Howard and Charles Kennedy, the leaders of the UKs other leading political parties at the time, were also present. A guard of honour was provided by 56 officers wearing the uniforms of each of the UKs police forces, the Queen stated that It is surely appropriate that this should be positioned in The Mall - an area of London so often associated with our national way of life. When people pass by the memorial, I hope they will pause, the courage and personal sacrifice recorded here will, I am certain, serve as an inspiration to us all. The Memorial was a winner of the Royal Institute of British Architects award for 2006, Michael Winner publicly voiced some surprise at the structure being included in the Arts and Leisure classification. The Memorial consists of two architectural elements, linked by a terrace of Purbeck stone. A black rectangular creeper-covered enclosure surrounds the air shaft, forming a single block, the northern face of the enclosure is kept free of creepers, and is inscribed with the police badge of office and the text The National Police Memorial, Honouring Those Who Serve. This face also includes a vitrine in which the Roll of Honour is displayed, immediately north of the block, a glass column is sited in a reflecting pool. The column is internally illuminated by fibre optic cables with a faint blue light, the column is intended to screen the vitrine from passing traffic on The Mall. The column is 7. 4m high, consisting of 622 stacked sheets of glass, the earliest entry is that of an unknown constable killed in 1680. The book is compiled from the approximately 4000 names recorded by the Police Roll of Honour Trust, before construction, objections were also raised to the Memorials construction by the London Historical Parks Group and the local residents association. Concern was also raised by some Irish republicans that the Memorial includes the names of those RUC officers killed in The Troubles, official website Image gallery at Foster & Partners
24.
National Police Memorial Australia
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Australias National Police Memorial is in the national capital, Canberra, in Kings Park on the northern shore of Lake Burley Griffin adjacent to the National Carillon on Aspen Island. It commemorates Australian police who have died on duty, the surface of the touchstone wall is clad in cast bronze panels with a slight textural feel and a dark patina. The surface of the cladding is smooth enough to allow the patina to have a wax finish. The touchstones are also cast bronze but have a golden, almost polished patina, there are 1200 touchstones, which is meant to symbolise the ongoing danger for police on duty. The design also incorporates elements acknowledging Saint Michael, the saint of policing. Access roads have been constructed from Kings Avenue, joining to the previous the lakeside road, a competition for the design was sponsored by the Australasian Police Ministers Council, launched on 2 March 2005 by Senator Christopher Ellison, the Federal Minister for Justice and Customs. 77 entries were submitted by its close on 29 April 2005, the winning entry was by Fairweather Proberts Architects. The Australian Federal Police Recognition and Ceremonial Team were given the honour in managing the Dedication Project, the Memorial was officially dedicated by Hon. John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia, on 29 September 2006, National Police Remembrance Day. The Master of Ceremonies was Ita Buttrose, the first policeman to die on duty was Constable Joseph Luker, aged 38, who died on 26 August 1803, after being bludgeoned to death when Sydney was only 15 years old. This 30-year veteran New South Wales Police Force policeman complained to colleagues of feeling ill, then collapsed and died
25.
Peace Officers Memorial Day
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Peace Officers Memorial Day and Police Week is an observance in the United States that pays tribute to the local, state, and Federal peace officers who have died in the line of duty. The Memorial takes place on May 15, and Police Week is the week in which the Memorial falls. The event is sponsored by the National Fraternal Order of Police and is implemented by the National FOP Memorial Committee, the events draw 25,000 to 40,000 law enforcement officers and their families to Washington, D. C. every year. The holiday was created on October 1,1961, when Congress asked the president to designate May 15 to honor peace officers, John F. Kennedy signed the bill into law on October 1,1962. The Proclamation Signed by President John F, amended in 1994, Bill Clinton, through Public Law 103-322, directed that the flag of the United States be flown at half-staff on May 15. These observances also remind us of the ongoing need to be vigilant against all forms of crime, especially to acts of extreme violence and they exemplified the very idea of citizenship -- that with our God-given rights come responsibilities and obligations to ourselves and to others. That’s how we must remember them, and that’s how we must live. We can never repay our debt to these officers and their families and that begins, but does not end, by gathering here -- with heavy hearts, to carve their names in stone, so that all will know them, and that their legacy will endure. We are grateful to them and we are grateful to you
26.
Officer Down Memorial Page
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The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. The ODMP was established in 1996 by Chris Cosgriff, then a freshman at James Madison University. Originally, it focused only on officers who were killed at the time. The ODMP claims to be accessed by over 250,000 unique visitors per month and its research staff are volunteers managed by a lieutenant from the New York City Police Department. The organization has uncovered hundreds of forgotten line-of-duty deaths and has assisted in ensuring those officers are recognized on the appropriate police memorials. Canada and Australia added their own pages in 1997, followed by Central Europe, in 2000, the ODMP was granted 501 tax-exempt status. The operation of the site is paid for private contributions, as well as from the proceeds from a gift shop selling T-shirts, bumper stickers. The site is no longer advertising-free as it had been in the past, in 2007, the ODMP partnered with SharedBook Inc. to create The Officer Down Memorial Book, for sale from the gift shop. In 2010, the ODMP became funded in part through two $150,000 grants awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, Office of Justice Programs of the U. S. Department of Justice. One of those grants was to provide resources on benefits available to survivors of fallen law enforcement officers, the ODMP maintains a detailed list of criteria. The ODMP does not list deaths that result from such factors as officer misconduct and it also excludes deaths caused by off-duty car accidents or private service to a security company or private military company. Most profiles include the shoulder patch of the agency that the officer worked for. If the death was the result of an encounter with a criminal suspect, however, it will state, if known, whether the suspect was apprehended, what sentence they have received if convicted, as well as if the suspect was acquitted or paroled. The profile ends with a list of all the agencies the officer ever served with, as well as any military experience, each officers profile has a Reflections section where visitors can post comments. These comments are moderated and negative, derogatory or abusive postings are removed, there is a search function that allows searching by last name, agency, state, range of years or cause of death. The earliest death listed is Albany County, New York constable Darius Quimby, the earliest death of a federal officer listed is U. S. Marshal Robert Forsyth, killed on January 11,1794, the earliest death of a female officer listed is New York State Department of Correctional Services head attendant Nellie Wicks killed on September 27,1906. North American Game Warden Museum ODMPs official website ODMP Canada ODMP Central Europe
27.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
28.
Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)
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The Adams Memorial is a grave marker located in Section E of Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C. featuring a cast bronze allegorical sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The shrouded figure is seated against a granite block which forms one side of a hexagonal plot, across a small light-toned granite plaza, a comfortable stone bench invites visitors to rest and meditate. The whole is sheltered by a screen of dense conifers, more dense. Erected in 1891, the monument was commissioned by author/historian Henry Adams as a memorial to his wife, Marian Adams, suffering from depression, had died by suicide through the ingestion of potassium cyanide, which she otherwise used to develop photographs. Adams advised Saint-Gaudens to contemplate iconic images from Buddhist devotional art, one such subject, Kannon, is frequently depicted as a seated figure draped in cloth. In addition to the still and flowing elements, the monuments dualism includes male-female fusion in the figure itself and these checks to the standard heroic figure combine to make a countermonument for a woman who disliked monuments generally. Saint-Gaudens may also have influenced by Parisian funerary art from his stay in France. In a letter addressed to Homer Saint-Gaudens, on January 24,1908, Adams instructed him, every magazine writer wants to label it as some American patent medicine for popular consumption—Grief, Despair, Pears Soap, or Macys Mens Suits Made to Measure. Your father meant it to ask a question, not to give an answer, like all great artists, St. Gaudens held up the mirror and no more. At the time of Saint-Gaudenss death, the statue was known as an important work of American sculpture. Its popularity inspired at least one prominent copy, the Black Aggie, on March 16,1972, the Adams Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Adams Memorial photos at Historic American Buildings Survey Cultural Tourism D. C
29.
African American Civil War Memorial
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The sculpture, The Spirit of Freedom, is a 9-foot bronze statue by Ed Hamilton of Louisville, Kentucky, commissioned by the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities in 1993 and completed in 1997. The memorial includes an area with curved panel short walls inscribed with the names of the men who served in the war. The Memorial is located at the entrance to the U Street station on the Washington Metro, served by the Yellow. The memorial was developed by the African American Civil War Memorial Freedom Foundation and it was transferred to the National Park Service on October 27,2004. The National Mall and Memorial Parks office of the NPS now manages the site, the related African American Civil War Museum is located directly across from the memorial at 1925 Vermont Avenue. From July 16–18,2011, it celebrated its opening in a new and permanent facility at this address, with a weekend of speakers. It plans four years of activities to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the war, the museum enables visitors, researchers, and descendants of the United States Colored Troops to better understand their stories. It displays photographs, newspaper articles, and replicas of period clothing, the African American Civil War Memorial Registry at the museum documents the family trees of more than 2,000 descendants of those men who served with the USCT. Visitors can easily search the database to find ancestors and relatives registered in the Descendants Registry
30.
American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial
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Congress adopted legislation establishing the memorial on October 23,2000, authorizing the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation to design, raise funds for, and construct the memorial. The fundraising goal was reached in mid-2010, and ground for the memorial broken on November 10,2010, the memorial was dedicated by President Barack Obama on October 5,2014. Although she did not know him, Pope called the office of United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Jesse Brown to plead for a memorial, Pope called every day for the next six months, until finally Browns secretary put her call through. Brown agreed to support establishing a memorial. Because the Commemorative Works Act of 1986 barred the expenditure of funds for memorials. Brown introduced Pope to Art Wilson, the National Adjutant of the Disabled American Veterans, the DAV was itself not a nonprofit, and thus Pope and Wilson agreed that a new foundation, the Disabled Veterans for Life Memorial Foundation should be created. Brown, Pope, and Wilson incorporated the foundation in 1998, the three individuals and their supporters began lobbying Congress to win passage of the necessary federal legislation. The effort was announced on November 9,1998 and they received the support of Senators John McCain, Max Cleland, and John Kerry, who introduced legislation authorizing a memorial in the United States Senate in January 1999. Companion legislation was introduced in the House of Representatives by Representative John Murtha, the CWA proved to be an obstacle for the memorial foundation. Exemptions could be made for events or individuals of singular importance or long-lasting historic significance and that exemption could only be issued by the National Capital Memorial Commission. The memorial foundation sought just such an exemption, but in November 1999—just before Veterans Day—the NCMC denied the exemption, Veterans groups were outraged, and Pope declared that bureaucracy was standing in the way of honoring people who had taken a bullet for the nation. The NCMC defended its decision, pointing out that Congress enacted the law to slow the rapid proliferation of memorials on the Mall, the agency also noted that there were already many memorials to veterans and to several wars on the National Mall. Since very little remained for memorials, what was left should be kept open for future generations. In the wake of this decision, the backers in Congress quickly added new language to their bill exempting the memorial form the CWAs National Mall ban. The National Park Service and the United States Department of the Interior now opposed the legislation because of this exemption, but Congress quickly approved the bill, and President Bill Clinton signed it into law on October 24,2000. Most of the rules of the CWA still applied to the veterans memorial. The CWA gave the seven years to begin construction, or its authorization would expire. The first site selected by the foundation was disapproved
31.
Belmont-Paul Women's Equality National Monument
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The Belmont-Paul Womens Equality National Monument is a historic house and museum of the U. S. womens suffrage and equal rights movements located in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington, D. C. The monument is named after suffragists and National Womans Party leaders Alva Belmont, since 1929 the house has served as headquarters of the National Womans Party, a key political organization in the fight for womens suffrage. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, from 1972 to 2016, the Sewall-Belmont National Historic Site was an affiliated unit of the National Park Service. In 2016, President Barack Obama designated it a National Monument, affording it more protection, visibility, and likely more funding. On June 20,1632, Charles I, King of England, made a grant in North America to Cecilius Calvert. Lord Baltimore established counties within the province, and provincial courts further subdivided counties into areas known as hundreds, one of these was New Scotland Hundred. Its southern boundary was the Potomac River, extending from the mouth of Oxon Creek upstream to Little Falls Rapids, on February 12,1663, the third Lord Baltimore granted a land patent of 1,000 acres in New Scotland Hundred to George Thompson. The property changed hands, was subdivided, and inherited a number of times before it came into the possession of nine-year-old Daniel Carroll in 1773, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, about December 1790, Washington chose the site now known as the District of Columbia. Congress ratified his decision in 1791, Congress subsequently purchased all land in the new district from its private owners, including Carroll. The district was divided into squares, and each square into lots, Daniel Carroll purchased lot 1 in square 725 on October 18,1793, for $266.66, and the same day the federal government gave lot 32 in square 725 back to Carroll gratis. Robert Sewall purchased lot 2 in square 725 for $429.33 on October 18, the construction of the main house occurred in 1799 and 1800. The main house was essentially an addition to the front of a one-room farmhouse believed to date from 1750, although the Sewall family rarely occupied the home, its size, beauty, and location led many prominent government leaders to reside there. These included Albert Gallatin, who served as Secretary of the Treasury under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, Senator from Maryland, United States Attorney General, and U. S. Tradition maintains that British troops set fire to the house during the War of 1812, the house has undergone several architectural changes and restorations. After the house was burned by the British in 1814. Congress declined to award them, so Sewall himself paid to have the structure repaired in 1820, a stable was probably added to the property at this time. Sewall died in the house on December 16,1820, leaving the building to his wife, Polly and it is unclear which of these continued to live in the house, but Susan definitely lived in it until her death in 1837
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Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial
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Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial is a bronze statue honoring educator and activist Mary McLeod Bethune, by Robert Berks. The monument is the first statue erected on land in Washington, D. C. to honor an African American. The statue features an elderly Mrs. Bethune handing a copy of her legacy to two black children. Mrs. Bethune is supporting herself by a given to her by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The statue was unveiled on the anniversary of her 99th birthday, July 10,1974, the funds for the monument were raised by the National Council of Negro Women, the organization Mrs. Bethune founded in 1935. It is located in Lincoln Park, at East Capitol Street, the inscription reads,73 Berks MARY McLEOD BETHUNE18751955 Let her works praise her ERECTED JULY10,1974 BY THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO WOMEN, INC. DOROTHY I. HEIGHT PRESIDENT I LEAVE YOU LOVE, I LEAVE YOU THE CHALLENGE OF DEVELOPING CONFIDENCE IN ONE ANOTHER. I LEAVE YOU A THIRST FOR EDUCATION, I LEAVE YOU A RESPECT FOR THE USE OF POWER. I LEAVE YOU A DESIRE TO LIVE HARMONIOUSLY WITH YOUR FELLOW MEN, I LEAVE YOU FINALLY, A RESPONSIBILITY TO OUR YOUNG PEOPLE. Mary McLeod Bethune List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 6 Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Statue of Mary MacLeod Bethune, anniversary events this week for Mary McLeod Bethune statue in Lincoln Park
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Boy Scout Memorial
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The Boy Scout Memorial is a public artwork by American sculptor Donald De Lue, located at The Ellipse in Washington, D. C. This sculpture was surveyed in 1993 as part of the Smithsonians Save Outdoor Sculpture, the Boy Scout Memorial serves as a tribute to the Boy Scouts of America. The sculpture consists of three figures, a Boy Scout in the center wearing a uniform stepping forward and carrying a walking stick in his left hand. Flanking him are two allegorical figures of a man and woman. They represent American Manhood and Womanhood and the ideals they will pass onto the youth, to the Boy Scouts right side is the male figure, nearly nude, who carries a bundle of leaves and drapery in his left arm. Part of the drapery blows across his middle as he strides forward with his right leg, to the Scouts left side is the female figure who holds a torch in her left hand that has a gold-colored flame. Her left hand extends slightly and her palm is facing upward, the three figures are mounted on a hexagonal-shaped base and in front of the sculpture is a circular pool of water. The three figures represent various concepts, according to the National Park Service the Boy Scout represents the aspirations of all past, present, and future Scouts throughout the world. The male figure exemplifies physical, mental, and moral fitness, love of country, good citizenship, loyalty, honor and he carries a helmet, a symbol of masculine attire. The female figure symbolizes enlightenment with the love of God and fellow man, justice, freedom and she holds the eternal flame of Gods Holy Spirit. The sculpture was founded by Modern Art Foundry in New York, in 1959, the 50th anniversary year of Scouting, Lyndon B. Johnson, then Senate majority leader, introduced a measure to establish the memorial, upon approval, funds for the sculpture were raised by Boy Scouts collecting dimes throughout the country, therefore no government spending was used. The names of all the collecting Scouts are inscribed on scrolls that are placed inside the base of the unit, the sculpture sits at the location of the 1937 National Scout Jamboree, the first jamboree. It was dedicated on November 7,1964 and accepted by Associate Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark who celebrated his 50th anniversary of being an Eagle Scout on that day and this sculpture was surveyed by Save Outdoor Sculpture. in 1993 and was described as well maintained. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 Scouting in Washington, Boy Scout Memorial on dcMemorials Roadside Americas Boy Scout Memorial - Sparingly Clad Chums The memorial is one of Lonely Planets Top 5 Secret Statues in Washington
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James Buchanan Memorial
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The James Buchanan Memorial is a bronze and granite memorial in the Southeast corner of Meridian Hill Park Northwest, Washington, D. C. It was designed by architect William Gorden Beecher, and sculpted by Maryland artist Hans Schuler, commissioned in 1916, but not approved by the U. S. Congress until 1918, it was completed and unveiled June 26,1930. The memorial in the nations capital complemented an earlier monument, constructed in 1907–08 and dedicated in 1911, on the site of Buchanans birthplace in Mercersburg, http, //www. c-spanvideo. org/program/298193-1 http, //dcmemorialist. com/2010/03/buchanan-statue/ Buchanan Memorial, HABS, Library of Congress
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District of Columbia War Memorial
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The District of Columbia War Memorial commemorates the citizens of the District of Columbia who served in World War I. As in the title, this stands for World War I soldiers that fought. The memorial stands in West Potomac Park slightly off of Independence Avenue in a grove of trees, authorized by an act of Congress on June 7,1924, funds to construct the memorial were provided by the contributions of both organizations and individual citizens of the District. Construction of the began in the spring of 1931. It was the first war memorial to be erected in West Potomac Park, part of the National Mall near the Lincoln Memorial, designed by Washington architect Frederick H. Brooke, with Horace W. Peaslee and Nathan C. Wyeth as associate architects, the District of Columbia War Memorial is in the form of a 47-foot tall circular, domed, resting on concrete foundations, the 4 foot high marble base defines a platform,43 feet 5 inches in diameter, intended for use as a bandstand. Preserved in the cornerstone of the District of Columbia World War Memorial is a list of 26,000 Washingtonians who served in the Great War. Inscribed on the base are the names of the 499 District of Columbia citizens who lost their lives in the war, twelve 22-foot tall fluted Doric marble columns support the entablature and dome. In July 2010, the National Park Service announced that work, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Work began in October 2010, and the memorial reopened on November 10,2011 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall, list of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 National Register of Historic Places listings in central Washington, D. C. Views of the National Parks - National Park Service Historic American Buildings Survey, HABS DC-857 World War I Memorial Foundation DC Preservation League Most Endangered Places for 2003 District of Columbia Service in World War One and the DC World War Memorial
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Albert Einstein Memorial
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The Albert Einstein Memorial is a monumental bronze statue depicting Albert Einstein seated with manuscript papers in hand by sculptor Robert Berks. It is located in central Washington, D. C, united States, in a grove of trees at the southwest corner of the grounds of the National Academy of Sciences at 2101 Constitution Avenue N. W. near the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. The memorial is a spot for tourists visiting the national mall to pose for pictures. The statue depicts Einstein seated in casual repose on a bench of Mount Airy white granite. The bronze figure weighs approximately 4 tons and is 12 feet in height, the monument is supported by three caissons, totaling 135 tons, sunk in bedrock to a depth of 23 to 25 feet. It was cast at Modern Art Foundry, Astoria Queens, NY, the sculptor, Robert Berks, known for his portrait busts and statues, based the work on a bust of Einstein he sculpted from life in 1953 at Einsteins Princeton home. Landscape architect James A. Van Sweden designed the monument landscaping, Berks created two replicas of his 1979 monument. Today, the replicas can be viewed in the garden of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. The statue and bench are at one side of a circular dais,28 feet in diameter, made from granite from Larvik. Embedded in the dais are more than 2,700 metal studs representing the location of objects, including the at noon on April 22,1979. Familiar constellations are marked on the map for easy identification, to a visitor standing at the center of the dais, Einstein appears to be making direct eye contact, and any spoken words are notably amplified. They were selected to reflect Einsteins sense of wonder, scientific integrity and they are, As long as I have any choice in the matter, I shall live only in a country where civil liberty, tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. Joy and amazement at the beauty and grandeur of this world of man can just form a faint notion. The right to search for truth implies also a duty, one must not conceal any part of one has recognized to be true. The statue was filmed and subsequently used in the title sequence of Sesame Street during the shows 20th season. A copy of the Albert Einstein Memorial made of 100% dark and white chocolate was once on display in the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, DC. In July 2012, the sculpture was bombed by the Polish-born artist Olek, who enclosed the entire statue in a colorful crocheted wrap of pinks, purples. List of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 Einstein, Albert, Statue at the Natl Academy of Sciences in Washington, D. C
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Emancipation Memorial
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Designed and sculpted by Thomas Ball and erected in 1876, the monument depicts Abraham Lincoln in his role of the Great Emancipator freeing a male African American slave modeled on Archer Alexander. The ex-slave is depicted on one knee, with one fist clenched, shirtless, the statue originally faced west towards the U. S. Capitol until it was rotated east in 1974 in order to face the newly-erected Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial. The monument has long been the subject of controversy, according to information from American University, If there is one slavery monument whose origins are highly political, the Freedman’s memorial is it. The development process for this memorial started immediately after Abraham Lincolns assassination and ended, appropriately enough, in many ways, it exemplified and reflected the hopes, dreams, striving, and ultimate failures of reconstruction. The statue is a monument to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, DC. The turbulent politics of the era affected the fundraising campaign on many levels. Fredrick Douglass disagreed and thought the goal of education was incommensurate with that of remembering Lincoln, harriet Hosmer proposed a grander monument than that suggested by Thomas Ball. Her design, which was deemed too expensive, posed Lincoln atop a tall central pillar flanked by smaller pillars topped with Black Civil War soldiers. When Balls design was chosen, the commission insisted on certain changes. Instead of wearing a liberty cap, the slave in the monument is depicted bare-headed with tightly curled hair. The face was re-sculpted to look like Archer Alexander, an ex-slave whose life story was popularized by a written by William Greenleaf Eliot. It is no longer allegorical but realistic, in fact, Lincoln never met Archer Alexander, so it is historically inaccurate. While the original design poses a question — will this slave become a man, — the revision erases that query and instead implies a relationship between two men who never actually knew each other. In the final design, as in Balls original design, Lincoln holds a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation in his right hand. The document rests on a plinth bearing patriotic symbols including George Washingtons profile, the fasces of the American republic, the plinth replaces the pile of books in Balls original design. Behind the two figures is a whipping post draped with cloth, a vine growns around the pillory and around the ring where the chain was secured. The monument was cast in Munich in 1875 and shipped to Washington the following year, congress accepted the statue as a gift from the colored citizens of the United States and appropriated $3,000 for a pedestal upon which it would rest. The statue was erected in Lincoln Park where it still stands. D, the first contribution of five dollars was made by Charlotte Scott
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John Ericsson National Memorial
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The Swedish engineer John Ericsson was also the designer of the USS Monitor, the ship that ensured Union naval supremacy during the American Civil War. The national memorial was authorized by Congress August 31,1916, Congress appropriated $35,000 for the creation of the memorial, and Americans chiefly of Scandinavian descent raised an additional $25,000. Constructed on a site near the Lincoln Memorial between September 1926 and April 1927, the pink Milford granite memorial is 20 feet high with a 150-foot diameter base. Sculpted by James Earle Fraser, it features a figure of Ericsson 6 feet 5 inches high. The national memorial is managed by National Mall and Memorial Parks, list of public art in Washington, D. C. com John Ericsson Memorial Photos-Flickr
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First Division Monument
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The First Division Monument is located in Presidents Park, south of State Place Northwest, between 17th Street Northwest and West Executive Avenue Northwest in Washington, DC, United States. The Monument commemorates those who died serving in the 1st Infantry Division of the U. S. Army. The monument was conceived by the Society of the First Division, later additions to the monument commemorate the lives of First Division soldiers who fought in subsequent wars. The World War II addition on the west side was dedicated in 1957, the Vietnam War addition on the east side in 1977, Cass Gilbert was the architect of the original memorial and Daniel Chester French was the sculptor of the Victory statue. Gilberts son, Cass Gilbert Jr. designed the World War II addition, both the Vietnam War addition and the Desert Storm plaque were designed by the Philadelphia firm of Harbeson, Hough, Livingston, and Larson. Congressional approval was obtained to erect the First Division Monument and its later additions on federal ground, the Society of the First Division raised all the funds for the original monument and its additions. Today, the monument and grounds are maintained by the National Park Service, list of public art in Washington, D. C. Ward 2 First Division Monument. Webpage from the National Park Service website
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James A. Garfield Monument
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The James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S. W. and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D. C. It is a memorial to President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving four months of his term. It was unveiled on May 12,1887, today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, the Society raised almost $28,000 to pay the sculptor. Some of the funds were raised by The Garfield Monument Fair, also in that year, Congress appropriated to the Society $7500 in funds from the sale of condemned cannons, in 1884 it appropriated $30,000 for the pedestal. The monument was incorporated into the Capitol Grounds on January 2,1975, NEW YORK Law, Justice, Prosperity J. Q. A. A. C. Ward 6 President James A. Garfield Monument, Wikimapia GARFIELD, James Abram, Memorial west of the U. S. Capitol in Washington, statue of James A. Garfield on the Garfield Monument, Architect of the Capitol
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Ulysses S. Grant Memorial
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The Ulysses S. Grant Memorial is a presidential memorial in Washington, D. C. honoring American Civil War general and U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant. It sits at the base of Capitol Hill, below the west front of the United States Capitol and its sculpture of Grant on horseback faces west, over the Capitol Reflecting Pool and toward the Lincoln Memorial, which honors Grants wartime president, Abraham Lincoln. Grants statue rests on a pedestal decorated with reliefs of the infantry, flanking pedestals hold statues of protective lions. The Grant and Lincoln memorials define the eastern and western ends, respectively, the Grant Memorial is a contributor to the Civil War Monuments in Washington, D. C. of the National Register of Historic Places. James M. Goodes authoritative The Grant Memorial in Washington, D. C. calls it one of the most important sculptures in Washington and it includes the second-largest equestrian statue in the United States and the fourth-largest in the world. The Grant Memorial is in Union Square, which encompasses the Capitol Reflecting Pool. The platform for the Monument, made of Vermont marble, is 252 feet long and 71 feet wide and is divided into three sections. The tall, middle section features a 10, 700-pound, 17-foot-2-inch high equestrian statue depicting Grant astride his war horse Cincinnati on a 22½-foot high marble pedestal, a striking feature of the central statue is Grants calm attitude amidst the raging fighting going on around him. This is not surprising because Grant was known for his calmness and coolheadedness during battle, surrounding the main pedestal are four shorter pedestals, each supporting a bronze lion in repose guarding both the United States flag and the flags of the Army. The memorial was the largest bronze sculpture cast in the United States at that time, the Artillery Group to the south shows a caisson carrying three artillerymen and pulled by three horses. Astride the horse on the left is the carrier who is signaling a sharp right wheel. Despite the impending course change the horse on the right is able to continue lunging forward due to a strap on the right bridle bit. To the north the Cavalry Group depicts a squad consisting of seven cavalrymen charging into battle. The horse on the right has fallen and the rider, modeled after Shrady himself, is moments from being trampled by the onrushing horses, the drive to erect a monument to Grant was begun in the 1890s by the Society of the Army of the Tennessee. Work on the memorial was begun in 1902 as the largest ever commissioned by Congress at the time, was created by sculptor Henry Merwin Shrady, sculptor Edmond Amateis assisted Shrady as the monument neared completion in 1921. Shrady spent 20 years of his working on the memorial and died, stressed and overworked. The sculptures were cast in bronze at the Roman Bronze Works in New York, construction on the site of the memorial began in 1909 when the marble superstructure and the four bronze lions were installed. The Artillery Group was installed in 1912, the Cavalry Group in 1916, the memorial was dedicated on the 100th anniversary of Grants birth, April 27,1922
