1.
Cape Town
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Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa
Cape Town
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Clockwise from top: Cape Town CBD,
Strand,
Clifton beach,
Table Mountain,
Port of Cape Town,
Cape Town City Hall
Cape Town
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Coat of arms
Cape Town
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Arrival of
Jan van Riebeeck in
Table Bay by
Charles Bell
Cape Town
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View of Table Bay with ships of the
Dutch East India Company, c. 1683
2.
National library
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A national library is a library specifically established by the government of a country to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries, these rarely allow citizens to borrow books, often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. A National Library is that library which has the duty of collecting and preserving the literature of the nation within, thus, National Libraries are those libraries whose community is the nation at large. Examples include The British Library, and The Bibliothèque Nationale In Paris, there are wider definitions of a national library, putting less emphasis to the repository character. National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in the same country. Some states which are not independent, but who wish to preserve their culture, have established a national library with all the attributes of such institutions. National libraries of Europe participate in The European Library and this is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians. The first national libraries had their origins in the collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state. In England, Sir Richard Bentleys Proposal for Building a Royal Library published in 1694 stimulated renewed interest in the subject. Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington, an antiquarian, amassed the richest private collection of manuscripts in the world at the time. Sir Roberts genius was in finding, purchasing and preserving these ancient documents, after his death his grandson donated the library to the nation as its first national library. This transfer established the formation of the British Library, the first true national library was founded in 1753 as part of the British Museum. This new institution was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public, sloanes collection included some 40,000 printed books and 7,000 manuscripts, as well as prints and drawings. The British Museum Act 1753 also incorporated the Cotton library and the Harleian library and these were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library, assembled by various British monarchs. Anthony Panizzi became the Principal Librarian at the British Museum in 1856, during his tenure, the Librarys holdings increased from 235,000 to 540,000 volumes, making it the largest library in the world at the time. Its famous circular Reading Room was opened in 1857, Panizzi undertook the creation of a new catalogue, based on the Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules which he devised with his assistants. These rules served as the basis for all subsequent catalogue rules of the 19th and 20th centuries, in France, the first national library was the Bibliothèque Mazarine, which evolved from its origin as a royal library founded at the Louvre Palace by Charles V in 1368. At the death of Charles VI, this first collection was bought by the English regent of France, the Duke of Bedford
National library
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National Library of Spain in Madrid, founded 1712
National library
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Italian
National Central Library in Florence
National library
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The
National Library of China is the largest library in Asia
National library
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The
Lindisfarne Gospels is but one of the treasures collected by
Sir Robert Cotton.
3.
Edmund Roberts (diplomat)
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Roberts concluded treaties with Thailand and Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, ratified in Washington, D. C.30 June 1834. He returned in 1836 to exchange ratifications with Oman and Thailand and he fell seriously ill with dysentery and died in Portuguese Macau, which precluded his becoming Americas first envoy to Edo Japan. Young Edmund at age 13 received through his congressman a Midshipmans warrant in the United States Navy, Roberts put to sea in 1800, eventually residing in London until age 24. Of the couples 11 children,8 survived their parents, New Hampshire, with only 16 miles of coast line, and the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Maine is credited with shaping Roberts character. Formation of an American naval force was a topic of debate for years, with opponents arguing that building a navy would only lead to calls for a navy department and the staff to operate it. This would further lead to more appropriations of funds, which would eventually spiral out of control, after some debate and prompting by President Washington, Congress passed an act on 20 April 1796 allowing the construction and funding to continue only on the three ships nearest to completion. Congress, laid at Portsmouth in 1795, was spared the axe due to the Quasi-War and XYZ Affair, in 1819, under the command of John D. Henley, she was the first U. S. warship to visit China. In fact, from 1798 to 1883 the foreign affairs of the United States were primarily, but not entirely, Roberts entered the New England triangular trade as shipowner and his own supercargo, but never as a captain. Robert Hopkins Miller says Roberts lost his wealth in a series of misfortunes. However, Miller erroneously places Demerara on the east coast of Africa, the 1823 revolt had a special significance. t attracted attention in Britain inside and outside Parliament to the terrible evil slavery and the need to abolish it. Roberts own account mentions neither Demerara nor the slave revolt but his aversion to slavery colors his negotiating stance. By 1827, nearly impoverished by depredations of French and Spanish privateers on his ships in the West Indies, senator Levi Woodbury, a personal friend, of the aggravations endured by American shipping, that might be alleviated by negotiating commercial treaties. The stage was set for Roberts diplomatic career by Salems trade with China, from 1826 to 1832, John Shillaber, American consul in Batavia, sent a series of letters suggesting that he be empowered to negotiate trade treaties. As the Potomac was departing the schooner Boxer was nearing commissioning, Peacock, outfitted for exploration, Woodbury convinced Jackson to send both 10-gun ships to support Potomac – with Roberts as Jacksons special agent. Livingston adds a postscript that Roberts is to receive $6 per diem, Jackson later explains to the Senate in his message of 30 May 1834, The expenses of the agency have been defrayed out of the contingent fund for foreign intercourse. In mid-February 1832, Boxer is dispatched to Liberia, with orders to join the Peacock off the coast of Brazil, but the ships fail to rendezvous until 5 June 1834 – in the unhealthy roadstead of Batavia. In March 1832, Peacock sails for Brazil under Commander David Geisinger, with Francis Baylies appointed chargé d’affaires to Buenos Aires and his published account follows the general outline of that published two years previously of East India Company agent John Crawfurds 1822 mission to Siam and Cochinchina. Roberts, in both his report to State and in his journal, cites page 269 of his copy of Mr. Crawford – page 414 in Crawfurds second edition
Edmund Roberts (diplomat)
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Peacock. Alfred T. Agate. Pencil.
Edmund Roberts (diplomat)
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1904 version of New Hampshire state seal with image of the
Raleigh and Latin inscription
4.
International Federation of Library Associations
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The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions is the leading international body representing the interests of people who rely on libraries and information professionals. An independent, non-governmental, not-for-profit organization, IFLA was founded in Scotland in 1927, IFLA closely partners with UNESCO, with several IFLA manifestos recognized as UNESCO manifestos. IFLA is part of the International Committee of the Blue Shield, isak Collijn, head of the National Library of Sweden, was elected the first president. The first constitution was approved in Rome in 1929 during the World Congress of Librarianship, during the 1930s the first library associations from outside Europe and the US joined, these being China, India, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines. By 1958 membership had grown to 64 associations from 42 countries, a permanent secretariat was established in 1962. By 1970 there were 250 members from 52 countries, the secretariat was moved to The Hague in 1971. By 1974 IFLA membership had become virtually global with 600 members in 100 countries, membership criteria were expanded beyond library associations in 1976 to include institutions, i. e. libraries, library schools and bibliographic institutes. At this time, the word Institutions was added to the organisations name, since then further new categories of membership have been created, including personal affiliates. IFLA has now grown to over 1,600 members in approximately 150 countries and it is headquartered in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, the National Library of the Netherlands, in The Hague. A volunteer-driven committee, the CLM was created to advise and represent the IFLA on matters of international copyright law, the CLM produces legal briefs and is the representative for the IFLA at meetings of the World Intellectual Property Organization. FAIFE provides guidance and leadership on issues of freedom around the world through the publication of annual reports, guidelines, manifestos, special reports. The mission of FAIFE is to, Raise awareness of the correlation between the library concept and the values of freedom of expression. Collect and disseminate documentation and aim to stimulate a dialog both within and outside the library world, act as a focal point on the issue of freedom of expression, libraries and librarianship. IFLA/FAIFE is a member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange and it is also a member of the Tunisia Monitoring Group, a coalition of 16 free expression organisations that lobbies the Tunisian government to improve its human rights record. Established in 1984, the Strategic Programme on Preservation and Conservation focuses on efforts to preserve library and archive materials, in any form, unlike other IFLA Strategic Programmes, PAC features a decentralised approach, with global strategies implemented by a Focal Point and activities managed by Regional Centres. PAC aims to ensure that both published and unpublished library and archive materials are preserved in an accessible form, the first IFLA Trend commissioned report entitled Caught in the waves or caught in the tide. Insights from the IFLA Trend Report, was published in January 2013 and launched at the World Library, the IFLA trend report resulted in the identification of high level societal emerging trends which may affect the global information environment. The research consists of a number of documents—including an overview, annotated bibliography, one of the key focal points of the report was the inundation of the archives with a tidal wave of information
International Federation of Library Associations
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International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)
5.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
OCLC
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Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)
OCLC
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Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)
OCLC
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OCLC headquarters (Ohio)
OCLC
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OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)
6.
Sovereign state
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A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and it is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state. The existence or disappearance of a state is a question of fact, States came into existence as people gradually transferred their allegiance from an individual sovereign to an intangible but territorial political entity, of the state. States are but one of political orders that emerged from feudal Europe, others being city states, leagues. Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of sovereignty based on territoriality. It is a system of states, multinational corporations. Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused and that position was reflected and constituted in the notion that their sovereignty was either completely lacking, or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of civilised people. Lassa Oppenheim said There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is a fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was universally agreed upon. In the opinion of H. V. Evatt of the High Court of Australia, sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all. The right of nations to determine their own status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. The Westphalian model of sovereignty has increasingly come under fire from the non-west as a system imposed solely by Western Colonialism. What this model did was make religion a subordinate to politics and this system does not fit in the Islamic world because concepts such as separation of church and state and individual conscience are not recognised in the Islamic religion as social systems. Nation denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, religion, language, origins, however, the adjectives national and international are frequently used to refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly sovereign states, as in national capital, international law. State refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory, State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations, There is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In actual practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal, in international law, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign
Sovereign state
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Member states of the
United Nations, all of which are sovereign states, though not all sovereign states are necessarily members
7.
National Library of Cape Verde
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The National Library of Cape Verde is located in Praia, Cape Verde in the middle of the neighborhood of Várzea. The library maintains the National Bibliography, contains the historical archives. It also serves as the library of Praia, the countrys capital. Other landmarks surrounding the library is Estádio da Várzea opposite Rua da Várzea. East of the library is Avenida Machado Santos which forms the boundary with the Plateau, Cape Verdean libraries benefitted the assigned protocol that included collections that came equipped and changed the physical structures and programs and the creation of librarians. In 2001, the established the Institute of the National Library. The project also works to disperse throughout the country and support national authors. The library also has a partnership with the municipal libraries to create National Network Public Libraries. List of buildings and structures in Santiago, Cape Verde Official website
National Library of Cape Verde
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Instituto de Biblioteca Nacional e do Livro (National Library of Cape Verde)
8.
National Library of Egypt
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The Egyptian National Library and Archives in Cairo is the largest library in Egypt. The second largest are the libraries of Al-Azhar University and the Bibliotheca Alexandrina, the National Library, the oldest government library, houses several million volumes on a wide range of topics. It is one of the largest in the world with thousands of ancient collections and it also contains a vast variety of Arabic-language and other Eastern manuscripts. The main library is a building in Ramlet Boulaq, a district of Cairo. The Egyptian National Archives are contained in an annex beside the building and it was started in 1870 by a decree from Khedive Ismail through an initiative from Ali Pasha Mubarak, the education minister at the time. In its first decades the position of director were held by German Orientalists, most notable among them were Karl Vollers and Bernhardt Moritz. Collections include a variety of manuscripts of the Quran, written on paper and parchment, with some in the early undotted Kufic script. Of Egyptian Islamic materials, there is perhaps the collection of illuminated manuscripts of the Quran in the Mamluk text-hand. There are also collections of Arabic papyri from different sites in Egypt, the library is a mine of information on early Islamic Egypts social and cultural life. Ancient Persian and Ottoman collections are also housed, the librarys great resources in manuscripts and documents include more than 57,000 of the most valuable manuscripts in the world. The manuscript collection covers a vast number of subjects, fully documented, dated and it also houses a rare number of Arabic papyri. These are related to marriage, rent, and exchange contracts, as well as records, accounts of taxes, distribution of inheritance, the oldest papyrus group dates back to the year AH87, only 444 papyri from this collection were published. Collections formed by Ahmed Taymour Pasha, Ahmed Zaki Pasha, Ahmed Talaat Bey, Moritz, Bernhardt, Additions à la collection numismatique de la Bibliothèque Khédiviale. In, Bulletin de lInstitut Egyptien, 4e sér, nicol, Norman D. el-Nabarawy, R. & Bacharach, J. L. Catalog of the Islamic Coins, Glass Weights, Dies and Medals in the Egyptian National Library, Cairo. Library of Alexandria National Archives of Egypt Official website Dar Elkotob About the Library
National Library of Egypt
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Egyptian National Library and Archives or Dar Al-Kottob Al-Masryyia - Bab al-Khalq - Cairo
9.
National Library of Ethiopia
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The National Archives and Library of Ethiopia, located in Addis Ababa, is the national library and archives of the country. The library was inaugurated in 1944 by Emperor Haile Selassie and began service with books donated by the emperor, 50/76 gave the library the legal right to collect three copies of every material published in the country. It is currently a unit of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the archives was established in 1979, and its collection includes ancient and historical manuscripts written from as early as the 14th and 15th centuries. It started functioning with archives from the Ministry of the Grand Palace, Palace of the Crown Prince, the archive includes letters written by several kings, empresses, and princes. List of national archives HRYÚKO, Katarzyna, an Outline of the National Archives and Library of Ethiopia
National Library of Ethiopia
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National Archives and Library of Ethiopia
10.
National Library of Morocco
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The Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc is located in Rabat, Morocco with a branch in Tetouan. The library was founded in 1924, after a dahir in 1926, it became a public establishment. Tétouan native Muhammad Abu Khubza authored a library catalog for the branch in that city in 1984, list of national libraries Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc >
National Library of Morocco
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Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc
11.
National Library of Mozambique
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The National Library of Mozambique is located in Maputo, Mozambique. It is located in a structure which housed the Office of Finance of the Colony of Mozambique. It was designed by the architect Mario Veiga in 1904, and is located on 25 de Setembro Avenue, the organizational structure of the National Library of Mozambique was created by Diploma Ministerial of the Mozambican Ministry of Culture no. Department of Preservation and Conservation, which is responsible for the conservation, restoration, division of Administration and Finance, which manages the basic administration, finance, and human resources, and public relations for the National Library. It also coordinates the National Public Libraries System of Mozambique
National Library of Mozambique
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National Library of Mozambique
12.
National Library of Somalia
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The National Library of Somalia is a national library in Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia. The National Library was established in 1975, and was open to the general public, in 1983, it held approximately 7,000 books, with limited historical and cultural archival material. The National Library later closed down in the 1990s, in June 2013, the Heritage Institute for Policy Studies organized a shipment of 22,000 books from the United States to Somalia as part of an initiative to restock the library. In December of the year, the Somali authorities officially launched a project to rebuild the National Library. With Zainab Hassan serving as Director, the $1 million federal government funded initiative will see a new complex built in the capital within six months. In preparation for the relaunch,60,000 additional books from other Arab League states are expected to arrive
National Library of Somalia
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Zainab Hassan, Director of the National Library of Somalia.
13.
List of states with limited recognition
–
A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as de jure sovereign states, but have not been universally recognized as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory, a number of such entities have existed in the past. There are two traditional doctrines that provide indicia of how a de jure sovereign state comes into being, according to declarative theory, an entitys statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of international law if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community. Proto-states often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood, there are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria, but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. Non-recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory, in other cases, two or more partially recognised entities may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it. Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the worlds states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims, the international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo or the German-created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before, in the 1996 case Loizidou vs. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus. Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position. See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed, some states are slow to establish relations with new states and thus do not recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list, there are 193 United Nations member states. The Holy See and the State of Palestine have observer status in the United Nations. Some states maintain informal relations with states that do not officially recognise them, the Republic of China is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows the ROC to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it, a total of 56 states, including Germany, Italy, the United States, and the United Kingdom, maintain some form of unofficial mission in the ROC. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is a sovereign entity and is not included. It has established full diplomatic relations with 105 sovereign states as a subject of international law. Five more states maintain neither and do not recognise its passports, Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, uncontacted peoples who either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known. Entities considered to be micronations are not included, even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often up to debate whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory
List of states with limited recognition
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Women in
Somaliland, wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag.
