1.
National Party (South Africa)
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The National Party was a political party in South Africa founded in 1915 and first became the governing party of the country in 1924. It was in opposition during the World War II years but returned to power and was again in government from 4 June 1948 until 9 May 1994, at this time, it began implementing its policy of racial segregation, known as apartheid. Members of the National Party were sometimes known as Nationalists or Nats, the policies of the party included apartheid, the establishment of a republic, and the promotion of Afrikaner culture. During the 1980s, large fractions of the support base left for the Conservative Party. After 1990, the NP opened up its membership to all groups and rebranded itself as a non-racial. It participated in the Government of National Unity between 1994 and 1996, in an attempt to better distance itself from its past, the party was renamed the New National Party in 1997. The attempt was unsuccessful and the new party was disbanded in 2005. The National Party was founded in Bloemfontein in 1915 by Afrikaner nationalists soon after the establishment of the Union of South Africa. Its founding was rooted in disagreements among South African Party politicians, particularly Prime Minister Louis Botha and his first Minister of Justice, after Hertzog began speaking out publicly against the Botha governments one-stream policy in 1912, Botha removed him from the cabinet. Afrikaner nationalists in the Transvaal and Cape provinces soon followed suit, the NP first came to power in coalition with the Labour Party in 1924, with Hertzog as Prime Minister. In 1930, the Hertzog government worked to undermine the vote of Coloureds by granting the right to vote to white women, in 1934, Hertzog agreed to merge his National Party with the rival South African Party of Jan Smuts to form the United Party. A hardline faction of Afrikaner nationalists, led by Daniel François Malan, refused to accept the merger, the Purified National Party used opposition to South African participation in World War II to stir up anti-British feelings amongst Afrikaners. In 1951, the two amalgamated to once again known simply as the National Party. In 1959, the Bantu Self-Government Act established so-called Homelands for ten different black tribes. The ultimate goal of the NP was to move all Black South Africans into one of these homelands, leaving what was left of South Africa with what would then be a White majority, at least on paper. Accordingly, the three parliamentary seats that had been reserved for white representatives of black South Africans in Cape Province were scrapped. The other three provinces – Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and Natal – had never allowed any black representation, Coloureds were removed from the Common Roll of Cape Province in 1953. Instead of voting for the representatives as white South Africans
2.
Cape Town
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Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa
3.
Right-wing populism
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Right-wing populism is a political ideology that rejects the current political consensus and often combines laissez-faire, ethnocentrism and anti-elitism. It is considered populism because of its appeal to the man as opposed to the elites. Right wing populism in the Western world, is associated with ideologies such as New Nationalism, anti-globalization, nativism, protectionism. Although extreme right-wing movements in the US have been studied separately, other populist parties have links to fascist movements founded during the interwar period when Italian, German, Hungarian, Spanish and Japanese fascism rose to power. Since the early 2010s, right wing populist movements such as the National Front in France, the Party for Freedom in the Netherlands, and UK Independence Party began to grow in popularity. In large part because of increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising euroscepticism, President Donald Trumps 2016 political views have been summarized by pundits as right wing populist and nationalist. Also, unlike traditional parties, they do not belong to organizations of like-minded parties. One commonality though is that they are more right-wing than other parties on the left–right axis. Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as radical right or other such as New Nationalism. Republican Party and Conservative Party of Canada include right-wing populist factions, Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada due to Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, in recent years, right-wing populism exists within factions of the Conservative Party of Canada and is most notably espoused by Kellie Leitch, Kevin OLeary and the now-deceased Rob Ford. In 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia tries to divide, the Austrian Freedom Party established in 1955 by a former Nazi functionary claims to represent a Third Camp, beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian Peoples Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, from 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more liberal stance. Upon the 1983 federal election it entered a government with the Socialist Party. The liberal interlude however ended, when Jörg Haider was elected chairman in 1986, by his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude, Haider re-integrated the partys nationalist base voters. Nevertheless, he was able to obtain votes from large sections of population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing corruption. The electoral success was boosted by Austrias accession to the EU in 1995, upon the 1999 federal election the Freedom Party with 26. 9% of the votes cast became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a government with the Peoples Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers
4.
Conservatism
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Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization. The term, historically associated with right-wing politics, has since used to describe a wide range of views. There is no set of policies that are universally regarded as conservative, because the meaning of conservatism depends on what is considered traditional in a given place. Thus conservatives from different parts of the world—each upholding their respective traditions—may disagree on a range of issues. In contrast to the definition of conservatism, political theorists such as Corey Robin define conservatism primarily in terms of a general defense of social. In Great Britain, conservative ideas emerged in the Tory movement during the Restoration period, Toryism supported a hierarchical society with a monarch who ruled by divine right. Tories opposed the idea that sovereignty derived from the people, and rejected the authority of parliament, Robert Filmers Patriarcha, or the Natural Power of Kings, published posthumously in 1680 but written before the English Civil War of 1642–1651, became accepted as the statement of their doctrine. However, the Glorious Revolution of 1688 destroyed this principle to some degree by establishing a government in England. Faced with defeat, the Tories reformed their movement, now holding that sovereignty was vested in the three estates of Crown, Lords, and Commons rather than solely in the Crown, Toryism became marginalized during the long period of Whig ascendancy in the 18th century. Conservatives typically see Richard Hooker as the father of conservatism, along with the Marquess of Halifax, David Hume. Halifax promoted pragmatism in government, whilst Hume argued against political rationalism and utopianism, Burke served as the private secretary to the Marquis of Rockingham and as official pamphleteer to the Rockingham branch of the Whig party. Together with the Tories, they were the conservatives in the late 18th century United Kingdom, Burkes views were a mixture of liberal and conservative. He supported the American Revolution of 1765–1783 but abhorred the violence of the French Revolution and he insisted on standards of honor derived from the medieval aristocratic tradition, and saw the aristocracy as the nations natural leaders. That meant limits on the powers of the Crown, since he found the institutions of Parliament to be better informed than commissions appointed by the executive and he favored an established church, but allowed for a degree of religious toleration. Burke justified the order on the basis of tradition, tradition represented the wisdom of the species and he valued community. Burke was a leading theorist in his day, finding extreme idealism an endangerment to broader liberties, despite their influence on future conservative thought, none of these early contributors were explicitly involved in Tory politics. Hooker lived in the 16th century, long before the advent of toryism, whilst Hume was an apolitical philosopher, Burke described himself as a Whig. Shortly after Burkes death in 1797, conservatism revived as a political force as the Whigs suffered a series of internal divisions
5.
City of Cape Town
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The City Council is the legislative body of the City of Cape Town. It is composed of 231 councillors elected by a system of mixed member proportional representation,116 councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting, one from each of the 116 wards of the City, while the other 115 are elected from party lists to create overall proportionality. The mayor of the City is elected by the City Council, the Cape Town City Council is unusual among municipal legislatures, both in and out of South Africa, in its numerical size, which is larger than the national legislatures of many countries. The council is divided into 24 subcouncils which deal with local functions for between three and six wards, a subcouncils consists of the ward councillors and a similar number of proportionally-elected councillors assigned to the subcouncil. Subcouncils are consist of geographically clustered wards with proportional councillors assigned to them, the following table shows the results of the election of 18 May 2011 in the City of Cape Town, The Democratic Alliance won 78 of the individual ward elections, and the ANC won 33. As a result, the seat allocation was as follows
6.
Politics of South Africa
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The Republic of South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The President of South Africa, serves both as head of state and as head of government, the President is elected by the National Assembly and must enjoy the confidence of the Assembly in order to remain in office. South Africans also elect provincial legislatures which govern each of the nine provinces. Since the end of apartheid in the 1999 the African National Congress has dominated South Africas politics, the ANC is the ruling party in the national legislature, as well as in eight of the nine provinces. The ANC received 62. 15% of the vote during the 2014 general election and it had received 62. 9% of the popular vote in the 2011 municipal election. The main challenger to the ANCs rule is the Democratic Alliance, led by Mmusi Maimane, other major political parties represented in Parliament include the Economic Freedom Fighters and the Inkatha Freedom Party, which mainly represents Zulu voters. The formerly dominant New National Party, which introduced and ended apartheid through its predecessor the National Party, disbanded in 2005 to merge with the ANC. Jacob Zuma has served as President of South Africa since May 9,2009, South Africa is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, wherein the President of South Africa, elected by parliament, is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament, the Council of Provinces and the National Assembly. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, Government is three-tiered, with representatives elected at the national, provincial and local levels. Following the 1994 elections, South Africa was governed under an interim constitution and this constitution required the Constituent Assembly to draft and approve a permanent constitution by 9 May 1996. The Government of National Unity established under the interim constitution ostensibly remained in effect until the 1999 national elections, the parties originally comprising the GNU – the African National Congress, the National Party, and the Inkatha Freedom Party – shared executive power. On 30 June 1996, the NP withdrew from the GNU to become part of the opposition, under the Constitution, the President is both head of state and head of government. General elections take place every 5 years, the first fully multi-racial democratic election was held in 1994, the second in 1999, the third in 2004, the fourth in 2009, and the most recent in 2014. The last two floor crossing windows occurred in 2005 and in 2007, after the 2009 elections, the ANC lost its two-thirds majority in the national legislature which had allowed it to unilaterally alter the constitution. The Congress of South African Trade Unions and the South African Communist Party are in an alliance with the ruling ANC. The legal rights of suspects also are enumerated. It also includes wide guarantees of access of food, water, education, health care, the constitution provides for an independent and impartial judiciary, and, in practice, these provisions are respected
7.
Elections in South Africa
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Elections in South Africa are held for the National Assembly, provincial legislatures and municipal councils. Elections follow a cycle, with national and provincial elections held simultaneously. The electoral system is based on party-list proportional representation, which means that parties are represented in proportion to their electoral support, for municipal councils there is a mixed-member system in which wards elect individual councillors alongside those named from party lists. In elections of the National Assembly, every South African citizen who is 18 or older may vote, in elections of a provincial legislature or municipal council, only those resident within the province or municipality may vote. All elections are conducted by the Electoral Commission of South Africa, the Union of South Africa was created on 31 May 1910 by the South Africa Act 1909, an act of the Imperial Parliament. The House of Assembly and the councils were elected by first-past-the-post voting in single-member electoral divisions. In the Transvaal and the Orange Free State the vote was limited by law to men over the age of 21. The qualifications in the Cape and Natal also excluded a number of poorer white men. Only white men could stand for election to the House of Assembly, at the next following general election in 1933, Leila Reitz was elected as the first female MP, representing Parktown for the South African Party. In 1936 the Hertzog government enacted the Representation of Natives Act, the act was passed by the required two-thirds majority in a joint session. Four senators would also be elected by chiefs, tribal councils. The Representation of Natives Act was repealed in 1959 and consequently the seats of the representative members were abolished in 1960. From this point the political representation of black South Africans was in the Bantustan legislatures. After coming to power in 1948 the National Party engaged in a policy of removing coloured voters in a manner to black voters. In 1951 Parliament passed the Separate Representation of Voters Act, which removed coloured voters from the voters roll. A subsequent attempt by the government to circumvent the Supreme Court by creating a High Court of Parliament failed, in the election of 1953, coloured voters in the Cape cast their ballots in the same constituencies as white voters. In 1955 the government introduced a new act which reconstituted the Senate and this separate representation of coloured voters in the House of Assembly was ended in 1970. Instead, all coloured adults were given the right to vote for the Coloured Persons Representative Council, in 1960 a whites-only referendum was held to decide whether South Africa should become a republic
8.
Western Cape
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The Western Cape is a province of South Africa, situated in the south-western part of the country. It is the fourth largest of the nine provinces in terms of area and population, with an area of 129,449 square kilometres and 5.8 million inhabitants. About two-thirds of these live in the metropolitan area of Cape Town. The Western Cape was created in 1994 from part of the former Cape Province, the Western Cape Province is roughly L-shaped, extending north and east from the Cape of Good Hope, in the southwestern corner of South Africa. It stretches about 400 kilometres northwards along the Atlantic coast and about 500 kilometres eastwards along the South African south coast and it is bordered on the north by the Northern Cape and on the east by the Eastern Cape. The total land area of the province is 129,462 square kilometres and it is roughly the size of England or the State of Louisiana. Its capital city and largest city is Cape Town, and some major cities include Stellenbosch, Worcester, Paarl. The Garden Route and the Overberg are popular tourism areas. The Western Cape is the southernmost region of the African continent with Cape Agulhas as its southernmost point, the coastline varies from sandy between capes, to rocky to steep and mountainous in places. The only natural harbour is Saldanha Bay on the west coast, however a lack of fresh water in the region meant that it has only recently been used as a harbour. But fresh water coming off Table Mountain and Devils Peak allowed the early European settlers to build Cape Town on the shores of this less than satisfactory anchorage, the province is topographically exceptionally diverse. Most of the province falls within the Cape Fold Belt, a set of parallel ranges of sandstone folded mountains of Cambrian-Ordovician age. The valleys between ranges are very fertile as they contain the weathered loamy soils of the Bokkeveld mustones. The far interior forms part of the Karoo and this region of the Province is generally arid and hilly with a prominent escarpment that runs close to the Provinces most inland boundary. The Escarpment marks the edge of South Africas central plateau. The principal rivers of the province are the Berg and Olifants which drain into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Breede and Gourits which drain into the Indian Ocean. The vegetation is extremely diverse, with one of the worlds seven floral kingdoms almost exclusively endemic to the province, namely the Cape Floral Kingdom. These evergreen heathlands are extremely rich in diversity, with at least as many plant species occurring on Table Mountain as in the entire United Kingdom
9.
South African general election, 2009
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South Africa held national and provincial elections to elect a new National Assembly as well as the provincial legislature in each province on 22 April 2009. The National Assembly consists of 400 members elected by proportional representation with a closed list approach, two hundred members are elected from national party lists, the other 200 are elected from provincial party lists in each of the nine provinces. The President of South Africa is chosen by the National Assembly after each election, in 2009, the premiers of each province are chosen by the winning majority in each provincial legislature. This was the general election held since the end of the apartheid era. The North Gauteng High Court ruled on 9 February 2009 that South African citizens living abroad should be allowed to vote in elections. The judgment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2009, also, registered voters who found themselves outside their registered voting districts on election day were permitted to vote for the national ballot at any voting station in South Africa. The African National Congress was the party in parliament going into the 2009 elections. Zumas victory in the election was due to the wide degree of support for him from the ANC Youth League, the South African Communist Party. In light of the findings, the ANCs National Executive Committee asked Mbeki to resign as president of the country. Mbeki was replaced by Kgalema Motlanthe, who had been elected as ANC deputy president at the 2007 conference, Motlanthe was not the presidential candidate of the ANC for the 2009 general election, but rather the current President of the ANC, Jacob Zuma. The ANCs electoral list was led by Zuma, followed by Motlanthe, Deputy President of South Africa Baleka Mbete, finance minister Trevor Manuel and Winnie Mandela, former wife of Nelson Mandela. With a disproportionate focus on the Western Cape province, which it had identified as winnable and it released its manifesto on 14 February. The party was expected to perform strongly in the Western Cape, the ANCs support in the province was on the wane, while the DA had performed well in by-elections in the province leading up to the poll. The party projected that it would govern in the Western Cape province — a task easier by the ANC-COPE split — though it expected to need to form a governing coalition in order to do so. The DAs relationship with ANC breakaway party Cope started strongly, Cope leader Mosiuoa Lekota showed a willingness to co-operate with Zille in the future. Subsequently, Zille criticised COPEs internal structures and suggested many of the new members were merely Mbeki loyalists hoping to resurrect defunct political careers. In the closing stages of the DAs campaign, it launched its Stop Zuma drive and she later claimed the decline in the ANCs support base and the concomitant increase in that of her own party was a result of the DA Stop Zuma campaign. A number of communities, organisations, social movements and well-known personalities threatened not to vote in the 2009 elections, the most well-known personality was Archbishop Desmond Tutu who at first said he would not vote but then changed his mind
10.
South African municipal elections, 2011
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Municipal elections were held in South Africa on 18 May 2011, electing new councils for all municipalities in the country. Municipal elections are held five years, and the previous municipal elections were held in 2006. The first municipal elections following the reorganisation of municipalities took place in December 2000, half of the seats in each municipality are elected on the first past the post system in single member wards. The other half of the seats are allocated to restore proportionality as follows, proportional seats are allocated based on the difference. These do not affect the quota but will reduce the number of remainder seats if any, Independent candidates are allowed for in the ward seats, and the proportionality calculations effectively ignore votes for these candidates and are adjusted for seats allocated to them. The ruling party of South Africa, the African National Congress, has been facing a growing opposition from the Democratic Alliance, the DA holds control of the Western Cape area, with Cape Town the major city of the province. The DA had made it known that there was a possibility of victory in the Northern Cape province, the ANC faced tough challenges from the opposition parties over issues of service delivery, corruption, healthcare reform, poverty and unemployment rates. The Congress of the People and the Inkatha Freedom Party were determined to prove that they could increase their control in areas as well, the election was generally peaceful, with the exception of an attack on an IFP councilor that resulted in his death. Former DA leader Helen Zille attempted to improve her partys success at multi-party governance in Cape Town, port Elizabeth lies in a unique region roughly at the border between the Black and Coloured population groups. It was predicted there would be a strong effort from minorities in the city to try to gain control of the council. The Nelson Mandela Bay municipality was heavily contested in the elections with the ANC managing to secure 63 seats to the DAs 48 seats. Zille attributed the failure of the DA to win the metro to the decline of COPE, the Poor Peoples Alliance called for a boycott of the election under the slogan No Land. There was also significant abstention by ANC members and supporters who felt the selection of ANC candidates was biased but refused to vote for any other party, the statistics in this section are all sourced from the Independent Electoral Commissions official website unless specified otherwise. The voter turnout for this election was predicted to be higher than the election in 2006. The percentage of votes was 1. 89%. The ANC won just under 62% of the vote and the DA won just under 24% of the vote. There was a decline in ANC support and an increase in support for the DA as the ANC lost voters in every province with the exception of Kwa-ZuluNatal where it captured votes from former IFP voters, note, Ward column indicates votes cast for individual ward councillors. PR column indicates proportional representation votes cast for parties in the election of local, DC column indicate proportional representation votes cast for parties for the directly elected components of district councils
11.
National People's Party (South Africa)
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The National Peoples Party is a political party registered on a national level with the Independent Electoral Commission of South Africa. The party was set up by Chaaban shortly before the floor crossing period in 2007 with the help of David Sasman and it should not be confused with the National Peoples Party, renamed the Minority Front, led by Amichand Rajbansi during the apartheid era. After the latest local government elections, their position has mostly been reduced to a number of seats in opposition on a limited number of councils. NPP however governed Oudtshoorn Local Municipality in coalition with ANC and ICOSA between 2011 and 2015, when the municipality was placed under administration. Judge Pillay of the Electoral Court found that the IEC had been zealous in applying the cut-off time. Amichand Rajbansi created a party called the National Peoples Party in August 1981 from the remains of the South African Indian Council. In the 1984 election for the House of Delegates, part of the Tricameral Parliament then created by the South African Constitution of 1983, the NPP led by Rajbansi became the Minority Front. The NPP of the era is not related to the post-2007 NPP. www. npp. za. net
12.
New National Party (South Africa)
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The name change was an attempt to distance itself from its apartheid past, and reinvent itself as a moderate, non-racist federal party. The attempt was unsuccessful, and in 2005 the New National Party voted to disband itself. The partys first leader was former president of South Africa F. W. de Klerk, de Klerk was succeeded by Marthinus van Schalkwyk until the eventual disbanding and merger of the party with the African National Congress. The New National Party had some difficulty carving out a base in post-apartheid South Africa. On the one hand, it still had the legacy of its role under apartheid. On the other hand, it seemed uncertain about its relationship with the government led by the ANC and these two issues led to defections to the Democratic Party, which had a historical legacy of being anti-apartheid and was clearly an opposition party to the ANC. It also lost support to other parties, the NNP fared poorly in the general election of 1999. With 6. 87% of the vote, the party lost votes both to the DP and ANC as well as its status as the official opposition nationally, but it remained influential in the Western Cape, despite being pushed into second place there by the ANC. The party faced comparatively smaller losses in the due to the retention of most of its coloured support. 50% of its votes now came from one province. The party remained in power in the Western Cape through a coalition with the DP and it then began to plan a merger with the Democratic Party in 2000, for which purpose the DP changed name to Democratic Alliance. By 2001 the party had broken away from the DA and instead entered close co-operation with the ANC, during the general election of 2004, the NNP was almost eliminated from parliament. With the former governing party now only the sixth largest in the country, questions were asked about its future. Despite his partys performance in the polls, van Schalkwyk was given the cabinet post of Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. At its assembly on 9 April 2005, the NNPs Federal Council voted by 88 to 2 to disband and it also settled its outstanding debt of R5.2 million to the Absa Group Limited, in preparation for dissolution. This system was repealed in 2009, News reports of disbanding, Independent Online, BBC News
13.
Independent Democrats
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The Independent Democrats was a South African political party, formed by former Pan Africanist Congress member Patricia de Lille in 2003 via floor crossing legislation. The partys platform is premised on opposition to corruption, with a mixture of right-liberal proposals, the partys strongholds were the Northern and Western Cape. On 15 August 2010, the party announced plans to merge with the larger Democratic Alliance as part of a plan to challenge the governing African National Congress, the party disbanded as a separate political organization in 2014. In addition they vowed that an ID government would fire a minister whose department received a qualified audit two years in a row, in 2010 ID leader Patricia de Lille formalized an agreement to merge with the Democratic Alliance. The two parties will be merged by 2014. Due to this, the ID did not contest the 2011 local elections as a separate entity, in February 2012 DA parliamentary leader Lindiwe Mazibuko reshuffled her shadow cabinet, which included appointing members of the ID to shadow portfolios for the first time. This was seen as a move towards strengthening the co-operation between the two parties heading towards the completion of the merger, liberalism in South Africa General Hartley, Aziz. Cape Times,2 February 2009 in literature,4
14.
F. W. de Klerk
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Frederik Willem de Klerk is a South African politician who served as the countrys State President from August 1989 to May 1994. He was the seventh and last head of state of South Africa under the apartheid era, De Klerk was also leader of the National Party from February 1989 to September 1997. He won the Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize in 1991, the Prince of Asturias Award in 1992 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 along with Nelson Mandela for his role in the ending of apartheid. He was one of the deputy presidents of South Africa during the presidency of Nelson Mandela until 1996, in 1997 he retired from active politics. He continues to remain active as a lecturer internationally, after the deaths of P. W. Botha in 2006 and Marais Viljoen in 2007, de Klerk is the last surviving State President of South Africa. The name de Klerk is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq, De Klerk noted that he is also of Dutch descent, with an Indian ancestor from the late 1600s or early 1700s. He is also said to be descended from the Khoi interpreter known as Krotoa or Eva, De Klerk graduated from Monument High School in Krugersdorp. De Klerk graduated in 1958 from the Potchefstroom University with BA, following graduation, de Klerk practised law in Vereeniging in the Transvaal. In 1959 he married Marike Willemse, with whom he had two sons and a daughter and he came from a family environment in which the conservatism of traditional white South African politics was deeply ingrained. His paternal great-grandfather was Senator Johannes Cornelis Jan van Rooy and his aunt was married to NP Prime Minister J. G. Strijdom. In 1948, the year when the NP swept to power in elections on an apartheid platform. His brother Willem is a liberal newspaperman and one of the founders of the Democratic Party. F. W. pronounced eff-veer, as he became known, was first elected to the House of Assembly in 1969 as the member for Vereeniging. De Klerk had been offered a professorship of law at Potchefstroom in 1972. In 1978, he was appointed Minister of Posts and Telecommunications and Social Welfare, under Prime Minister and later State President P. W. He became Transvaal provincial National Party leader in 1982 and chairman of the Ministers Council in the House of Assembly in 1985, for most of his career, de Klerk had a very conservative reputation. The NPs Transvaal branch was historically the most staunchly conservative wing of the party and it thus came as a surprise when in 1989 he placed himself at the head of verligte forces within the governing party which had come to believe that apartheid could not be maintained forever. This wing favoured beginning negotiations while there was time to get reasonable terms
15.
Western Cape Division
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The Western Cape Division of the High Court of South Africa is a superior court of law with general jurisdiction over the Western Cape province of South Africa. The division, which sits at Cape Town, consists of 31 judges led by Judge President John Hlophe. The origins of the Western Cape Division lie in the Supreme Court of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope and it was created by the First Charter of Justice, letters patent issued by George IV on 24 August 1827. Originally the Cape Division had jurisdiction over the whole of the Cape Province, although concurrently with the Eastern Cape and Griqualand West Local Divisions in their areas of jurisdiction. However, in 1957 the Eastern Cape division was elevated to the status of a provincial division, upon elevation these divisions became independent from the Cape Division. When the final Constitution of South Africa came into force in 1997, the Renaming of High Courts Act,2008 renamed it to the Western Cape High Court, Cape Town. In 2013, in the restructuring brought about by the Superior Courts Act, the Western Cape Division has a complement of 31 judges. Judges are addressed as the Honourable Justice, or just My Lord or My Lady, as of 2012 the judges are, There are currently five vacant seats on the Bench. The rural districts of the Western Cape, outside of the Cape Town metropolitan area, are divided into circuits, judges of the division travel the circuits at least twice a year. The Western Circuit sits in Vredendal and Vanrhynsdorp, and hears cases from the West Coast, the Northern Circuit sits in Worcester and Beaufort West, and hears cases from the upper Breede River Valley and the Great Karoo. The Eastern Circuit sits in George, Mossel Bay, Knysna and Oudtshoorn, and hears cases from the Garden Route, the Southern Circuit sits in Swellendam and hears cases from the Overberg and the lower Breede River Valley. The Cape Circuit sits in Paarl and Stellenbosch, and hears only criminal cases from the Boland, decisions of the Western Cape Division
16.
Corporal punishment
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Corporal punishment or physical punishment is a punishment intended to cause physical pain on a person. It is most often used where there is a disparity of power between punisher and punished. Corporal punishment is commonly practiced on minors, especially in home and also school settings, common methods in this regard often include spanking or paddling. It is however used on adults, particularly prisoners in some countries. In history most cultures have practiced corporal punishment on adults in settings of imprisonment or slavery, frequently employed methods are flagellation and caning. In some countries bastinado is still practiced on prisoners as well, official punishment for crime by inflicting pain or injury, including flogging, branding and even mutilation, was practised in most civilizations since ancient times. However, with the growth of humanitarian ideals since the Enlightenment, by the late 20th century, corporal punishment had been eliminated from the legal systems of most developed countries. The legality in the 21st century of corporal punishment in various settings differs by jurisdiction,52 countries, most of them in Europe and Latin America, have banned the practice as of April 2017. School corporal punishment—of students by teachers or school administrators—has been banned in countries, including Canada, Kenya, South Africa, New Zealand. It remains legal, if increasingly less common, in the United States, judicial corporal punishment, as part of a criminal sentence ordered by a court of law, has long disappeared from European countries. However, it remains lawful in parts of Africa, Asia, closely related is prison corporal punishment or disciplinary corporal punishment, ordered by prison authorities or carried out directly by staff. Corporal punishment is also allowed in some settings in a few jurisdictions. Other uses of corporal punishment have existed, for instance as once practised on apprentices by their masters, in many Western countries, medical and human-rights organizations oppose corporal punishment of children. Campaigns against corporal punishment have aimed to bring about legal reform to ban the use of punishment against minors in homes. Corporal punishment of children has traditionally used in the Western world by adults in authority roles. Withhold not correction from a child, for if thou strike him with the rod, thou shalt beat him with the rod, and deliver his soul from hell. It was certainly present in civilizations, being used in Greece, Rome. Some states gained a reputation for using such punishments cruelly, Sparta, in particular, used them as part of a disciplinary regime designed to build willpower, although the Spartan example was extreme, corporal punishment was possibly the most frequent type of punishment
17.
Western Cape Provincial Parliament
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The Western Cape Provincial Parliament is the legislature of the Western Cape province of South Africa. It is located at 7 Wale Street in Cape Town and it is unicameral, and consists of 42 members elected by a system of party-list proportional representation. The Western Cape is unique amongst the provinces of South Africa in calling its legislature the Provincial Parliament, the other provinces use the terms Provincial Legislature and Members of the Provincial Legislature. The Fifth Provincial Parliament was elected on 7 May 2014 in South Africas 2014 general elections, a majority of the members belong to the Democratic Alliance. The Provincial Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system, the Premier then chooses the members of the Provincial Cabinet, who must also be MPPs. The Provincial Parliament also has the power to force the Premier and Cabinet to resign, the legislative power of the Provincial Parliament is restricted to certain fields enumerated in the national Constitution, in some of these fields the power is shared with the national Parliament. The fields on which the Provincial Parliament may legislate include health care, primary and secondary education, agriculture, transport and it also controls the budget of the provincial government departments. Legislation may be introduced by any member, except for money bills, laws passed by the Provincial Parliament must be signed by the Premier before coming into effect. The Premier may refer a bill back to Parliament for reconsideration if she or he believes it is unconstitutional, if the Parliament re-passes it, then the Premier must either sign it or refer it to the Constitutional Court, which can make a final decision on its constitutionality. The provincial legislature consists of 42 members, who are elected through a system of party list proportional representation with closed lists. In other words, each voter casts a vote for one political party, the seats are then filled by members in accordance with lists submitted by the parties before the election. The legislature is elected for a term of five years, unless it is dissolved early, by convention all nine provincial legislatures and the National Assembly are elected on the same day. The most recent election was held on 7 May 2014, the following table summarises the results. The following table shows the composition of the parliament after past elections. The presiding officer of the Provincial Parliament is the Speaker, assisted by a Deputy Speaker, as of 22 February 2011 the Speaker is Richard Majola and the Deputy Speaker is Piet Pretorius, both members of the Democratic Alliance. Apart from being the head of the province, the Premier also leads the governing party or coalition in the Provincial Parliament. The leader of the largest party not in government is recognised as Leader of the Opposition, as of 2009 the Premier is Helen Zille of the Democratic Alliance. Marius Fransman of the African National Congress was elected Leader of the Opposition in 2011, Provincial legislature List of Members of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament List of Acts of the Western Cape Provincial Parliament WCPP official website
18.
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
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The Pan Africanist Congress of Azania is a South African Black Nationalist movement, and is now a political party. It was founded by an Africanist group, led by Robert Sobukwe, the PAC was formally launched on 6 April 1959 at Orlando Communal Hall in Soweto. A number of African National Congress members broke away because they objected to the substitution of the 1949 Programme of Action with the Freedom Charter adopted in 1955, further they objected to the inclusion of other national groups such as the Communist Party of South Africa. Robert Sobukwe was elected as the first president, and Potlako Leballo as the Secretary General, on 21 March 1960, the PAC organised a campaign against pass laws. People gathered in the townships of Sharpeville and Langa where Sobukwe and other top leaders were arrested, Sobukwe was sentenced to three years and Potlako Leballo to two years in prison. Sobukwe died in Kimberley, Cape Province,1978 of lung cancer, immediately after the Sharpeville massacre the National Party Government banned both the ANC and PAC on 8 April 1960. The PAC responded by founding its armed wing, the Azanian Peoples Liberation Army and it is Pan Africanism with three principles of African nationalism, socialism, and continental unity. Its body of ideas drew largely from the teachings of Anton Lembede, George Padmore, Marcus Garvey, Martin Delany, Kwame Nkrumah, the PAC has been beset by infighting and has had numerous changes of leadership since its transition to a political party. In 1996, Clarence Makwetu, who led the party in the 1994 elections, was removed on the basis of bringing the party into disrepute, a faction of the PAC continued to regard Mphahlele as leader. The matter was resolved in the courts, with Mpheti eventually being confirmed as party leader for the 2014 election, Mpheti has since been charged with murder for the death of a Swazi national, Mthunzi Mavundla. Luthando Mbinda was elected president at the 2014 congress in Botshabelo, Mbinda claimed that Mphahleles election was not valid, as he was not a valid member, while Mphahlele is challenging his expulsion in court
19.
Proportional representation
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Proportional representation characterizes electoral systems by which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the support an particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result, not just a plurality, or a bare majority, Proportional representation requires the use of multiple-member voting districts, it is not possible using single-member districts alone. In fact, the most proportional representation is achieved when just one super-district is used, the two most widely used families of PR voting systems are party list PR and single transferable vote. Mixed member proportional representation, also known as the Additional Member System, is a hybrid Mixed Electoral System that uses party list PR as its proportional component, with party list PR, political parties define candidate lists and voters vote for a list. The relative vote for each list determines how many candidates from each list are actually elected, lists can be closed or open, open lists allow voters to indicate individual candidate preferences and vote for independent candidates. Voting districts can be small or as large as a province or an entire nation, the single transferable vote uses small districts, with voters ranking individual candidates in order of preference. During the count, as candidates are elected or eliminated, surplus or discarded votes that would otherwise be wasted are transferred to other candidates according to the preferences, STV enables voters to vote across party lines and to elect independent candidates. Voters have two votes, one for their district and one for the party list, the party list vote determining the balance of the parties in the elected body. Biproportional apportionment, first used in Zurich in 2006, is a method for adjusting an elections result to achieve overall proportionality. Some form of representation is used for national lower house elections in 94 countries, party list PR. As with all systems, there are overlapping and contentious claims in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. But does it follow that the minority should have no representatives at all, is it necessary that the minority should not even be heard. Nothing but habit and old association can reconcile any reasonable being to the needless injustice, in a really equal democracy, every or any section would be represented, not disproportionately, but proportionately. A majority of the electors would always have a majority of the representatives, man for man, they would be as fully represented as the majority. Unless they are, there is not equal government, many academic political theorists agree with Mill, that in a representative democracy the representatives should represent all segments of society. The established parties in UK elections can win formal control of the parliament with as little as 35% of votes, in Canada, majority governments are regularly formed by parties with the support of under 40% of votes cast. Coupled with turnout levels in the electorate of less than 60%, in the 2005 general election, for example, the Labour Party under Tony Blair won a comfortable parliamentary majority with the votes of only 21. 6% of the total electorate
20.
National Assembly of South Africa
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The National Assembly is the lower house of the Parliament of South Africa, located in Cape Town, Western Cape Province. The National Assembly is presided over by a Speaker, assisted by a Deputy Speaker, the current Speaker is Baleka Mbete and the Deputy Speaker is Lechesa Tsenoli, they were elected on 21 May 2014. The National Assembly seats are allocated using a representation system with closed lists. Seats are first allocated according to the Droop quota, thereafter at most five seats are allocated using the largest remainder method. Any additional seats are allocated amongst the parties who then already have seats using the highest averages method, voters have one vote at elections to the National Assembly. Seats are allocated in ten multi-member constituencies via party lists, one constituency is a national or at large constituency and nine others represent each of the nine provinces. The lists were called the national lists and regional lists in the 2009 election, regional was used to avoid confusion with the provincial legislature elections held at the same time. Previously they were called National to National and Provincial to National, of the 400 members of the National Assembly, half are assigned to be elected from national lists and the remaining half are assigned to be elected from regional lists. Every election, the Independent Electoral Commission determines the allocation of the 200 regional list seats to each province by population, parties decide whether they want to set up both national and regional lists or only regional lists. In the 2009 election, the Democratic Alliance chose not to use a national list, the nationwide votes entitled the DA to 67 seats, but the provincial votes amounted to only 35 seats. While normally the remaining 32 members would be drawn from the national list. This resulted in the National Assembly being made up of 168 members elected on lists and 232 members elected on regional lists. The National Assembly was first elected in South Africas first non-racial election in 1994 with the African National Congress winning 252 of the 400 seats, the National Party, the previous governing party, won 82 seats, and the Inkatha Freedom Party won 43. The other parties represented in the assembly were the Freedom Front, the Democratic Party, the Pan Africanist Congress, in the election of 1999, the ANC won 266 seats, one short of the two-thirds majority needed to unilaterally amend the constitution. The DP expanded its representation to become the opposition with 38 seats. The NP, now renamed the New National Party, dropped to 28 seats, eight smaller parties also obtained seats in the assembly. In the election of 2004 the ANC obtained 279 seats, gaining a two-thirds majority, the DP became the Democratic Alliance and remained the official opposition with 50 seats, while the IFP won 28 seats. The NNP was severely weakened, obtaining only 7 seats, the party was disbanded in 2005 with the majority of the party joining the ANC
21.
South African general election, 2014
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The 2014 South African general election was held on 7 May 2014, to elect a new National Assembly and new provincial legislatures in each province. It was the election held in South Africa under conditions of universal adult suffrage since the end of the apartheid era in 1994. It was also the first time that South African expatriates were allowed to vote in a South African national election. The National Assembly election was won by the African National Congress, the official opposition Democratic Alliance increased its share of the vote from 16. 7% to 22. 2%, while the newly formed Economic Freedom Fighters obtained 6. 4% of the vote. Eight of the nine provincial legislatures were won by the ANC, the EFF obtained over 10% of the vote in Gauteng, Limpopo and North West, and beat the DA to second place in the last two. In the other six provinces won by the ANC, the DA obtained second place and this included KwaZulu-Natal, where the DA for the first time beat the Inkatha Freedom Party to second place. In the Western Cape, the province not won by the ANC. South Africa has a system of government, the National Assembly consists of 400 members elected by proportional representation with a closed list approach. Two hundred members are elected from party lists, the other 200 are elected from provincial party lists in each of the nine provinces. The President of South Africa was chosen by the National Assembly after the election, the provincial legislatures, which vary in size from 30 to 80 members, are also elected by proportional representation with closed lists. The premiers of each province will be chosen by the majority in each provincial legislature. The National Council of Provinces consists of 90 members, ten elected by each provincial legislature, the NCOP members will be elected by the provincial legislatures in proportion to the party makeup of the legislatures. On 26 November 2013 the Electoral Amendment Act,2013, came into force and it allows South African citizens resident outside South Africa to register and vote in the election of the National Assembly. A new regulation added in 2013 that was enforced for the first time on 7 May 2014 is the prohibition of photographing marked ballot papers, which aims to inhibit voter intimidation. They were re-elected with increasing majorities in 1999 and 2004, the ANC is led by Jacob Zuma. In 2012, Zuma was re-elected to a second term as President of the African National Congress, beating his only rival and deputy, Kgalema Motlanthe. Cyril Ramaphosa was elected as Deputy President of the ANC, succeeding Motlanthe who had declined a second term after losing to Zuma, the official opposition Democratic Alliance received 16. 7% of the vote in 2009, up from 12. 4% in 2004. At provincial level, the DA has been in power in the Western Cape province since 2009, traditionally, the DA was seen as a party rallying against apartheid laws, especially in the 1980s
22.
Eastern Cape
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The Eastern Cape is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bhisho, but its two largest cities are Port Elizabeth and East London and it was formed in 1994 out of the Xhosa homelands of Transkei and Ciskei, together with the eastern portion of the Cape Province. Landing place and home of the 1820 settlers, the central and this resulted in several anomalies including the fact that the Province has four supreme courts and enclaves of KwaZulu-Natal in the province. The latter anomaly has fallen away with amendments to municipal and provincial boundaries. The province is made of Mpondo clan. Some of the Mpondo clan went to this province when they were running away from King Shakas war, Mpondo people are more closely related to Xhosa, as they use Xhosa as their main home language. The west is mostly semi-arid Karoo, except in the far south, the coast is generally rugged with interspersed beaches. Most of the province is hilly to very mountainous between Graaff-Reinet and Rhodes including the Sneeuberge, Stormberge, Winterberge and Drakensberg, the highest point in the province is Ben Macdhui at 3001m. Eastern Cape has a shoreline on its east which lines southward, the west is dry with sparse rain during winter or summer, with frosty winters and hot summers. The area Tsitsikamma to Grahamstown receives more precipitation, which is relatively evenly distributed. Further east, rainfall becomes more plentiful and humidity increases, becoming more subtropical along the coast with summer rainfall, the interior can become very cold in winter, with heavy snowfalls occasionally occurring in the mountainous regions between Molteno and Rhodes. Port Elizabeth, Jan Max,25 °C, Min,18 °C, Jul Max,20 °C, Min,9 °C Molteno & Barkly East, Jan Max 28 °C, Min 11 °C, Jul Max,14 °C, Min, -7 °C The landscape is extremely diverse. The western interior is largely arid Karoo, while the east is well-watered, the Addo Elephant National Park, situated 73 km from Port Elizabeth, was proclaimed in 1931. Its 743 km² offers sanctuary to 170 elephants,400 Cape buffalo and 21 black rhino of the very scarce Kenyan sub-species. The National Arts Festival, held annually in Grahamstown, is Africas largest and most colourful cultural event, every year for 11 days the towns population almost doubles, as over 50,000 people flock to the region for a feast of arts, crafts and sheer entertainment. The Tsitsikamma National Park is an 80 km long strip between Natures Valley and the mouth of the Storms River. In the park the visitor finds an almost untouched natural landscape, aliwal North, lying on a splendid agricultural plateau on the southern bank of the Orange River, is one of the countrys most popular inland resorts and is famous for its hot springs. The rugged and unspoilt Wild Coast is a place of spectacular scenery, whittlesea, Eastern Cape, situated in the beautiful Amatola Mountains, is now famous for the first wine estate in the province. The Eastern Cape is one of the poorest provinces in South Africa and this is largely due to the poverty found in the former homelands, where subsistence agriculture predominates
23.
Free State (province)
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The Free State is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africas judicial capital and its historical origins lie in the Orange Free State Boer republic and later Orange Free State Province. The current borders of the date from 1994 when the Bantustans were abolished and reincorporated into South Africa. It is also the one of the four original provinces of South Africa not to undergo border changes. The provincial government consists of a premier, a council of ten ministers. The provincial assembly and premier are elected for terms, or until the next national election. Political parties are awarded assembly seats based on the percentage of each party receives in the province during the national elections. The assembly elects a premier, who appoints the members of the executive council. The premier of Free State as of 2009 was Ace Magashule of the African National Congress, the Free State is situated on a succession of flat grassy plains sprinkled with pastureland, resting on a general elevation of 3,800 feet only broken by the occasional hill or kopje. The rich soil and pleasant climate allow for an agricultural industry. With more than 30,000 farms, which produce over 70% of the countrys grain, the province is high-lying, with almost all land being 1,000 metres above sea level. The Drakensberg and Maluti Mountains foothills raise the terrain to over 2,000 m in the east, the Free State lies in the heart of the Karoo Sequence of rocks, containing shales, mudstones, sandstones and the Drakensberg Basalt forming the youngest capping rocks. Mineral deposits are plentiful, with gold and diamonds being of importance, mostly found in the north. The flats in the south of the reserve provides ideal conditions for large herds of game such as black wildebeest. The ridges, koppies and plains typical of the section are home to kudu, red hartebeest, southern white rhinoceros. The African wildcat, black wildebeest, zebra, eland, white rhinoceros, the South African cheetahs has been reintroduced in the Free State for the first time in June 2013 after a hundred years of regional extinction, at Laohu Valley Reserve near Philippolis. The Free State experiences a climate, characterised by warm to hot summers. Areas in the east experience frequent snowfalls, especially on the higher ranges, almost all precipitation falls in the summer months as brief afternoon thunderstorms, with aridity increasing towards the west
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Gauteng
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Gauteng, which means place of gold, is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africas first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging and was renamed Gauteng in December 1994, situated in the Highveld, Gauteng is the smallest province in South Africa, accounting for only 1. 5% of the land area. Nevertheless, it is highly urbanised, containing the countrys largest city, Johannesburg, its capital, Pretoria. As of 2015, it has a population of nearly 13.2 million, the name Gauteng is derived from the Sotho name, gauta meaning gold with the locative suffix -eng. There was a thriving industry in the province following the 1886 discovery of gold in Johannesburg. In Sesotho, the name Gauteng was used for Johannesburg and surrounding areas long before it was adopted in 1994 as the name of a province. Gauteng, formerly known as Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging, was carved out of the old Transvaal province in 1994, although the terminology PWV, after the discovery of gold in 1886, the region proceeded to become the single largest gold producer in the world and the city of Johannesburg was founded. The older city Pretoria was not subject to the same attention, Pretoria grew at a slower rate and was highly regarded due to its role in the Second Boer War. The Cullinan Diamond which is the largest diamond ever mined was mined near Pretoria in a town called Cullinan in the year 1905. Gauteng has only been documented since the 1800s and as a result. At the Sterkfontein caves, some of the oldest fossils of hominids have been discovered, such as Mrs. Ples, today, the Apartheid Museum stands testament to these struggles in Johannesburg. Gauteng is governed by the Gauteng Provincial Legislature, a 73-person unicameral legislature elected by party-list proportional representation. The most recent election of the legislature was held on 7 May 2014, and the African National Congress won 53. 59% of the vote. The official opposition is the Democratic Alliance, which won 30. 78% of the vote and 23 seats, other parties represented are the Economic Freedom Fighters with eight seats and the Freedom Front Plus and the Inkatha Freedom Party with one seat each. Premier David Makhura of the ANC was elected on 21 May 2014, the Gauteng Division of the High Court of South Africa, which has seats in Pretoria and Johannesburg, is a superior court with general jurisdiction over the province. Johannesburg is also home to the Constitutional Court, South Africas highest court, Gautengs southern border is the Vaal River, which separates it from the Free State. It also borders on North West to the west, Limpopo to the north, Gauteng is the only landlocked province of South Africa without a foreign border
25.
KwaZulu-Natal
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KwaZulu-Natal is a province of South Africa that was created in 1994 when the Zulu bantustan of KwaZulu and Natal Province were merged. It is located in the southeast of the country, enjoying a long shoreline beside the Indian Ocean and its capital is Pietermaritzburg and its largest city is Durban. It is the 2nd most populous province in South Africa, with fewer residents than Gauteng. Two areas in KwaZulu-Natal have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, at around 92,100 km2 in area, KwaZulu-Natal is roughly the size of Portugal. It has three different geographic areas, the areas largest river, the Tugela, flows west to east across the center of the province. The coastal regions typically have subtropical thickets and deeper ravines, steep slopes host some Afromontane Forest, the midlands have moist grasslands and isolated pockets of Afromontane Forest. The north has a primarily moist savanna habitat, whilst the Drakensberg region hosts mostly alpine grassland, the province contains rich areas of biodiversity of a range of flora and fauna. The iSimangaliso Wetland Park and the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park have been declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, along with uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park and Ndumo, are wetlands of international importance for migratory species, and are designated as Ramsar sites. South Africa signed the 1971 Ramsar Convention to try to conserve and protect important wetlands because of their importance to habitats, the former Eastern Cape enclave of the town of Umzimkulu and its hinterland have been incorporated into KwaZulu-Natal following the 12th amendment of the Constitution of South Africa. The amendment also made changes to the southern border of the province. The northwesterly line of latitude and longitude traverses the province from the coast at Hibberdene to northeast Lesotho. KwaZulu-Natal has a varied yet verdant climate thanks to diverse, complex topography, generally, the coast is subtropical with inland regions becoming progressively colder. Temperature drops towards the hinterland, with Pietermaritzburg being similar in the summer, Ladysmith in the Tugela River Valley reaches 30 °C in the summer, but may drop below freezing point on winter evenings. The Drakensberg can experience heavy snow, with light snow occasionally experienced on the highest peaks in summer. The Zululand north coast has the warmest climate and highest humidity, one of these, eThekwini, is a metropolitan municipality and the other ten are district municipalities. The local seat of district municipality is given in parentheses. In 2012, the Ingonyama Trust owns 32% of the land in KwaZulu-Natal and this amounts to about three million hectares, occupied by over 4 million people. The Zulu king is the chairman of the Trust, the coastline is dotted with small towns, many of which serve as seasonal recreational hubs
26.
Limpopo
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Limpopo is the northernmost province of South Africa. It is named after the Limpopo River, which forms the western and northern borders. The name Limpopo has its origin in the Northern Sotho language word diphororo tša meetse. The capital is Polokwane, formerly called Pietersburg, the province was formed from the northern region of Transvaal Province in 1994, and was initially named Northern Transvaal. An alternate name considered for the province was Mapungubwe, the area where its most ancient gold-using civilization had been discovered a few years earlier. Limpopo has the highest level of poverty of any South African province, in 2011,74. 4% of local dwellings were located in a tribal or traditional area, compared to a national average of 27. 1%. The Northern Sotho language is spoken by more than half of Limpopos population, Limpopo is the link between South Africa and countries further afield in sub-Saharan Africa. On its southern edge, from east to west, it borders with the South African provinces of Mpumalanga, Gauteng. Its border with Gauteng includes that provinces Johannesburg-Pretoria axis, the most industrialized metropole on the continent, the province is at the centre of regional, national, and international developing markets. Limpopo contains much of the Waterberg Biosphere, a massif of approximately 15,000 km2 which is the first region in the part of South Africa to be named a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The massif was shaped by hundreds of millions of years of riverine erosion yielding diverse bluff, the Waterberg ecosystem can be characterized as a dry deciduous forest or Bushveld. Within the Waterberg, archaeological finds date to the Stone Age, nearby are early evolutionary finds related to the origin of humans. The current premier of Limpopo Province is Stanley Mathabatha, representing the African National Congress and it is also one of the poorest regions of South Africa with a big gap between poor and rich residents, especially in rural areas. However, Limpopos economy and standard of living have shown great improvement, a recent border shift with Limpopos wealthier neighbour, Mpumalanga, was effected to try and bring some wealth into the province. The bushveld is beef cattle country, where extensive ranching operations are often supplemented by controlled hunting, about 80% of South Africas game hunting industry is found in Limpopo. Sunflowers, cotton, maize and peanuts are cultivated in the Bela-Bela, Modimolle is also known for its table grapes. Tropical fruit, such as bananas, litchis, pineapples, mangoes and pawpaws, as well as a variety of nuts, are grown in the Tzaneen, Tzaneen is also at the centre of extensive citrus, tea and coffee plantations, and a major forestry industry. Commodities such as granite, corundum, and feldspar are also found
27.
Mpumalanga
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Mpumalanga /əmˌpuːməˈlɑːŋɡə/, is a province of South Africa. The name means east, or literally the place where the sun rises in the Swazi, Xhosa, Ndebele, Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Swaziland and Mozambique. It constitutes 6. 5% of South Africas land area and it shares borders with the South African provinces of Limpopo to the north, Gauteng to the west, the Free State to the southwest, and KwaZulu-Natal to the south. Before 1994, Mpumalanga was part of Transvaal Province, the southern half of the Kruger National Park is in the latter region. The Drakensberg exceeds heights of 2000 m in most places, with this region of Mpumalanga being very mountainous. These regions have alpine grasslands and small pockets of Afromontane forest, the Lowveld is relatively flat with interspersed rocky outcrops. The Lebombo Mountains form a low range in the far east, some of the oldest rocks on earth have been found in the Barberton area, these ancient greenstones and metamorphosed granites form the Crocodile River Mountains in the southeast of the province. The Lowveld is underlaid by African Cratonic Basement rocks of ages in excess of 2 billion years, the Highveld is mostly Karoo Sequence sedimentary rock of a younger, Carboniferous to Permian age. Mpumalanga is the only South African province to border two provinces of Mozambique, as well as all four districts of Swaziland, the Lowveld is subtropical, due to its latitude and proximity to the warm Indian Ocean. The Highveld is comparatively cooler, due to its altitude of 2300 m to 1700 m above sea level. The Drakensberg Escarpment receives the most precipitation, with all other areas being moderately well-watered by mostly summer thunderstorms, the Highveld often experiences severe frost, while the Lowveld is mostly frost-free. Winter rainfall is rare, except for drizzle on the escarpment. The differences in climate are demonstrated below by the capital, Nelspruit, which is in the Lowveld and this international game park brings together some of the best and most established wildlife areas in southern Africa. The park is managed as an integrated unit across an unprecedented three international boundaries which includes the Kruger National Park, Limpopo National Park and Gonarezhou National Park, lists of and the original texts of this legislation are available through South African governmental websites. Amended and updated versions of the legislation is available through commercial vendors on subscription, see External links for more information. More than 68% of Mpumalanga is used by agriculture, crops include maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, sunflower seed, soybeans, macadamias, groundnuts, sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, citrus, subtropical and deciduous fruit. Forestry is extensive around Sabie in the far north east of the province, located near the forests, Ngodwana is the site of one of South Africas largest paper mills. Natural grazing covers approximately 14% of Mpumalanga, the main products are beef, mutton, wool, poultry and dairy
28.
North West (South African province)
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North West is a province of South Africa. The province is located to the west of the population centre of Gauteng. North West was created after the end of Apartheid in 1994, merafong has since been transferred to Gauteng province in 2009. The provincial government consists of a premier, a council of ten ministers. The provincial assembly and premier are elected for terms, or until the next national election. Political parties are awarded assembly seats based on the percentage of each party receives in the province during the national elections. The assembly elects a premier, who appoints the members of the executive council. The premier of North West Province as of 21 May 2014 is Supra Mahumapelo of the African National Congress and he replaced Thandi Modise as premier after the 2014 general election. Much of the consists of flat areas of scattered trees. The Magaliesberg mountain range in the northeast extends about 130 km from Pretoria to Rustenburg, the Vaal River flows along the southern border of the province. Temperatures range from 17° to 31 °C in the summer and from 3° to 21 °C in the winter, annual rainfall totals about 360 mm, with almost all of it falling during the summer months, between October and April. The North West province has 4 district municipalities and 19 local municipalities, the chief minerals are gold, mined at Orkney and Klerksdorp, uranium, mined at Klerksdorp, platinum, mined at Rustenburg and Brits, and diamonds, mined at Lichtenburg, Christiana, and Bloemhof. The northern and western parts of the province have many farms and cattle. The eastern and southern parts are crop-growing regions that produce maize, sunflowers, tobacco, cotton, the entertainment and casino complex at Sun City and Lost City also contributes to the provincial economy. The majority of the residents are the Tswana people who speak Tswana. Smaller groups include Afrikaans, Sotho, and Xhosa speaking people, english is spoken primarily as a second language. Most of the population belong to Christian denominations, according to the 2007 community survey 90. 8% of the provinces population was Black,7. 2% as White,1. 6% as Coloured and 0. 4% as Asian. The 2007 community survey showed the province had a population of just over 3 million, the provinces white population is very unevenly distributed
29.
Northern Cape
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The Northern Cape is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up and it includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, an international park shared with Botswana. It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the mining regions in Kimberley. The Namaqualand region in the west is famous for its Namaqualand daisies, the southern towns of De Aar and Colesberg, in the Great Karoo, are major transport nodes between Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. In the northeast, Kuruman is famous as a mission station, the Orange River flows through the province, forming the borders with the Free State in the southeast and with Namibia to the northwest. The river is used to irrigate the many vineyards in the arid region near Upington. Native speakers of Afrikaans comprise a higher percentage of the population in the Northern Cape than in any other province, the Northern Capes four official languages are Afrikaans, Tswana, Xhosa, and English. Minorities speak the official languages of South Africa, and a few people speak indigenous languages such as Nama. The provincial motto, Sa ǁa ǃaĩsi uĩsi, is in the Nǀu language of the Nǁnǂe people and it was given in 1997 by one of the languages last speakers, Ms. Elsie Vaalbooi of Rietfontein, who has since died. It was South Africas first officially registered motto in a Khoisan language, subsequently, South Africas national motto, ǃKe e ǀxarra ǁke, was derived from the extinct Northern Cape ǀXam language. The Northern Cape was one of three carved out of the Cape Province in 1994, the others being Western Cape to the south. Politically, it had dominated since 1994 by the African National Congress. Ethnic issues are important in the politics of the Northern Cape, for example, it is the site of the Orania settlement, whose leaders have called for a Volkstaat for the Afrikaner people in the province. They were awarded a settlement in Platfontein in 1999 by the Mandela government, the precolonial history of the Northern Cape is reflected in a rich, mainly Stone Age, archaeological heritage. Cave sites include Wonderwerk Cave near Kuruman, which has a long sequence stretching from the turn of the twentieth century at the surface to more than 1 million years in its basal layer. Many sites across the province, mostly in open air locales or in sediments alongside rivers or pans, document Earlier, Middle and they occur on hilltops, slopes, rock outcrops and occasionally, in a river bed. In the north part of the province there are sites attributable to the Iron Age such as Dithakong. The copper mines of Namaqualand and the rush to the Kimberley area resulted in industrial archaeological landscapes in those areas which herald the modern era in South African history
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South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
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African National Congress
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The African National Congress is the Republic of South Africas governing social democratic political party. It has been the party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level, beginning with the election of Nelson Mandela in the 1994 election. Today, the ANC remains the dominant political party in South Africa and its leader Jacob Zuma is the incumbent head of state, with Atul Gupta being the official head of government. On 8 April 1960, the administration of Charles Robberts Swart, banned the ANC, after the ban, the ANC formed the Umkhonto we Sizwe to fight against apartheid utilizing guerrilla warfare and sabotage. On 3 February 1990, State President F. W. de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC, on 17 March 1992, the apartheid referendum was passed by the voters removing apartheid and allowing the ANC to run in the 1994 election. Since the 1994 election the ANC has performed better than 60% in all general elections, the founding of the SANNC was in direct response to injustice against black South Africans at the hands of the government then in power. It can be said that the SANNC had its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911, Forget all the past differences among Africans, the SANNC was founded the following year on 8 January 1912. The government of the newly formed Union of South Africa began a systematic oppression of people in South Africa. The Land Act was promulgated in 1913 forcing many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work, by 1919, the SANNC was leading a campaign against passes. However, it became dormant in the mid-1920s. During that time, black people were represented by the ICU. In 1923, the became the African National Congress. By 1927, J. T. Gumede proposed co-operation with the Communists in a bid to revitalise the organisation and this led to the ANC becoming largely ineffectual and inactive, until the mid-1940s when the ANC was remodelled as a mass movement. The ANC responded to attacks on the rights of black South Africans, as well as calling for strikes, boycotts and this led to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s, a mass movement of resistance to apartheid. The government tried to stop the ANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC, the government claimed that this was a communist document, and consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested. 1960 saw the Sharpeville massacre, in which 69 people were killed when police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters, in 1961, partly in response to the Sharpeville massacre, Umkhonto we Sizwe was established as the military wing to launch bomb attacks. It was considered as terrorist group by South African government, later the United States government, MK commenced the military struggle against apartheid with acts of sabotage aimed at the installations of the state, and in the early stages was reluctant to target civilian targets. MK was responsible for the deaths of civilians and members of the military
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Democratic Alliance (South Africa)
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The Democratic Alliance is a South African political party and the official opposition to the governing African National Congress. The present leader is Mmusi Maimane, who succeeded former Mayor of Cape Town, the party is broadly centrist, though it has been attributed both centre-left and centre-right policies. It is a member of the Liberal International and the Africa Liberal Network, the DA traces its roots to the founding of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party in 1959, with many mergers and name changes between that time and the present. The party adopted its current name on 24 June 2000, most recently, it has integrated the smaller Independent Democrats and the tiny South African Democratic Convention. The DA has been governing the Western Cape, one of South Africas nine provinces, since the 2009 general election, having won a bigger majority at the most recent election in 2014. It is the party to have increased its share of the vote in every national election held since 1994. The party draws support from all population groups in South Africa. Since 2016, the DA also governs several of South Africas major metropolitan municipalities, although the Democratic Alliance in its present form is fairly new, its roots can be traced far back in South African political history, through a complex sequence of splits and mergers. The modern day DA is in part a product of the white parliamentary opposition to the ruling National Party. The Progressives sought to change the system from within, but in doing so choose to comply with Apartheid legislation outlawing multi-racial membership. During this time, the party was led by liberal-minded opponents of apartheid, such as Jan Steytler, Helen Suzman, Zach de Beer, Colin Eglin, Frederik van Zyl Slabbert and Harry Schwarz. In 1989, it would merge with two smaller reformist organisations to become the Democratic Party, a name that was retained into the 1990s when freedom was achieved. It was marginalized by the National Partys shift towards the center after 1990, the party also became kingmakers in the Western Cape province, where it formed a coalition government with the NNP. With a fractured national opposition standing against an increasingly dominant governing party, to this end, the DP reached a merger agreement with the NNP and the much smaller Federal Alliance in 2000. Together they formed the Democratic Alliance, the merger was ultimately aborted, with both the NNP and FA leaving the DA. Many former NNP members remained, however, and the new name was kept, the DP was disbanded after the 2003 floor crossing period, establishing the DA at all levels of government. The party consolidated its status as the opposition in the 2004 general election. Having gone into opposition in the Western Cape in 2001 when the NNP formed a new coalition with the ANC, in the 2006 municipal elections, the DA narrowly gained control of its largest city, Cape Town, in a multi-party coalition
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Economic Freedom Fighters
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Malema is President of the EFF, heading the Central Command Team which serves as the central structure of the party. It is currently the third-largest party in both houses of the South African parliament, receiving 1,169,259 votes and a 6. 35% share of the vote in the 2014 general election. By December 2014, the EFF claimed to have half a million members. At a 28 July 2013 press briefing in Soweto, Malema announced that the new party had over 1000 members, the EFF is now registered with the IEC, after an objection to its registration by the Freedom Front Plus was dismissed in September 2013. In 2015, the EFF suspended MP Lucky Twala and expelled three MPs, Mpho Ramakatsa, Andile Mngxitama and Khanyisile Litchfield-Tshabalala, Mngxitama formed his own party, named Black First Land First, while Litchfield-Tshabalala joined the United Democratic Movement. The EFF takes significant inspiration from Sankara in terms of style and ideology. In a May 2014 column, the prominent EFF member Jackie Shandu declared his party a proudly Sankarist formation, the EFF has been vocal in its criticism of black business owners and black owners of mining companies in South Africa. In an address at the Oxford Union in November 2015, Malema spoke out against billionaire mining company owner Patrice Motsepe. Further protests in 2015, the EFF delivered demands that included the socialization of the mining sector, Malema addressed a crowd in Marikana, Rustenburg in the platinum mining area, blaming mining companies and calling out platinum mining company Lonmin in particular, for poverty in the region. High profile members of the Central Command Team include Floyd Shivambu, Fana Mokoena, controversial businessman Kenny Kunene joined the Central Command Team in July 2013 before resigning from the Central Command Team on 20 August 2013 and from the organisation on 26 August 2013. On 4 November 2013, it was announced that Dali Mpofu had left the African National Congress after 33 years of membership, a disproportionate number of supporters live in Malemas home province of Limpopo, while only 1% live in KwaZulu-Natal, a more populous province. The party was expected to make an impact in the 2014 general election and this was potentially enough for the party to hold the balance of power in provinces where the governing African National Congress was in danger of losing its absolute majority. In fact, the ANC retained its majority, but the EFF moved into third place, surging past the shrinking Inkatha Freedom Party. On 6 August 2015 the EFF announced that it has secured a Constitutional court case for its Jacob Zuma campaign of #PayBackTheMoney, the case was heard on the 9 February 2016. The Judgement was released by Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng, the judgement stated that The President has violated the constitution of the country together with the parliament speaker Baleka Mbete. There has also been a feminist critique of the partys militarism and it has been argued, by journalist Jane Duncan of the South African Civil Society Information Service, that the partys documents reproduce racial stereotypes. ”Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters Workers and Socialist Party van Onselen, Gareth. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014, EFF, You want land, a loan. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014, julius Malema, EFF2014 Elections Manifesto, Economic Freedom Fighters
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Inkatha Freedom Party
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The Inkatha Freedom Party is a political party in South Africa. Since its founding, it has been led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi, gatsha Mangosuthu Buthelezi, a former member of the ANC Youth League, founded the Inkatha National Cultural Liberation Movement, which later became the IFP, on 21 March 1975. Buthelezi used a structure rooted in Inkatha, a 1920s cultural organisation for Zulus established by Zulu King Solomon kaDinuzulu. The party was established in what is now KwaZulu-Natal, after which branches of the party quickly sprang up in the Transvaal, the Orange Free State and the Western Cape. Because of Buthelezis former position in the African National Congress, the two organisations were very close and each supported the other in the anti-apartheid struggle. As a Homeland leader, the power of Buthelezi depended on the South African state, with anti-apartheid leaders inside South Africa and abroad demanding sanctions, Buthelezi came to be regarded more and more as a government puppet, along with other Bantustan leaders. His tribal loyalties and focus on ethnic interests over national unity were also criticised as contributing to the programme of the IFP. This led to a civil war between Zulu loyalist supporters and ANC members in KwaZulu-Natal. During the phase of establishing a constitution for South Africa and prior to the first free elections in South African history, both the IFP and ANC attempted to campaign in each others KwaZulu-Natal strongholds, and were met with resistance, sometimes violent, by members of the opposing party. As a result, the IFP abstained from registering its party for the 1994 election, however, once it became obvious that its efforts were not going to stop the election, the party was registered at the eleventh hour. On election day, the IFP displayed its political strength by taking the majority of the votes for KwaZulu-Natal, after the dismantling of apartheid system in 1994, the IFP formed an uneasy coalition in KwaZulu-Natal with their traditional political rival, the ANC. This coalition was to last until 2004, when the IFP joined the Democratic Alliance, the ANC/IFP rivalry, characterised by sporadic acts of political violence, has been firm since 1993. In 2004, while campaigning in Vulindlela, an IFP bastion in the Pietermaritzburg Midlands region, previously the stronghold of Moses Mabhida, this area has long been the site of heated clashes between the parties. The IFP also states that Our proposals are designed to give control over their lives. We also have the political will to deal effectively with these problems, gavin Woods, one of the partys most respected MPs, drew up a highly critical 11 page internal discussion document at the request of the parliamentary caucus after a discussion in October 2004. Woods also warned the party that it must treat Buthelezi as the leader of a political party, Woods pinpointed 1987 as the year when the IFP started losing ground as a political force. Before 1987, Woods contends, the party had a strong, Woods criticized the IFPs inability to end the ANCs campaign of violence against it, and an impotent attitude towards the attacks conducted against it by the ANC. At the first caucus discussion, Woods read out the 11-page paper in full, IFP president Mangosuthu Buthelezi was absent from that meeting but raised it at a meeting of the partys national council, which Woods did not attend
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Freedom Front Plus
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The Freedom Front Plus is a national South African political party that was formed in 1994. It is led by Pieter Groenewald, current policy positions include amending affirmative action and land reform to protect the interests of Afrikaners. The Freedom Front was founded on 1 March 1994 by members of the Afrikaner community under Constand Viljoen, seeking to achieve his goals through political means, Viljoen registered the Freedom Front with the Independent Electoral Commission on 4 March 1994 to take part in the April 1994 general elections. On 12 March 1994 Viljoen handed in a list of candidates for the FF to the IEC and this suggested that many Afrikaners had split their vote. It would also increased competition from new parties such as the Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging. In the 1999 election their support dropped to 0. 8% with three seats in the National Assembly and between 1-2% in their stronghold provinces and this represented a respectable portion of the Afrikaner vote, but nowhere near earlier levels. The partys support has remained stable in all national elections held since. In 2001, Viljoen handed over the leadership of the Freedom Front to Pieter Mulder, later, also the Federal Alliance joined the VF+/FF+. In the 2004 general election, support for the Freedom Front Plus rose slightly to 0. 89%, the party won one seat in most of the provincial legislatures, and four seats in the National Assembly. In the 2006 municipal elections, the Freedom Front Plus received 1% of the popular vote, after the elections, the Freedom Fronts leader Pieter Mulder was appointed as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries by the new President Jacob Zuma. In the 2014 general election, the FF+ increased its vote slightly to 0. 9% and it retained its 4 MPs, and also regained a seat in the North West. The party has enjoyed consistent landslide victories in the Afrikaner enclave Orania
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United Democratic Movement
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It has an anti-separatist, pro-diversity platform, and supports an individualist South Africa with a strong moral sense, in both social and economic senses. Holomisa was expelled from the ANC because of these allegations, in November 1996 Holomisa publicly announced consulting South Africans on the need or not for a new political party. With this objective, the National Consultative Forum was established on 8 February 1997, the New Movement Process was subsequently established. Bantu Holomisa and Roelf Meyer again met at Loftus Versveld, in mid-1997, to working together. A Joint Committee between the NCF and the NMP was formed to look into matters of common interest, the JC amalgamated its two technical support teams into a Technical Committee to act as its executive body to implement the brief of the JC. The TC was jointly chaired by Kobus du Plessis and Joel Mafenya, after a joint strategic session at the Vaal Dam in July 1997 it was agreed that a new political party should be formed. The United Democratic Movement was launched at the World Trade Centre, in Kempton Park, bantu Holomisa was elected the partys first president at its first national congress in June 1998. As one of several parties, UDM was among the most successful in the 1999 general election. It also became the opposition in the Northern Province and its stronghold. In the 2000 municipal elections, the UDM won control of the King Sabata Dalindyebo Local Municipality, the UDM lost its position as the official opposition in the Eastern Cape after two of its members in the Eastern Cape Legislature had defected to the splinter United Independent Front in 2005. On October 8,2008, the UDM announced its kickoff of the 2009 general election campaign and it also welcomed over 300 former members of the ANC who had left their former party following the deposition of former president Thabo Mbeki in September 2008. So far almost 1000 former African National Congress members have joined the party since the ANC recalled President Thabo Mbeki, in 2014, a faction of the Congress of the People led by Mbhazima Shilowa joined the UDM. This helped to strengthen the party in its Eastern Cape stronghold, the increase was especially convincing in King Sabata Dalindyebo. List of political parties in South Africa United Democratic Movement Flag of the UDM
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African Christian Democratic Party
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The African Christian Democratic Party is a South African political party founded in 1993. It consists mainly of conservative Christians and its doctrine concentrates mostly on issues such as abortion, homosexuality. The leader of the party is Kenneth Meshoe, as of 2016, the ACDP has three members in the South African Parliament, one member in the Western Cape Legislature and 22 municipal councillors across the country. The party states that its platform is based on the standard of reconciliation, justice, compassion, tolerance, peace and the sanctity of life, the individual. With regard to the sanctity of life, they are anti-abortion and are pro-life in all circumstances except with respect to the death penalty for certain heinous crimes. The party opposed the provision of the Criminal Law Amendment Act,2007 which reduced the age of consent from 19 to 15. According to newspaper reports at the time, the ACDP was founded on 9 December 1993, the party claims on its web site, however, that it was founded on 16 or 17 January 1994. This is because the partys first official congress took place 100 days before the elections, the partys original manifesto included Christian norms, religious freedom, a freemarket system, and human rights under a federal governmental system. In its first election, the ACDP secured two seats in the national government and this made the ACDP the smallest of the seven parties in the national government of 1994. They also secured three seats in the provincial government, a year later, the ACDP won three seats in local government elections. From 1994 to 1999, four councillors from other political parties crossed the floor to join the ACDP, in 1999, the ACDP won seven seats to become the sixth largest party in Parliament. The party also won its first seat on the National Council of Provinces, on provincial level, the party won four seats. A year later, the ACDP won 70 seats in the government elections. In 2004, the ACDP won 1. 6% of the votes at national level and they were now the seventh largest party, with 7 seats in the National Assembly. The ACDP logo symbolises the partys biblical Christian principles, the two horizontal arrows signify drawing South Africans from different view points and affiliations towards the Christian cross. The vertical arrows illustrate the directions up towards God and down towards South African, the red border signifies the blood of Jesus Christ. Christian politics in South Africa History of the ACDP African Christian Democratic Party official site ACDP Tshwane Region Flag of the African Christian Democratic Party
38.
Agang South Africa
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Agang is a Sotho–Tswana word meaning let us build. On 31 January 2014, Ramphele stated that she would not take up DA party membership, on 2 February 2014, Helen Zille stated that Ramphele had reneged on her agreement to stand as the DAs presidential candidate. Ramphele subsequently apologised for the reversal of her decision, saying that the timing was not right as the reaction to it had shown people were unable to overcome race-based party politics. In the 2014 election, the party received 52,350 votes, or 0. 28% of the total, following internal conflict within the party, Ramphele announced her withdrawal from politics on 8 July 2014. Agang SA national leadership team as announced at the launch of the manifesto in Atteridgeville
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African People's Convention
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The African Peoples Convention is a political party formed by Themba Godi, former deputy leader of the Pan-Africanist Congress of Azania via floor-crossing legislation, on 4 September 2007. Godi defected along with the PACs only two representatives, Eastern Cape MPL Zingisa Mkabile and Gauteng MPL Malesela Ledwaba. Godi is the current leader of the APC in parliament, the party retained its seat in the National Assembly in the 2009 elections, although it lost both of its representatives in the provincial legislatures of Gauteng and Eastern Cape. It retained its seat in the 2014 election, like the PAC, the partys ideology officially appeals to Africanists, Pan Africanists and socialists
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Africa Muslim Party
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The Africa Muslim Party is a South African Muslim political party. It was founded in 1994, with Gulam Sabdia as Chairman and Imtiaz Suleman as national leader, after sitting out of the 2004 elections, the AMP competed again for the Cape Town Metro council in 2006, gaining 3 seats. After the 2006 local government elections, it joined the multi-party coalition led by Democratic Alliance) which supports the current mayoral government of the DAs Helen Zille and this plot had failed when the Independent Democrats joined the multi-party coalition and bolstered Zilles position. The matter has been referred to the Independent Electoral Commission and Cape Town police, after Badih Chaaban was named AMP city councillor in August 2006, the party came into disrepute over Chaabans corrupt past business dealings and his failed plot to topple Cape Town mayor Helen Zille. Badih Chaaban Official Website IOL. co. za - Muslim party slams racist pamphlet
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Azanian People's Organisation
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The Azanian Peoples Organisation is a South African political party. Its inspiration is drawn from the Black Consciousness Movement philosophies developed by Steve Biko, Onkgopotse Tiro and Vuyelwa Mashalaba and it was founded in 1978 out of three organisations, the Black Peoples Convention, the South African Students Organisation and the Black Community Programmes. These were three of the 17 black consciousness organisations that were banned on Wednesday,19 October 1977 for their role in the armed resistance and the 16 June 1976 Soweto uprisings. A year after the formation of AZAPO, in September 1979, at its conference in Roodepoort, during 1987, AZAPO was banned by the South African government and forced underground and into exile. It would be unbanned in 1990, in October 1994, AZAPO merged with its sister organisation in exile, the Black Consciousness Movement of Azania. The armed wing of AZAPO was the Azanian National Liberation Army which received support and military training in China, Libya, Botswana, Zimbabwe, there was an agreement with Iraq to train AZANLA combantants but that was thwarted by the First Gulf War in 1990. During the 1980s, it was engaged in an internecine feud with the ANC. AZAPO, along with its youth wing AZAYO were unbanned in 1990 and it was invited, but refused to participate in, the negotiations to end apartheid, a decision which led to the resignation of two senior members, Monwabisi Vuza and Imraan Moosa. The party then boycotted the 1994 elections, but has participated in each of the elections since then, on 21 March 1998 a faction broke away to form the Socialist Party of Azania. AZAPO won one seat in each of the 1999,2004 and 2009 elections, the current leader of the party is Prof Itumeleng Mosala. The party has had regular negotiations with SOPA aimed at merging the two parties, but these broke down in 2004,2007 and again in 2013, Azanian Peoples Organisation official site Flag of AZAPO
42.
Cape Party
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The party grew out of a Facebook group in 2007, and is led by Jack Miller, a Cape Town businessman. In 2009, it had a membership of approximately 1000 people across South Africa which has grown to over 22000 by 2017. It is registered with the Independent Electoral Commission and was on the ballot of the Western Cape in the South African general elections of 2009. It stood again for the elections in 2016. where it received 4,473 votes. The Party says the Republic of South Africa is a construct. It claims that the government and legislative apparatus are racist and totalitarian. Black economic empowerment, affirmative action and housing allocation policies have been provided as examples of the governments racist policies. The party cites the Division of Revenue Act in which 78% of revenue raised in the province never returns, the province, the 2nd wealthiest in South Africa, would be more economically successful if these revenues were spent within its borders. The Party says its proposed policies post-independence would make the Cape Republic one of the top 10 wealthiest countries per capita in the world, the party believes in the failure of Representative Democracy and proposes a system of direct democracy where the electorate are consulted in referenda before passing laws. It also supports the ability of communities and cultural groups to determine the laws that govern them. It supports free ports, and has suggested turning its prospective republic into a tax haven, the party views the history of the Cape as different and unique in the South African context. The Western Cape, was home to the KhoiKhoi people, however over time the San people moved into this region, in 1652 the first European settlement occurred in the Cape of Good Hope. When this colonial settlement was formed, slavery was used to help the build this establishment, however and this was a historical turning point in the history of the Western Cape as independence was given back to the slaves. In 1872, after a political battle The Cape of Good Hope become self-governing. The Party has repeatedly called into question the legitimacy of the borders of South Africa, the party has suggested that these borders were not properly decided given that South Africa was created as an act of the British Parliament in 1909 and that this was never ratified in a referendum. Paradoxically South Africa can either lay claim to being the first African state to gain independence or the last, the party believes that in this paradox lies the fundamental flaw of the concept of South Africa as a legitimate unitary state. Not being a state but rather a state composed of many nations, no national identity can form. Instead South Africa is held together by its economic success relative to the rest of Africa i. e it makes sense for constituent nations to opt into a composite union
