1.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
2.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
3.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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Mark Hatfield
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Mark Odom Hatfield was an American politician and educator from the state of Oregon. A Republican, he served for 30 years as a United States Senator from Oregon, a native Oregonian, he served in the United States Navy in the Pacific Theater during World War II after graduating from Willamette University. After the war he earned a degree from Stanford University before returning to Oregon. While still teaching, Hatfield served in both houses of the Oregon Legislative Assembly and he won election to the Oregon Secretary of States office at the age of 34 and two years later was elected as the 29th Governor of Oregon. He was the youngest person to serve in either of those offices. In the Senate he served for 30 years, and now holds the record for longest tenure of any Senator from Oregon, at the time of his retirement, he was 7th most senior Senator as well as second most senior Republican. In 1968, he was considered a candidate to be Richard Nixons running mate for the Republican Party presidential ticket, Hatfield served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations on two different occasions. With this role, he was able to direct funding to Oregon, outside of Oregon, a research center at the National Institutes of Health is also named in his honor for his support of medical research while in the Senate. Hatfield died in Portland on August 7,2011, after a long illness. Hatfield was born in Dallas, Oregon, on July 12,1922, the son of Dovie E. Hatfield, a schoolteacher, and Charles Dolen Hatfield. Marks father was from California and his mother from Tennessee, when Mark was five years old, his maternal grandmother took over the household while his mother, Dovie attended Oregon State College and graduated with a teaching degree after four years. Dovie taught school in Dallas for two years before the family moved to Salem, where she taught high school. Encouraged by his mother, Hatfields first experience with politics came at the age of 10, when he campaigned in his neighborhood for President Herbert Hoovers 1932 re-election campaign. In the late 1930s Hatfield worked as a guide at the new Oregon State Capitol Building in Salem, using his key to enter the governors office. On June 10,1940, the 17-year-old Hatfield, driving his mothers car, struck and killed a pedestrian, Alice Marie Lane, Hatfield was not held criminally liable for the crash, but was found civilly liable to the family. The case made its way to the Oregon Supreme Court in 1943, Hatfield graduated from Salem High School in 1940 and then enrolled at Willamette University, also in Salem. While attending Willamette, Hatfield became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega and Kappa Gamma Rho and he also sketched out a political career path beginning with the state legislature and culminating in a spot in the United States Senate, with a blank for any position beyond the Senate. Hatfield graduated from Willamette in 1943 with a Bachelor of Arts degree after three years at the school, while at the school he lost his only election, for student body president
5.
Elizabeth Dole
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Mary Elizabeth Alexander Hanford Liddy Dole is an American politician who served in both the Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush presidential administrations, as well as in the United States Senate. She next served as North Carolinas first female U. S. senator and she is a member of the Republican Party and former chair of the National Republican Senatorial Committee. She is married to former U. S. Senate majority leader,1976 Republican vice-presidential nominee and 1996 Republican presidential nominee Bob Dole, Dole was born Mary Elizabeth Alexander Hanford in Salisbury, North Carolina, to Mary Ella and John Van Hanford. Dole first met her husband, Bob Dole, in the spring of 1972 at a meeting arranged by her boss and mentor. The couple dated, and she became his wife on December 6,1975. They have no children, though she is stepmother to Bobs adult daughter Robin from his first marriage of 24 years, which ended in divorce in 1972. She attended individually, and later with her husband, the Foundry United Methodist Church in Washington, articles at the time reported that the Doles stopped attending Foundry in 1995, finding the pastor at the time, J. Philip Wogaman, too liberal. Dole attended Duke University and graduated with distinction in political science and she was a finalist for an Angier B. Duke scholarship, an award given to outstanding applicants who matriculate at Duke. She was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, and was a recipient of the Algernon Sydney Sullivan award, Dole is a sister of Delta Delta Delta. She was also elected president of the student government association,1958 May queen. 1997, Shared her experiences in humanitarian work in a Senior Week speech,2000, Delivered the commencement address, on the theme of representative government. Awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters, following her graduation from Duke, she did her post-graduate work at Oxford in 1959. After Oxford, she took a job as a student teacher at Melrose High School in Melrose, Massachusetts, for the 1959–1960 school year. While teaching, she pursued her masters degree in education from Harvard University. At graduation, she was one of 24 women in a class of 550 students and she is an alumna of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society. Dole, who had campaigned for the Kennedy–Johnson presidential ticket in 1960, when many Democrats left the White House following Richard Nixons replacement of Johnson, Dole did not. From 1969 to 1973, she served as deputy assistant to President Nixon for consumer affairs, in 1973, Nixon appointed her to a seven-year term on the Federal Trade Commission
6.
United States Secretary of Transportation
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The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation, a member of the Presidents Cabinet, and thirteenth in the Presidential Line of Succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Transportation on October 15,1966, johnsons signing of the Department of Transportation Act. The Secretary of Transportation oversees eleven agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, in April 2008, Mary Peters launched the official blog of the Secretary of Transportation called The Fast Lane. The first Secretary of Transportation was Alan Stephenson Boyd, nominated to the post by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson, ronald Reagans second Secretary of Transportation, Elizabeth Dole, was the first female holder, and Mary Peters was the second. Gerald Fords nominee William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr, neil Goldschmidt was the youngest secretary, taking office at age thirty nine, while Norman Mineta was the oldest, retiring at age seventy four. The salary of the Secretary of Transportation is $199,700, elaine Chao, who served as Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush, was nominated by President-elect Donald Trump on November 29,2016. On January 31,2017 the Senate confirmed her appointment by a vote of 93-6, the most recent Secretary of Transportation to die was William T. Coleman, Jr. on March 31,2017. The most recently serving Secretary of Transportation to die was Andrew L. Lewis, general Biographical Sketches of the Secretaries of Transportation. Specific Official website The Fast Lane, the blog of the Secretary The Department of Transportation Act
7.
Mother Teresa
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Mother Teresa MC, known in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta, was an Albanian-Indian Roman Catholic nun and missionary. She was born in Skopje, then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire, after living in Macedonia for eighteen years she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life. In 1950 Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation which had over 4,500 sisters and was active in 133 countries in 2012. Members, who take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, also profess a fourth vow, Teresa received a number of honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. She was canonised on 4 September 2016, and the anniversary of her death is her feast day, a controversial figure during her life and after her death, Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion, and her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of films and other books. Teresa was born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family in Skopje and she was baptized in Skopje, the day after her birth. She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised and she was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu. Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Macedonia and he may have been from Prizren, Kosovo, and her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova. Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice and she never saw her mother or her sister again. Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when moved to Tirana. She arrived in India in 1929 and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas, Teresa took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the saint of missionaries, because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name. Teresa took her vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally. She served there for twenty years, and was appointed its headmistress in 1944. Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta. The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, on 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as the call within the call when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them, to fail would have been to break the faith
8.
Ben Carson
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Prior to his cabinet position, he was a candidate for President of the United States in the Republican primaries in 2016. Born in Detroit, Michigan, and a graduate of Yale University and he was the subject of a television drama film in 2009. He was the Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Maryland from 1984 until his retirement in 2013 and he became the youngest chief of pediatric neurosurgery in the country at age 33. He has received more than 60 honorary doctorate degrees, dozens of national merit citations, in 2008, he was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the United States. Carsons widely publicized speech at the 2013 National Prayer Breakfast catapulted him to fame for his views on social and political issues. On May 4,2015, he announced he was running for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election at a rally in his hometown of Detroit and he then endorsed the candidacy of Donald Trump. On March 2,2017, Carson was confirmed by the United States Senate as the next Secretary of Housing, Carson was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Robert Solomon Carson Jr. a World War II U. S. Army veteran, and his wife Sonya Copelan. Robert Carson was a Baptist minister, but later a Cadillac automobile plant laborer, both of his parents came from large families in rural Georgia, and they were living in rural Tennessee when they met and married. Carsons older brother, Curtis, was born in 1949, when his mother was twenty, in 1950, Carson’s parents purchased a new 733-square foot single-family detached home on Deacon Street in the Boynton neighborhood in southwest Detroit. When Carson was five, his mother learned that his father had a family and had not divorced his first wife. Carson attended the predominantly white Higgins Elementary School for fifth and sixth grades and the predominantly white Wilson Junior High School for seventh, in 1965, when Carson was thirteen, he moved with his mother and brother back to their house on Deacon Street. He attended the predominantly black Hunter Junior High School for the half of eighth grade. Carson attended the predominantly black Southwestern High School for ninth through twelfth grades, in his book Gifted Hands, Carson relates that as youth as he had a violent temper. As a teenager, I would go after people with rocks, and bricks, and baseball bats, and hammers, Carson told NBCs Meet the Press in October 2015. He said he tried to hit his mother on the head with a hammer over a clothing dispute. Fortunately, the broke in his friends belt buckle. Carson said that the victim, whose identity he wants to protect, was a classmate. After this incident, Carson said that he began reading the Book of Proverbs, as a result, he states he never had another problem with temper
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Neurosurgery
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In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a period of seven years after graduating from medical school. In the United States, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of education, four years of medical school. Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of science or clinical research. Neurosurgeons may pursue training in the form of a fellowship, after residency or in some cases. In the U. S. neurosurgery is considered a highly competitive specialty composed of 0. 6% of all practicing physicians, in the United Kingdom, students must gain entry into medical school. MBBS qualification takes four to six years depending on the students route, junior doctors then apply to enter the neurosurgical pathway. Neurosurgery remains consistently amongst the most competitive specialties in which to obtain entry. The Incas appear to have practiced a procedure known as trepanation since the late Stone age, during the Middle Ages in Arabia from 936 to 1013 AD, Al-Zahrawi performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries, hydrocephalus, subdural effusions and headache. There was not much advancement in neurosurgery until late 19th early 20th century, history of electrodes in the brain, In 1878 Richard Canton discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animals brain. In 1950 Dr. Jose Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in a brain, using it to make it run. In 1972 the cochlear implant, a neurological prosthetic that allowed people to hear was marketed for commercial use. In 1998 researcher Philip Kennedy implanted the first Brain Computer Interface into a human subject, history of tumor removal, In 1879 after locating it via neurological signs alone, Scottish surgeon William Macewen performed the first successful brain tumor removal. On March 16,1907 Austrian surgeon Hermann Schloffer became the first to remove a pituitary tumor. The main advancements in neurosurgery came about as a result of highly crafted tools, modern neurosurgical tools, or instruments, include chisels, curettes, dissectors, distractors, elevators, forcepts, hooks, impactors, probes, suction tubes, power tools, and robots. Most of these tools, like chisels, elevators, forcepts, hooks, impactors. The main difference of these tools, pre and post advancement in neurosurgery, were the precision in which they were crafted and these tools are crafted with edges that are within a millimeter of desired accuracy. Other tools such as hand held power saws and robots have only recently been used inside of a neurological operating room
10.
Johns Hopkins Hospital
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The Johns Hopkins Hospital is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, located in Baltimore, Maryland, U. S. It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest by philanthropist Johns Hopkins, many medical specialties were formed at the hospital including neurosurgery, by Harvey Cushing, cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock, and pediatrics and child psychiatry, by Leo Kanner. Johns Hopkins Hospital is widely regarded as one of the worlds greatest hospitals and it was ranked by U. S. News & World Report as the best overall hospital in America for 21 consecutive years. Johns Hopkins, a Baltimore merchant and banker, left an estate of $7 million when he died on Christmas Eve 1873 at the age of 78. In his will, he asked that his fortune be used to two institutions that would bear his name, Johns Hopkins University and The Johns Hopkins Hospital. At the time that it was made, Hopkinss gift was the largest philanthropic bequest in the history of the United States, Johns Hopkins vision, of two institutions in which the practice of medicine would be wedded to medical research and medical education was nothing short of revolutionary. When completed in 1889 at a cost of $2,050,000, the trustees obtained the services of four outstanding physicians, known as the Big Four, to serve as the founding staff of the hospital when it opened on May 7,1889. They were pathologist William Henry Welch, surgeon William Stewart Halsted, internist William Osler, in 1893, Johns Hopkins University was one of the first medical schools to admit women. Four of the original trustees’ daughters offered to raise the money needed to open the school, after several discussions the trustees agreed to their terms and accepted the financial help of these four women, with only one of doctors, William Henry Welch resisting. Eventually even Welch changed his views on coeducation, The necessity for coeducation in some form, he wrote later, in no form of education is this more evident than in that of medicine. We regard coeducation a success, those of us who were not enthusiastic at the beginning are now sympathetic and he also introduced the idea of bringing medical students into actual patient care early in their training, at the time medical school consisted almost entirely of lectures. He once said he hoped his tombstone would say only, He brought medical students into the wards for bedside teaching and his other achievements included the introduction of the surgical glove and advances in thyroid, biliary tree, hernia, intestinal and arterial aneurysm surgeries. Halsted also established the first formal surgical training program in the United States. Kelly is credited with establishing gynecology as a true specialty and he created new surgical approaches to womens diseases and invented numerous medical devices, including a urinary cystoscope. He was one of the first to use radium to treat cancer, Welch was responsible for training many of the outstanding physicians of the day, such as Walter Reed. He also founded at Hopkins the nations first School of Public Health. In 1903, Harriet Lane Johnston left a sum of over $400,000 at her death in 1903 to establish the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children as a memorial to two sons who had died in childhood, in October 1912 the Harriet Lane Home officially opened. It was the first children’s clinic in the United States that was associated with a medical school, eventually treating over 60,000 children a year, the Harriet Lane Home became a pioneer treatment, teaching, and research clinic
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Bill Frist
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William Harrison Bill Frist Sr. is an American physician, businessman, and politician. He began his career as a heart and lung transplant surgeon, Frist later served two terms as a Republican United States Senator representing Tennessee, serving as Majority Leader from 2003 until his retirement in 2007. Frist was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of Dorothy Frist and Thomas Fearn Frist, Frists brother, Thomas F. Frist, Jr. became chairman and chief executive of Hospital Corporation of America in 1997. In 1972, he held an internship with Tennessee Congressman Joe L. Evins. Frist proceeded to Harvard Medical School, where he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine with honors in 1978, while at Harvard he shared an apartment with future United States Congressman David Wu. Frist joined the lab of W. John Powell Jr. at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1977 and he left the lab in 1978 to become a resident in surgery at Massachusetts General Hospital. In 1983, he spent time at Southampton General Hospital, Southampton and he returned to Massachusetts General in 1984 as chief resident and fellow in cardiothoracic surgery. From 1985 until 1986, Frist was senior fellow and chief resident in cardiac transplant service, after completing his fellowship, he became a faculty member at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, where he began a heart and lung transplantation program. He also became surgeon at the Nashville Veterans Administration Hospital. In 1989, he founded the Vanderbilt Transplant Center, in 1991, Frist operated on then–Lieutenant Colonel David Petraeus after he had been shot in a training accident at Fort Campbell. He is currently licensed as a physician, and is certified in both general surgery and thoracic surgery. He has performed over 150 heart transplants and lung transplants, including pediatric heart transplants and combined heart, in 1990, Frist met with former Senate Majority Leader Howard Baker about the possibilities of public office. Baker advised him to pursue the Senate, and in 1992 suggested that Frist begin preparations to run in 1994, during the 1994 election, Frist promised not to serve for more than two terms, a promise he honored. In his 2000 reelection campaign, Frist easily won with 66 percent of the vote and he received the largest vote total ever by a statewide candidate. Frists 2000 campaign organization was fined by the Federal Election Commission for failing to disclose a $1.44 million loan taken out jointly with the 1994 campaign organization. Frist first entered the spotlight when two Capitol police officers were shot inside the United States Capitol by Russell Eugene Weston Jr. in 1998. Frist, the closest doctor, provided medical attention. He also was the Congressional spokesman during the 2001 anthrax attacks, as the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, he helped Republicans win back the Senate in the 2002 midterm election
12.
Bono
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Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma
