1.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
2.
Bulawayo
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Bulawayo is the second-largest city in Zimbabwe after the capital Harare, with, as of the 2012 census, a population of 653,337. It is located in Matabeleland,439 km southwest of Harare, the capital of Matabeleland North is now Lupane, as Bulawayo is a stand-alone province. Colloquially Bulawayo is also known by names, these being the City of Kings, Skies, Bluez. This name arose from the historically large industrial base. The majority of the Bulawayos population belongs to the Ndebele ethnic and it is the nearest large city to Hwange National Park, Matobo National Park and Victoria Falls. The city was founded by the Ndebele king, Lobengula the son of King Mzilikazi kaMatshobana who settled in modern-day Zimbabwe around the 1840s after the Ndebele peoples great trek from Zululand, the name Bulawayo comes from the isiNdebele word KoBulawayo meaning a place where he is being killed. At the time Lobengula was just a prince fighting to ascend his fathers throne and it was common at the time for people to refer to Bulawayo as KoBulawayo UmntwaneNkosi a place where they are fighting or rising against the prince. The name Bulawayo is imported from Nguniland which is a place occupied by the Khumalo people. The place still exists and it is next to Richards Bay, in the 1860s the city was further influenced by European intrigue and many colonial powers cast covetous eyes on Bulawayo and the land surrounding it. Britain made skilful use of private initiative in the shape of Cecil Rhodes, Lobengula once described Britain as a chameleon and himself as the fly. During the 1893 Matabele War, the invasion by British South Africa Company troops forced King Lobengula to evacuate his followers, after first detonating munitions, BSAC troops and white settlers occupied the ruins. On 4 November 1893, Leander Starr Jameson declared Bulawayo a settlement under the rule of the British South Africa Company, Cecil Rhodes ordained that the new settlement be founded on the ruins of Lobengulas royal kraal, which is where the State House stands today. In 1897, the new town of Bulawayo acquired the status of municipality, Lt. Col. Harry White became one of the first mayors, and in 1943 Bulawayo became a city. At the outbreak of the Second Matabele War, in March 1896, Bulawayo was besieged by Ndebele forces, rather than wait passively, the settlers mounted patrols, called the Bulawayo Field Force, under legendary figures such as Frederick Selous and Frederick Russell Burnham. These patrols rode out to any surviving settlers in the countryside. Within the first week of fighting, twenty men of the Bulawayo Field Force were killed, during the siege, conditions inside Bulawayo quickly deteriorated. By day, settlers could go to homes and buildings within the town, nearly 1,000 women and children were crowded into the small area and false alarms of attacks were common. The Ndebele made an error during the siege in neglecting to cut the telegraph lines connecting Bulawayo to Mafikeng
3.
Zimbabwe
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Zimbabwe, officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the west and southwest, Zambia to the northwest, although it does not border Namibia, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates it from that country. The capital and largest city is Harare, a country of roughly 13 million people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used. Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a route for migration. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s, in 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. Zimbabwe then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations—which it withdrew from in 2003 and it is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa. Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the following the end of white minority rule. Under Mugabes authoritarian regime, the security apparatus has dominated the country. Mugabe has maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric from the Cold War era, the name Zimbabwe stems from a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe, an ancient ruined city in the countrys south-east whose remains are now a protected site. Two different theories address the origin of the word, many sources hold that Zimbabwe derives from dzimba-dza-mabwe, translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as large houses of stone. The Karanga-speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the province of Masvingo. Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia, and Zimbabwe Rhodesia, a further alternative, put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland, had been Matopos, referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo. In a 2001 interview, black nationalist Edson Zvobgo recalled that Mawema mentioned the name during a rally, and it caught hold. The black nationalist factions subsequently used the name the during the Second Chimurenga campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1964-1979, major factions in this camp included the Zimbabwe African National Union, and the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union. Proto-Shona-speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands, the Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast, the main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture. The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal and they traded in gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass. From about 1300 until 1600, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe and this Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwes stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdoms capital of Great Zimbabwe
4.
Cargo
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Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, specially by shipping lines and logistics operators. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with associated packing list of the contained within. When empty containers are shipped each unit is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargo. Automobiles are handled at many ports and are carried on specialized roll-on/roll-off ships. Break bulk cargo is typically stacked on pallets and lifted into. The volume of bulk cargo has declined dramatically worldwide as containerization has grown. One way to secure break bulk and freight in intermodal containers is by using Dunnage Bags, bulk cargo, such as salt, oil, tallow, and scrap metal, is usually defined as commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are not handled as individual pieces, the way heavy-lift, alumina, grain, gypsum, logs, and wood chips, for instance, are bulk cargoes. Neo-bulk cargo comprises individual units that are counted as they are loaded and unloaded, in contrast to bulk cargo that is not counted, containers are the largest and fastest growing cargo category at most ports worldwide. Containerized cargo includes everything from auto parts, machinery and manufacturing components to shoes and toys to frozen meat, air cargo, commonly known as air freight, is collected by firms from shippers and delivered to customers. Aircraft were first used for carrying mail as cargo in 1911, eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for other types of freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as the Boeing 747 and the bigger An‑124, such large aircraft employ quick-loading containers known as unit load devices, much like containerized cargo ships. The ULDs are located in the front section of the aircraft, most nations own and utilize large numbers of military cargo aircraft such as the C‑17 Globemaster III for logistical needs. Popular commercial aircraft transformed to an aircraft such as Saab 340A is designed for high revenue. Trains are capable of transporting a number of containers that come from shipping ports. Trains are also used for the transportation of water, cement, grain, steel, wood and they are used because they can carry a large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economic and energy efficient than by road, the main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the business to road transport
5.
Transport
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Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, the field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations, terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. Vehicles traveling on these networks may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks, people, helicopters, operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be public or private, depending on the country. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution. While it is subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow. A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a type of vehicle, infrastructure. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode or several of the modes, each mode has its own advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip on the basis of cost, capability, and route. Human powered transport, a form of transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power, human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing, even the air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people, humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate lift. The term is used to distinguish this from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates lift, a gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary-wing. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners, two things necessary for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift and an area for landing. The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and passengers. While the vast majority of land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow
6.
Tertiary sector of the economy
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The tertiary sector or service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three-sector theory. The others are the secondary sector, and the primary sector, the basic characteristic of this sector is the production of services instead of end products. Services include attention, advice, access, experience, and discussion, the production of information has long been regarded as a service, but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector, the quaternary sector. The tertiary sector of industry involves the provision of services to businesses as well as final consumers. The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service, however, the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods. It is sometimes hard to define whether a company is part of the secondary or tertiary sector. These governmental classification systems have a hierarchy that reflects whether the economic goods are tangible or intangible. Unlike governmental classification systems, the first level of market-based classification systems divides the economy into functionally related markets or industries, the second or third level of these hierarchies then reflects whether goods or services are produced. For the last 100 years, there has been a shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector in industrialised countries. The tertiary sector is now the largest sector of the economy in the Western world and these are not necessarily busboys and live-in maids. Many of them are in the professional category and they are earning as much as manufacturing workers, and often more. The first economy to follow path in the modern world was the United Kingdom. The speed at which other economies have made the transition to service-based economies has increased over time, historically, manufacturing tended to be more open to international trade and competition than services. Service providers face obstacles selling services that goods-sellers rarely face, services are intangible, making it difficult for potential customers to understand what they will receive and what value it will hold for them. Indeed, some, such as consultants and providers of investment services, since the quality of most services depends largely on the quality of the individuals providing the services, people costs are usually a high fraction of service costs. Whereas a manufacturer may use technology, simplification, and other techniques to lower the cost of goods sold, for example, how does one choose one investment adviser over another, since they are often seen to provide identical services. Charging a premium for services is usually an option only for the most established firms, who charge extra based upon brand recognition
7.
Southern Rhodesia
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The Colony of Southern Rhodesia was a self-governing British Crown colony in southern Africa from 1923 to 1980, the predecessor state of modern Zimbabwe. After a period of interim British control following the Lancaster House Agreement in December 1979, initially, the territory was referred to as South Zambezia, a reference to the River Zambezi, until the name Rhodesia came into use in 1895. This was in honour of Cecil Rhodes, the British empire-builder, Southern was first used in 1898 and dropped from normal usage in 1964, on the break-up of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Rhodesia then remained the name of the country until the creation of Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979, legally, from the British perspective, the name Southern Rhodesia continued to be used until 18 April 1980, when the Republic of Zimbabwe was promulgated. The British government agreed that Rhodes company, the British South Africa Company, queen Victoria signed the charter in 1889. A Legislative Council was created in 1899 to manage the companys affairs, with a minority of elected seats. Prior to about 1918, the opinion among the electorate supported continued BSAC rule but opinion changed because of the development of the country and increased settlement. In addition, a decision in the British courts that land not in private ownership belonged to the British Crown rather than the BSAC gave great impetus to the campaign for self-government. In the resulting treaty government self-government, Crown lands which were sold to settlers allowed those settlers the right to vote in the self-governing colony, the territory north of the Zambezi was the subject of separate treaties with African chiefs, today, it forms the country of Zambia. The first BSAC Administrator for the part was appointed for Barotseland in 1897. The first BSAC Administrator for the part, North-Eastern Rhodesia, was appointed in 1895. The whites in the south of the river paid it scant regard though. This resulted in the formation of new movements for expanding the self-government of the Rhodesian people which saw BSAC rule as an impediment to further expansion, in view of the outcome of the referendum, the territory was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923. Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force, under this constitution Sir Charles Coghlan became the first Premier of Southern Rhodesia and upon his death in 1927 he was succeeded by Howard Unwin Moffat. During World War II, Southern Rhodesian military units participated on the side of the United Kingdom, Southern Rhodesian forces were involved on many fronts including the East and North African Campaigns, Italy, Madagascar and Burma. Southern Rhodesian forces had the highest loss ratio of any constituent element, colony, additionally, the Rhodesian pilots earned the highest number of decorations and ace appellations of any group within the Empire. This resulted in the Royal Family paying a state visit to the colony at the end of the war to thank the Rhodesian people. Economically, Southern Rhodesia developed an economy that was based on production of a few primary products, notably, chrome
8.
Cape to Cairo Railway
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The Cape to Cairo Railway is an uncompleted project to cross Africa from south to north by rail. While most sections of the Cape to Cairo railway are in operation, the construction of this project presented a major technological challenge. France had a rival strategy in the late 1890s to link its western and eastern African colonies. Southern Sudan and Ethiopia were in the way, but France sent expeditions in 1897 to establish a protectorate in southern Sudan, the Portuguese considered an Angola to Mozambique railway to link west with east and produced the Pink Map representing their claims to sovereignty in Africa. Opposition to British rule in South Africa was settled after the First, British interests had to overcome obstacles of geography and climate, and the competing imperial schemes of the French and Portuguese mentioned above and of the Germans. The continuous line of colonies was complete, the British Empire possessed the political power to complete the Cape to Cairo Railway, but economic issues such as the Great Depression prevented its completion before World War II. After World War II, wars of liberation and the demise of colonialism removed the will among both outgoing and incoming powers to complete the railroad. Egypt has a system that as early as 1854 connected Alexandria and Cairo. In Egypt the railway is 1435km, after a ferry link up on the Nile, the railway continues in Sudan from Wadi Halfa to Khartoum at the 1067km narrow gauge, see Northern Africa Railroad Development. This part of the system was started by Lord Kitchener in 1897 when he subjugated the Mahdist uprising, further railway links go south, the most southern point being Wau. A large part of the Sudanese railway network is currently in disrepair due to political turmoil. East Africa has a network of narrow gauge 1,000 mm railways that historically grew from ports on the Indian Ocean and went westward, built in parallel under British, the furthest string north was the Uganda Railway. Today, railway business in Uganda is run by Rift Valley Railways of Kenya, the Kenya Railways Corporation, and the Tanzania Railways Corporation. From Dar es Salaam, a 1,860 km link to Kapiri Mposhi in Zambia was completed six years by workers. Not intended in the picture of the Cape to Cairo Railway. This connection is the 1,067 mm gauge of the part of Africa. In 1998, a transshipment hub was built at Kidatu in southern Tanzania to connect the metre gauge Central Line with the Cape gauge TAZARA line. The southern section was completed during British rule before the First World War and has a system of national railways using the Cape-gauge of 1,067 mm
9.
Northern Rhodesia
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Northern Rhodesia was a protectorate in south central Africa, formed in 1911 by amalgamating the two earlier protectorates of Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia. It was initially administered, as were the two earlier protectorates, by the British South Africa Company, a company on behalf of the British government. Although under the BSAC charter it had features of a charter colony, the mineral wealth of Northern Rhodesia made full amalgamation attractive to Southern Rhodesian politicians, but the British government preferred a looser association to include Nyasaland. This was intended to protect Africans in Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland from discriminatory Southern Rhodesian laws, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland formed in 1953 was intensely unpopular among the African majority and its formation hastened calls for majority rule. As a result of pressure, the country became independent in 1964 as Zambia. The geographical, as opposed to political, term Rhodesia referred to a region comprising the areas that are today Zambia. From 1964 it only referred to the former Southern Rhodesia, the name Rhodesia was derived from Cecil John Rhodes, the British capitalist and empire-builder who was a guiding figure in British expansion north of the Limpopo River into south-central Africa. Rhodes pushed British influence into the region by obtaining mineral rights from local chiefs under questionable treaties, Rhodes also considered Barotseland as a suitable area for British South Africa Company operations and as a gateway to the copper deposits of Katanga. Lewanika, king of the Lozi people of Barotseland sought European protection because of internal unrest, with the help of François Coillard of the Paris Evangelical Missionary Society he drafted a petition seeking a British protectorate in 1889, but the Colonial Office took no immediate action on it. However, Rhodes sent Frank Elliott Lochner to Barotseland to obtain a concession, Lochner told Lewanika that BSAC represented the British government, and on 27 June 1890 Lewanika consented to an exclusive mineral concession. However, the BSAC advised the Foreign Office that the Lozi had accepted British protection, as a result, Barotseland was claimed to be within the British sphere of influence under the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1891, although its boundary with Angola was not fixed until 1905. Rhodes, possibly prompted by Harry Johnston, wanted a mineral concession for the BSAC in Katanga and he sent Alfred Sharpe to obtain a treaty from its ruler, Msiri which would grant the concession and create a British protectorate over his kingdom. This treaty produced the anomaly of the Congo Pedicle, the boundary between the Congo Free State and British territory was fixed by a treaty in 1894, although there were some minor adjustments up to the 1930s. Boundaries with other British territories were fixed by Orders-in Council, before 1911, Northern Rhodesia was administered as two separate territories, Barotziland-North-Western Rhodesia and North-Eastern Rhodesia. The former was recognised as British territory by the Barotseland and North-Western Rhodesia Order-in-Council of 1899, both Orders-in-Council regularised the position of the BSAC Administrators, the first of whom were appointed in 1895. The Colonial Office retained the responsibility for these territory. At first Harry Johnston in Nyasaland was the representative of the Colonial Office. This territory and North-Western Rhodesia were considered by Rhodes and his colonisers to be a tropical dependency rather than an extension of white-settler controlled southern Africa
10.
Zambia
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The capital city is Lusaka, in the south-central part of Zambia. The population is concentrated mainly around Lusaka in the south and the Copperbelt Province to the northwest, originally inhabited by Khoisan peoples, the region was affected by the Bantu expansion of the thirteenth century. After visits by European explorers in the century, Zambia became the British protectorate of Northern Rhodesia towards the end of the nineteenth century. For most of the period, Zambia was governed by an administration appointed from London with the advice of the British South Africa Company. On 24 October 1964, Zambia became independent of the United Kingdom, Kaundas socialist United National Independence Party maintained power from 1964 until 1991. Kaunda played a key role in diplomacy, cooperating closely with the United States in search of solutions to conflicts in Rhodesia, Angola. From 1972 to 1991 Zambia was a one-party state with the UNIP as the legal political party under the motto One Zambia. Kaunda was succeeded by Frederick Chiluba of the social-democratic Movement for Multi-Party Democracy in 1991, beginning a period of social-economic growth, after Mwanawasas death, Rupiah Banda presided as Acting President before being elected President in 2008. Holding office for three years, Banda stepped down after his defeat in the 2011 elections by Patriotic Front party leader Michael Sata. Sata died on 28 October 2014, the second Zambian president to die in office, Guy Scott served briefly as interim president until new elections were held on 20 January 2015, in which Edgar Lungu was elected as the sixth President. In 2010, the World Bank named Zambia one of the worlds fastest economically reformed countries, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa is headquartered in Lusaka. The territory of what is now Zambia was known as Northern Rhodesia from 1911 and it was renamed Zambia at independence in 1964. The new name of Zambia was derived from the Zambezi river, the area of modern Zambia is known to have been inhabited by the Khoisan until around AD300, when migrating Bantu began to settle around these areas. These early hunter-gatherer groups were either annihilated or absorbed by subsequent more organised Bantu groups. Archaeological excavation work on the Zambezi Valley and Kalambo Falls show a succession of human cultures, in particular, ancient camping site tools near the Kalambo Falls have been radiocarbon dated to more than 36,000 year ago. The fossil skull remains of Broken Hill Man, dated between 300,000 and 125,000 years BC, further shows that the area was inhabited by pre-historic man. The early history of tribes of modern-day Zambia can only be gleaned from knowledge passed down by successive generations through word of mouth, in the 12th century, major waves of Bantu-speaking immigrants arrived during the Bantu expansion. Among them, the Tonga people were the first to settle in Zambia and are believed to have come from the east near the big sea, by the late 12th century, more advanced kingdoms and empires had been established in most regions of modern-day Zambia
11.
Zambia Railways
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Zambia Railways is the national railway of Zambia, one of the two major railway organizations in Zambia, which may also be referred to as Railway Systems of Zambia. The other system is the binational TAZARA Railway that interconnects with the ZR at Kapiri Mposhi and provides a link to the Tanzanian port of Dar es Salaam. The 1,067 mm gauge Cape gauge ZR network was built during British colonial rule as part of the vision of the Cape-Cairo railway but the economic spur was to access the mines of Central Africa. Another major bridge was required to cross the Kafue River and the 427 m long Kafue Railway Bridge, the line reached Broken Hill in 1906 and Ndola in the Copperbelt in 1909, some 20 years before the first large-scale copper mines opened there. Zambia Railways operates the Mulobezi Railway, a line from Livingstone. In the mid-1960s spurred by the Rhodesian UDI crisis, the newly independent Zambia split its railways off from Rhodesia Railways, Railway Systems of Zambia Limited is a private company incorporated and registered in Zambia. It is a subsidiary of NLPI Ltd, an investment holding company, the NLPI Consortium participated in a tender in respect of the Zambia Railways Concession. The Consortium was declared the winner with the signing of the Freight Concession Agreement on 14 February 2003, the Concession was to operate for a period of 20 years with a possible extension for a further 10 years. However, in September 2012, the government revoked the concession, there are no current international passenger services of the ZR, only of the TAZARA railway. Some tour companies have run services on the ZR network. The Copperbelt reaches into the Katanga province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with mines at Lubumbashi, the ZR network connects to Lubumbashi via Ndola and Sakania. At one time the Lubumbashi line connected to the Benguela Railway through Angola to Lobito Bay, as most of its major export routes ran through then apartheid controlled South Africa, Zambia needed an alternate export route for its copper. Via Victoria Falls Bridge the Zimbabwe rail network and the ports in Mozambique, the condition of the 100-year-old bridge restricts traffic. Up to the mid-1960s, passenger and sleeper services ran from Ndola to Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, connecting with a service to Cape Town. This was the travel route between south-central Africa and Europe before the Jet age. The journey from Ndola to Cape Town took five days, ndola-Bulawayo passenger services ended when Zambia suspended all services across the Victoria Falls Bridge in response to Rhodesias UDI crisis. Freight services were occasionally resumed up to the line re-opening in 1980, a rail link between Malawi and Zambia, allowing access to the port of Nacala, was first planned in 1982. On the Malawi side of the border, the line to Mchinji was finished in 1984 and this line remains idle because there are few facilities at Chipata
12.
Garratt locomotive
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A Garratt is a type of steam locomotive that is articulated into three parts. Its boiler is mounted on the frame, and two steam engines are mounted on separate frames, one on each end of the boiler. Articulation permits larger locomotives to negotiate curves and lighter rails that might restrict large rigid-framed locomotives, many Garratt designs aimed to double the power of the largest conventional locomotives operating on their railways, thus reducing the need for multiple locomotives and crews. Garratt first approached Kitson & Co. but his idea was rejected and he then approached Beyer, Peacock and Company, who were only marginally more interested. In 1907 Beyer, Peacock & Co. submitted a proposal for a 2 ft gauge 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt to the New South Wales Government Railways, the following year a design for a 2 ft gauge Mallet locomotive was submitted in reply to an enquiry from the Government of Tasmania. This was followed with a submission for a Garratt based on, but a little heavier than and this proposal was accepted, and two locomotives were built in 1909, which became the K class. The K class had to cope with 99 radius curves and 1 in 25 gradients and this made the locomotive unnecessarily complicated and placed the high-pressure cylinders directly underneath the cab, making it uncomfortably hot, especially in summer. The pattern was not repeated on later Garratt designs, only one more Garratt locomotive, again built by Beyer, Peacock & Co. in 1927, was produced with compound propulsion for the Burma Railways. Early design and construction involved the steam-tight flexible connections between the boiler unit and the power units. The third Garratt was built in 1910 for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, in 1911 Beyer, Peacock and Company built six 2-6-0+0-6-2 Garratts for the Western Australian Government Railways. The M class locos were followed by the Ms and the Msa class and they also formed the pattern for locos for the Victorian Railways narrow gauge G class, and for Australian Portland Cement. The final Garratts to a Beyer-Peacock design were built in 1967–1968, eight 2 ft gauge South African Railways Class NG G16 locomotives, see 2 ft gauge railways in South Africa. The order was placed with Beyer, Peacock and Company, but since the firm was in the process of closing down, hunslets South African subsidiary, Hunslet-Taylor in Germiston, built these locomotives using boilers manufactured by their mother company. The 500 mm gauge Southern Fuegian Railway in Argentina procured a new 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt in 1994, based on Livio Dante Portas work, it included larger cross section tubing, insulation of the boiler and an improved front end. This vastly improved the economy of modern steam engine and more than doubled train length. Accordingly, a second Garratt for this railway was built to similar specifications and it was shipped to Argentina in 2006 and entered service in October of that year. Garratts were used in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and this class, designated 231-132BT, was streamlined and featured Cossart motion gear, mechanical stokers and 1.8 m driving wheels, the largest of any Garratt class. On a test in France, one of these achieved a speed of 132 kilometres per hour —a record for any Garratt class, all three main railways in Angola used Garratts
13.
Gweru
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Gweru is a city near the centre of Zimbabwe. It is the capital of the Midlands Province, one of ten provinces in Zimbabwe. It became a municipality in 1914 and achieved city status in 1971, the name changed from Gwelo to Gweru in 1982. Before becoming a municipality, Gweru was known as The Steep Place after the Gweru rivers high banks when it was first settled by the Matabele, founded in 1894 by Dr. Leander Starr Jameson, modern Gweru was initially established as a military outpost. The Nalatale and Danangombe archaeological enclosures lie nearby, the known for its patterned brickwork. The surrounding area has deposits of gold, chrome, iron, asbestos and platinum. Gweru has become one of Africas busiest trade centers thanks to its production of textiles, dairy foods, footwear, Gweru is also well known for vibrant farming activities in beef cattle, crop farming, and commercial gardening of crops for the export market. Railways arrived in Gweru in 1902, national Railways of Zimbabwe have the countrys largest marshalling yard, Dabuka, on the south side of Gweru. As a central city, it has links to all the other cities. It is 164 km from Bulawayo,183 km from Masvingo,471 km from Beitbridge, Road names used are by destination only, for example the Harare-Gweru Road. There are only mainroads, no highways or freeways, Gweru shares an international relationship with the town of Basildon. The primary and secondary system of education has not changed much in structure for several decades, there was a surge of new colleges after 1980 when Zimbabwe gained independence and also when commercial courses became a popular requirement in industry. Midlands College of Commerce It provided courses in most commercial and practical subjects popular during that era for example, typing, bookkeeping, dress-making and these were examined by the UK-based Pitman Examinations Institute. This college stopped operating in the following the death of W. H Shumba in 1994. Founded by Dr Skhanyiso Ndlovu who is now the Minister of Information for Zimbabwe, ZDECO was formed soon after independence and is now one of the countrys largest adult education colleges. This training centre is linked to the Midlands Christian School. Midlands State University - formerly Gweru Teachers College www. msu. ac, the Boggie Clock Tower, located at the intersection of Main Street and Robert Mugabe Way, was built in 1928 in memory of Major William James Boggie. The clock tower is one of the citys most famous landmarks, Parliament Research Department, Gweru Urban Constituency Profile, Parliament of Zimbabwe, Published,2011, Retrieved,28 Apr 2014
14.
Rhodesia Railways 15th class
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The Rhodesia Railways 15th class, was the second-largest class of Garratt locomotives, with 74 locomotives built. Only the Class GMA/GMAM of the South African Railways was more numerous at 120 locomotives, the 4-6-4+4-6-4 wheel arrangement is sometimes called a Double Baltic or Double Hudson Garratt. The Rhodesia Railways 15th class was one of only two Double Baltic Garratt classes built, the class of Double Baltics being the Sudan Railways 250 class. The 15th class were based on the RR 16th class 2-8-2+2-8-2 Garratts. A requirement for a locomotive with a driving wheel diameter for higher speed train service on the more level parts of the railway led to the design of a new class. Initially four locomotives were ordered, and they were numbered 271–274 and these Garratts were built with a semi-streamlined rounded front bunker, that would become synonymous with modern Garratt locomotives. The locomotives proved their worth, with an availability, achieving 6,200 miles per month. After World War II, a further 70 locomotives were ordered, the 1947 batch of ten were delivered with a modified front bunker, and a rounded rear bunker as well. The next twenty locomotives had further modifications to the front bunker, the last forty locomotives were designated as 15A class. While almost identical externally, they had their boiler pressure increased from 180 to 200 psi, with the introduction of the 17th class and the 18th class, the early members of the class were renumbered to put all of the 15th class into a solid block. They therefore worked the Salisbury-Gwelo section and proved their value there, the 15th class came to dominate the line, to the extent that they became the only type used until the DE2 class diesels were assigned to the Bulawayo–Mafeking trains in 1973. On these trains, the locomotives were worked almost continuously on the 1000-mile round trip, the 15th class were also used on the Bulawayo to Salisbury, Bulawayo to Victoria Falls, and Gwelo to Malvernia, Mozambique trains. A few were used in Northern Rhodesia. When Zambia took over the operation of railways in its territory, consequently there was no wholesale renumbering of the 15th class like there was with the 20th class. One locomotive that was renumbered was 404 and it ran away on a downhill section between Thompson Junction and Dett. It derailed and overturned on one of the many curves near Entuba siding, killing its experienced driver Danny Grace, the fireman, Dutch born Gerard Smout and the African coal trimmer were thrown clear of the engine and survived the crash. The locomotive was believed to be jinxed, and so after repair, was renumbered 424, one of its old number plates became a memorial at the derailment site. By June 1975 there were 52 locomotives of the 15th class left in service, in 1978 Rhodesia Railways started a rebuilding program for its steam locomotive fleet
15.
Rhodesia Railways 20th class
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The Rhodesia Railways 20th class, later Zambia Railways and National Railways of Zimbabwe 20th classes, were among the largest and most powerful steam locomotives in the southern hemisphere. The locomotives have a 4-8-2+2-8-4 of Double Mountain wheel arrangement and this arrangement was also used by most other large Garratts. The 20th class was the first and only class of Rhodesia Railways locomotives to be fitted with mechanical stokers, other technical features included bar frames and thermic syphons. The 20th class also had the round-ended bunkers characteristic of late Garratts, the initial use of the 20th class was ill-fated. The locomotives were plagued with teething troubles including cracks in the frames and fireboxes. Unlike the South African Railways GMA, which had cast steel frames, two locomotives were scrapped very early due to accident damage. Strangely, they were the first and the last built, apart from these problems, the locomotives met all expectations. They were by far the most powerful locomotives on the Rhodesia Railways, in 1964, Zambia took over the operation of railways in its territory. This included the transfer of 80–90 locomotives – about half of them 20th and this left only fifteen 20ths in Rhodesia. They later re-acquired four from Zambia Railways when the latter dieselised, on this route they were rated with a maximum load of 1,600 long tons. In Zambia, the 20th class was replaced by diesels and retired by about 1970, by June 1975, there were only 18 in service in Rhodesia, all allocated to Bulawayo. In 1978 Rhodesia Railways started a program for its steam locomotive fleet. Between 1980 and 1983 the remaining Garratt locomotives were overhauled and had some modernisation. The work was undertaken by companies, especially the RESSCO works in Bulawayo. Work on the first two was completed in 1980, although it was April 1983 before they were all dealt with, as part of the rebuilding programme, the locomotives running numbers were consolidated into two blocks, 730–737 and 740–750. Three locomotives kept their old numbers,746,747, and 749, at the same time, the locomotives received names, the cast nameplate were applied to the cabside above the numberplate. All the rebuilt 20th and 20A locomotives were allocated to Bulawayo, due to the continuing difficult economic situation in Zimbabwe, the rebuilt steam locomotives remained in service longer than originally planned. Finally, in the early 1990s, new diesels were ordered, all were withdrawn from general service by 1994
16.
3 ft 6 in gauge railways
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Railways with a track gauge of 3 ft 6 in/1,067 mm were first constructed as horse-drawn wagonways. From the mid-nineteenth century, the 3 ft 6 in gauge became widespread in the British Empire, there are approximately 112,000 kilometres of 1,067 mm gauge track in the world. 1795 One of the first railways to use 3 ft 6 in gauge was the Little Eaton Gangway in England, other 3 ft 6 in gauge wagonways in England and Wales were also built in the early nineteenth century. 1862 In 1862 the Norwegian engineer Carl Abraham Pihl constructed the first 3 ft 6 in gauge railway in Norway,1865 In 1865 the Queensland Railways were constructed. Its 3 ft 6 in gauge was promoted by the Irish engineer Abraham Fitzgibbon,1868 In 1868 Charles Fox asks civil engineer Edmund Wragge to survey a 3 ft 6 in railway in Costa Rica. 1871 In 1871 the Canadian Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway,1872 In January 1872 Robert Fairlie advocated the use of 3 ft 6 in gauge in his book Railways Or No Railways, Narrow Gauge, Economy with Efficiency v. Broad Gauge, Costliness with Extravagance. 1872 also saw the opening of the first 3 ft 6 in gauge railway in Japan,1873 On 1 January 1873, the first 3 ft 6 in gauge railway was opened in New Zealand, constructed by the British firm John Brogden and Sons. Earlier built 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in and broad gauge railways were converted to the narrower gauge. Also in 1873 the Cape Colony adopted the 3 ft 6 in gauge, after conducting several studies in southern Europe, the Molteno Government selected the gauge as being the most economically suited for traversing steep mountain ranges. Beginning in 1873, under supervision of Railway engineer of the Colony William Brounger, the Cape Government Railways rapidly expanded and the gauge became the standard for southern Africa. 1876 Natal also converted its short 10 kilometres long Durban network from 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in broad gauge prior to commencing with construction of a network across the colony in 1876. Other new railways in Southern Africa, notably Mozambique, Bechuanaland, after 1876 In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century numerous 3 ft 6 in gauge tram systems were built in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In Sweden, the gauge was nicknamed Blekinge gauge, as most of the railways in the province of Blekinge had this gauge. An alternate name for this gauge, Cape gauge, is named after the Cape Colony in what is now South Africa, the term Cape Gauge is used in other languages, such as the Dutch kaapspoor, German Kapspur, Norwegian kappspor and French voie cape. After metrication in the 1960s, the gauge was referred to in official South African Railways publications as 1065 mm instead of 1067 mm, the gauge is sometimes referred to as CAP gauge, after C. A. The gauge name Colonial Gauge was used in New Zealand, in Australia the imperial term 3 foot 6 inch is used. In some Australian publications the term medium gauge is also used, in Japan 1,067 mm gauge is referred to as kyōki, which directly translates as narrow gauge. It is defined in metric units, Cape Government Railways Heritage railway List of track gauges Norwegian gauge controversy South African Trains – A Pictorial Encyclopaedia Why Did Japan Choose the 36 Narrow Gauge
17.
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
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Victoria Falls is a town in the province of Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. It lies on the bank of the Zambezi River at the western end of the Victoria Falls themselves. It is connected by road and railway to Hwange and Bulawayo, according to the 2012 Population Census, the town had a population of 33,060. Victoria Falls Airport is located 18 km south of the town and has services to Johannesburg. It became the tourism centre for the Falls, experiencing economic booms from the 1930s to the 1960s and in the 1980s. Education Victoria Falls has a few schools like Baobab Primary School, Chinotimba Primary School, Kings Primary School, Victoria Falls Primary School. In addition there are schools like Mosi Oa Tunya High School. Health The town is served by Victoria Falls Hospital, The Chinotimba Clinic, sports Football is the most popular sport and there are many football teams some of which play in the first division. There have been legendary teams like Zimbabwe Sun Rovers, Intundla, Makasa Sun Casino, Guyu, Burning Spear, Sprayview, Mawema and this team produced some exceptional players and some played overseas while others played for some premiership sides. Victoria Falls Rugby Club which started at the Farm school playing touch rugby was strengthebed and played a few touring international sides at Elephant Hills Hotel and they participated at the Victoria Falls Rugby 10s in 1999 where South African, Scottish, Zambian and Kenyan teams played. The town is known for its grade 5 rapids where white water rafting and kayaking are done, there is also a good golf course at Elephant Hills Hotel
18.
Victoria Falls Bridge
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The Victoria Falls Bridge crosses the Zambezi River just below the Victoria Falls and is built over the Second Gorge of the falls. The bridge was the brainchild of Cecil Rhodes, part of his grand and unfulfilled Cape to Cairo railway scheme, even though he never visited the falls and died before construction of the bridge began. Rhodes is recorded as instructing the engineers to build the bridge across the Zambezi where the trains, as they pass, the main central arch is a parabolic curve. It took just 14 months to construct and was completed in 1905, the bridge was officially opened by Professor George Darwin, son of Charles Darwin and President of the British Association on 12 September 1905. The American Society of Civil Engineers lists the bridge as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. Constructed from steel, the bridge is 198 metres long, with an arch spanning 156.50 metres. It carries a road, railway and footway, the bridge is the only rail link between Zambia and Zimbabwe and one of only three road links between the two countries. The Victoria Falls Bridge did not bring the first train or the first railway to Zambia, to push on with construction of the railway north as fast as possible, Cecil Rhodes insisted that the Livingstone to Kalomo line be laid before the bridge was finished. The locomotive was re-assembled and entered service months before the bridge was complete, for more than 50 years the bridge was crossed regularly by passenger trains as part of the principal route between the then Northern Rhodesia, southern Africa and Europe. Freight trains carried mainly copper ore and timber out of Zambia, the age of the bridge and maintenance problems have led to traffic restrictions at times. Trains cross at less than walking pace and trucks were limited to 30 t, the limit was raised after repairs in 2006, but proposals for more fundamental rehabilitation or construction of a new bridge have been aired. During the Rhodesian UDI crisis and Bush War the bridge was frequently closed, in 1975, the bridge was the site of unsuccessful peace talks when the parties met in a train carriage poised above the gorge for nine and a half hours. In 1980 freight and road services resumed and have continued without interruption except for maintenance, today one of the Victoria Falls Bridges main attraction are historical guided tours focusing on the construction of the bridge and include a walking tour under the main deck. On the Zambian side there is a museum about the bridge which is free to enter. Also located on the bridge is the Shearwater 111 metres bungee jump including a bungee swing, concerns about safety of the attraction were raised in late 2011 after the bungees cord snapped and a young Australian woman fell 24 metres into the fast flowing river. The bridge was referred to as the Great Zambesi or Zambezi bridge. The Location of the bridge and surrounding area by Openstreetmap List of crossings of the Zambezi River Winchester, Clarence, the Victoria Falls Bridge, Wonders of World Engineering, pp. 411–419 Hobson, George Andrew
19.
Indian Ocean
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The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the worlds oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2. It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, the Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara, the mine of gems in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as Hind Mahāsāgar, in Hindi. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf, the oceans continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres in width. An exception is found off Australias western coast, where the width exceeds 1,000 kilometres. The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m and its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m deep, Sunda Trench has a depth of 7, 258–7,725 m. North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the basin is covered by pelagic sediments. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenous sediments, glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes. The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the Lombok Strait, the Strait of Malacca, the Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean, marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include, The climate north of the equator is affected by a monsoon climate. Strong north-east winds blow from October until April, from May until October south, in the Arabian Sea the violent Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. In the southern hemisphere, the winds are milder. When the monsoon winds change, cyclones sometimes strike the shores of the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, Indian Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical oceans, and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the Pacific. Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming, and changes in the frequency, among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean are the Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Jubba and Irrawaddy River. The oceans currents are controlled by the monsoon. Two large gyres, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise, during the winter monsoon, however, currents in the north are reversed. Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, north of 20° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C, exceeding 28 °C to the east. Southward of 40° south latitude, temperatures drop quickly, surface water salinity ranges from 32 to 37 parts per 1000, the highest occurring in the Arabian Sea and in a belt between southern Africa and south-western Australia
20.
Beira Railroad Corporation
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The 3 ft 6 in Cape gauge Beira line is important as it provides port access for landlocked states such as Zimbabwe, Malawi, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congos Katanga Province. Originally the Beira railroad already established a connection to Salisbury, now Harare, building of the Beira railway started in 1892, during the Portuguese rule of the territory of Mozambique. First, a 2 ft narrow gauge railway was constructed from Beira to the border city Mutare in Zimbabwe, in total 222 miles long and opened on 4 February,1898. In 1893 work started in Vryburg, Cape Province, South Africa, to construct a 3 ft 6 in Cape gauge railway to the north, later to be connected to the Beira Railway. In 1898 a 3 ft 6 in Cape gauge line from Salisbury to Mutare was opened, in 1905 the railway was completed after opening of the Victoria Falls Bridge at the border of Zambia. The 2 ft narrow gauge locomotives were acquired by the South African Railways to be designated to SAR Class NG6. Nineteenth century 2 ft narrow gauge locomotives of the Beira Railway. The Beira railway has two segments, the Machipanda line to Zimbabwe, and the Sena line to the coal fields of Moatize with further connection to Malawi. After Mozambique gained independence in 1975, both segments were damaged during the fighting in the 1980s when RENAMO sabotaged the railroad
21.
Mozambique
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It is separated from Madagascar by the Mozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city is Maputo, between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, Bantu-speaking peoples migrated from farther north and west. Swahili commercial ports existed along the coasts until the arrival of Europeans, the area was explored by Vasco da Gama in 1498 and colonised by Portugal from 1505. The country was an important place where Somali merchants enslaved the local population, after over four centuries of Portuguese rule, Mozambique gained independence in 1975, becoming the Peoples Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. After only two years of independence, the country descended into an intense and protracted civil war lasting from 1977 to 1992, in 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has remained a relatively stable presidential republic. However, since 2013, following more than 20 years of peace, Mozambique is one of the poorest and most underdeveloped countries in the world. Mozambique is endowed with rich and extensive natural resources, the countrys economy is based largely on agriculture, but industry is growing, mainly food and beverages, chemical manufacturing, and aluminium and petroleum production. The countrys tourism sector is also growing, South Africa is Mozambiques main trading partner and source of foreign direct investment. Belgium, Brazil, Portugal, and Spain are also among the countrys most important economic partners, since 2001, Mozambiques annual average GDP growth has been among the worlds highest. However, the ranks among the lowest in GDP per capita, human development, measures of inequality. The only official language of Mozambique is Portuguese, which is mostly as a second language by about half of the population. Common native languages include Makhuwa, Sena, and Swahili, the countrys population of around 24 million is composed overwhelmingly of Bantu people. The largest religion in Mozambique is Christianity, with significant minorities following Islam, the island-town was the capital of the Portuguese colony until 1898, when it was moved south to Lourenço Marques. Between the 1st and 5th centuries AD, waves of Bantu-speaking people migrated from the west and north through the Zambezi River valley and then gradually into the plateau and they established agricultural communities or societies based on herding cattle. They brought with them the technology for smelting and smithing iron, from the late first millennium AD, vast Indian Ocean trade networks extended as far south into Mozambique as the ancient port town of Chibuene. Connections are evident at sites including Manyikeni for 11–14th century ties with the inland Great Zimbabwe kingdoms, from about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts displaced the Arabic commercial and military hegemony, becoming regular ports of call on the new European sea route to the east. The voyage of Vasco da Gama around the Cape of Good Hope in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, the Portuguese attempted to legitimise and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the creation of prazos tied to Portuguese settlement and administration. Historically within Mozambique there was slavery, Human beings were bought and sold by African tribal chiefs, Arab Muslim traders and Portuguese and other European traders as well
22.
Maputo
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Maputo, known as Lourenço Marques before independence, is the capital and largest city of Mozambique. It is known as the City of Acacias, in reference to acacia trees commonly found along its avenues, today, it is a port city, with its economy centered on the harbour. According to the 2007 census, the population is 1,766,184, cotton, sugar, chromite, sisal, copra, and hardwood are the chief exports. The city manufactures cement, pottery, furniture, shoes, the city is surrounded by Maputo Province, but is administered as its own province. They explored the lower courses of the rivers emptying their waters into Delagoa Bay, the forts and trading stations that the Portuguese established, abandoned and reoccupied on the north bank of the river, were all called Lourenço Marques. The existing town dates from about 1850, the settlement having been entirely destroyed by the natives. The town developed around a Portuguese fortress completed in 1787, on the 9th of December 1876, Lourenço Marques was elevated to the category of village and on the 10th of November 1887 it became a city. The Luso-British conflict for the possession of Lourenço Marques ends on the 24th of July 1875 with the ruling by the French President Patrice Mac-Mahon in favor of Portugal. The growing importance of the Transvaal led, however, to greater interest being taken back in Portugal in the development of a port. A commission was sent by the Portuguese government in 1876 to drain the land near the settlement, to plant the blue gum tree, and to build a hospital. A city since 1887, it superseded the Island of Mozambique as the capital of Mozambique in 1898, in 1895, construction of a railroad to Pretoria, South Africa, caused the citys population to grow. It was served by British, Portuguese, and German liners, and the majority of its goods were shipped at Southampton, Lisbon. Portuguese, Islamic, Indian and Chinese communities managed to achieve great prosperity —, before Mozambiques independence in 1975, thousands of tourists from South Africa and Rhodesia frequented the city and its scenic beaches, high-quality hotels, restaurants, casinos, and brothels. The Mozambique Liberation Front, or FRELIMO, formed in Tanzania in 1962 and led by Eduardo Mondlane, the Mozambican War of Independence lasted over 10 years, ending only in 1974 when the Estado Novo regime was overthrown in Lisbon by a leftist military coup — the Carnation Revolution. The new government of Portugal granted independence to all Portuguese overseas territories, the words Aqui é Portugal were once inscribed on the walkway of its municipal building. The Peoples Republic of Mozambique was proclaimed on 25 June 1975 in accordance with the Lusaka Accord signed in September 1974, however, after independence, the citys name was changed to Maputo. After the independence, the statues to Portuguese heroes in the city were removed. Black soldiers carrying Russian rifles replaced Portuguese Army soldiers with arms in city barracks
23.
Botswana Railways
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Botswana Railways is the national railway of Botswana. BR was created in 1987 when the government of Botswana bought out the Botswana-based sections of the National Railways of Zimbabwe, NRZ had been initially operating the rail system after Botswana had gained independence. Management of the BR is supported by RITES Ltd. of India, the opening of the Beitbridge Bulawayo Railway in Zimbabwe in 1999 resulted in a major drop in the volume of freight transit and income. As a response the BR has been considering the construction of a line to Zambia, bypassing Zimbabwe. On 27 February 2009, an announcement was made of the termination of all Botswana Railways passenger services, however, passenger trains run by National Railways of Zimbabwe continue to run from Bulawayo to Lobatse via Plumtree, Francistown and Gaborone. As of October 2010, BR was building a shopping mall near Gaborone station. In December 2014 Botswana Railways announced that they would purchase new cars and locomotives. A passenger service between Gaborone and Lobatse, marketed under the name BR Express, eventually began operation in March 2016, the Botswana Railways system consists of 888 kilometres of 1,067 mm Cape gauge track. The main line runs through the region of Botswana from Mahikeng in South Africa through Lobatse, Gaborone, Mahalapye, Palapye. In addition there are three lines, from Palapye to Morupule Colliery, from Serule to Selebi-Phikwe, and from Francistown to Sowa. Main Line -640 km Francistown to Sua Pan -174, a new rail link between Botswana and Zambia, bypassing Zimbabwe was mooted in 2005 by Botswana Railways general manager Andrew Lunga. The line was envisaged as running south-westwards from Livingstone, crossing the Zambesi, zimbabwes economic problems had worsened the situation, prejudicing free traffic flow. The suggested line, Lunga pointed out, would provide important alternative routes linking South Africa, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo
24.
South Africa
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South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
25.
Durban
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Durban is the largest city in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. Durbans metropolitan municipality ranks third among the most populous areas in South Africa after Johannesburg. It is also the second most important manufacturing hub in South Africa after Johannesburg and it forms part of the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality. Durban is famous for being the busiest port in South Africa and it is also seen as one of the major centres of tourism because of the citys warm subtropical climate and extensive beaches. It is the largest city in KwaZulu-Natal which is the 2nd most populous province in South Africa and it has the highest number of dollar millionaires added per year of any South African city with the number rising 200% between 2000 and 2014. In May 2015, Durban was officially recognised as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, Doha, La Paz, Havana, Beirut, archaeological evidence from the Drakensberg mountains suggests that the Durban area has been inhabited by communities of hunter-gatherers since 100,000 BC. He named the area Natal, or Christmas in Portuguese, accompanying Farewell was an adventurer named Henry Francis Fynn. Fynn was able to befriend the Zulu King Shaka by helping him to recover from a wound he suffered in battle. As a token of Shakas gratitude, he granted Fynn a 30-mile strip of coast a hundred miles in depth. During a meeting of 35 European residents in Fynns territory on 23 June 1835, it was decided to build a town and name it dUrban after Sir Benjamin dUrban. The Voortrekkers established the Republic of Natalia in 1838, with its capital at Pietermaritzburg, piet Retief, leader of the Voortrekkers in Natal, negotiated with the Zulu King, Dingane, in order to obtain land for their farming purposes. After negotiations were concluded, Dingane however reneged and had Retief, thereafter the Zulus attacked and killed more than 500 Voortrekkers at Retiefs laager. The Voortrekkers retaliated and broke Dinganes power at the Battle of Blood River, the force arrived on 4 May 1842 and built a fortification that was later to be The Old Fort. On the night of 23/24 May 1842 the British attacked the Voortrekker camp at Congella, the attack failed, and the British had to withdraw to their camp which was put under siege. A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni were able to escape the blockade and rode to Grahamstown, the reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later, the Voortrekkers retreated, and the siege was lifted. Fierce conflict with the Zulu population led to the evacuation of Durban, a British governor was appointed to the region and many settlers emigrated from Europe and the Cape Colony. The British established a sugar industry in the 1860s. Farm owners had a difficult time attracting Zulu labourers to work on their plantations, as a result of the importation of Indian labourers, Durban has the largest Asian community on the African continent, and has the largest Indian population outside of India
26.
Cape Town
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Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa
27.
25 kV AC railway electrification
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25 kV alternating current electrification is commonly used in railway electrification systems worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic, after some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany, it came into widespread use in the 1950s. Railways using older, lower-capacity direct current systems have introduced or are introducing 25 kV AC instead of 3 kV DC/1.5 kV DC for their new high-speed lines. The first successful operational and regular use of the 50 Hz system dates back to 1931 and it was developed by Kálmán Kandó in Hungary, who used 16 kV AC at 50 Hz, asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag, the first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom. Although Kandós solution showed a way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design. The first railway to use system was completed in 1951 by SNCF between Aix-les-Bains and La Roche-sur-Foron in southern France, initially at 20 kV but converted to 25 kV in 1953. The main reason why electrification at this voltage had not been used before was the lack of reliability of mercury-arc-type rectifiers that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use DC series motors, until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in the railway industry. It was possible to use AC motors, but they did not have a characteristic for traction purposes. This was because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and this is why DC series motors were the best choice for traction purposes, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic. In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance three-phase AC induction motors. The N700 Shinkansen uses a converter to convert 25 kV single-phase AC to 1,520 V AC to 3,000 V DC to a maximum 2,300 V three-phase AC to run the motors. The system works in reverse for regenerative braking, the choice of 25 kV was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current. The Indian Traction Power uses a 25 kV autotransformer system to achieve greater than the 25 kV system. Supply, in terms, the supply for the electric trains run by the Indian Rail uses only two phases of the normal three-phase electric power supply. The usage of the two phases is a one, feeding a single phase transformer with the two phases instead of the conventional feeding of a phase and a neutral
28.
Steam locomotive
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A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind, the first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop, Steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were superseded by electric and diesel locomotives, with full conversions to electric. The majority of locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, though several continue to run on tourist. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks, in 1784, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive. An early working model of a rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the US during 1794. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks, the model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts, accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine, Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through another trio of locomotives, Four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray for the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway debuted in 1812. Another well known early locomotive was Puffing Billy built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley and it was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on display in the Science Museum. George Stephenson built Locomotion No.1 for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, in 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of locomotives used on railways in the UK, US. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of power for passenger
29.
Government of Zimbabwe
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The politics of Zimbabwe takes place in a framework of a full presidential republic, whereby the President is the head of state and government as organized by the 2013 Constitution. Executive power is exercised by the government, legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The abolition of the Senate in 1990, and the creation of appointed seats in the House of Assembly, ZANU-PF leader Robert Mugabe, elected prime minister in 1980, revised the constitution in 1987 to make himself president. President Mugabes affiliated party won every election from independence on April 18,1980, in some quarters corruption and rigging elections have been alleged. In particular the elections of 1990 were nationally and internationally condemned as being rigged, with the party, Edgar Tekeres Zimbabwe Unity Movement. Presidential elections were held in 2002 amid allegations of vote-rigging, intimidation, and fraud, ethnic rivalry between the Shona and Ndebele has played a large part in Zimbabwes politics, a consequence of the countrys borders defined by its British colonial rulers. This continued after independence in 1980, during the Gukurahundi ethnic cleansing liberation wars in Matabeleland in the 1980s and this led to the political merger of Joshua Nkomos Zimbabwe African Peoples Union with the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union to form ZANU-PF and the appointment of Nkomo as vice president. During 2005, with the Mugabes future in question, factionalism within the Shona has increased, in October 2005 it was alleged that members of the ruling ZANU-PF and the opposition MDC have held secret meetings in London and Washington to discuss plans for a new Zimbabwe after Robert Mugabe. On February 6,2007, Mugabe orchestrated a Cabinet reshuffle, recent years have seen widespread violations of human rights. Elections have been marked by violence and intimidation, along with the politicisation of the judiciary, military, police force. Newspapers not aligned with the government have been closed down, members of the judiciary have been threatened and/or arrested, repressive laws aimed at preventing freedoms of speech, assembly and association have been implemented and subjectively enforced. Members of the opposition are routinely arrested and harassed, with some subjected to torture or sentenced to jail, the legal system has come under increasing threat. The MDC has repeatedly attempted to use the system to challenge the ruling ZANU-PF. Under Zimbabwes Constitution, the president is the head of state and government, prior to 2013, the president was elected for a 6-year term with no term limits. The new constitution approved in the 2013 constitutional referendum limits the president to two 5-year terms, but this does not take effect retrospectively, the Cabinet is appointed by the president and responsible to the House of Assembly. Parliament has 120 members elected by the electorate,10 tribal chiefs,12 presidential appointees, eight presidentially appointed provincial governors, Speaker. It may serve for a maximum of five years, the judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe who, like their contemporaries, is appointed by the President on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. The Constitution has a Bill of Rights containing extensive protection of human rights, the Bill of Rights could not be amended for the first 10 years of independence except by unanimous vote of Parliament
30.
Deloitte
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Deloitte is one of the Big Four accounting firms and the largest professional services network in the world by revenue and number of professionals. Deloitte provides audit, tax, consulting, enterprise risk and financial services with more than 244,400 professionals globally. In FY2016, the company earned a record $36.8 billion USD in revenues, as of 2016, Deloitte is the 6th-largest privately owned organization in the United States. In 2016, Fortune magazine ranked Deloitte as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For, in 1845, William Welch Deloitte opened an office in Basinghall Street in London. Deloitte was the first person to be appointed an independent auditor of a public company and he went on to open an office in New York in 1880. In 1896, Charles Waldo Haskins and Elijah Watt Sells formed Haskins & Sells in New York and it was later described as the first major auditing firm to be established in the country by American rather than British accountants. At the time, there were fewer than 500 CPAs practicing in the United States, carter helped convince Congress that independent audits should be mandatory for public companies. In 1947, Detroit accountant George Bailey, then president of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, launched his own organization. The new entity enjoyed such a start that in less than a year. Headed by Bailey, the organization rapidly, in part by creating a dedicated management consulting function. It also forged links with organizations established by the co-founder of Touche Niven, George Touche, the Canadian organization Ross. In 1960, the firm was renamed Touche, Ross, Bailey & Smart, in 1968 Nobuzo Tohmatsu formed Tohmatsu Aoki & Co, a firm based in Japan that was to become part of the Touche Ross network in 1975. In 1972 Robert Trueblood, Chairman of Touche Ross, led the committee responsible for recommending the establishment of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and he led the expansion of Touche Ross in that era. In 1952, Deloitte merged his firm with Haskins & Sells to form Deloitte Haskins & Sells, in 1989, Deloitte Haskins & Sells merged with Touche Ross in the USA to form Deloitte & Touche. The merged firm was led jointly by J. Michael Cook, some member firms of Touche Ross also rejected the merger with Deloitte Haskins & Sells and merged with other firms. The name DRT International was therefore chosen, referring to Deloitte, Ross, in 1993, the international firm was renamed Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu to reflect the contribution from the Japanese firm, as well as agreements to use both of the names Deloitte and Touche. In 1995, the partners of Deloitte & Touche decided to create Deloitte & Touche Consulting Group, in 2000, Deloitte acquired Eclipse to add Internet design-based solutions to its consulting capabilities. Eclipse was later separated into Deloitte Online and Deloitte Digital, in 2002, Arthur Andersens UK practice, the firms largest practice outside the US, agreed to merge with Deloittes UK practice
31.
Sinohydro
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Sinohydro (Chinese, is a Chinese state-owned hydropower engineering and construction company. In the 2012 Engineering News-Record Top 225 Global Contractors, a ranking by annual revenue, the company is 14th by overall position, as of June 2015 it ranks 4th among Chinese companies for disposal of fixed assets. The company was founded in 1950, and is based in Beijing, workers of the affiliated company Power Construction Corporation were abducted in 2012 by the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North while building a road in Sudan. In Malaysia, the company worked on a joint venture with Sime Engineering to build the largest dam in the country, the Sarawak Report, alleged that Sinohydro had widely used a technique involving adding excessive water to cement, making the construction unsafe. Sinohydro responded that the dam was safe but some work like the cleaning of silos wasnt done following instructions, the webpage of the Sarawak Report was hacked after it published the story. In 2006, a group of indigenous Lenca people from Río Blanco asked for an investigation into the recent arrival of equipment in their area. Legal action and community meetings were organized against the project, Bangladesh 2014, Selected by the government of Bangladesh for River Training Works of the Padma Bridge Padma Multi-Purpose Bridge in Lohajong, South of capital Dhaka. Date of work order,31 December 2014,2012, Selected by a local government in Georgia to construct a ring road, project worth GEL210 million or USD129 million. 2013, Selected by Government of Uganda to construct Karuma Power Station, a 600 Megawatt power station, Construction costs estimated at approximately US$2.2 billion. Building the Port of Hambantota in Sri Lanka, which become the largest port in South Asia by 2014. 2013, Selected by Algerian government to construct the photovoltaics centrales, Selected by the Honduran private company, Desarrollos Energéticos SA to build the controversial Rio Blanco dam. Selected by Qatar Government to Construct New Hamad Port in 2015, the Project estimated cost is 1.3 billion Riyal. Project includes 57 building which includes substations as well, required for the supply of the Port administration area. Electric power industry in China Renewable energy in China Official website
32.
Transnet Freight Rail
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Transnet Freight Rail is a South African rail transport company, formerly known as Spoornet. Customer complaints about serious problems with Transnet Freight Rails service were reported in 2010 and its head office is in the Inyanda House in Parktown, Johannesburg. Transnet Freight Rail is a logistics and passenger transport railway. It is the largest freight hauler in Africa, Transnet also formerly owned Shosholoza Meyl, the non-luxury long distance passenger rail service. Shosholoza Meyl was transferred to the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa on 23 December 2008, a line in the Eastern Cape is leased to Kei Rail. In May 2010, Transnet revealed a five-year-plan involving rail projects costing R52Bn, most of this would be spent on new rolling stock, including 304 locomotives and 7231 wagons. R4Bn would be spent on infrastructure connecting Majuba coal-fired power station with the Richards Bay freight railway, Transnet is upgrading the rail corridor which connect the Port of Ngqura with manganese mines around Hotazel in the Northern Cape. The corridor would be 1,003 kilometres long, and would mostly involve upgrades of existing lines, swazilink is expected to connect from Lothair to Sidvokodvo in Swaziland, at a cost of R17 billion. Category, Locomotives of South Africa Hex River Tunnel List of South African locomotive classes Official website Transnet website South African Trains – A Pictorial Encyclopaedia
33.
Crowe Horwath
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Crowe Horwath LLP is one of the largest public accounting, consulting, and technology firms in the U. S. Crowe is an independent member of Crowe Horwath International. Crowe Chizek, was established in 1942 in South Bend, Ind. by Fred P. Crowe Sr. previously, Crowe had worked in public accounting for many years and also served as the St. Joseph County auditor for eight years. Chizek was head of the department at the University of Notre Dame. Following the death of Fred P. Crowe Sr. in 1952, Cletus F. Chizek reorganized the firm as Crowe, Chizek and Company and two firm personnel, M. Mendel Piser and Fred P. Crowe Jr. became partners. The firm changed its name to Crowe Horwath in 2008 to strengthen its alignment with Horwath International, audit, Tax, Advisory, Risk, and Performance. The 2015 Accounting Today Top 100 Ranks Crowe in the Top 10 in the U. S.2015 PAR Top 100 Ranks Crowe in the Top 10 in the U. S. Crowe Horwath companies grouped at OpenCorporates
34.
Head-on collision
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With railways, a head-on collision occurs most often on a single line railway. This usually means that at least one of the trains has passed a signal at danger, Head-on collisions may also occur at junctions, for similar reasons. In the early days of railroading in the United States, such collisions were quite common, as time progressed and signalling became more standardized, such accidents became less frequent. Even so, the term still sees some usage in the industry, the origins of the term are not well known, but it is attributed to accidents happening in rural America where farming and cornfields were common. The first known usage of the term was in the mid-19th century, the distance required for a train to stop is usually greater than the distance that can be seen before the next blind curve, which is why signals and safeworking systems are so important. Note, if the collision occurs at a station or junction, or trains are traveling in the same direction, january 26,1921 — Abermule train collision, Montgomeryshire — failure to observe proper procedures,17 killed. May 15,1960 — Rail accident of Leipzig, East Germany — Mistake of workers at a box,54 killed,240 injured November 16,1960 — Stéblová train disaster. 1969 — Violet Town railway disaster, Australia — dead driver drives through crossing loop, may 27,1971 — Radevormwald, West Germany — Dahlerau train disaster — A freight train and a passenger train crashed into each other,46 killed. May 4,1976 - Schiedam train disaster, The Netherlands, july 25,1980 — Winsum train disaster, The Netherlands, Two trains collide on a single track between Groningen and Roodeschool resulting in 9 deaths. February 8,1986 — Hinton train collision, Alberta — freight train passed red light due to sleeping crew,23 killed, october 19,1987 — Bintaro train crash — two passenger train collided due to signal misunderstanding,156 killed and more than 300 injured. 1989/1991 — Glasgow Bellgrove rail crash and Newton rail accident, Scotland — both SPAD’s with track layout at single lead junctions a major contributory factor 1994 — Cowden rail crash, august 2,1999 — Gauhati rail disaster — Two express trains collide head-on in. January 4,2000 — Åsta accident, Åsta in Åmot, the fire after the collision lasts nearly six hours. July 12,2016 - Andria-Corato train collision - head-on collision in Apulia, with shipping, there are two main factors influencing the chance of a head-on collision. Firstly, even with radar and radio, it is difficult to tell what course the opposing ships are following, secondly, big ships have so much momentum that it is very hard to change course at the last moment. Head-on collisions are a fatal type of road traffic collision. U. S. statistics show that in 2005, head-on crashes were only 2. 0% of all crashes, a common misconception is that this over-representation is because the relative velocity of vehicles traveling in opposite directions is high. Except for the case of a car colliding with a heavier one. The television show MythBusters performed a demonstration of this effect in a 2010 show, Head-on collisions, sideswipes, and run-off-road crashes all belong to a category of crashes called lane-departure or road-departure crashes
35.
Chiredzi
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Chiredzi is a small town in Masvingo province in south-east Zimbabwe. Chiredzi is a town in the Masvingo Province of Zimbabwe, near the Runde River and it is the administrative center for Chiredzi District and it is where both the rural and district councils are based. It is served by an international airport at Buffalo Range called Buffalo Range Airport. The non-profit organization the Elias Fund has its Zimbabwean base of operations in Chiredzi, the Mashoko/Hippo Valley Christian Mission also had headquarters in Chiredzi, from which it oversees two orphanages and a number of schools and churches throughout the province. It is the home of the Gona Rezhoe National Park with Malilangwe, the two have been visited by celebrities ant support tourism. They enclose the beautiful wildlife consisting of carnivores, herbivores and omnivorous animals and it is also where the Hippo Valley Estates is located with its A school and private school Hippo Valley Primary school. South Eastern College is also located in Chiredzi and serves as the only A rated private High school in the area and it received a lot of awards due to the high pass rates- www. secnet. co. zw is the website. The census of 2002 recorded the population of the town at 26,129, Hippo Valley Hospital, found in the district, is one of a numbers of center for HIV/AIDS treatment in the province
36.
Masvingo
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Masvingo is a town in south-eastern Zimbabwe and the capital of Masvingo Province. The town is close to Great Zimbabwe, the monument from which the country takes its name. The town was known as Fort Victoria until 1982, when its name was changed to Nyanda. Within a few months its name was changed to Masvingo when it was discovered that Nyanda did not translate very well between dialects. It is the oldest colonial settlement in Zimbabwe, and grew up around the encampment established in 1890 by the Pioneer Column en route to their eventual destination, Salisbury. The Old Fort national monument is located in the centre of town, the very first cricket match in Zimbabwe is said to have taken place close by in 1890. The population was approximately 15,000 in 1970,30,523 in 1982 and it had a population of approximately 58,000 in 2002 and is said to have passed the 100.000 peg in 2008. Masvingo is located 292 kilometres south of Harare, most of the local population belongs to the Karanga Shona ethnic group. It is divided into suburbs including Mucheke, Rujeko, Rhodene, Target Kopje, the suburbs are divided into high-density, middle-density and low-density suburbs. Mucheke, the oldest township and Rujeko are the most populous high-density suburbs, the middle-density suburbs are Eastvale located close to Zimuto Police Camp and Target Kopje located on the southern part of town on a small hill close to Flamboyant Hotel. Rhodene, a low-density suburb on the part of the city centre, is the most affluent suburb in Masvingo. A new suburban development, Zimre Park, is taking shape to the north east of the town along Bulawayo Road. Masvingo Polytechnic, Great Zimbabwe University, Bondolfi Teachers College, Morgenster Teachers College, the three institutes are run by the government, while Bondolfi and Morgenster are privately owned. Great Zimbabwe University grew out of what was once Masvingo State University, Reformed Church University is another University 25 km south of Masvingo run by the Reformed Church of Zimbabwe. It was formerly the Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo Teachers College is one of the government run colleges from which Great Zimbabwe devolved. The college has remained at the campus and the University has a new site. Other teachers colleges around Masvingo include the Reformed Church of Zimbabwe run Morgenster Teachers College, High schools in the city include Victoria High School, Kyle College, Masvingo Christian High School, Ndarama High School and Mucheke High School. Gokomere High School, one of the most prestigious schools in the whole of Masvingo Province
37.
Kwekwe
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Kwekwe, is a city in central Zimbabwe. It is located in Kwekwe District, in Midlands Province, in the center of the country, roughly equidistant from Harare to the northeast and Bulawayo to the southwest. Its population stood at 47,607 in 1982,75,425 in 1992, in 2012, the citys population was estimated at 100,900 people. It is a centre for steel and fertiliser production in the country, Kwekwe and neighbouring Redcliff are the headquarters of Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company, the countrys largest steelworks. It also hosts the Zimbabwe Iron and Smelting Company, the largest ferrochrome producer, and one of the biggest power generating plants, ZESA-Munyati, in Munyati, Kwekwe is Zimbabwes richest city in terms of minerals. Kwekwe town was founded in 1898 as a mining town. The town remains a centre of the country. The name stems from the Zulu word isikwekwe, which means scurvy, popular belief states that Kwekwe is named after the croaking noise made by the nearby rivers frogs. The town is situated on Zimbabwes Highveld at an altitude of 1,220 metres and it is located in the tropics but its high altitude modifies this to a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is 19 °C, as with much of the Highveld, summers are long but not hot as the temperature depends on the amount of cloudiness and indirectly the amount of rain received. Drought years are hotter than wet years, winters are characterised mainly by their cold nights, with an average minimum temperature of 7 °C, and are the sunniest time of the year. Kwe Kwe is a multi ethnic city, in and around the city one is assured to come across Shona, Ndebele, Karanga, Chewa, Venda, Tonga and Nambya speaking people. Association Football and cricket are the sports in the city. Kwekwe hosts one of Zimbabwes Major provincial cricket sides – Mid West Rhinos and their cricket ground has been host to several first class and one day matches and has even hosted some internationals – most notably against Kenya. Kwekwe also hosts a variety of touring sides versus Zimbabwe A teams, Kwekwe hosts two football clubs, the Lancashire Steel and Kwekwe Cables. The Kwekwe Queens Club is also a reputable sporting establishment, with a sizeable membership, Lancashire Steel FC, the main team in the city has been in the PSL a number of times. At its home stadium, Baghdad Stadium, it has hosted a number of big teams in the country, including Dynamos FC, Golf tournaments are hosted by Kwekwe Golf Club. Almost all of the schools in Kwekwe play -cricket Tongai Moyo, L kat, Kwekwe is a major stop for many music groups in the country who perform at Mbizo Stadium
