1.
J. B. Priestley
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Priestley, OM, was an English novelist, playwright, scriptwriter, social commentator, and broadcaster. His Yorkshire background is reflected in much of his fiction, notably in The Good Companions, many of his plays are structured around a time slip, and he went on to develop a new theory of time, with different dimensions that link past, present, and future. In 1940, he broadcast a series of short propaganda radio shows that were credited with strengthening civilian morale during the Battle of Britain and his left-wing beliefs brought him into conflict with the government, and influenced the birth of the Welfare State. The programme was cancelled by the BBC for being too critical of the Government. He is perhaps best known for his 1945 play An Inspector Calls, Priestley was born at 34 Mannheim Road, Manningham, which he described as an extremely respectable suburb of Bradford. His mother died when he was just two old and his father remarried four years later. Priestley was educated at Belle Vue Grammar School, which he left at sixteen to work as a clerk at Helm & Co. a wool firm in the Swan Arcade. During his years at Helm & Co. he started writing at night and had published in local. He was to draw on memories of Bradford in many of the works he wrote after he had moved south, including Bright Day and When We Are Married. As an old man he deplored the destruction by developers of Victorian buildings in Bradford such as the Swan Arcade and he was badly wounded in June 1916, when he was buried alive by a trench-mortar. As he describes in his reminiscences, Margin Released, he suffered from the effects of poison gas. After his military service, Priestley received a university education at Trinity Hall, by the age of 30 he had established a reputation as an essayist and critic. His novel Benighted was adapted into the James Whale film The Old Dark House, Priestleys first major success came with a novel, The Good Companions, which earned him the James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction and made him a national figure. His next novel, Angel Pavement, further established him as a successful novelist, in 1934 he published the travelogue English Journey, an account of what he saw and heard while travelling through the country in the depths of the Depression. I should be interested to hear a speech and read a book or two on the subject of what Ireland has done to England and he moved into a new genre and became equally well known as a dramatist. Dangerous Corner was the first of many plays that would enthrall West End theatre audiences and his best-known play is An Inspector Calls. His plays are more varied in tone than the novels, several being influenced by J. W. Dunnes theory of time, which plays a part in the plots of Dangerous Corner and Time, many of his works have a strong socialist theme. In 1940, Priestley wrote an essay for Horizon magazine, where he criticised George Bernard Shaw for his support of Stalin, during the Second World War, he was a regular broadcaster on the BBC
2.
Bradford
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Bradford /ˈbrædfərd/ is in the Metropolitan Borough of the City of Bradford in West Yorkshire, England, in the foothills of the Pennines 8.6 miles west of Leeds, and 16 miles northwest of Wakefield. Bradford became a borough in 1847, and received its charter as a city in 1897. Following local government reform in 1974, city status was bestowed upon the metropolitan borough. Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Bradford rose to prominence during the 19th century as a centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and amongst the earliest industrialised settlements, the textile sector in Bradford fell into decline from the mid-20th century. However, Bradford has faced challenges to the rest of the post-industrial area of Northern England, including deindustrialisation, social unrest. It was recorded as Bradeford in 1086, after an uprising in 1070, during William the Conquerors Harrying of the North, the manor of Bradford was laid waste and is described as such in the Domesday Book of 1086. It then became part of the Honour of Pontefract given to Ilbert de Lacy for service to the Conqueror, there is evidence of a castle in the time of the Lacys. The manor then passed to the Earl of Lincoln, John of Gaunt, The Crown and, ultimately, by the middle ages Bradford, had become a small town centred on Kirkgate, Westgate and Ivegate. In 1316 there is mention of a mill, a soke mill where all the manor corn was milled. During the Wars of the Roses the inhabitants sided with House of Lancaster, Edward IV granted the right to hold two annual fairs and from this time the town began to prosper. In the reign of Henry VIII Bradford exceeded Leeds as a manufacturing centre, Bradford grew slowly over the next two-hundred years as the woollen trade gained in prominence. During the Civil War the town was garrisoned for the Parliamentarians, Sir Thomas Fairfax took the command of the garrison and marched to meet the Duke of Newcastle but was defeated. The Parliamentarians retreated to Bradford and the Royalists set up headquarters at Bolling Hall from where the town was besieged leading to its surrender, the Civil War caused a decline in industry but after the accession of William and Mary in 1689 prosperity began to return. The launch of manufacturing in the early 18th century marked the start of the development while new canal. In 1801, Bradford was a market town of 6,393 people. Bradford was thus not much bigger than nearby Keighley and was smaller than Halifax. This small town acted as a hub for three nearby townships – Manningham, Bowling and Great and Little Horton, which were separated from the town by countryside
3.
West Yorkshire
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West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in England. It is an inland and in relative terms upland county having eastward-draining valleys while taking in moors of the Pennines and has a population of 2.2 million, West Yorkshire came into existence as a metropolitan county in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. West Yorkshire consists of five boroughs and shares borders with the counties of Derbyshire, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, North Yorkshire. In the heart of the county is Leeds Bradford International Airport, West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 so its five districts became effectively unitary authorities. However, the county, which covers an area of 2,029 square kilometres, continues to exist in law. West Yorkshire includes the West Yorkshire Urban Area, which is the most built-up, West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council inherited the use of West Riding County Hall at Wakefield, opened in 1898, from the West Riding County Council in 1974. Since 1987 it has been the headquarters of Wakefield City Council, the county initially had a two-tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and five districts providing most services. In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished, the functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs, joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport, and to other special joint arrangements. Organisations such as the West Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive continue to operate on this basis, although the county council was abolished, West Yorkshire continues to form a metropolitan and ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of West Yorkshire and a High Sheriff. Wakefields Parish Church was raised to cathedral status in 1888 and after the elevation of Wakefield to diocese, Wakefield Council immediately sought city status and this was granted in July 1888. However the industrial revolution, which changed West and South Yorkshire significantly, led to the growth of Leeds and Bradford, Leeds was granted city status in 1893 and Bradford in 1897. The name of Leeds Town Hall reflects the fact that at its opening in 1858 Leeds was not yet a city, the county borders, going anticlockwise from the west, Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire and North Yorkshire. It lies almost entirely on rocks of carboniferous age which form the southern Pennine fringes in the west, in the extreme east of the metropolitan county there are younger deposits of magnesian limestone. The Bradford and Calderdale areas are dominated by the scenery of the slopes of the Pennines, dropping from upland in the west down to the east. There is a conjunction of large scale industry, urban areas. The dense network of roads, canals and railways and urban development, the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield further east have produced a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape there is evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous derelict or converted mine buildings and recently landscaped former spoil heaps, the scenery is a mixture of built up areas, industrial land with some dereliction, and farmed open country
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Science Museum Group
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Prior to 1 April 2012 the group was known as the National Museum of Science and Industry. The chairman of the group is Dame Mary Archer who was appointed by Prime Minister David Cameron for the term from 2015 from 2018. The term National Museum of Science and Industry had been in use as the Science Museums subtitle since the early 1920s, the National Railway Museum and National Photography Museum were later established as outstations. The Science Museum Group operates as a charity, it also has a wholly owned subsidiary trading company, NMSI Trading Limited, from January 2012 the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester became part of the Science Museum Group. There were concerns some of the Science Museum Groups museums would close under the 2013 Spending Review
6.
National Science and Media Museum
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The National Science and Media Museum, located in Bradford, West Yorkshire, is part of the national Science Museum Group. The museum has seven floors of galleries with permanent exhibitions focusing on photography, television, animation, videogaming, the Internet and it also hosts temporary exhibitions and maintains a collection of 3.5 million pieces in its research facility. In September 2011 the museum was voted the best indoor attraction in Yorkshire by the public, in March 2016 a 7.5 million pound five year investment plan in the museum was revealed by the Science Museum Group. In March 2017 its name was changed from National Media Museum to National Science, entrance is free with the exception of cinema screens. The museum is open 10 am until 6 pm everyday and this new development created a new glass-fronted atrium, which houses a new cafe and shop. Most of the items on display in the gallery are taken from the collection of 35,000 objects. Life Online – Life Online is the worlds first gallery dedicated to exploring the social, technological and cultural impact of the Internet, trace the history of the Internet, uncover how it has changed peoples lives and track the latest trends. BFI Mediatheque – This allows people to access the British Film Institute collection of film and it replaced TV Heaven, a unique viewing facility where visitors could access an archive of more than 1000 programmes covering sixty years of British television history. TV Heaven closed in 2013 after 20 years, but 50 titles are still available, Animation – The Animation Gallery explores the history of animation and animated images, with an emphasis on animation produced in Britain. Includes how animators bring drawings and objects to life, games Lounge – Playable classic games in their original arcade or console formats, the history of video gaming, the story behind this global phenomenon. The museum incorporates the first permanent UK installation of an IMAX cinema, in 1999, IMAX upgraded the system and began releasing IMAX 3D presentations. This cinema is one of three public cinemas in the world permanently equipped to display original 3-strip 35 mm Cinerama prints. In 2008, the presented the only true recorded public screening of Danny Boyles 2002 film Alien Love Triangle. The Cubby Broccoli Cinema, contains 106 seats and is used for a variety of film shows, Insight is a facility where members of the public can view parts of the collections which are not on general display. Subjects include broadcast television using the TV studio on its top floor, the EIMC degree show is held in the Pictureville Cinema. It also contains original toys from the BBC series Playschool – the first programme on BBC2, the collections are accessible to the public through its Insight study centre. The collection of the Royal Photographic Society was transferred to the Museum on behalf of the nation in 2003. In June 2010 it was announced that the Ray and Diana Harryhausen Foundation had agreed to deposit the animators complete collection of some 20,000 pieces with the National Media Museum
7.
National Railway Museum
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The National Railway Museum is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums and telling the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society. It has won awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the collection of historically significant railway vehicles, as well as a collection of other artefacts. It is the largest museum of its type in Britain, attracting 727,000 visitors during the 2014/15 financial year, the museum is a short walk from the railway station in York, either on the road or via a staircase from the rear of the platforms. A roadtrain runs from the city centre to the museum on Leeman Road during half term, holidays, York Park and Ride also serve the museum from the car park entrance, on Line 2. Admission to the museum has been free since 2001 and it is open daily from 10 am to 6 pm from February to November and 10am to 5pm during the winter months. Locomotion – the National Railway Museum in Shildon, County Durham was opened in October 2004 and is operated by the NRM in conjunction with Durham County Council, the earliest are wagonway vehicles of about 1815. Flying Scotsman is among the intended for operation on the National Rail network from time to time. Rail vehicles on display are exchanged from time to time with other organisations, other physically large exhibits are the Stockton and Darlington Railway Gaunless Bridge and several stationary winding engines used on railway inclines. The National Railway Museum holds an open library and archive of railway related material. This includes a significant collection of locomotive and rolling stock engineering drawings from railway works. Copies of many of these drawings are sold to the heritage railway movement to assist with their new build locomotive. They are also sold to modellers who can use the drawing to produce accurate scale models, the library holds more than 20,000 books and 800 journals of which around 300 are active. The archive also holds a collection of technical and test records. The archives also hold some 1.75 million photographs covering the earliest era of photography to the modern day and these include official collections from railway companies and collections from enthusiasts like Eric Treacy and H. Gordon Tidey. In 1999/2000 the Museum began to collect recordings of former railway staff for a National Archive of Railway Oral History and it also holds the archive of steam train recordings by Peter Handford. In 2009 The Forsythe Collection of travel and transport ephemera was acquired for the collection, the Search Engine facility opened in late 2007 and is open from 10,00 to 17,30 Wednesday to Saturday. The archive and library collections can be viewed by anyone without an appointment although the website recommends pre-booking archive materials at least 24 hours in advance, the majority of its collections have been listed on its website for people to view what materials are available prior to their visit
8.
National Railway Museum Shildon
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National Railway Museum Shildon, also known as Locomotion, the National Railway Museum at Shildon or Shildon Locomotion Museum is a railway museum in Shildon, County Durham, England. The museum is a branch of the National Railway Museum, which is part of the Science Museum Group, Shildon acts as an annex, with important exhibits on display in the NRMs headquarters at York, though major exhibits are regularly rotated. The museum was opened on 22 October 2004 by Prime Minister Tony Blair, built at a cost of £11.3 million, it is based on the former Timothy Hackworth Victorian Railway Museum. The museum is operated in partnership with Durham County Council and was expected to bring 60,000 visitors a year to the small town, however, during its first six months, the museum attracted 94,000 visits. In the 12 months to March 2013, the museum had 230,000 visitors, NRM Shildon was shortlisted as one of the final five contenders in the Gulbenkian Prize, which is the largest arts prize in the United Kingdom. The museum is sited near Timothy Hackworths Soho Works on the worlds first passenger railway, the town was to become a major centre for British railway engineering thanks to the Shildon wagon works, which closed in 1984. It is served by all services on the line, operated by Northern, the museum is arranged as stops along the 1 km demonstration line with station direction board signs and information points on the trail between the car parks and the main collection building. The museum has an apron in front of the main shed and another short length of track for showing off resident locomotives. The trail starts at the 19th-century welcome building, the original Sans Pareil is on display here. The second building is Timothy Hackworths house and it contains several activities about the history of Shildon. Soho is a building that was a railway workshop, having originally been an iron merchant’s store. The fourth stop is the goods shed for the town, with most incoming and outgoing goods being delivered to the railway by horse. The building is partially from recycled stone sleeper blocks, the old fixing slots being visible in the wall. As private vehicles are not allowed beyond here for the 750-yard journey to the Collection a courtesy link bus, the Eco Bus, runs from near here on its 15-minute sequence. The railway stations parcel office is the part of the trail and at the junction. The coal drops were a point for steam locomotives. Wagons were hauled up an incline and the coal dropped down wooden chutes into the tender below, the light engine is an interactive pole that displays colours. You can change the name of the if you text in
9.
Museum of Science and Industry (Manchester)
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The Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester, England, is a large museum devoted to the development of science, technology and industry with emphasis on the citys achievements in these fields. The museum is part of the Science Museum Group, a public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. There are extensive displays on the theme of transport, power, Manchesters sewerage and sanitation, textiles, communications, the railway station frontage and 1830 warehouse are both Grade I listed. The museum also offers steam train rides at weekends and on bank holidays, the museum was originally called the North Western Museum of Science and Industry when it opened in 1969 in temporary premises on Grosvenor Street in Chorlton-on-Medlock. It had close ties with UMIST, having grown out of the Department of History of Science & Technology. In 1978, the Greater Manchester Council purchased the earliest part of the former Liverpool Road Station from British Rail, the council paid the nominal sum of £1 for the site. The museum opened at this site on 15 September 1983 and later expanded to include the whole of the former station, since 2007 the museum has organised an annual science festival in Manchester. In 2014, it was announced Sally MacDonald would become director of MOSI, MacDonald left her role as head of collections at University College London and succeeded Jean Franczyk as director. British Rail Class 77 No.27001 Ariadne – A1.5 kV DC electric locomotive built by Metropolitan-Vickers in 1953, south African Railways GL class Garratt No.2352 – Built in 1929 by Beyer, Peacock and Company, Manchester. Pakistan Railways 4–4–0 – A broad gauge locomotive built by Beyer, Peacock, themed Galleries, A Connected Earth gallery that tells the history of communications in Manchester and the North West of England opened in October 2007. The original locomotive was constructed in 1830 and hauled trains on the Liverpool, Agecroft No.1 – An 0–4–0 saddle tank built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns in 1948 for use at Agecroft Power Station. Restored to working order in 2011, the museums railway line was formerly connected to the national rail network near Ordsall Lane Junction. The museum exhibits the collection of stationary steam engines, hot air engines, diesel engines, hydraulic pumps, large electric generators. Most of these machines are operational and occasionally can be seen running and this exhibit includes the last stationary steam engine newly build to power a mill. There is also the exhibit of spinning and weaving machines that all steps from wool to textile. These machines are also functional and run for a few minutes at scheduled times, the museum is adjacent to a £1 billion redevelopment area on the former site of Granada Studios. Work on the area, which will be known as St Johns Quarter, is expected to be completed by 2022, the Manchester International Festivals new Factory venue is set to open alongside the MSI at the end of 2019 as part of the redevelopment. The MSI intend to build a new £6 million Special Exhibition Gallery underneath the arches of the 1830 viaduct, architectural firm Carmody Groarke won a competition to design the new gallery which is set to be complete by 2018
10.
Science Museum, London
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The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London. It was founded in 1857 and today is one of the major tourist attractions. Like other publicly funded museums in the United Kingdom, the Science Museum does not charge visitors for admission. Temporary exhibitions, however, may incur an admission fee and it is part of the Science Museum Group, having merged with the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester in 2012. It included a collection of machinery which became the Museum of Patents in 1858, and this collection contained many of the most famous exhibits of what is now the Science Museum. In 1883, the contents of the Patent Office Museum were transferred to the South Kensington Museum, in 1885, the Science Collections were renamed the Science Museum and in 1893 a separate director was appointed. The Art Collections were renamed the Art Museum, which became the Victoria. When Queen Victoria laid the stone for the new building for the Art Museum, she stipulated that the museum be renamed after herself. On 26 June 1909 the Science Museum, as an independent entity, the Science Museums present quarters, designed by Sir Richard Allison, were opened to the public in stages over the period 1919–28. This building was known as the East Block, construction of which began in 1913, as the name suggests it was intended to be the first building of a much larger project, which was never realized. It also contains hundreds of interactive exhibits, a recent addition is the IMAX 3D Cinema showing science and nature documentaries, most of them in 3-D, and the Wellcome Wing which focuses on digital technology. Entrance has been free since 1 December 2001, the museum houses some of the many objects collected by Henry Wellcome around a medical theme. The fourth floor exhibit is called Glimpses of Medical History, with reconstructions, the fifth floor gallery is called Science and the Art of Medicine, with exhibits of medical instruments and practices from ancient days and from many countries. The collection is strong in clinical medicine, biosciences and public health, the museum is a member of the London Museums of Health & Medicine. The Science Museum has a library, and until the 1960s was Britains National Library for Science, Medicine. It holds runs of periodicals, early books and manuscripts, and is used by scholars worldwide and it was, for a number of years, run in conjunction with the Library of Imperial College, but in 2007 the Library was divided over two sites. The Imperial College library catalogue search system now informs searchers that volumes formerly held there are Available at Science Museum Library Swindon Currently unavailable, a new Research Centre with library facilities is promised for late 2015 but is unlikely to have book stacks nearby. The Science Museums medical collections have a scope and coverage
11.
Science Museum at Wroughton
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The Science Museum at Wroughton, near Swindon, England, contains the large-object store of the Science Museum and the Science Museum Library & Archives. It is part of the Science Museum Group, the Science Museum took ownership of the 545 acre former RAF Wroughton airfield in 1979, to be used as a storage facility for the largest objects of the Science Museum. A collection of approximately 26,000 objects is currently kept in six of the hangars, from the first hovercraft to MRI scanners, the store is particularly notable for its extensive collection of vintage aircraft, road transport vehicles, agricultural machinery and industrial collections. In 2016 the Science Museum at Wroughton started to be featured in The Grand Tour, the shows three ex Top Gear hosts use some of the roads surrounding the museum buildings as a vehicle test track each week. The object collections at Wroughton are not normally open to the public, in the past there were regular open days when the public could view the collections. The Science Museum Library & Archives collections are part of the Science Museum in London and its holdings include original scientific, technical and medical works from the last 500 years. The Library is free to use and open to the public and it is open on Fridays 10.00 -17.00. The Science Museum Library was founded in 1883 as the Science Library of the South Kensington Museum and it was formed of collections from the South Kensington Educational Library and the library of the Museum of Practical Geology. In 1907 it moved to the Royal College of Science building, when the Science Museum gained its independence in 1909, the Science Library became its responsibility. In 1992 the Library joined with Imperial College London to form the Imperial College & Science Museum Libraries. Due to the demand for space in South Kensington, about 85% of the collections. The largest object at Wroughton is thought to be the Wood Press, the press was acquired in 2001 and weighs 140 tonnes. It is the size of two small houses, charles Babbages notebooks, engineering plans, certificates, social diary and letters. Barnes Wallis’s plans for the bouncing bomb, pearson PLC engineering papers and photographs. The New Cyclopaedia, or, Universal Dictionary of the Arts, list of museums in Wiltshire Science Museum at Wroughton website. Unofficial list of aircraft stored at Wroughton
12.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
13.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
14.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
15.
Videogaming
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
16.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
17.
Light
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Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to light, which is visible to the human eye and is responsible for the sense of sight. Visible light is defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres, or 4.00 × 10−7 to 7.00 × 10−7 m. This wavelength means a range of roughly 430–750 terahertz. The main source of light on Earth is the Sun, sunlight provides the energy that green plants use to create sugars mostly in the form of starches, which release energy into the living things that digest them. This process of photosynthesis provides virtually all the used by living things. Historically, another important source of light for humans has been fire, with the development of electric lights and power systems, electric lighting has effectively replaced firelight. Some species of animals generate their own light, a process called bioluminescence, for example, fireflies use light to locate mates, and vampire squids use it to hide themselves from prey. Visible light, as all types of electromagnetic radiation, is experimentally found to always move at this speed in a vacuum. In physics, the term sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength. In this sense, gamma rays, X-rays, microwaves and radio waves are also light, like all types of light, visible light is emitted and absorbed in tiny packets called photons and exhibits properties of both waves and particles. This property is referred to as the wave–particle duality, the study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics. Generally, EM radiation, or EMR, is classified by wavelength into radio, microwave, infrared, the behavior of EMR depends on its wavelength. Higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths, when EMR interacts with single atoms and molecules, its behavior depends on the amount of energy per quantum it carries. There exist animals that are sensitive to various types of infrared, infrared sensing in snakes depends on a kind of natural thermal imaging, in which tiny packets of cellular water are raised in temperature by the infrared radiation. EMR in this range causes molecular vibration and heating effects, which is how these animals detect it, above the range of visible light, ultraviolet light becomes invisible to humans, mostly because it is absorbed by the cornea below 360 nanometers and the internal lens below 400. Furthermore, the rods and cones located in the retina of the eye cannot detect the very short ultraviolet wavelengths and are in fact damaged by ultraviolet. Many animals with eyes that do not require lenses are able to detect ultraviolet, by quantum photon-absorption mechanisms, various sources define visible light as narrowly as 420 to 680 to as broadly as 380 to 800 nm
18.
Color
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Color or colour is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, yellow, purple, or blue. This perception of color derives from the stimulation of cells in the human eye by electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of light. Color categories and physical specifications of color are associated with objects through the wavelength of the light that is reflected from them and this reflection is governed by the objects physical properties such as light absorption, emission spectra, etc. By defining a color space, colors can be identified numerically by coordinates, there may also be more than three color dimensions in other color spaces, such as in the CMYK color model, wherein one of the dimensions relates to a colours colorfulness). The photo-receptivity of the eyes of species also varies considerably from our own. Honeybees and bumblebees for instance have trichromatic color vision sensitive to ultraviolet but is insensitive to red, papilio butterflies possess six types of photoreceptors and may have pentachromatic vision. The most complex color vision system in the kingdom has been found in stomatopods with up to 12 spectral receptor types thought to work as multiple dichromatic units. The science of color is sometimes called chromatics, colorimetry, or simply color science and it includes the perception of color by the human eye and brain, the origin of color in materials, color theory in art, and the physics of electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength and its intensity, when the wavelength is within the visible spectrum, it is known as visible light. Most light sources emit light at different wavelengths, a sources spectrum is a distribution giving its intensity at each wavelength. Although the spectrum of light arriving at the eye from a given direction determines the color sensation in that direction, in each such class the members are called metamers of the color in question. The table at right shows approximate frequencies and wavelengths for various pure spectral colors, the wavelengths listed are as measured in air or vacuum. A common list identifies six main bands, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, Newtons conception included a seventh color, indigo, between blue and violet. It is possible that what Newton referred to as blue is nearer to what today is known as cyan, the color of an object depends on both the physics of the object in its environment and the characteristics of the perceiving eye and brain. Some objects not only light, but also transmit light or emit light themselves. This effect is known as color constancy, opaque objects that do not reflect specularly have their color determined by which wavelengths of light they scatter strongly. If objects scatter all wavelengths with roughly equal strength, they appear white, if they absorb all wavelengths, they appear black. Opaque objects that reflect light of different wavelengths with different efficiencies look like mirrors tinted with colors determined by those differences
19.
Movie theater
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A movie theater or movie theatre is a venue, usually a building, that contains an auditorium for viewing films, for entertainment. Most, but not all, movie theaters are commercial operations catering to the general public, Some movie theaters, however, are operated by non-profit organizations or societies which charge members a membership fee to view films. The film is projected with a projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds. Since the 1970s, subwoofers have used for low-pitched sounds. In the 2010s, most movie theaters are equipped for digital cinema projection, removing the need to create, a great variety of films are shown at cinemas, ranging from animated films for children, blockbusters for general audiences and documentaries for patrons who are interested in non-fiction topics. The smallest movie theaters have a viewing room with a single screen. In the 2010s, most movie theaters have multiple screens, the largest theater complexes, which are called multiplexes—a design developed in the U. S. in the 1960s—have up to 25 screens. The audience members sit on padded seats which in most theaters are set up on a sloped floor. Movie theaters typically sell soft drinks, popcorn and candy and some theaters also sell hot fast food, in some jurisdictions, movie theaters are licensed to sell alcoholic drinks. A movie theater may also be referred to as a theatre, movie house, film house. In the US, theater has long been the preferred spelling, while in the UK, Canada, the latter terms, as well as their derivative adjectives cinematic and kinematic, ultimately derive from Greek κινῆμα, κινήματος —movement, motion. In the countries where those terms are used, the theatre is usually reserved for live performance venues. Colloquial expressions, mostly applied to motion pictures and motion picture theaters collectively, include the silver screen, specific to North American term is the movies, while specific terms in the UK are the pictures, the flicks and for the facility itself the flea pit. A screening room is a theater, often a private one. Open air place in ancient times for viewing spectacles and plays, the term theater comes from the Old French word theatre, from the 12th century and. The use of the theatre to mean a building where plays are shown dates from the 1570s in the English language. The earliest precursors to movies were magic lantern shows, magic lanterns used a glass lens, a shutter and a powerful lamp to project images from glass slides onto a white wall or screen. The invention of the Argand lamp in the 1790s, limelight in the 1820s, the magic lantern could project rudimentary moving images, which was achieved by the use of various types of mechanical slides
20.
Picturehouse Cinemas
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Picturehouse Cinemas is a network of cinemas in the United Kingdom, operated by Picturehouse Cinemas Ltd and owned by Cineworld. The company also runs its own distribution company, Picturehouse Entertainment. In 2014 Cineworld was subject to industrial action owing to its refusal to pay the London Living Wage to its staff, the workforce attracted the support of Eric Cantona and Terry Jones
21.
IMAX
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IMAX is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards developed in Canada by Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. IMAX has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size, since 2002, some feature films have been converted into IMAX format for displaying in IMAX theatres and some have also been partially shot in IMAX. IMAX is the most widely used system for special-venue film presentations, as of June 2016, there were 1,102 IMAX theatres in 69 countries. The desire to increase the impact of film has a long history. In 1929, Fox introduced Fox Grandeur, the first 70 mm film format, in the 1950s, the potential of 35 mm film to provide wider projected images was explored in the processes of CinemaScope and VistaVision, following multi-projector systems such as Cinerama. While impressive, Cinerama was difficult to install, during Expo 67 in Montreal, the National Film Board of Canadas In the Labyrinth and Fergusons Man and the Polar Regions both used multi-projector, multi-screen systems. Each encountered technical difficulties led them to found a company called Multiscreen. As it became clear that a single, large-screen image had more impact than multiple smaller ones and was a viable product direction. An IMAX 3D theatre also is in operation near the former Expo 67 site at the Montreal Science Centre in the Port of Old Montreal, tiger Child, the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX installation was built at the Cinesphere theatre at Ontario Place in Toronto and it debuted in May 1971, showing the film North of Superior. The installation is still in place, however, Ontario Place is on hiatus for redevelopment, during Expo 74 in Spokane, Washington, an IMAX screen that measured 27 m ×20 m was featured in the US Pavilion. It became the first IMAX Theatre to not be partnered with any brand of movie theaters. About five million visitors viewed the screen, which covered the total visual field when looking directly forward. This created a sensation of motion in most viewers, and motion sickness in some, much to the dismay of the majority of Spokane and the disapproval of the IMAX Corporation itself, it will be demolished to make way for a parking lot. Another IMAX 3D theater was built in Spokane, not too far from where the original was. However, its screen-size is less than half that of the original, due to protests, the IMAX Corporation has been able to remodel the area with the city, and turn the U. S. Pavilion itself into the first permanent outdoor IMAX screen, the first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, opened in San Diegos Balboa Park in 1973, the first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, British Columbia for Transitions at Expo 86, and was in use until September 30,2009
22.
Coffeehouse
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A coffeehouse, coffee shop, or café is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages, tea, and other hot beverages. Some coffeehouses also serve cold beverages such as iced coffee and iced tea, many cafés also serve some type of food, such as light snacks, muffins, or pastries. Coffeehouses range from owner-operated small businesses to multinational corporations. A coffeehouse may share some of the characteristics of a bar or restaurant. Many coffee houses in the Middle East and in West Asian immigrant districts in the Western world offer shisha, espresso bars are a type of coffeehouse that specializes in serving espresso and espresso-based drinks. Since the development of Wi-Fi, coffeehouses with this capability have also become places for patrons to access the Internet on their laptops, a coffeehouse can serve as an informal club for its regular members. As early as the 1950s Beatnik era and the 1960s folk music scene, coffeehouses have hosted singer-songwriter performances, coffeehouses in Mecca became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams, who banned them, as well as the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530, the first coffeehouse was opened in Damascus and not long there were many coffeehouses in Cairo. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city, they opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale. Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a Kiva Han in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, resembling checkers, hopscotch, and chess, are played. In addition, mollas, dervishes, and poets take turns telling stories in verse or in prose, the narrations by the mollas and the dervishes are moral lessons, like our sermons, but it is not considered scandalous not to pay attention to them. No one is forced to give up his game or his conversation because of it. It often happens that two or three people talk at the time, one on one side, the other on the opposite, and sometimes one will be a preacher. The most common English spelling, café, is the French, Portuguese and Spanish spelling, thus the spelling cafe has become very common in English-language usage throughout the world, especially for the less formal, i. e. greasy spoon variety. The Italian spelling, caffè, is sometimes used in English. In southern England, especially around London in the 1950s, the French pronunciation was often altered to /ˈkæf/. The English words coffee and café both descend from the Italian word for coffee, caffè—first attested as caveé in Venice in 1570— and in turn derived from the Arabic qahuwa. The Arabic term qahuwa originally referred to a type of wine but after the ban by Mohammed
23.
Retail
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
24.
Kodak
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Eastman Kodak Company, commonly referred to as Kodak, is an American technology company that produces imaging products with its historic basis on photography. The company is headquartered in Rochester, New York and is incorporated in New Jersey, Kodak provides packaging, functional printing, graphic communications and professional services for businesses around the world. Its main business segments are Print Systems, Enterprise Inkjet Systems, Micro 3D Printing and Packaging, Software and Solutions and it is best known for photographic film products. Kodak was founded by George Eastman and Henry A, during most of the 20th century, Kodak held a dominant position in photographic film. The companys ubiquity was such that its Kodak moment tagline entered the lexicon to describe a personal event that was demanded to be recorded for posterity. Kodak began to struggle financially in the late 1990s, as a result of the decline in sales of photographic film, as a part of a turnaround strategy, Kodak began to focus on digital photography and digital printing, and attempted to generate revenues through aggressive patent litigation. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. In February 2012, Kodak announced that it would stop making digital cameras, pocket video cameras and digital picture frames, in January 2013, the Court approved financing for Kodak to emerge from bankruptcy by mid 2013. Kodak sold many of its patents for approximately $525,000,000 to a group of companies under the names Intellectual Ventures, on September 3,2013, the company emerged from bankruptcy having shed its large legacy liabilities and exited several businesses. Personalized Imaging and Document Imaging are now part of Kodak Alaris, on March 12,2014, it announced that the board of directors elected Jeffrey J. Clarke as chief executive officer and a member of its board of directors. As late as 1976, Kodak commanded 90% of film sales, Japanese competitor Fujifilm entered the U. S. market with lower-priced film and supplies, but Kodak did not believe that American consumers would ever desert its brand. Kodak passed on the opportunity to become the film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, Fuji won these sponsorship rights. Fuji opened a plant in the U. S. and its aggressive marketing. Fuji went from a 10% share in the early 1990s to 17% in 1997, fujis films soon also found a competitive edge in higher-speed negative films, with a tighter grain structure. The complaint was lodged by the United States with the World Trade Organization, on January 30,1998, the WTO announced a sweeping rejection of Kodaks complaints about the film market in Japan. Although Kodak developed a camera in 1975, the first of its kind. In the 1990s, Kodak planned a journey to move to digital technology. CEO George M. C. Fisher reached out to Microsoft, Apples pioneering QuickTake consumer digital cameras, introduced in 1994, had the Apple label but were produced by Kodak
25.
British Film Institute
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The British Film Institute is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI maintains the worlds largest film archive, the BFI National Archive, previously called National Film Library, National Film Archive and National Film, the archive contains more than 50,000 fiction films, over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes. The majority of the collection is British material but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world, the Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors. The BFI runs the BFI Southbank and London IMAX cinema, both located on the bank of the River Thames in London. The IMAX has the largest cinema screen in the UK, and shows popular recent releases and short films showcasing its technology, BFI Southbank shows films from all over the world particularly critically acclaimed historical & specialised films that may not otherwise get a cinema showing. The BFI also distributes archival and cultural cinema to other venues – each year to more than 800 venues all across the UK, the BFI offers a range of education initiatives, in particular to support the teaching of film and media studies in schools. In late 2012, the BFI received money from the Department For Education to create the BFI Film Academy Network, the BFI runs the annual London Film Festival along with BFI Flare, London LGBT Film Festival and the youth-orientated Future Film Festival. The BFI publishes the monthly Sight & Sound magazine as well as films on Blu-ray, DVD, SIFT has a collection of about 7 million still frames from film and television. The institute was founded in 1933, the institute was restructured following the Radcliffe Report of 1948 which recommended that it should concentrate on developing the appreciation of filmic art, rather than creating film itself. Thus control of film production passed to the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. From 1952-2000, the BFI provided funding for new and experimental filmmakers via the BFI Production Board, the institute received a Royal Charter in 1983. This was updated in 2000, and in the year the newly established UK Film Council took responsibility for providing the BFIs annual grant-in-aid. As an independent registered charity, the BFI is regulated by the Charity Commission, in 1988, the BFI opened the London Museum of the Moving Image on the South Bank. The Museum was temporarily closed in 1999 when the BFI stated that it would be re-sited and this did not happen, and MOMIs closure became permanent in 2002 when it was decided to redevelop the South Bank site. This redevelopment was itself then further delayed, the BFI is currently managed on a day-to-day basis by its chief executive, Amanda Nevill. Supreme decision-making authority rests with a chair and a board of up to 14 governors, the current chair is Josh Berger, who took up the post in February 2016. He succeeded Greg Dyke, who took office on 1 March 2008, Dyke succeeded the late Anthony Minghella, who was chair from 2003 until 31 December 2007. The chair of the board is appointed by the BFIs own Board of Governors but requires the consent of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, other Governors are co-opted by existing board members when required
26.
Apollo 13 (film)
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Apollo 13 is a 1995 American docudrama space adventure film directed by Ron Howard. It stars Tom Hanks, Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, the film depicts astronauts Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise aboard Apollo 13 for Americas third Moon landing mission. Released to cinemas in the United States on June 30,1995, Apollo 13 was nominated for nine Academy Awards, in total, the film grossed over $355 million worldwide during its theatrical releases. The film was positively received by critics. Astronaut Jim Lovell hosts a party where guests watch Neil Armstrongs televised first human steps on the Moon. Afterwards Lovell, who had orbited the Moon on Apollo 8, three months later, as Lovell conducts a VIP tour of NASAs Vertical Assembly Building, his boss Deke Slayton informs him that his crew will fly Apollo 13 instead of 14. Lovell, Ken Mattingly, and Fred Haise train for their new mission, a few days before launch, Mattingly is exposed to the measles, and the flight surgeon demands his replacement with Mattinglys backup, Jack Swigert. Lovell resists breaking up his team, but relents when Slayton threatens to bump his crew to a later mission, as the launch date approaches, Marilyn has a nightmare about her husbands safety, but goes to the Kennedy Space Center the night before launch to see him off. On April 11,1970, Flight Director Gene Kranz gives the go-ahead from Houstons Mission Control Center for the Apollo 13 launch, as the Saturn V rocket climbs through the atmosphere, a second stage engine cuts off prematurely, but the craft reaches its Earth parking orbit. Three days into the mission, the crew makes a television transmission, after Swigert turns on the liquid oxygen tank stirring fans as requested, one of the tanks explodes, emptying its contents into space and sending the craft tumbling. The other tank is found to be leaking. In Houston, Kranz rallies his team to come up with a plan to bring the astronauts home safely, controller John Aaron recruits Mattingly to help him invent a procedure to restart Odyssey for the landing on Earth. As Swigert and Haise watch the Moon pass beneath them, Lovell laments his lost chance of walking on its surface, with Aquarius running on minimal electrical power, the crew suffers freezing conditions, and Haise contracts a urinary infection and a fever. Swigert suspects Mission Control is withholding their inability to get home, Haise angrily blames Swigerts inexperience for the accident. When carbon dioxide approaches dangerous levels, ground control must quickly invent a way to make the Command Modules square filters work in the Lunar Modules round receptacles. With the guidance systems on Aquarius shut down, the crew must make a difficult, when the crew jettisons the Service Module, they are surprised to see the extent of the damage. As they release Aquarius and re-enter the Earths atmosphere, no one is sure that Odysseys heat shield is intact, the tense period of radio silence due to ionization blackout is longer than normal, but the astronauts report all is well and splash down in the Pacific Ocean. He wonders if and when mankind will return to the Moon, however, by the time Howard acquired the directors position, Costners name never came up in serious discussion, and Hanks had already been interested in doing a film based on Apollo 13
27.
The Lion King
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The Lion King is a 1994 American animated epic musical film, produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 32nd Disney animated feature film, the story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by William Shakespeares Hamlet. The film was produced during a known as the Disney Renaissance. The Lion King was directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff, produced by Don Hahn, and has a screenplay credited to Irene Mecchi, Jonathan Roberts and its original songs were written by composer Elton John and lyricist Tim Rice, and original scores were written by Hans Zimmer. Development of The Lion King began in 1988 during a meeting between Jeffrey Katzenberg, Roy E. Disney, and Peter Schneider while promoting Oliver & Company in Europe. Thomas Disch wrote a treatment, and Woolverton developed the first scripts while George Scribner was signed on as director. Production began in 1991 concurrently with Pocahontas, which wound up attracting most of Disneys top animators, when Hahn joined the project, he was dissatisfied with the script and the story was promptly rewritten. Nearly 20 minutes of animation sequences were produced at Disney-MGM Studios in Florida, computer animation was also used in several scenes, most notably in the wildebeest stampede sequence. The Lion King garnered two Academy Awards for its achievement in music and the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. In 2016, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, in the Pride Lands of Africa, a lion rules over the animal kingdom from Pride Rock. King Mufasas newborn son, Simba, is presented to the animals by Rafiki. Mufasa shows young Simba the Pride Lands and explains to him the responsibilities of kingship, Mufasas younger brother, Scar, covets the throne and plots to eliminate Mufasa and Simba so he may become king. He tricks Simba and his best friend Nala—to whom Simba is betrothed—into exploring a forbidden elephants graveyard, Mufasa is alerted to the danger by his majordomo, the hornbill Zazu, and rescues the cubs. Though angry with Simba, Mufasa forgives him and explains that the kings of the past watch over them from the night sky. Scar sets a trap for his brother and nephew, luring Simba into a gorge and he informs Mufasa of Simbas peril, knowing the king will rush to save his son. Mufasa saves Simba but ends up hanging perilously from the edge and is betrayed by Scar. Scar convinces Simba that the tragedy was Simbas own fault and advises him to flee the kingdom and he orders the hyenas to kill the cub, but Simba escapes. Scar tells the pride that both Mufasa and Simba were killed in the stampede and steps forward as the new king, allowing a large pack of hyenas to live in the Pride Lands
28.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)
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Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is a 2005 British-American fantasy film directed by Mike Newell and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves, the story follows Harry Potters fourth year at Hogwarts as he is chosen by the Goblet of Fire to compete in the Triwizard Tournament. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and is followed by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. The Hogwarts scenes were shot at the Leavesden Film Studios, as of April 2017, it is the 43rd highest-grossing film worldwide and the sixth-highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be released in IMAX. Harry Potter dreams of Frank Bryce, who is killed after overhearing Lord Voldemort discussing plans with Peter Pettigrew, at Hogwarts, Albus Dumbledore introduces ex-Auror Alastor Mad-Eye Moody as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. The Goblet unexpectedly also chooses a champion, Harry Potter. This makes Harrys best friend Ron Weasley jealous of him, for the tournaments first task, the champions must each retrieve a golden egg guarded by a dragon. After summoning his broomstick, Harry succeeds in retrieving his egg, shortly after, another event known as the Yule Ball dance takes place, Harrys crush Cho Chang attends with Cedric, and Hermione Granger attends with Viktor, which makes Ron jealous of Viktor. During the second task, the champions must dive underwater to rescue their mates, Harry comes out in third place, but is placed second behind Cedric due to his moral fibre after saving Fleurs sister Gabrielle as well as Ron. Afterwards, Harry finds the corpse of Barty Crouch Sr. Harry visits Dumbledore at his office, and while waiting for him, he discovers a Pensieve, which holds Dumbledores memories. Inside it, Harry witnesses a trial in which Igor Karkaroff confessed to the Ministry of Magic names of other Death Eaters and he named Severus Snape as one, but Dumbledore defended him, he then named Barty Crouch Jr. This left Barty Crouch Sr. devastated, and his son was imprisoned in Azkaban, after exiting the Pensieve, Harry deduces that the man he has seen in his dreams with Voldemort is Barty Crouch Jr. In the third and final task, the champions enter a hedge maze, Viktor, under the influence of the Imperius Curse, incapacitates Fleur. Voldemort releases Harry in order to him in a duel to prove he is the better wizard. Harry, unable to defend himself, tries the Expelliarmus charm at the moment that Voldemort attempts the Killing Curse. Their wands do not work against each other, and Voldemorts wand is forced to disgorge the last spells it performed and this results in shadow impressions of the people he murdered appearing in the graveyard, including Harrys parents and Cedric
29.
Batman Begins
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Comic book storylines such as The Man Who Falls, Batman, Year One, and Batman, The Long Halloween served as inspiration. The goal was to get the audience to care for both Batman and Bruce Wayne, the film, which was primarily shot in Iceland and Chicago, relied on traditional stunts and miniatures, while computer-generated imagery was used minimally. Batman Begins opened on June 15,2005, in the United States and it grossed over $48 million in its opening weekend in North America, eventually grossing over $374 million worldwide. The film received reviews and is considered by many to be one of the best superhero films of the 2000s. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography and it is followed by The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises in a continual story-arc, which has later been referred to as The Dark Knight Trilogy. The film is presented in a narrative, jumping between the present and past. This is a summary of the plot. As a child, Bruce Wayne falls down into a dry well and is attacked by a swarm of bats, while watching an opera with his parents, Thomas and Martha, Bruce becomes frightened by performers masquerading as bats and asks to leave. Outside, mugger Joe Chill murders Bruces parents in front of him, orphaned, Bruce is raised by the family butler, Alfred Pennyworth. Fourteen years later, Chill is freed in exchange for testifying against Gotham City mafia boss Carmine Falcone, Bruce intends to murder Chill, but one of Falcones assassins does so first. Bruces childhood friend, assistant district attorney Rachel Dawes, berates him for attempting to undermine the justice system, Bruce confronts Falcone, who tells him that real power comes from being feared. Bruce decides to travel the world and learn how to confront injustice, while serving a prison sentence for theft in Bhutan, he meets Henri Ducard, who trains him as a member of the League of Shadows, led by Ras al Ghul. After completing his training and purging his fears, Bruce learns that the League intends to destroy Gotham, believing it to be corrupt, Bruce rejects the Leagues cause and burns down their temple during his escape. Ras is killed by falling debris, while Bruce saves the unconscious Ducard, Bruce returns to Gotham intent on fighting crime. Inspired by his fear, he takes up the vigilante identity of the Batman. He takes an interest in his familys company, Wayne Enterprises, company archivist Lucius Fox allows Bruce access to prototype defense technologies including a protective bodysuit and a heavily armored car called the Tumbler. Bruce poses as a shallow playboy to allay suspicion, Batman intercepts a drug shipment, provides Rachel with evidence against Falcone, and enlists Sergeant James Gordon, one of the few honest cops left in Gotham, to arrest him. Crane puts on a mask and sprays Falcone with a fear-inducing hallucinogen that drives him insane
30.
Pictureville Cinema
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Pictureville Cinema is a cinema auditorium located within the National Media Museum in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. Pictureville is one of the best equipped cinemas in the world and it is equipped for 35 mm,70 mm, 4K resolution and Cinerama projection. The cinema features Dolby Digital EX, DTS and 8 Channel SDDS digital sound systems and it has the only Cinerama projection system in regular use in Europe. The cinema opened on 8 April 1992, with a charity performance of Hook in 70 mm, Cinerama Cinerama Dome Seattle Cinerama Official website jointly with the Cubby Broccoli cinema Pictureville Cinema
31.
David Puttnam
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David Terence Puttnam, Baron Puttnam, CBE, HonFRSA, HonFRPS, MRIA is a British film producer and educator. His productions include Chariots of Fire, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and he sits on the Labour benches in the House of Lords, although he is not principally a politician. Puttnam was born in Southgate, London, England, the son of Marie Beatrix, a homemaker of Jewish origin, and Leonard Arthur Puttnam, in 1978 he also produced Alan Parkers Midnight Express, but for the US company Casablanca Filmworks. Many of the Enigma films made in the 1980s were done in association with the financial backer Goldcrest Films, Puttnam was chairman and CEO of Columbia Pictures from June 1986 until September 1987. In 1998, he retired from production to focus on his work in education. In 1983, Puttnam was appointed as a Commander of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, in 1995 Puttnam was appointed as a Knight Bachelor. In 1997, Puttnam was created as a peer and was granted Letters Patent to become Baron Puttnam, of Queensgate in the Royal Borough of Kensington. In 1998, Puttnam was named in a list of donors to the British Labour Party. This was widely interpreted as being aimed at stopping Rupert Murdochs News Corporation from buying channel Five, when the government opposed the amendment, Puttnam brokered a compromise – the introduction of a public interest test to be applied by the new regulator Ofcom, but without explicit restrictions. In 2007, he chaired the Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Draft Climate Change Bill, since November 2012, he has been the Prime Ministerial Trade Envoy to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. In December 2012, Puttnam, who lives in Skibbereen, County Cork, was named Ireland’s Digital Champion by Communications Minister Pat Rabbitte, TD. In August 2014, Puttnam was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to Septembers referendum on that issue. Puttnam was for 10 years chairman of the National Film and Television School and he founded Skillset, which trains young people to become members of the film and television industries. From 2002-2009 he was UK president of UNICEF and remains an ambassador, Puttnam was the first chancellor of the University of Sunderland from 1997 until 13 July 2007. In 1998, he founded the National Teaching Awards and became its first chairman and he was the founding chairman of the General Teaching Council 2000–2002. He was appointed as chancellor of the Open University in 2007 and he was also the Chairman of NESTA from 1998 until 2003. He was also on the board of directors of learning technologies company Promethean, lord Puttnam is the patron of SCHOOLS NorthEast, an organisation set up in 2007 to represent all schools in the North East of England. He is also a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres
32.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
33.
THX
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THX is an American company headquartered in San Francisco, California, and founded in 1983 by George Lucas. It develops the THX high fidelity audio/visual reproduction standards for movie theaters, screening rooms, home theaters, computer speakers, gaming consoles, car audio systems, the current THX was created in 2002 when it spun off from Lucasfilm Ltd. THX was named after Holman, with the X standing for crossover or possibly experiment as well as in homage to Lucass first film, THX1138. The distinctive glissando up from a low pitch used in the THX trailers. The THX system is not a technology and it does not specify a sound recording format, all sound formats, whether digital or analog. THX is mainly a quality assurance system, THX also provides certified theaters with a special crossover circuit whose use is part of the standard. The company has had a history with Creative, which was responsible for the creation of the first THX-certified audio card for computers. In 2016, THX was acquired by videogame hardware company Razer Inc. with Razer owning all of THX, the first theater THX was used in was the University of Southern Californias Eileen L. Norris Cinema Theatre, a part of USCs film school. THX has created a process for additional products including home audio, home theater, video. THX certification extends to home receivers, speakers, desktop systems, soundbars, acoustic materials, microphones. THXs Ultra2 certification is given for home theater components said to be enough for a large home cinema of 3,000 cubic feet or more. THXs Select2 certification is given for home theater components said to be enough for medium-sized rooms, up to 2,000 cubic feet in size. THXs I/S Plus systems include an AV Receiver + Speaker Bundle and are certified to fill a home theater or dorm room where the viewing distance from the screen is 6–8 feet. These THX certified home theater in a box systems are so far exclusively made by Onkyo, THX Certified Multimedia Products are designed and engineered for PC gaming and multimedia on the desktop. THX-certified video displays include a THX mode which allows users to see a program or movie as the creator intended, THX first appeared in theaters, in which their logo would show before the start of a film. Since THX was originally created for motion picture quality, the very first film to show THX was Return of the Jedi, in its theatrical debut on May 25,1983. From there, THX began to appear before all movies from June 1,1983, until August 31,1996, at that point, THX had certified VHS/home video releases beginning in 1995. Also, in 2000, based on the long-lasting Broadway trailer, grampa Simpson shouts, Turn it up
34.
Dolby Digital
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Dolby Digital is the name for audio compression technologies developed by Dolby Laboratories. It was originally named Dolby Stereo Digital until 1994, except for Dolby TrueHD, the audio compression is lossy. The first use of Dolby Digital was to digital sound in cinemas from 35mm film prints. It is now used for other applications such as TV broadcast, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs. Batman Returns was the first film to use Dolby Digital technology when it premiered in theaters in the summer of 1992. Dolby Digital cinema soundtracks are optically recorded on a 35 mm release print using sequential data blocks placed between every perforation hole on the track side of the film. A constant bit rate of 320 kbit/s is used, a charge-coupled device scanner in the image projector picks up a scanned video image of this area, and a processor correlates the image area and extracts the digital data as an AC-3 bitstream. The data is decoded into a 5.1 channel audio source. All film prints with Dolby Digital data also have Dolby Stereo analogue soundtracks using Dolby SR noise reduction, almost all current release cinema prints are of this type and may also include SDDS data and a timecode track to synchronize CD-ROMs carrying DTS soundtracks. The simplest way of converting existing projectors is to add a so-called penthouse digital soundhead above the projector head, however, for new projectors it made sense to use dual analogue/digital soundheads in the normal optical soundhead position under the projector head. To allow for the arrangement the data is recorded 26 frames ahead of the picture. If a penthouse soundhead is used, the data must be delayed in the processor for the amount of time. This delay can be adjusted in steps of the time between perforations, as of 2015, Dolby Digital in the cinema is being gradually replaced with Dolby Surround 7.1, a process that may take up to 2018 to complete.1 Creator. Dolby Digital is the version containing up to six discrete channels of sound. The most elaborate mode in use involves five channels for normal-range speakers. Mono and stereo modes are also supported, AC-3 supports audio sample-rates up to 48 kHz. This format has different names, Dolby Digital DD AC-3 ATSC A/52 Before 1996, was marketed as Dolby Surround AC-3, Dolby Stereo Digital, in 1991, a limited experimental release of Star Trek 6 in Dolby Digital played in 3 US theatres. In 1992, Batman Returns is the first movie to be released in Dolby Digital, Dolby Digital EX is similar in practice to Dolbys earlier Pro-Logic format, which utilized matrix technology to add a center surround channel and single rear surround channel to stereo soundtracks
35.
Danny Boyle
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His debut film Shallow Grave won the BAFTA Award for Best British Film. Boyles 2008 film Slumdog Millionaire was nominated for ten Academy Awards and won eight and he also won the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Director. Boyle was presented with the Extraordinary Contribution to Filmmaking Award at the 2008 Austin Film Festival, in 2012, Boyle was the Artistic Director for Isles of Wonder, the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Summer Olympic Games. He was subsequently offered a knighthood as part of the New Year Honours, in 2014, it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester. Danny Boyle was born on 20 October 1956 in Radcliffe, Lancashire, although he now describes himself as a spiritual atheist, he was brought up in a working class Catholic family. Boyle was a boy for eight years and his mother had the priesthood in mind for him. Whether he was saving me from the priesthood or the priesthood from me, but quite soon after, I started doing drama. And theres a connection, I think. All these directors — Martin Scorsese, John Woo, M. Night Shyamalan — they were all meant to be priests, Theres something very theatrical about it. It’s basically the same job — poncing around, telling people what to think and he later studied at Thornleigh Salesian College in Bolton, and studied English and Drama at Bangor University. While at university, Boyle dated the actress Frances Barber, Boyle is the patron of North West-based young peoples substance misuse charity, Early Break, which was founded and based in his home town of Radcliffe. Boyle is also a trustee of the UK-based African arts charity Dramatic Need, upon leaving school he began his career at the Joint Stock Theatre Company, before moving onto the Royal Court Theatre in 1982 where he directed The Genius by Howard Brenton and Saved by Edward Bond. He also directed five productions for the Royal Shakespeare Company, in 2011 he directed Frankenstein for the National Theatre. This production was broadcast to cinemas as a part of National Theatre Live on 17 March 2011, Boyle was Artistic Director for the 2012 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony in London. The ceremony, entitled Isles of Wonder, charted aspects of British culture, including the Industrial Revolution and British contributions to literature, music, film, reception to the ceremony was generally positive, both nationally in the United Kingdom and internationally. In December 2012 it was reported that Boyle turned down a knighthood in the New Year Honours list. He told BBC Radio 4 Im very proud to be an equal citizen, in 2014, it was announced that Boyle would become a patron of HOME in Manchester. These were Masonic Mysteries and Cherubim and Seraphim and he was also responsible for the BBC2 series Mr. Wroes Virgins
36.
Cinerama
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Cinerama is a widescreen process that originally projected images simultaneously from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen, subtending 146° of arc. The trademarked process was marketed by the Cinerama corporation and it was the first of a number of novel processes introduced during the 1950s, when the movie industry was reacting to competition from television. Cinerama was presented to the public as an event, with reserved seating and printed programs. The display is accompanied by a high-quality, seven-track discrete, directional, the original system involved shooting with three synchronized cameras sharing a single shutter. This process was abandoned in favor of a system using a single camera. The latter system lost the 146° field of view of the original three-strip system, three-strip Cinerama did not use anamorphic lenses, although two of the systems used to produce the 70mm prints did employ anamorphics. Later, 35mm anamorphic reduction prints were produced for exhibition in theatres with anamorphic CinemaScope-compatible projection lenses, Cooper, produced a commercially viable demonstration of Cinerama which opened on Broadway on September 30,1952. The film, titled This is Cinerama, was received with enthusiasm and it was the outgrowth of many years of development. Waller had earlier developed an 11-projector system called Vitarama at the Petroleum Industry exhibit in the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, a five-camera version, the Waller Gunnery Trainer, was used during the Second World War. The word Cinerama combines cinema with panorama, the origin of all the -orama neologisms, the photographic system used three interlocked 35 mm cameras equipped with 27 mm lenses, approximately the focal length of the human eye. The three cameras were mounted as one unit, set at 48 degrees to each other, a single rotating shutter in front of the three lenses assured simultaneous exposure on each of the films. The image was photographed six sprocket holes high, rather than the four used in other 35 mm processes. The picture was photographed and projected at 26 frames per second rather than the usual 24 and he further comments on the unreliability of numerous websites and other resources that will tell you that Cinerama had an aspect ratio of up to 3,1. In theaters, Cinerama film was projected from three projection booths arranged in the same pattern as the cameras. This was a big-ticket, reserved-seats spectacle, and the Cinerama projectors were adjusted carefully, great care was taken to match color and brightness when producing the prints. Nevertheless, the seams between panels were usually noticeable, optical limitations with the design of the camera itself meant that if distant scenes joined perfectly, closer objects did not. A nearby object might split into two as it crossed the seams, to avoid calling attention to the seams, scenes were often composed with unimportant objects such as trees or posts at the seams, and action was blocked so as to center actors within panels. This gave a distinctly triptych-like appearance to the composition even when the seams themselves were not obvious and it was often necessary to have actors in different sections cheat where they looked in order to appear to be looking at each other in the final projected picture
37.
Albert R. Broccoli
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Albert Romolo Broccoli, nicknamed Cubby, was an American film producer who made more than 40 motion pictures throughout his career. Most of the films were made in the United Kingdom and often filmed at Pinewood Studios, co-founder of Danjaq, LLC and Eon Productions, Broccoli is most notable as the producer of many of the James Bond films. He and Harry Saltzman saw the films develop from relatively low-budget origins to large-budget, high-grossing extravaganzas, and Broccolis heirs continue to produce new Bond films. Albert R. Cubby Broccoli was born in the borough of Queens, New York City and he acquired his nickname after his cousin, mobster Pat DiCicco, began calling him Kabibble, eventually shortened to Kubbie and adopted by Broccoli as Cubby. The family later bought a farm in Smithtown, New York, on Long Island, at the beginning of the 1950s, Broccoli moved once more, this time to London, where the British government provided subsidies to film productions made in the UK with British casts and crews. Together with Irving Allen, Broccoli formed Warwick Films that made a prolific, Saltzman and Broccoli produced the first Bond movie, Dr. No, in 1962. Their second, From Russia with Love, was a success and from then on the films grew in cost, action. With larger casts, more difficult stunts and special effects, and a dependence on exotic locations. Nonetheless, by the mid-1960s, Broccoli had put all of his energies into the Bond series. Saltzman and Broccoli had differences over Saltzmans outside commitments, but in the end it was Saltzman who withdrew from Danjaq, while Saltzmans departure brought the franchise a step closer to corporate control, Broccoli lost relatively little independence or prestige in the bargain. From then until his death, the credits sequence to every EON Bond film would begin with the words Albert R. Broccoli Presents. In 1966, Albert was in Japan with other producers scouting locations to film the next James Bond film You Only Live Twice, Albert had a ticket booked on BOAC Flight 911. He cancelled his ticket on that day so he could see a ninja demonstration, Flight 911 crashed after clear air turbulence. In 1940, at the age of 31, he married actress Gloria Blondell and they later divorced amicably in 1945 without having had children. In 1951, he married Nedra Clark, widow of the singer Buddy Clark, and they adopted a son, Tony Broccoli, after which Nedra became pregnant. She died in 1958, soon giving birth to their daughter. In 1959, Broccoli married actress and novelist Dana Wilson and they had a daughter together, Barbara Broccoli, and Albert Broccoli became a mentor to Danas teenage son, Michael G. Wilson. Broccoli insisted on keeping his family close to him when possible, consequently, the children grew up around the Bond film sets, and his wifes influence on various production decisions is alluded to in many informal accounts
38.
Louis Le Prince
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Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince was a French inventor who shot the first moving pictures on paper film using a single lens camera. He has been heralded as the Father of Cinematography since 1930, a Frenchman who also worked in the United Kingdom and the United States, Le Prince conducted his ground-breaking work in 1888 in the city of Leeds in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. In October 1888, Le Prince filmed moving picture sequences Roundhay Garden Scene and these were several years before the work of competing inventors such as William Friese-Greene, Auguste and Louis Lumière and Thomas Edison. He was never able to perform a public demonstration in the US because he mysteriously vanished from a train on 16 September 1890. His body and luggage were never found, but, over a century later, not long after Le Princes disappearance, Thomas Edison tried to take credit for the invention. But Le Prince’s widow and son, Adolphe, were keen to advance his cause as the inventor of cinematography, in 1898 Adolphe appeared as a witness for the defence in a court case brought by Edison against the American Mutoscope Company. Adolphe Le Prince was not allowed to present his fathers two cameras as evidence and eventually the court ruled in favour of Edison, however, a year later that ruling was overturned. The early history of motion pictures in the United States and Europe is marked by battles over patents of cameras, in 1888 Le Prince was granted an American dual-patent on a 16-lens device that combined a motion picture camera with a projector. A patent for a type was refused in America because of an interfering patent. On October 14,1888, Le Prince used a version of his single-lens camera to film Roundhay Garden Scene. He exhibited his first films in the Whitley factory in Hunslet, Leeds and in Oakwood Grange, the Whitley family home in Roundhay, Leeds, but they were not distributed to the general public. The following year, he took French-American dual citizenship in order to establish himself with his family in New York City, however, he was never able to perform his planned public exhibition at Morris–Jumel Mansion in Manhattan, in September 1890, due to his mysterious disappearance. Consequently, Le Princes contribution to the birth of the cinema has often been overlooked, Le Prince was born on Saint-Georges street in Metz, France, on 28 August 1841. His father was a major of artillery in the French Army and his education went on to include the study of painting in Paris and post-graduate chemistry at Leipzig University, which provided him with the academic knowledge he was to utilise in the future. He moved to Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK in 1866, after being invited to join John Whitley, a friend from college, in Whitley Partners of Hunslet, in 1869 he married Elizabeth Whitley, Johns sister and a talented artist. In 1881 Le Prince went to the United States as an agent for Whitley Partners and he became the manager for a small group of French artists who produced large panoramas, usually of famous battles, that were exhibited in New York City, Washington DC and Chicago. During this time he continued the experiments he had begun, relating to the production of moving photographs, during his time in the US, Le Prince built a camera that utilised sixteen lenses, which was the first invention he patented. After his return to Leeds with his family in May 1887, Le Prince built and it was first used on 14 October 1888 to shoot what would become known as Roundhay Garden Scene, the worlds first motion picture
39.
Daily Herald (UK newspaper)
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The Daily Herald was a British daily newspaper, published in London from 1912 to 1964. It underwent several changes of management before ceasing publication in 1964, in December 1910 the printers union, the London Society of Compositors, became engaged in an industrial struggle to establish a 48-hour week and started a daily strike bulletin called The World. Will Dyson, an Australian artist in London, contributed a cartoon, from 25 January 1911 it was renamed the Daily Herald and was published until the end of the strike in April 1911. At its peak it had sales of 25,000. The initial organising group included Tillett, T. E. Naylor of the LSC, George Lansbury, socialist politician, Robert Williams of the Transport Workers, W. N. Ewer, retaining the strike sheet name they formed a Daily Herald company. Readers and supporters formed local branches of the Daily Herald League, the first issue appeared on 15 April 1912, edited by William H. Seed. A key feature was Dyson’s cartoons, which made a contribution to the political tone. Its politics were broadly syndicalist, it gave support to strikers. It also gave support to suffragettes and to anticolonial struggles. Staff writers included W. P. Ryan, Langdon Everard, G. K. Chesterton was a frequent contributor. His brother Cecil and Hilaire Belloc were occasional contributors, after Seed was removed as editor, Rowland Kenney, C. Sheridan Jones and finally Charles Lapworth held the position. In June 1913, the Daily Herald company was forced into liquidation, Lansbury and Lapworth formed a new company, the Limit Printing and Publishing Company. The shortfall in production costs was guaranteed by wealthy friends of Lansbury, from December 1912 until August 1914 one of the main financial supporters was H. D. Harben, also a founder of the New Statesman. From this point the members of the Daily Herald League had no influence on the paper. In late 1913 Lapworth was asked by the two board members to resign as editor. Lansbury and the financial backers were disturbed by Lapworth and other writers’ attacks on individuals. Hatred of conditions by all means, but not of persons was how Lapworth quoted Lansbury, the aftermath was aired in the letter pages of The New Age between December 1913 and April 1914. The new paper struggled financially but somehow survived, with Lansbury playing a role in keeping it afloat
40.
Tony Ray-Jones
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Tony Ray-Jones was an English photographer. After his fathers death, Tonys mother took the family to Tonbridge in Kent, to Little Baddow and he was educated at Christs Hospital, which he hated. Tony Ray-Jones studied at the London School of Printing, where he concentrated on graphic design, in the early 1960s he obtained a scholarship that enabled him to join Yale University School of Art on the strength of photographs he had taken in north Africa from a taxi window. Although only 19 on his arrival at Yale, Ray-Jones talent was obvious, Ray-Jones also got to know a number of New York street photographers, such as Joel Meyerowitz, a fellow Brodovich student at the time. Ray-Jones graduated from Yale in 1964 and photographed the United States energetically until his departure for Britain in late 1965, from then until 1970, he lived and worked at 102 Gloucester Place, Marylebone, this is now marked by a memorial plaque. On his arrival in Britain, he was shocked at the lack of interest in non-commercial photography, for me there is something very special about the English way of life and I wish to record it from my particular point of view before it becomes Americanised and disappears. Ray-Joness work documenting people living on housing estates in Britain was published in an issue on housing in 1970 and were included in his second submission to join Magnum Photos. On closer inspection, though, what we are glimpsing is several small narratives contained in the defining one. Ray-Jones was both sociable and abrasive, introducing himself to Bill Jay, the editor of Creative Camera, by saying Your magazines shit and you just dont know enough, so I am here to help you. But he impressed Jay, and also worked hard and successfully to have exhibitions of his works. He returned to the United States in January 1971 to work as a teacher at the San Francisco Art Institute – one of the few ways in which he could stay in the US. He disliked teaching, finding the students self-centred and lazy, ray-Joness non-assignment photographs were first published in the October 1968 issue of Creative Camera. In late 1971, Ray-Jones started to suffer from exhaustion, early the next year leukaemia was diagnosed, and he started chemotherapy. Medical treatment in the US was too expensive, so Ray-Jones flew to London on 10 March and immediately entered the Royal Marsden Hospital, sean OHagan said in his short life he helped create a way of seeing that has shaped several generations of British photography. His book about the English, unfinished at the time of his death, was published posthumously by Thames & Hudson in 1974 as A Day Off, Ray-Jones archive has been housed at the National Media Museum in Bradford since 1993. It consists of 700 photographic prints,1,700 negative sheets,2,700 contact sheets,10,000 colour transparencies and Ray-Jones notebooks, a Day Off, An English Journal. Waterbury, CT, New York Graphic Society,1977, loisirs anglais,120 photographies de Tony Ray Jones. Also New York, NY, Aperture,1991 ISBN 978-0-893814-84-7, exhibition catalogue, includes biography and photographs
41.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
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BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
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Hammer Film Productions
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Hammer Film Productions is a British film production company based in London. Founded in 1934, the company is best known for a series of Gothic Hammer Horror films made from the mid-1950s until the 1970s, Hammer also produced science fiction, thrillers, film noir and comedies — and, in later years, television series. During its most successful years, Hammer dominated the film market, enjoying worldwide distribution. This success was due, in part, to distribution partnerships with major United States studios, the company eventually ceased production in the mid-1980s. In 2000, the studio was bought by a consortium including advertising executive and art collector Charles Saatchi and publishing millionaires Neil Mendoza, the company announced plans to begin making films again after this, but none were produced. In May 2007, the company was again, this time to a consortium headed by Dutch media tycoon John de Mol. The new owners acquired the Hammer groups film library, consisting of 295 movies. Simon Oakes, who took over as CEO of Hammer, said, Hammer is a great British brand — we intend to take it back into production, the brand is still alive but no one has invested in it for a long time. Since then it has produced films, including Let Me In, The Resident, The Woman in Black. In November 1934 William Hinds, a comedian and businessman, registered his film company and it was housed in a three-room office suite at Imperial House, Regent Street, London. The company name came from Hinds stage name, Will Hammer, work began almost immediately on the first film, The Public Life of Henry the Ninth at the MGM/ATP studios, with filming concluding on 2 January 1935. Exclusive survived and on 20 July 1937 purchased the leasehold on 113-117 Wardour Street, James Carreras joined Exclusive in 1938, closely followed by William Hinds son, Anthony. At the outbreak of World War II, James Carreras and Anthony Hinds left to join the armed services, in 1946, James Carreras rejoined the company after demobilisation. He convinced Anthony Hinds to rejoin the company, and a revived Hammer Film Productions set to work on Death in High Heels, The Dark Road, and Crime Reporter. Not able to top stars, Hammer acquired the film rights to BBC radio series such as The Adventures of PC49 and Dick Barton. All were filmed at Marylebone Studios during 1947, during the production of Dick Barton Strikes Back, it became apparent that the company could save a considerable amount of money by shooting in country houses instead of studios. For the next production – Dr Morelle - The Case of the Missing Heiress – Hammer rented Dial Close, on 12 February 1949 Exclusive registered Hammer Film Productions as a company with Enrique and James Carreras, and William and Tony Hinds as directors. Hammer moved into the Exclusive offices in 113-117 Wardour Street, five films were produced there, Man in Black, Room to Let, Someone at the Door, What the Butler Saw, The Lady Craved Excitement
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Royal Photographic Society
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The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain, commonly known as the Royal Photographic Society, is one of the worlds oldest photographic societies. A change to the name to reflect the Royal patronage was, however. In 1874 it was renamed the Photographic Society of Great Britain, a registered charity since 1962, in July 2004, The Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain was granted a Royal charter recognising its eminence in the field of photography as a learned society. For most of its history the Society was based at premises in London. It moved to Bath in 1979, and since 2004 its headquarters has been at Fenton House in Bath, membership is international and open to anyone with an interest in photography. It runs a programme of more than 300 events throughout the United Kingdom and abroad, through local groups. Photographers were slow in coming together and forming clubs and societies, in other countries the Société française de photographie was founded in Paris in 1854. The catalyst behind the formation of The Photographic Society was Roger Fenton, the inaugural meeting of The Photographic Society was held on 20 January 1853. Fenton became the Societys first secretary, a position he held for three years, as Jane Fletcher has argued the changing nature of photography and photographic education in the early 1970s forced The Society to modernise and to become more relevant to British photography. An internal review led to changes, the introduction of a new distinction called the Licentiate in 1972. The rising cost of maintaining The Societys premises in South Audley Street, London, the Council approved at a meeting on 1 April 1977 a move to Bath and the establishment of a National Centre of Photography to house the Societys headquarters and collection. An appeal for £300,000 was launched in the summer of 1978 for the funds needed to convert The Octagon and adjacent buildings in Milsom Street, the inaugural exhibition opened in May 1980 with the building officially opened by Princess Margaret in April 1981. Although the Societys inaugural meeting took places at the Society of Arts in London and it held functions as a number of addresses, some concurrently for different types of meetings. The Societys premises were, 1899–1909 –66 Russell Square, London, 1909–1940 –35 Russell Square, London. 1940–1968 – Princes Gate, South Kensington, London, 1968–1970 –1 Maddox Street, Mayfair, London. 1970–1979 –14 South Audley Street, Mayfair, London 1980–2003 – The Octagon, Milsom Street, 2004–present – Fenton House,122 Wells Road, Bath, officially opened 16 February 2005. Supporters, The lions on either side of the shield with their ciphers pay tribute to our historical connections and Royal Patronage dating back to Queen Victoria, the lions are based on those on Prince Alberts garter stallplate at St. Georges Chapel, Windsor. Motto, The motto translates to All life perceived to indicate that the ability and potential for photography to observe and record so much of that which constitutes our life
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Victoria and Albert Museum
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The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, is the worlds largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It was founded in 1852 and named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and these include the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum and the Royal Albert Hall. The museum is a public body sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media. Like other national British museums, entrance to the museum has been free since 2001, the V&A covers 12.5 acres and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5,000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum owns the worlds largest collection of sculpture, with the holdings of Italian Renaissance items being the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea, the East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection is amongst the largest in the Western world. Overall, it is one of the largest museums in the world, New 17th- and 18th-century European galleries were opened on 9 December 2015. These restored the original Aston Webb interiors and host the European collections 1600–1815, at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science. Several of the exhibits from the Exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection, by February 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed South Kensington Museum. In 1855 the German architect Gottfried Semper, at the request of Cole, produced a design for the museum, but it was rejected by the Board of Trade as too expensive. The site was occupied by Brompton Park House, this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857, the official opening by Queen Victoria was on 22 June 1857. In the following year, late night openings were introduced, made possible by the use of gas lighting, in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of High Art at the National Gallery and scholarship at the British Museum. George Wallis, the first Keeper of Fine Art Collection, passionately promoted the idea of art education through the museum collections. From the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of Exhibition Road. In 1893 the Science Museum had effectively come into existence when a director was appointed. The laying of the stone of the Aston Webb building on 17 May 1899 was the last official public appearance by Queen Victoria. It was during this ceremony that the change of name from the South Kensington Museum to the Victoria, the exhibition which the museum organised to celebrate the centennial of the 1899 renaming, A Grand Design, first toured in North America from 1997, returning to London in 1999
