1.
Greenwich Street
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Greenwich Street is a north-south street in the New York City borough of Manhattan. As the World Trade Center is redeveloped, the sections will be reconnected. Main east-west streets crossed include, from north to south, Christopher Street, Houston Street, Canal Street, Greenwich Street travels through the Meatpacking District, the West Village, Hudson Square, and Tribeca. North of Canal Street, traffic travels northbound on Greenwich Street, south of Canal Street, the earliest documentation of Greenwich Street came in the 1790s, when it ran parallel to the Hudson River. At that time it was called Road to Greenwich, as it was the continuous road from Lower Manhattan to Greenwich Village other than Broadway. Greenwich Street still maintained its status as an address in 1820, but by the 1850s, the wealthy residents had fled uptown. One who stayed for a time was hotel owner Amos Eno, in 1873, the Butter and Cheese Exchange opened on the street, not far from where dairy products arrived daily at the freight railroad terminals. By 1882, a generation plant of the New York Steam Company was located at Greenwich. In 1824, painter Thomas Cole, who had arrived in the U. S. in 1818, maintained his residence in a garret on Greenwich Street, exhibiting his paintings in local shops. Also located on Greenwich Street in the mid-1800s was one of the outlets of Madame Restell, actually Ann Lohman. The Greenwich Street location doubled as a facility for women who wanted to bear their child. Restell, who got rich running her enterprises, was arrested a number of times, but was able to buy her way out of trouble, and eventually built a mansion at Fifth Avenue and 52nd Street. In 1867, engineer Charles T. Harvey managed to get permission from the New York State Legislature to build a short stretch of elevated track as an experiment, eventually, this would become the Ninth Avenue El, which was demolished in 1940. Greenwich means Green village, with the derived from Latin vicus through Saxon wick. Of the two roads, Greenwich Street was the shorter, more scenic and popular route to the village, but often flooded until the 19th century, the IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line runs under Greenwich Street from Vesey Street south to its end. The Cortlandt Street and Rector Street stations serve it directly, other subway stations serve Greenwich Street from nearby. The Christopher Street PATH train station is located on Christopher Street just east of Greenwich Street, the World Trade Center PATH station is located at Vesey and Greenwich Streets. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub is being built between Greenwich and Church Streets, to connect the five stations at the World Trade Center site, the combined station will connect via the Dey Street Passageway with the Fulton Center
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Michael Arad
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Michael Arad is an Israeli-American architect who is best known for being the designer of the World Trade Center Memorial. He won the competition to design the memorial in 2004, Arad, an Israeli citizen, was born in 1969 in London. London was where his father, Moshe Arad, a former Israeli ambassador to the United States, Arad lived in Jerusalem for nine years. He did his military service in a Golani Brigade commando unit, Arad received a bachelors degree from Dartmouth College, and a masters degree from Georgia Institute of Technologys College of Architecture. He moved to New York City in 1999 and worked as an architect at Kohn Pedersen Fox for three years, after KPF, Arad briefly worked for Leclere Associate Architects. Arad now works for Handel Architects, which has offices in New York, unidentified human remains recovered from the World Trade Center site would be interred at the bottom of the north tower footprint at the sites deepest point,70 feet underground. At street level, with the help of landscape architect Peter Walker, Arad proposed a cobblestone plaza with moss and grass and planted with eastern white pine trees. This design proposes a space that resonates with the feelings of loss and absence that were generated by the death and destruction at the World Trade Center, the high cost of the project, originally estimated at $1 billion, also sparked controversy. Today he lives in the East Village of New York City with his wife, Melanie Arad Fitzpatrick, one World Trade Center Larry Silverstein Maya Lin National September 11 Memorial & Museum September 11,2001 attacks
4.
Davis Brody Bond
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Davis Brody Bond is a US architectural firm headquartered in New York with additional offices in Washington, DC. and São Paulo, Brazil. Notable projects include National September 11 Memorial & Museum, and the Portico Gallery at the Frick Collection, in May 2012, Gustafson Guthrie Nichol and Davis Brody Bond were selected as the winners of the National Mall Design Competition for Union Square. While the firm has expanded far beyond its boundaries, the legacy of quality New York City work to the benefit of New Yorkers is still a keystone of the firms design philosophy. After J. Max Bond, Jr. joined the partnership in 1990, the firm became Davis Brody Bond in 1996. From 2006 -2011 Davis Brody Bond was in partnership with Aedas
5.
WSP Global
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WSP Global Inc. is a Canadian-based business providing management and consultancy services to the built and natural environment. It is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, ltd and Les Consultants Dupuis, Côté Inc. began operating in Quebec City in 1959. In 1969 in England, WSP was established by Chris Cole, in 1976, it was a founder member of the Building Services Research and Information Association. It was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1987, after acquiring three firms and geographical expansion in 1993, the name of the Canadian firm GBGM was changed to GENIVAR. On 7 June 2012, Genivar Inc. announced that it made a friendly takeover offer of £278 million for WSP Group plc. The offer was backed by WSPs board of directors as well as investors holding 37% of the companys shares and this merger created a professional services firm with approximately 15,000 employees, working in over 300 offices worldwide. The company reorganised its structure on 1 January 2014, to create a parent company named WSP Global Inc. On 31 October 2014, WSP Global announced that it had completed the purchase of New York-headquartered professional services firm Parsons Brinckerhoff from Balfour Beatty plc for USD$1.24 billion. The company has a network of approximately 170 offices and nearly 13,500 employees on five continents, together, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff is one the largest professional services firms in the world with approximately 32,000 employees in 500 offices serving 39 countries. In early 2015, WSP Global announced the engineering consultancy firms plans to expand to 45,000 employees by 2020, in October 2016, WSP purchased Mouchel Consulting from Kier for approximately £75 million. In January 2017, WSP | Parsons Brinckerhoff announced that it will assume the name WSP, the company is organised into the following main service areas, Buildings, Energy, Environment, Industry, Mining, and Transport and Infrastructure. Notable projects in progress Centre hospitalier de lUniversité de Montréal, WSP is providing management services. Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, WSP CBP is providing management services. The City Line in Sweden, WSP is providing management services. MGM MIRAGE CityCenter in Las Vegas, Nevada Notable completed projects One World Trade Center in New York, NY. The Shard in London, UK.7 World Trade Center in New York, NY.8 Spruce Street in New York, NY.30 The Bond in Sydney, Australia. 60 Wall Street in New York, NY.277 Park Avenue in New York, NY.383 Madison Avenue in New York, NY.1585 Broadway in New York, arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing, NY. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Headquarters, in Melbourne, Australia, the largest single-tenanted commercial office building in the Southern Hemisphere
6.
BuroHappold Engineering
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Originally working mainly on projects in the Middle East, the firm now operates worldwide and in almost all areas of engineering for the built environment, with 23 offices around the world. Edmund, or Ted, Happold worked at Arup before founding BuroHappold, where he worked on such as the Sydney Opera House. Ted Happold died in 1996, but the claims to maintain his views on engineering. BuroHappold was founded on 1 May 1976, with its first office on Gay Street in Bath, United Kingdom. The firm started with eight partners, The Kings Office, Council of Ministers and Majlis Al Shura, Central Government Complex in Riyadh, in 1982 BuroHappold started to work with Future Tents Ltd on a variety of temporary and recreational structures. The firms combined their operations in 1992, but split again in 1997, in 1983, BuroHappold opened an office in Riyadh, and has since opened offices around the UK and internationally, By 1993, BuroHappold had 130 employees and eight partners. In 1998 this had grown to 300 employees and 12 partners, in 2006 the partnership stood at 25 with over 1400 employees and 14 offices. SMART also develops Buro Happolds in-house software Tensyl, a finite element analysis and patterning program for fabric structures. Also notable is its group COSA, which undertakes computational modelling and analysis, in 2007 BuroHappold became a limited liability partnership, and in 2008 appointed 18 new partners. The firm is a limited liability partnership with 52 partners, the Mannheim Multihalle was a timber gridshell of 50 by 50 mm lathes of hemlock of irregular form, depending on the elasticity of spring washers at the joints for its flexible form. It was one of the first major uses of structural gridshells, following the development of fabric structures expertise on the projects with Frei Otto, BuroHappold was instrumental in further developing the knowledge and technology of fabric structures. They also designed the, at the time, largest fabric canopy in Europe at the Ashford Designer Outlet in the UK, the expertise in wooden gridshell structures has resulted in the design of structures such as the Weald and Downland Museum and the Savill Building in Windsor Great Park. The firm has worked with Shigeru Ban on a number of other projects, another design in cardboard was the Westborough School cardboard classroom in Westcliff. One Angel Square in Manchester Arsenal F. C. C, United States, a curved steel grid roof clad in square glass overlapping panels. Aviva Stadium in Dublin, Ireland, a four-tiered,50,000 seater national football, philippine Arena, in the Philippines is the largest indoor arena in the world in terms of seating capacity. It can hold up to 60,000 seats, the Perot Museum of Nature and Science, a new museum in Dallas The Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center, a rail and bus transportation hub in Anaheim, California. The High Line Park in New York City, a park occupying a disused elevated railway line, Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof redevelopment, in Stuttgart, Germany, a project to realign the Deutsche Bahns rail lines so they can be joined to the intra-European network. The sub-terranean station will be roofed with a park, with organically shaped, reinforced concrete shells with petal-shaped sections terminating as skylights
7.
World Trade Center site
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The World Trade Center site, formerly known as Ground Zero after the September 11 attacks, is a 14. 6-acre area in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The previous World Trade Center complex stood on the site until it was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, the site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north, the West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the south, and Church Street to the east. The Port Authority owns the sites land, developer Larry Silverstein holds the lease to retail and office space in four of the sites buildings. While the PANYNJ is often identified as the owner of the WTC site and it is unclear who owns 2.5 acres of the site, being land where streets had been before the World Trade Center was built. The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River and they built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, the remains of a ship from the eighteenth century were found in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, the area that was cleared for construction of the original World Trade Center complex was previously occupied by various electronics stores in what was called Radio Row. These streets and stores were demolished in the 1960s to make way for the World Trade Center, the original World Trade Center was thought of as a North American cultural icon. At the time of their completion the Twin Towers, the original 1 World Trade Center, at 417 metres, the other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center,4 WTC,5 WTC,6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All of these buildings were built between 1975 and 1985, with a construction cost of $400 million, the complex was located in New York Citys Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet of office space. The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13,1975, a bombing on February 26,1993 and a robbery on January 14,1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a company to manage. The towers collapsed within two hours of the collisions, after the collapse of the World Trade Center, hospital workers and law enforcement officers began referring to the World Trade Center site as Ground Zero. The collapse of the towers spread dust across New York City, to organize the cleanup and search for survivors and for human remains, the New York City Fire Department divided the disaster site into four sectors, each headed by its own chief. Early estimates suggested that debris removal would take a year, but cleanup ended in May 2002, under budget, three years later, in February 2005, the New York City Medical Examiners office ended its process of identifying human remains at the site. According to NIST, when WTC1 collapsed, falling debris struck 7 World Trade Center, the uncontrolled fires ultimately led to the progressive collapse of the structure. Portions of the South Tower also damaged the nearby Deutsche Bank Building, by 2002, Deutsche Bank determined that its building was unsalvageable and it was scheduled for demolition. Cleanup workers trucked most of the materials and debris from Ground Zero to Fresh Kills Landfill in Staten Island
8.
One World Trade Center
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One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest in the world, the supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was completely destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11,2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, the building is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east. The buildings architect was David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill also designed the Burj Khalifa, the construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27,2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30,2012, the towers steel structure was topped out on August 30,2012. On May 10,2013, the component of the skyscrapers spire was installed, making the building, including its spire. Its height in feet is a reference to the year when the United States Declaration of Independence was signed. The building opened on November 3,2014, the One World Observatory opened on May 29,2015, the building is 104 standard floors high, but the tower has only 94 actual stories. The construction of the new building is part of an effort to memorialize, the construction of the World Trade Center, of which the Twin Towers were the centerpieces, was conceived as an urban renewal project and spearheaded by David Rockefeller. The project was intended to help revitalize Lower Manhattan, the project was planned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which hired architect Minoru Yamasaki. Yamasaki came up with the idea of building twin towers, to satisfy the New Jersey government, the Port Authority agreed to buy the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, which transported commuters from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan. The towers were designed as framed tube structures, giving tenants open floor plans and this design was accomplished by using many closely spaced perimeter columns, providing much of the structures strength, with the gravity load shared with the core columns. The elevator system, which use of sky lobbies and a system of express and local elevators. The design and construction of the towers involved many other techniques, such as wind tunnel experiments. Construction of the North Tower began in August 1966, extensive use of prefabricated components sped up the construction process, the first tenants moved into the North Tower in December 1970. In the 1970s, four other buildings were built as part of the World Trade Center complex. A seventh building was built in the mid-1980s, each tower was over 1,350 feet high, and occupied about 1 acre of the total 16 acres of the sites land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, Why two 110-story buildings and his response was, I didnt want to lose the human scale
9.
Construction of One World Trade Center
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Construction of One World Trade Center was deferred until 2006 because of disputes between the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey and the developer. Tishman Realty & Construction is the selected builder, the building reached ground level on May 17,2008, and was topped out on May 10,2013. One World Trade Center opened to tenants on November 3,2014, the symbolic cornerstone of One World Trade Center was laid down in a ceremony on July 4,2004, but further construction of the tower was stalled until 2006. The cornerstone was removed from the site on June 23,2006. During the summer of 2006, explosives were detonated at the World Trade Center construction site, controlled explosions continued for approximately two months thereafter. On November 18,2006,400 cubic yards of concrete were poured onto the foundation of the One World Trade Center, on December 17,2006, a ceremony was held in Battery Park City, with the public invited to sign a 30-foot steel beam. This beam, the first to be installed, was welded onto the base on December 19,2006. On January 9,2007, a set of beams was welded to the top of the first set. February 2007 estimates put the cost for construction of 1 WTC at $3 billion, approximately $1 billion of insurance money recouped by Silverstein in connection with the September 11 attacks is being used for construction of the new One World Trade Center. The State of New York is expected to provide $250 million toward construction costs, in 2007, Tishman Construction Corporation of New York completed a row of steel columns at the perimeter of the construction site. Two tower crane bases were erected, each containing a functioning luffing-jib tower crane. By the end of 2007, the footings and foundations were nearly complete. In January 2008, two cranes were moved into the construction site. The towers concrete core began rising in the first months of 2008, by February 22,2008,9,400 of the nearly 50,000 short tons of steel necessary had been ordered. By March 13,2008, the steel for the tower had reached 70 feet high,10 feet below street level. From late March through early April, a 40-foot tall mockup of a section of the wall with twenty-four windows was tested by Construction Consulting Laboratory West in Ontario. The purpose of the testing was to ensure that the exterior of the tower will be able to withstand earthquakes. Testing also took place on another full-scale mockup south of Albuquerque, in mid-April, a batch of concrete had to be replaced after it failed a stress test
10.
One World Trade Center in popular culture
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Since its construction began, One World Trade Center has been seen in many films, TV series and video games, while under construction. The tower began construction in 2006 and lasted until 2013, films, TV shows and video games released from 2006 to 2013 will show the tower under construction, unless they were released during this period but set at a later date, e. g. Call of Duty, Modern Warfare 3, which shows the tower completed, the tower is seen under construction in the 2014 BBC documentary Genesis, Together and Apart about the English rock band Genesis and its members solo projects. The tower is seen under construction in the 2012 film The Avengers, the alternate opening sequence features a prolonged shot of Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center in view. This footage was shot in the spring of 2011, in the 2009 comedy Julie & Julia, Julie Powell works for the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, where she fields complaints from people who dislike the towers design. The new construction and the footprints of the old towers are shown, the tower is seen under construction in the 2012 film The Dictator during a helicopter tour of New York City. At the end of the 2012 film Men in Black 3, when main character Agent J stands atop the Chrysler Building, the unfinished tower can be seen in the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises as part of the Gotham City skyline. The uncompleted tower is seen in the Doctor Who episode The Angels Take Manhattan, the unfinished tower is seen in the Transformers, Prime episode Flying Mind, which was released and set in 2012. The unfinished tower is seen in the scene of The Amazing Race 21, the uncompleted tower is seen in the opening titles of the second Storage Wars spin-off, Storage Wars, New York, which premiered in 2013. The uncompleted tower is seen in the first scene of The Mortal Instruments, City of Bones, the unfinished tower is featured in the Saturday Night Live 38th season opening sequence. The half completed tower can be seen in the 2013 comedy The Heat, the building is shown being around two-thirds complete two different times in Delivery Man, it was released in 2013, but the film is set in 2011. One World Trade Center was seen at night in a Blimp flyby of Lower Manhattan during a Monday Night Football game between the Minnesota Vikings and New York Giants on October 21,2013, the tower is shown at various stages of completion throughout the TV series Person of Interest. There is an annotation referring to a zone around the top of the building. Some footage of the construction can be seen in the first promo for the channel Discovery Family. Shots of the tower under construction are seen in the TruTV series Impractical Jokers, the tower is occasionally seen in episodes of the TV Land series Younger. Most recently, the 2015 DreamWorks film Home shows the completed One World Trade Center at the end of the film, along with the Statue of Liberty. Puzz-3D has recently released 3D puzzles of One World Trade Center in 2013 — along with the Metal Earth one before — but in all those 3D puzzles the tower is depicted as complete. The top of the One World Trade Center has also been in Japanese film Detective Conan, Sunflowers of Inferno, the introduction of the painting by Van Gogh take place in Times Square
11.
2 World Trade Center
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2 World Trade Center, also known by its street address,200 Greenwich Street, is an unfinished office building at the rebuilt World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City. It replaces the original Two World Trade Center, which was completed in 1971 and was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, when completed, the tower will be located on the east side of Greenwich Street, across the street from the original location of the Twin Towers. The foundation work was completed in 2013, but construction is currently on hold, the original building was also known as the South Tower. When completed in 1973,2 World Trade Center became the second tallest building in the only by its twin. The South Towers rooftop observation deck was 1,362 ft high, the World Trade Center towers held the height record only briefly, the Sears Tower in Chicago, finished in May 1973, reached 1,450 feet at the rooftop. Throughout its existence, however, the South Tower had more floors than any other building and this number was not surpassed until the advent of the Burj Khalifa, which opened in 2010. Of the 110 stories, eight were set aside for services in mechanical floors. All the remaining floors were free for open-plan offices, each floor of the towers had 40,000 square feet of space for occupancy. The original Two World Trade Center had 95 express and local elevators, the tower had 3,800,000 square feet of office space. During the early years, various governmental organizations became key tenants of the World Trade Center towers including the State of New York. It was not until the 1980s that the citys perilous financial state eased, during the 1990s, approximately 500 companies had offices in the complex including many financial companies such as Morgan Stanley, Aon Corporation, Salomon Brothers and the Port Authority itself. The basement concourse of the World Trade Center included The Mall at the World Trade Center, electrical service to the towers was supplied by Consolidated Edison at 13,800 volts. This service passed through the World Trade Center Primary Distribution Center, the substations stepped down the 13,800 primary voltage to 480/277 volt secondary service, and then further down to 208/120 volt general power and lighting service. The complex also was served by emergency generators located in the sub-levels of the towers, at 9,03 a. m. EDT on September 11,2001, five terrorists crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower. Three buildings in the World Trade Center complex, including 2 WTC, the light construction and hollow nature of the structures allowed the jet fuel to penetrate far inside the towers, igniting many large fires simultaneously over a wide area of the impacted floors. The fuel from the planes burned at most for a few minutes, but the contents of the burned over the next hour or hour. The fires might not have been as centrally positioned, nor as intense, had traditionally heavy high-rise construction been standing in the way of the aircraft. Debris and fuel would likely have remained mostly outside the buildings or concentrated in more peripheral areas away from the building cores, in this scenario, the towers might have stood far longer, perhaps indefinitely
12.
3 World Trade Center
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3 World Trade Center is a skyscraper under construction as part of the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The project lies on the east side of Greenwich Street, across the street from the location of the Twin Towers. Pritzker Prize-winning architect Richard Rogers, of Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, was awarded the contract to design the building, as of August 2016, the buildings concrete core is topped out to maximum height, with the perimeter steel structure topped out on October 6,2016. The building is scheduled to be completed in 2018, Marriott World Trade Center was previously located at the address until its destruction in 2001. It was a 22-story steel-frame hotel with 825 rooms and it had a roof height of 242 feet. Construction began in 1979 and it opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel, the Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story steel-framed hotel building with 825 rooms. It had a height of 73.7 m and was designed by Skidmore. Its structural engineer was Leslie E. Robertson Associates with Tishman Construction serving as the main contractor and it opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was located at 3 World Trade Center in New York City. 3 World Trade Center was originally planned for a podium of seven stories for trading floors, the diamond braces initially planned for the front and rear faces of the building have been dropped from the design and the tower is to be built without them. However, the diagonal bracing on the sides will remain, the total floor space of the building is planned to include 2,000,000 sq ft of office and retail space. The buildings groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and at time it was scheduled to be completed by 2014. Unusually for a high-rise, the concrete core would be built before the rest of the structure was completed. The structural engineer for the building is WSP, in November 2010, three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site which together will provide about 30% of the tower’s power. On May 11,2009, it was announced that the Port Authority of New York, the agency cited the recession and disagreements with developer Larry Silverstein as reasons for the proposed reduction. Silverstein opposed the plan, filing a notice of dispute on July 7,2009, Silverstein Properties, which has paid the Port Authority over US$2.75 billion in financing, noted the organization’s inability to meet construction obligations in its official complaint. If Silverstein Properties meets those triggers, then the Port Authority, City of New York, Silverstein Properties also needs to provide financing for the remaining cost of the tower before it can be completed. The existing foundation of the tower was entirely with insurance proceeds. The agreement also implemented a cash trap to make sure that public investments are paid off before Silverstein Properties makes any profits from the tower, the tower portion of 3 World Trade Center will be fully built after meeting the requirements
13.
4 World Trade Center
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4 World Trade Center is a skyscraper that is part of the new World Trade Center complex in New York City. It opened to tenants and the public on November 13,2013 and it is located on the southeast corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, where the original nine-story 4 World Trade Center stood. Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki was awarded the contract to design the 978-foot-tall building, the total floor space of the building includes 1.8 million square feet of office and retail space. The buildings groundbreaking took place in January 2008, the original 4 World Trade Center was a 9-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft tall and in the southeast corner of the site, in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The buildings major tenants were Deutsche Bank and the New York Board of Trade, the building reached street level in November 2009. The safety cocoon was installed December 2010, the first glass was installed May 2011. In November 2010, three PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site which together provide about 30% of the tower’s power. The structural engineer for the building is Leslie E. Robertson Associates, on February 16,2012, one of the buildings construction crane cables snapped while lifting steel, causing the steel to fall 40 stories from the building, landing on a flat bed truck. Construction on the building resumed after the accident. On June 25,2012, steel topped out at floor 72, structural steel and concrete completed by June 1,2013, followed rapidly by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013 and the buildings opening in November 13,2013. Cost of construction of 4 World Trade Center was 1.67 billion USD, funded by insurance funds, the first tenants to move in were two government agencies, and as of July 2015, the building is 62% leased. The above-ground portion of the building dedicated for use, will accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. From floors 7 through 46, the floor space is 36,350 square feet in the shape of a parallelogram. The tower includes five levels of mechanical floors, the New York Power Authority selected UTC Power to provide 12 PureCell Model 400 fuel cells that will be used to provide electricity, water and heat. According to the developer, the combined will rank as one of the largest installations of fuel cells in the world. The upper floors of the building have no interior columns, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey plans to lease approximately 600,766 square feet in 4 World Trade Center for its new headquarters. PANYNJ was formerly headquartered in 1 World Trade Center before it was destroyed, the Port Authority signed a 30-year lease. The lower levels of the building are used by businesses, including Eataly
14.
5 World Trade Center
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5 World Trade Center is a planned skyscraper at the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The site is across Liberty Street, to the south of the main 16-acre World Trade Center site, the project is currently on standby while the Port Authority explores a potential sale of the lot to a developer and also finds tenants to occupy the skyscraper. The Port Authority has no plans to construct a building at 130 Liberty Street, although it is open to development of the site as office, retail, hotel. In June 2007, JPMorgan Chase announced plans to develop the building as the headquarters of its J. P. Morgan Investment Bank. However, JPMorgan Chases acquisition of Bear Stearns in March 2008 put those plans in doubt, five World Trade Center was originally a steel-framed nine-story low-rise office building built in 1970–72 at New York Citys World Trade Center and was 118 ft tall. It suffered severe damage and partial collapse on its upper floors as a result of the September 11 attacks in 2001, the entire building was demolished by December 2001 to make way for reconstruction. The structure was L-shaped and occupied the northeast corner of the WTC site, overall dimensions were 330 by 420 feet, with an average area of 120,000 square feet per floor. The Chambers Street – World Trade Center subway station/terminal was located under the building, in 1984, artist Joanna Gilman Hyde painted the 10, 000-square-foot canvas titled Self Organizing Galaxy on the roof of 5 World Trade Center. Floors 4 through 9 suffered partial collapse and/or fire damage during the September 11 attacks, some of the collapse was due to impact from steel and debris from World Trade Center 1. Other collapsed sections were due to fire damage, portions of internal collapse and burnout were found on upper floors, mainly floors 6–8. The exterior facade suffered severe fire damage, the upper floors were on fire after the second tower collapse. A section of the fuselage from United Airlines Flight 175 landed on the top of the building, WTC5 was the least damaged building of the complex. The Borders bookstore was undamaged after both towers collapsed, the building, was the location of the Survivors Staircase, which was recovered from the buildings underground after 5 World Trade Center was demolished. The building was demolished by weakening its structure and using cables to pull down the rest of the structure. The last standing section of 5 WTC was removed by December 2001, the Federal Emergency Management Agency /ASCE Building Performance Study Team found that some connections between the structural steel beams failed in the fire. This was most apparent in the collapse of 5 World Trade Center, the structural failure didnt cause the entire building to collapse, as seen after the attacks that the structural skeleton remained intact. 2 World Trade Center will stand at the site where the original 5 World Trade Center once stood,5 World Trade Center was expected to be designed for residential or mixed use in the original master plan for the complex by Daniel Libeskind. The building was to have a limit of no more than 900 feet
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7 World Trade Center
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7 World Trade Center refers to two buildings that have existed at the same location in the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The current structure is the building to bear that name. The original structure, part of the old World Trade Center, was completed in 1987 and was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, the current building opened in 2006. Both buildings were developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York. The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red masonry, an elevated walkway connected the building to the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situated above a Consolidated Edison power substation, which imposed unique structural design constraints, when the building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, Salomon Brothers signed a lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On September 11,2001,7 WTC was damaged by debris when the nearby North Tower of the World Trade Center collapsed, the debris also ignited fires, which continued to burn throughout the afternoon on lower floors of the building. Construction of the new 7 World Trade Center began in 2002 and was completed in 2006, the building is 52 stories tall, making it the 28th-tallest in New York. It is built on a smaller footprint than the original, allowing Greenwich Street to be restored from Tribeca through the World Trade Center site, the new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the buildings footprint. The current buildings design emphasizes safety, with a concrete core, wider stairways. It also incorporates numerous green design features and it was also one of the first projects accepted to be part of the Councils pilot program for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design – Core and Shell Development. The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, the building was 610 feet tall, with a trapezoidal footprint that was 330 ft long and 140 ft wide. Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began in 1983, in May 1987, the building opened, becoming the seventh structure of the World Trade Center. The building was constructed above a Con Edison substation that had been on the site since 1967, the substation had a caisson foundation designed to carry the weight of a future building of 25 stories containing 600,000 sq ft. The final design for 7 World Trade Center was for a larger building than originally planned when the substation was built. The structural design of 7 World Trade Center therefore included a system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders, existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building
16.
Liberty Park
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Liberty Park is a popular public urban park in Salt Lake City, Utah. It is the citys second-largest public park, at 80 acres, the park features a pond with two islands, and is also the location of Tracy Aviary. The park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it includes the Isaac Chase Mill, which is also NRHP-listed. 5-mile jogging path, seasonal amusement rides, other seasonal activities and public facilities include paddle boats, recreational games, and festivals. It is a popular jogging, rollerblading and cycling location, Liberty Park is the site of Salt Lake Citys Pioneer Day fireworks display on the 24th of July. Large crowds gather in the park on Sundays during the spring, summer, an assortment of people, pets, musical instruments and dance styles merge every Sunday at the park. A sculpture/fountain models the Jordan River and its canyon tributaries, in the summertime children can play in the water fountain. The entire 110 acres of the park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as Liberty Park and it was established in 1881 upon purchase from the estate of Brigham Young. It is significant as Utahs best example of the central park, several historic buildings and markers are located throughout the park. The Isaac Chase Mill is located in the northeast corner of Tracy Aviary, built in 1852, the mill is the oldest commercial building still standing in Utah. It was listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places in 1970, the mill was designed by architect William Weeks. The Chase Home Museum of Utah Folk Arts is located in the historic adobe house of Isaac Chase. Admission to the museum is free, the Chase home is operated by the Utah Division of Arts & Museums. It is the permanent home of the State Folk Arts Collection since 1987, in addition to exhibits and concerts, the Chase Home contains a large archive of recordings and photographs that document Utahs traditional culture. Tracy Aviary is located on 8 acres of land in Liberty Park, a Salt Lake City banker Russell Lord Tracy founded Tracy Aviary when he donated his private bird collection to Salt Lake City and its children. Open to the public since 1938, Tracy Aviary maintains a collection of approximately 400 birds representing about 135 species, several of those bird species participate in their Species Survival Plan. The SSP is a program that promotes genetic diversity in the captive animal populations. The Tracy Aviary is also an AZA accredited facility, and it is one of two true aviaries in the nation, in 1860 the land became the property of Brigham Young, who planted varieties of mulberry, cottonwood and other trees. In pioneer days it was known as Mill Farm, Forest Park, in 1881, Salt Lake City purchased the land from the Young estate
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Performing Arts Center (Manhattan)
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The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation announced on October 12,2004, that Gehry Partners LLP and Snøhetta, an architectural firm from Norway, would design the Performing Arts Center. Gehrys proposal, which incorporated a boxlike design, would have housed the Joyce Theater, as the Signature Theater Company had dropped out due to space constraints, on March 3,2016, the permanent station opened, allowing the temporary station to be demolished. The Centers mission was revised to originate works of theater, music, by September 2014, Gehry Associates were no longer connected with the project. Plans were proceeding for the choice of a new architect and future programming for a 2019 opening, Gehrys design was scrapped, the board of the Performing Arts Center planned to choose a new design from one of three other architects. This change came after Maggie Boepple, the president of the Performing Arts Center appointed in 2012, was said to have disapproved of Gehrys work. In July 2015, it was reported that the budget for the Performing Arts Center was to be reduced from $350 million to $200 million. The concept art for the new building was revealed on September 8,2016, on June 29,2016, it was announced that billionaire Ronald Perelman would donate $75 million to the construction and endowment of the Performing Arts Center at the World Trade Center. Because of his generous contribution to the facility, it was announced the day that it will be named after him. When completed, the Performing Arts Center will include approximately 90,000 square feet across three floors, the public floor will be located at street level, and will house a restaurant/bar to provide refreshments during show intermissions. The second floor will consist of rehearsal and dressing rooms for actors. All three theaters are designed so that the walls will be able to rotate and expand to provide space for a single theater if needed. The theaters will occupy approximately 1,200 people combined, in September 2016, Barbra Streisand was named the Centers Chairwoman of the board. On March 27,2017, it was announced that construction would be delayed, reasons cited were ongoing disputes between the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and the Port Authority regarding funding for the project. The LMDC hopes to work out a deal no later than June
18.
World Trade Center station (PATH)
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World Trade Center is a terminal station on the PATH system. World Trade Center serves as the terminus of both lines. The station was opened on July 19,1909, as Hudson Terminal, but was torn down, rebuilt as World Trade Center. Following the September 11,2001 attacks, a station opened in 2003. The main station house, the Oculus, opened on March 4,2016, the station currently has six tracks and four island platforms in a basement four stories underground. The new Platform A, next to tracks 1 and 2, Platform B between tracks 2 and 3 opened on May 7,2015. The other two opened on September 8,2016. The current station has an entrance that has been open since the temporary station entered service in November 2003. With the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site, the entrances, the most current entrance to the station is located at Vesey Street, facing Greenwich Street and adjacent to 7 World Trade Center. The temporary entrance is a building on the south side of Vesey Street with a Hudson News outlet. A connection to Brookfield Place was made available since October 27,2013, on August 16,2016, the Westfield World Trade Center entrance opened. Hudson Terminal was built by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad at the turn of the century and was located between Greenwich, Cortlandt, Church, and Fulton Streets. The Hudson Terminal included two 22-story office buildings located above the station, the terminal was an architectural and engineering marvel of its time, designed with ramps to allow pedestrian traffic to flow in and out of the station quickly and easily. The station was served by two tubes connected by a loop to speed train movements. The loop included five tracks and 3 platforms and was similar to the current arrangement. By 1914, passenger volume at the Hudson Terminal had reached 30,535,500 annually, volume nearly doubled by 1922, with 59,221,354 passengers that year. In the late 1950s, the Port Authority proposed to build a world center in Lower Manhattan along the East River. As a bi-state agency, Port Authority projects required approval from both the states of New Jersey and New York, toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate
19.
Vehicular Security Center
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The entrance to the VSC will be located at street-level along the southern-edge of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum on Liberty Street. Underground garages will provide parking for employees, visitors, and tour buses, the underground complex and the checkpoint is completed, but it has not yet opened due to the ongoing construction of the WTC. It will open once the construction of the WTC is finished. Liberty Park, an elevated 1-acre park, is on the roof of the VSC, st. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, which was destroyed during the September 11 attacks, will also be rebuilt in Liberty Park above the VSC. Five World Trade Center was planned to be adjacent to the southern edge of the VSC and Liberty Park. As of 2014, the Port Authority does not plan to proceed with construction of the building until tenants are found, Liberty Park Project Rebirth World Trade Center World Trade Center in popular culture
20.
Westfield World Trade Center
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Westfield World Trade Center is a shopping center at the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York, U. S. which is operated and managed by Westfield Corporation. The mall opened on August 16,2016, prior to 9/11, the mall had been leased to the Westfield Group by the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, the owner of the complex. Westfield intended to rename the mall Westfield Shoppingtown World Trade Center, plans called for the addition of 200,000 square feet of new mall space and a few well-known sit-down restaurants. This renovation never happened due to its destruction, many fireballs reached as far as the mall itself. Survivor Allison Summers described the conditions in the right after the terrorist attack. I heard people say, Oh, no, I looked ahead past Banana Republic, past Citibank to the plaza outside. At that moment, there was a tidal wave of smoke filling the doorway. The smoke had this enormous momentum that started to come towards us and we ran together past the Coach store. We ran to get out of the path of this wave of smoke. It was like we were being chased, all the people on the concourse ran. We turned right, heading toward the PATH trains, as we ran, shop assistants were calling in doorways, What happened. But we were running so fast we couldnt answer them and they ran with us, some people were crying, some people were screaming. No one pushed and no one shoved and we all had the same intention, to get out of the building. Shortly after the first impact, water began spraying into the mall from broken or activated sprinklers, the second Mall at the World Trade Center has roughly 365,000 square feet of retail space, which will once again make it the largest shopping mall in Manhattan. Although the new mall is spread over roughly one half of the original malls footprint. Three additional levels will exist above-grade on the floors of 2 World Trade Center and 3 World Trade Center. The World Trade Center stations headhouse, the Oculus, also houses a large amount of retail space and we want to create a real destination for visitors and shoppers, a center that will share many of the attributes of the city’s great retail hubs. Construction on the One World Trade Center portion of the began in 2007
21.
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
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The St. Nicholas National Shrine at the World Trade Center is a church currently under construction as part of the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York, NY, United States. It is being developed by the Port Authority of New York & New Jersey, who hired architect Santiago Calatrava, planned to open sometime in 2017, the church will overlook the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. Its dome is inspired by the world-famous Byzantine Church of the Savior in Chora and it will contain a meditation/bereavement space and a Community room, housed in the upper levels above the Narthex, to welcome visitors and faithful. It will replace the original St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church located at 155 Cedar Street, the building that came to house the church was built around 1832. It was originally a dwelling which was later turned into a tavern. In 1916, Greek American immigrants started the congregation of St Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, before moving to Cedar Street, its parishioners worshiped in the dining room of a hotel on Morris Street run by Stamatis Kalamarides. In 1919, five families raised $25,000 to buy the tavern and converted it into a church, and started to hold worship services in 1922. The church building was only 22 feet wide,56 feet long, and 35 feet tall and was dwarfed by the 110 story Twin Towers. Despite its small size and unusual location, before the attacks the church had a congregation of about 70 families led by Father John Romas. Among the churchs most valuable possessions were some of the relics of St Nicholas, St Catherine, and St Sava, which had been donated to the church by Nicholas II. These relics were removed from their safe on holy days for veneration, the building was completely buried by the collapse of the south tower of the World Trade Center. No one was inside when the church was destroyed, very little of its content was ever recovered. Among what was found were the damaged icons of St. Dionysios of Zakynthos and the Life-giving Spring. A report in a Greek-Orthodox newspaper said that before the tower collapsed. Also, body parts were spotted on and around the church before the collapse of the tower, the congregation members and Father Romas have temporarily relocated to St. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Brooklyn. Meanwhile, the plans for rebuilding the World Trade Center complex include building a new St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church quite close to the location, on the elevated Liberty Park. The church will again house a worshipping congregation, a museum will also be built for the projected large influx of visitors that will come to the site. $10 million is coming from the Port Authority and $10 million is coming from JPMorgan Chase & Co, in March 2009, the Port Authority stated that it had quit talking with the church and had canceled building St. Nicholas altogether
22.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
23.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
24.
1993 World Trade Center bombing
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The 1,336 pounds urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device was intended to send the North Tower crashing into the South Tower, bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people. It failed to do so but killed six people and injured over a thousand, the attack was planned by a group of terrorists including Ramzi Yousef, Mahmud Abouhalima, Mohammad Salameh, Nidal A. Ayyad, Abdul Rahman Yasin, and Ahmed Ajaj. They received financing from Khaled Sheikh Mohammed, Yousefs uncle, in March 1994, four men were convicted of carrying out the bombing, Abouhalima, Ajaj, Ayyad, and Salameh. The charges included conspiracy, explosive destruction of property, and interstate transportation of explosives, in November 1997, two more were convicted, Ramzi Yousef, the mastermind behind the bombings, and Eyad Ismoil, who drove the truck carrying the bomb. Yousef arrived illegally in the United States on September 1,1992, traveling with Ahmed Ajaj from Pakistan, Ajaj tried to enter with a forged Swedish passport, though it had been altered and thus raised suspicions among INS officials at John F. Kennedy International Airport. When officials put Ajaj through secondary inspection, they discovered bomb-making instructions and other materials in his luggage, the name Abu Barra, an alias of Mohammed Jamal Khalifa, appeared in the manuals. Yousef tried to enter with a false Iraqi passport, claiming political asylum, Yousef was allowed into the United States, and was given a hearing date. Yousef set up residence in Jersey City, New Jersey, traveled around New York and New Jersey and called Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman, a controversial blind Muslim cleric, via cell phone. He ordered chemicals from his room when injured in a car crash – one of three accidents caused by Salameh in late 1992 and early in 1993. El Sayyid Nosair, one of the blind men, was arrested in 1991 for the murder of Rabbi Meir Kahane. According to prosecutors, the Red Mahmud Abouhalima, also convicted in the bombing, in the initial court case in NYS Criminal Court Nosair was acquitted of murder but convicted of gun charges. According to the journalist Steve Coll, Yousef mailed letters to various New York newspapers just before the attack, in which he claimed he belonged to Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion. He stated that the attack on the World Trade Center would be merely the first of such attacks if his demands were not met. In his letters, Yousef admitted that the World Trade Center bombing was an act of terrorism and they parked on the underground B-2 level. Yousef ignited the 20-foot fuse, and fled, twelve minutes later, at 12,17,37 p. m. the bomb exploded in the underground garage, generating an estimated pressure of 150,000 psi. The bomb opened a 30-m wide hole through four sublevels of concrete, the detonation velocity of this bomb was about 15,000 ft/s. Initial news reports indicated a main transformer may have blown, before it became clear that a bomb had exploded in the basement, the bomb instantly cut off the World Trade Centers main electrical power line, knocking out the emergency lighting system. With thick smoke filling the stairwells, evacuation was difficult for building occupants, telephone service for much of Lower Manhattan was also disrupted
25.
Collapse of the World Trade Center
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Two of the four hijacked airliners crashed into the Twin Towers, one into the North Tower and the other into the South Tower. The collapse of the Twin Towers destroyed the rest of the complex, the South Tower collapsed at 9,59 am, less than an hour after being hit by the second hijacked airliner, and at 10,28 am the North Tower collapsed. Later that day,7 World Trade Center collapsed at 5,21 pm from fires that had started when the North Tower collapsed, as a result of the attacks to the towers, a total of 2,763 people died. Of the people who died in the towers,2,192 were civilians,343 were firefighters, aboard the two airplanes,147 civilians and 10 hijackers also died. They also presented recommendations for more detailed engineering studies of the disaster, the BPS team investigation was later followed by a more detailed investigation conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which also consulted outside engineering entities. This investigation was completed in September 2005. S, the cleanup of the site involved round-the-clock operations, many contractors and subcontractors, and cost hundreds of millions of dollars. As of 2014, One World Trade Center,4 World Trade Center and 7 World Trade Center have been replaced, the towers were designed as tube in tube structures, which provided tenants with open floor plans uninterrupted by columns or walls. Numerous, closely spaced perimeter columns provided much of the strength to the structure, above the tenth floor, there were 59 perimeter columns along each face of the building, and there were 47 heavier columns in the core. All of the elevators and stairwells were located in the core, the floors consisted of 4-inch-thick lightweight concrete slabs laid on a fluted steel deck. A grid of lightweight bridging trusses and main trusses supported the floors with shear connections to the concrete slab for composite action, the trusses had a span of 60 feet in the long-span areas and 35 feet in the short-span area. The trusses connected to the perimeter at alternate columns, and were therefore on 6. 8-foot centers, the top chords of the trusses were bolted to seats welded to the spandrels on the exterior side and a channel welded to interior box columns on the interior side. The floors were connected to the perimeter spandrel plates with viscoelastic dampers, the towers also incorporated a hat truss or outrigger truss located between the 107th and 110th floors, which consisted of six trusses along the long axis of core and four along the short axis. The structural engineers working on the World Trade Center considered the possibility that an aircraft could crash into the building, in July 1945, a B-25 bomber that was lost in the fog had crashed into the 79th floor of the Empire State Building. A year later, a C-45F Expeditor crashed into the 40 Wall Street building, however, in an interview with the BBC, Robertson states, with the 707, the fuel load was not considered in the design, I dont know how it could have been considered. There would be a horrendous fire, a lot of people would be killed, he said. The building structure would still be there, in April 1970, the New York City Department of Air Resources ordered contractors building the World Trade Center to stop the spraying of asbestos as an insulating material. Fireproofing was incorporated in the construction and more was added after a fire in 1975 that spread to six floors before being extinguished. After the 1993 bombing, inspections found fireproofing to be deficient, jet fuel from the impact traveled down at least one elevator shaft and exploded on the 78th floor of the North Tower, as well as in the main lobby
26.
World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition
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The contest garnered 5,201 entries from 63 nations and 49 U. S. states, out of 13,683 registrants from all 50 U. S. states and 94 nations, making it the largest design competition in history. On January 2,2003, LMDC and Port Authority announced that a series of meetings would take place to discuss a future World Trade Center Site Memorial. The Selection Jury for the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition were announced on April 10, the Competition began on April 28, when the Guidelines were released, Registration was opened. The LMDC accepted questions from competitors between April 28 and May 18, which were answered on its website on May 23, potential entrants were given until May 29 to register for the stated purpose of gauging the volume of entires. On May 15, the LMDC announced that it had received registrants from all 50 US states and 70 other nations, on May 30, submissions were accepted from registered entrants between June 9 and 30. On July 17, the LMDC accounced that 5,201 submissions had been received, the LMDC displayed the 8 finalists in the Winter Garden on November 19. On January 6,2004, the Selection Jury named Michael Arad and Peter Walkers Reflecting Absence as the winning design, on February 19,2004, all 5,201 entries on its website were made available on the LMDCs website. On April 8, the LMDC announced the creation of an Advisory Committee to ensure that the Competition Guidelines are incorporated into the final design, on April 13, the LMDC announced that associate architect Davis Brody Bond would assist Arad and Walker with their final design. The online searchable archive of entries still exists, now under the auspices of the Memorial/Museum, the archive has only been reviewed in its entirety once for research. Although the Jury was allowed to review the list of ineligible submissions, the jury was selected by the LMDC in consultation with the mayor and governor. The deciduous trees are arranged in rows, forming informal clusters, clearings, the park is at street level, sitting above the Memorial Museum. The names of the victims of the attacks and the 1993 bombing are inscribed on the surrounding the waterfalls. A portion of the wall, originally designed to hold back the Hudson River. Daniel Libeskind National September 11 Memorial & Museum September 11 attacks World Trade Center World Trade Center site Greenspan, spontaneous Memorials, Museums, and Public History, Memorialization of September 11,2001 at the Pentagon. The Memorialization of September 11, Dominant and local discourses on the rebuilding of the World Trade Center site, mitchell, K. Monuments, memorials, and the politics of memory. Less is Less, Was minimalism the proper response to commemorate September 11. The aesthetics of absence, Rebuilding Ground Zero
27.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
28.
Quercus bicolor
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Quercus bicolor, the swamp white oak, is a North American species of medium-sized trees in the beech family. It is an element of Americas north central and northeastern mixed forests. It can survive in a variety of habitats and it forms hybrids with bur oak where they occur together in the wild. Quercus bicolor grows rapidly and can reach 60 to 80 feet tall with the tallest known reaching 29 m, the bark resembles that of the white oak. In autumn, they turn brown, yellow-brown, or sometimes reddish, but generally, the fruit is a peduncled acorn,1. 5–2 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, maturing about 6 months after pollination. The swamp white oak generally occurs singly in four different forest types, black ash-American elm-red maple, silver maple-American elm, bur oak, occasionally the swamp white oak is abundant in small areas. It is found within a wide range of mean annual temperatures from 16 to 4 °C. Extremes in temperature vary from 41 to −34 °C, average annual precipitation is from 640 to 1,270 mm. The frost-free period ranges from 210 days in the part of the growing area to 120 days in the northern part. The swamp white oak typically grows on hydromorphic soils and it is not found where flooding is permanent, although it is usually found in broad stream valleys, low-lying fields, and the margins of lakes, ponds, or sloughs. This species is most common and reaches its largest size in western New York and it is one of the more important white oaks for lumber production. In recent years, the white oak has become a popular landscaping tree. Being in the oak group, wildlife such as deer, ducks
29.
Reflecting pool
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A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a water feature found in gardens, parks, and at memorial sites. It usually consists of a pool of water, undisturbed by fountain jets. Reflecting pools are designed with the outer basin floor at the rim slightly deeper than the central area to suppress wave formation. They can be as small as a bath to as large as a major civic element. Their origins are from ancient Persian gardens, the Miroir deau on Place de la Bourse in Bordeaux, France, is the worlds largest reflecting pool. The Mughal garden reflecting pools at the Taj Mahal in Agra, India Chehel Sotoun in Iran The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the modernist Palácio do Planalto and Palácio da Alvorada in Brasília, Brazil The King Center in Atlanta, Georgia commemorating Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. The National September 11 Memorial & Museum, located in New York City, has two reflecting pools on the location where the Twin Towers stood
30.
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
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This 1, 500-square-mile port district is generally encompassed within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. The Port Authority is headquartered at 4 World Trade Center and is a member of the Real Estate Board of New York, the agency has its own 1, 600-member Port Authority Police Department. The Port of New York and New Jersey comprised the main point of embarkation for U. S. troops and supplies sent to Europe during World War I, the solution was the 1921 creation of the Port Authority under the supervision of the governors of the two states. By issuing its own bonds, it was independent of either state. It became one of the agencies of the metropolitan area for large-scale projects. In the early years of the 20th century, there were disputes between the states of New Jersey and New York over rail freights and boundaries. At the time, rail lines terminated on the New Jersey side of the harbor, while shipping was centered on Manhattan. Freight had to be shipped across the Hudson River in barges, the Harbor Development Commission, a joint advisory board set-up in 1917, recommended that a bi-state authority be established to oversee efficient economic development of the port district. The Port of New York Authority was established on April 30,1921 and this was the first such agency in the United States, created under a provision in the Constitution of the United States permitting interstate compacts. The idea for the Port Authority was conceived during the Progressive Era, with the Port Authority at a distance from political pressures, it was able to carry longer-term infrastructure projects irrespective of the election cycles and in a more efficient manner. In 1972 it was renamed the Port Authority of New York, throughout its history, there have been concerns about democratic accountability, or lack thereof at the Port Authority. The Port District is irregularly shaped but comprises a 1, 500-square-mile area roughly within a 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty, at the beginning of the 20th century, there were no road bridge or tunnel crossings between the two states. The initial tunnel crossings were completed privately by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad in 1908 and 1909, under an independent agency, the Holland Tunnel was opened in 1927, with some planning and construction pre-dating the Port Authority. With the rise in traffic, there was demand for more Hudson River crossings. Using its ability to issue bonds and collect revenue, the Port Authority has built, early projects included bridges across the Arthur Kill, which separates Staten Island from New Jersey. The Goethals Bridge, named chief engineer of the Panama Canal Commission General George Washington Goethals, connected Elizabeth, New Jersey and Howland Hook. At the south end of Arthur Kill, the Outerbridge Crossing was built and named after the Port Authoritys first chairman, construction of both bridges was completed in 1928. The Bayonne Bridge, opened in 1931, was built across the Kill van Kull, connecting Staten Island with Bayonne, the bridge was completed in October 1931, ahead of schedule and well under the estimated costs
31.
Daniel Libeskind
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Daniel Libeskind is a Polish-American architect, artist, professor and set designer of Polish Jewish descent. Libeskind founded Studio Daniel Libeskind in 1989 with his wife, Nina and his portfolio also includes several residential projects. Libeskinds work has exhibited in major museums and galleries around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art, the Bauhaus Archives, the Art Institute of Chicago. On February 27,2003, Libeskind won the competition to be the master architect for the reconstruction of the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. Born in Łódź, Poland, Libeskind was the child of Dora and Nachman Libeskind. As a young child, Libeskind learned to play the accordion and quickly became a virtuoso and he won a prestigious America Israel Cultural Foundation scholarship in 1959 and played alongside a young Itzhak Perlman. Libeskind lived in Poland for 13 years and can speak, read. In 1957, the Libeskinds moved to Kibbutz Gvat, Israel, in his autobiography, Breaking Ground, An Immigrants Journey from Poland to Ground Zero, Libeskind spoke of how the kibbutz experience influenced his concern for green architecture. In the summer of 1959, the Libeskinds moved to New York City on one of the last immigrant boats to the United States, in New York, Libeskind lived in the Amalgamated Housing Cooperative in the northwest Bronx, a union-sponsored, middle-income cooperative development. He attended the Bronx High School of Science, the print shop where his father worked was on Stone Street in Lower Manhattan, and Libeskind watched the original World Trade Center being built in the 1960s. Libeskind became a United States citizen in 1965, Libeskind met Nina Lewis, his future wife and business partner, at the Bundist-run Camp Hemshekh in upstate New York in 1966. They married a few years later and, instead of a traditional honeymoon, Nina now serves as COO for Studio Daniel Libeskind. In 1968, Libeskind briefly worked as an apprentice to architect Richard Meier, the same year, he was hired to work at Peter Eisenmans New York Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies, but he quit almost immediately. Since 2007, Libeskind has been a professor at the Leuphana University Lüneburg in Lüneburg. He is both a U. S. and Israeli citizen, Nina and Daniel Libeskind have three children, Lev, Noam, and Rachel. Libeskind began his career as an architectural theorist and professor, holding positions at institutions around the world. Libeskind completed his first building at the age of 52, with the opening of the Felix Nussbaum Haus in 1998, prior to this, critics had dismissed his designs as unbuildable or unduly assertive. In 1987, Libeskind won his first design competition for housing in West Berlin, but the Berlin Wall fell shortly thereafter, Libeskind won the first four projects competitions he entered
32.
Plaza
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A plaza /ˈplɑːzə/ is an open urban public space, such as a city square. The plaza might be enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiesta, it was the space where a large crowd might gather, like the Italian piazza, the plaza remains a center of community life that is only equaled by the market-place. A plaza de toros is a bullring, in modern usage, a plaza can be any gathering place on a street or between buildings, a street intersection with a statue, etc. Todays metropolitan landscapes often incorporate the plaza as an element, or as an outcome of zoning regulations, building budgetary constraints. Sociologist William H. Plaza is a Spanish word, cognate to Italian piazza, Portuguese praça, Galician praza, Catalan plaça, Romanian piața, German Platz, the origin of all these words is, via Latin platea, from Greek πλατεῖα plateia, meaning broad. The first purpose-built shopping center in the United States, opened in Kansas City, Missouri in 1922, knowingly took the name of Country Club Plaza and adopted Spanish architectural details. More recently plaza has been used to describe a complex, similar to a shopping mall. Examples, Pantip Plaza, Bintang Plaza, Kuching Plaza, Plaza Las Américas, Plaza de las Estrellas, Central Plaza, Schiphol Plaza, Plazas del Centro Comercial Santafé, The Plaza, and Cityplaza. Central Plaza, in Hong Kong, was for four years the tallest building in Asia, at 78 storeys,374 m
33.
Michael Bloomberg
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Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
34.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
35.
Columbia, South Carolina
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Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of South Carolina, with a population of 133,803 as of 2015. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, the name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus. The city is located approximately 13 miles northwest of the center of South Carolina. It lies at the confluence of the Saluda River and the Broad River, in 1860, the city was the location of the South Carolina Secession Convention, which marked the departure of the first state from the Union in the events leading up to the Civil War. At the time of European encounter, the inhabitants of the area that became Columbia were a people called the Congaree, in May 1540, a Spanish expedition led by Hernando de Soto traversed what is now Columbia while moving northward. The expedition produced the earliest written records of the area. From the creation of Columbia by the South Carolina General Assembly in 1786, the Congarees, a frontier fort on the west bank of the Congaree River, was the head of navigation in the Santee River system. A ferry was established by the government in 1754 to connect the fort with the growing settlements on the higher ground on the east bank. Like many other significant early settlements in colonial America, Columbia is on the line from the Piedmont region. The fall line is the spot where a river becomes unnavigable when sailing upstream, State Senator John Lewis Gervais of the town of Ninety Six introduced a bill that was approved by the legislature on March 22,1786, to create a new state capital. There was considerable argument over the name for the new city, according to published accounts, Senator Gervais said he hoped that in this town we should find refuge under the wings of COLUMBIA, for that was the name which he wished it to be called. One legislator insisted on the name Washington, but Columbia won by a vote of 11–7 in the state senate, the site was chosen as the new state capital in 1786, due to its central location in the state. The State Legislature first met there in 1790, after remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854. Columbia received a stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston by the Santee Canal. This canal connected the Santee and Cooper rivers in a 22-mile-long section and it was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States. With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850, the commissioners designed a town of 400 blocks in a 2-mile square along the river. The blocks were divided into lots of 0.5 acres and sold to speculators, buyers had to build a house at least 30 feet long and 18 feet wide within three years or face an annual 5% penalty. The perimeter streets and two streets were 150 feet wide
36.
Tampa, Florida
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Tampa is a major city in, and the county seat of, Hillsborough County, Florida. It is located on the west coast of Florida on Tampa Bay, near the Gulf of Mexico, the city had a population of 346,037 in 2011. The current location of Tampa was once inhabited by peoples of the Safety Harbor culture. The area was explored by Spanish explorers in the 16th century, resulting in violent conflicts and the introduction of European diseases, which wiped out the original native cultures. In 1824, the United States Army established a frontier outpost called Fort Brooke at the mouth of the Hillsborough River, near the site of todays Tampa Convention Center. The first civilian residents were pioneers who settled near the fort for protection from the nearby Seminole population, today, Tampa is part of the metropolitan area most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. For U. S. Census purposes, Tampa is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, the Greater Tampa Bay area has over 4 million residents and generally includes the Tampa and Sarasota metro areas. The Tampa Bay Partnership and U. S. Census data showed an annual growth of 2.47 percent. A2012 estimate shows the Tampa Bay area population to have 4,310,524 people, Tampa was ranked as the 5th best outdoor city by Forbes in 2008. Tampa also ranks as the fifth most popular American city, based on where people want to live, a 2004 survey by the NYU newspaper Washington Square News ranked Tampa as a top city for twenty-somethings. Tampa is ranked as a Gamma+ world city by Loughborough University, ranked alongside other world cities such as Phoenix, Charlotte, Rotterdam, and Santo Domingo. The word Tampa may mean sticks of fire in the language of the Calusa and this might be a reference to the many lightning strikes that the area receives during the summer months. Other historians claim the name means the place to gather sticks, toponymist George R. Stewart writes that the name was the result of a miscommunication between the Spanish and the Indians, the Indian word being itimpi, meaning simply near it. The name first appears in the Memoir of Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda and he calls it Tanpa and describes it as an important Calusa town. While Tanpa may be the basis for the modern name Tampa, archaeologist Jerald Milanich places the Calusa village of Tanpa at the mouth of Charlotte Harbor, the original Bay of Tanpa. A later Spanish expedition did not notice Charlotte Harbor while sailing north along the west coast of Florida, the name was accidentally transferred north. Map makers were using the term Bay or Bahia Tampa as early as 1695, people from Tampa are known as Tampans or Tampanians. Latin Americans from Tampa are known as tampeños, or tampeñas for females and these terms of Spanish origin emerged after 1900 for the immigrant communities in West Tampa and Ybor City
37.
Shaun Donovan
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Shaun L. S. Donovan is an American government administrator and housing specialist who served as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 2014 to 2017. Donovan is also the former United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, prior to this, he headed the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development. On December 13,2008, in his national radio address. He was confirmed by the U. S. Senate through unanimous consent on January 22,2009, on July 28,2014 he was succeeded as Secretary by Julian Castro, former Mayor of San Antonio. On July 10,2014 he was confirmed to be the next Director of the Office of Management and he was ceremonially sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on August 5,2014. Donovan worked on private initiatives to finance affordable housing, and researched. As a consultant, Donovan advised the Millennial Housing Commission on strategies for increasing multifamily housing development, during the Clinton administration and the transition to the Bush administration, Donovan was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Multifamily Housing at HUD, and was acting FHA commissioner. Donovan became Commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation, while Secretary, Donovan oversaw the allocation of 75% of HUDs share of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act within one week of the bills passage. During the 2008 United States Presidential campaign, Donovan worked for the Obama campaign, for President Obamas State of the Union address in 2010, Donovan served as the designated survivor. On May 22,2014 President Obama nominated Donovan to be the director of the Office of Management. On July 10,2014 he was confirmed by the United States Senate by a vote of 75-22 and he was ceremonially sworn in by Vice President Joe Biden on August 5,2014. Shaun Donovan collected news and commentary, works by or about Shaun Donovan in libraries
38.
CNN
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The Cable News Network is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel owned by the Turner Broadcasting System division of Time Warner. It was founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner as a 24-hour cable news channel, upon its launch, CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage, and was the first all-news television channel in the United States. While the news channel has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from the Time Warner Center in New York City and its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta is only used for weekend programming. CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U. S. to distinguish the American channel from its sister network. As of August 2010, CNN is available in over 100 million U. S. households, broadcast coverage of the U. S. channel extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, as well as carriage on cable and satellite providers throughout Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories, as of February 2015, CNN is available to about 96,289,000 cable, satellite, and telco television households in the United States. The Cable News Network was launched at 5,00 p. m. Eastern Time on June 1,1980, after an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channels first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channels first 200 employees, including the networks first news anchor. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite providers, several websites. The company has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, the channels success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for conglomerate Time Warners eventual acquisition of the Turner Broadcasting System in 1996. A companion channel, CNN2, was launched on January 1,1982, on January 28,1986, CNN carried the only live television coverage of the launch and subsequent break-up of Space Shuttle Challenger, which killed all seven crew members on board. On October 14,1987, Jessica McClure, an 18-month-old toddler, fell down a well in Midland, CNN quickly reported on the story, and the event helped make its name. This was before correspondents reported live from the capital while American bombs were falling. Before Saddam Hussein held a press conference with a few of the hundreds of Americans he was holding hostage. Before the nation watched, riveted but powerless, as Los Angeles was looted and burned, before O. J. Simpson took a slow ride in a white Bronco, and before everyone close to his case had an agent and a book contract. This was uncharted territory just a time ago. The moment when bombing began was announced on CNN by Bernard Shaw on January 16,1991, as follows, lets describe to our viewers what were seeing. The skies over Baghdad have been illuminated, were seeing bright flashes going off all over the sky
39.
Daniel Inouye
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Daniel Ken Dan Inouye was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1963 to 2012. Inouye also served as chairman of the U. S. Senate Committee on Appropriations, Inouye fought in World War II as part of the 442nd Infantry Regiment. He lost his arm to a grenade wound and received several military decorations, including the nations highest military award. Returning to Hawaii, he earned a law degree and was elected to Hawaiis territorial House of Representatives in 1953, and to the territorial Senate in 1957. When Hawaii achieved statehood in 1959, Inouye was elected as its first member of the U. S. House of Representatives, Inouye was the most senior U. S. senator at the time of his death. He is one of the longest-serving U. S, senators in history, second only to Robert Byrd. Inouye was the first Japanese American to serve in the U. S. House of Representatives and he never lost an election in 58 years as an elected official, and exercised an exceptionally large influence on Hawaii politics. At the time of his death, Inouye was the second-oldest sitting U. S. senator, seven and one-half months younger than Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey and he was a Medal of Honor recipient and a posthumous recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Daniel Inouye was born on September 7,1924, in Honolulu, Hawaii and he was a Nisei Japanese American, the son of a Japanese immigrant father and a mother whose parents had migrated from Japan. He grew up in the Bingham Tract, a Chinese-American enclave in the predominantly Japanese American community of Mōʻiliʻili in Honolulu, Inouye graduated from Honolulus President William McKinley High School. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Inouye served as a medical volunteer, in 1943, when the U. S. Army dropped its enlistment ban on Japanese Americans, Inouye curtailed his premedical studies at the University of Hawaii and enlisted in the Army. He volunteered to be part of the segregated all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team and this army formation was mostly made up of second-generation Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. Inouye was promoted to sergeant within his first year, and he was assigned as a platoon sergeant and he received a battlefield commission to second lieutenant for his actions there, becoming the youngest officer in his regiment. He continued to carry the coins throughout the war in his pocket as good luck charms. On April 21,1945, Inouye was grievously wounded while leading an assault on a heavily defended ridge near San Terenzo in Tuscany, Italy, called the Colle Musatello. The ridge served as a strongpoint of the German fortifications known as the Gothic Line, as he led his platoon in a flanking maneuver, three German machine guns opened fire from covered positions 40 yards away, pinning his men to the ground. Inouye stood up to attack and was shot in the stomach, ignoring his wound, he proceeded to attack and destroy the first machine gun nest with hand grenades and his Thompson submachine gun. As his squad distracted the third machine gunner, Inouye crawled toward the final bunker, Inouyes horrified soldiers moved to his aid, but he shouted for them to keep back out of fear his severed fist would involuntarily relax and drop the grenade
40.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
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