1.
Belgrave, Leicester
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Belgrave is an electoral ward and administrative division of the city of Leicester, England, consisting of the Leicester suburb of Belgrave in its entirety. The old Belgrave Village is on the Loughborough Road, to the west of the A46, Belgrave is bounded by the wards of Rushey Mead to the north, Latimer to the south, Charnwood to the east and Abbey to the west. The settlement was named in the Domesday Book as Merdegrave, one of the earliest mentions of this place is in the Domesday book where it is listed amongst the lands given to Hugh de Grandmesnil by the King. The land consisted of a mill,24 acres of meadow, the name was used for the large 19th-century terraced developments along the A46. This area now has a large, vibrant Asian community featuring the Golden Mile, the Asian community based in and around Belgrave road have been residents since the early-1970s. The Belgrave Hall area is a conservation area, according to the 2001 UK Census,104 Pacific Island-born people were residing in Belgrave, with many more being of Pacific Islander descent. This is the largest number for any location in the UK, the ward is currently represented on Leicester City Council by Labour Councillors Rashmi Joshi and John Thomas. Belgraves first saree shop from BBC Radio Leicester grid reference SK592069
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Astronomy
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Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and comets, while the phenomena include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, more generally, all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earths atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole, Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Chinese, during the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results. Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can play an active role, especially in the discovery. Amateur astronomers have made and contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, Astronomy means law of the stars. Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, the system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct. Generally, either the term astronomy or astrophysics may be used to refer to this subject, however, since most modern astronomical research deals with subjects related to physics, modern astronomy could actually be called astrophysics. Few fields, such as astrometry, are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics, some titles of the leading scientific journals in this field includeThe Astronomical Journal, The Astrophysical Journal and Astronomy and Astrophysics. In early times, astronomy only comprised the observation and predictions of the motions of objects visible to the naked eye, in some locations, early cultures assembled massive artifacts that possibly had some astronomical purpose. Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye, most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry. From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon, the Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system. The Babylonians discovered that lunar eclipses recurred in a cycle known as a saros
4.
Leicester
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Leicester is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and at the edge of the National Forest, in the 2011 census the population of the City of Leicester unitary authority was 329,839 making it the most populous municipality in the East Midlands region. The associated urban area is also the 11th most populous in England, the name of Leicester is recorded in the 9th-century History of the Britons as Cair Lerion, and in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as Ligora-ceastre. In the Domesday Book of 1086, it is recorded as Ledecestre, the second element of the name comes from the Latin castrum which is reflected in both Welsh cair and Anglo-Saxon ceastre. Based on the Welsh name, Geoffrey of Monmouth proposes a king Leir of Britain as a founder in his Historia Regum Britanniae. Leicester is one of the oldest cities in England, with a going back at least two millennia. The native Iron Age settlement encountered by the Romans at the seems to have developed in the 2nd or 1st centuries BC. This area of the Soar was split into two channels, a stream to the east and a narrower channel on the west. The settlement seems to have controlled a ford across the larger channel, the later Roman name was a latinate form of the Brittonic word for ramparts, suggesting the site was an oppidum. The plural form of the name suggests it was composed of several villages. The Celtic tribe holding the area was recorded as the Coritanians. The Corieltauvians are believed to have ruled over roughly the area of the East Midlands and it is believed that the Romans arrived in the Leicester area around AD47, during their conquest of southern Britain. The Corieltauvian settlement lay near a bridge on the Fosse Way, in the 2nd century, it received a forum and bathhouse. In 2013, the discovery of a Roman cemetery found just outside the old city walls, the remains of the baths of Roman Leicester can be seen at the Jewry Wall, recovered artifacts are displayed at the adjacent museum. Knowledge of the following the Roman withdrawal from Britain is limited. Certainly there is continuation of occupation of the town, though on a much reduced scale in the 5th and 6th centuries. Its memory was preserved as the Cair Lerion of the History of the Britons, following the Saxon invasion of Britain, Leicester was occupied by the Middle Angles and subsequently administered by the kingdom of Mercia. It was elevated to a bishopric in either 679 or 680, this see survived until the 9th century and their settlement became one of the Five Burghs of the Danelaw, although this position was short-lived
5.
River Soar
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The River Soar is a major tributary of the River Trent in the English East Midlands and is the principal river of Leicestershire. The source of the river is midway between Hinckley and Lutterworth, the river then flows north through Leicester, where it is joined by the Grand Union Canal. Continuing on through the Leicestershire Soar Valley, it passes Loughborough, in the 18th century, the Soar was made navigable, initially between Loughborough and the Trent, and then through to Leicester. It was not until the early 19th century that it was linked by the Grand Union Canal to the network to the south. According to a due to William Somner the Soar river may formerly have been called the Leir, from Brittonic *Ligera or *Ligora. This theory is based on the name of Leicester being derived from the name of the river, before flowing through the centre of the city it meets the Grand Union Canal at Aylestone, where it is also joined by the River Biam. After passing over Freemens Weir, the splits and recombines with the canal. The navigable arm that runs to the east has been canalised with parallel banks and is known as ‘The Mile Straight’, beyond Blackfriars, the river splits again to form Frog Island and Abbey Park, it recombines at Belgrave where it passes beside the National Space Centre. Once out of the city the Soar passes Birstall and threads its way through the lakes of Watermead Country Park, the river then meets the once navigable River Wreake, near Cossington Mill, with another tributary the Rothley Brook, joining the river just downstream. Downstream of Stanford on Soar the river forms the county boundary between Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire, between Stanford and Normanton on Soar, the canal rejoins the river, which then continues to Zouch, passing the ‘Devils Elbow’ to reach Kegworth. Downstream of Kegworth, it meets the Kingston Brook, near the village of the name, passing Ratcliffe-on-Soar and its power station. The River Soar is rich in wildlife with thriving bird, fish, the river was once notorious for its unusual pink colour - a result of discharges from Leicesters prosperous textile industries. However the end to textile industries near the river in Leicester, industry now wanting to attempt to discharge any sewage waste into the river must now obtain an agreement from the Environment Agency. The quality of any water is determined by what is able to contaminate the river upstream, sewage works have an adverse effect on water life. 1634 Thomas Skipwith of Cotes obtained a grant from Charles I to make the river Soar portable for barges and boats,1794 The Leicester Canal was opened, making the Soar navigable for almost 40 miles. The western line was also opened- this was known as the Charnwood Forest Branch, however, most of the branch was made up of rail tracks rather than a waterway. This included a 2 1⁄2 mi uphill climb from Loughborough Basin, at the western end of the branch, rail lines travelled towards Coleorton and Swannington. A track to Cloudhill, which would have connected to lines on the Ashby Canal, was proposed
6.
ETFE
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Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene is a fluorine-based plastic. It was designed to have high resistance and strength over a wide temperature range. ETFE is a polymer and its name is poly. ETFE has a high melting temperature, excellent chemical, electrical. When burned, ETFE releases hydrofluoric acid, useful comparison tables of PTFE against FEP, PFA and ETFE can be found on DuPonts website, listing the mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and vapour properties of each, side by side. ETFE is effectively the high-strength version of the three in this group, often featuring slightly diminished capacities in other fields by comparison. Combustion of ETFE occurs in the way as a number of other fluoropolymers. HF is extremely corrosive and toxic, and so caution must be exercised. ETFE film is self-cleaning and recyclable and it is prone to punctures by sharp edges and therefore mostly used for roofs. As a film for roofing it could be stretched and still be taut if some variation in size occurred, employing heat welding, tears can be repaired with a patch or multiple sheets assembled into larger panels. ETFE has a tensile strength of 42 MPa, with a working temperature range of 89 K to 423 K. ETFE resins are resistant to ultraviolet light. An accelerated weathering test produced almost no signs of film deterioration, an example of its use is as pneumatic panels to cover the outside of the football stadium Allianz Arena or the Beijing National Aquatics Centre – the worlds largest structure made of ETFE film. The panels of the Eden Project are also made from ETFE, another key use of ETFE is for the covering of electrical and fiber-optic wiring used in high-stress, low-fume-toxicity and high-reliability situations. Aircraft and spacecraft wiring are primary examples, some small cross-section wires like the wire used for the wire-wrap technique are coated with ETFE. As a dual laminate, ETFE can be bonded with FRP as a liner and used in pipes, tanks. ETFE is commonly used in the industry for tie or cable wraps and in the aviation. This is because ETFE has better mechanical toughness than PTFE, in addition, ETFE exhibits a high-energy radiation resistance and can withstand moderately high temperatures for a long period of time. Commercially deployed brand names of ETFE include Tefzel by DuPont, Fluon by Asahi Glass Company, Neoflon ETFE by Daikin, due to its high temperature resistance ETFE is also used in film mode as a mold-release film
7.
Nicholas Grimshaw
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He was President of the Royal Academy from 2004 to 2011. He is chairman of Grimshaw Architects, Grimshaw was born in Hove, East Sussex 9 October 1939. His father was an engineer, and his mother a painter and he inherited an interest in engineering. His father died when he was two and a half, and he grew up with his mother, grandmother who was also a portrait painter and he displayed an early interest in construction, his boyhood interests included Meccano, building tree houses and boats. He was educated at Wellington College, and left when he was 17 and he graduated from the AA in 1965 with an honours diploma, and having entered into a partnership with Terry Farrell, he joined the Royal Institute of British Architects two years later in 1967. He worked with Farrell for 15 years before establishing his own firm, Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners, in 1989, he won a RIBA national award for his design of the Financial Times printworks in east London. After designing Britains pavilion for the Seville Expo in 1992, he was appointed a CBE in 1993, and that same year also saw him elected a vice-chairman of the Architectural Association, a member of the Royal Academy and a member of the American Institute of Architects. Grimshaws architecture practice continues to grow, it has a profile, with offices in London, New York, Melbourne. In December 2004, Grimshaw was elected President of the Royal Academy of Arts, Grimshaw made a Knight Bachelor in 2002 New Year Honours, For services to Architecture. Grimshaw also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2004 Grimshaw is behind the National institute for research into aquatic habitats design, upon completion, this will become the worlds largest aquarium
8.
University of Leicester
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The University of Leicester is a public research university based in Leicester, England. The main campus is south of the city centre, adjacent to Victoria Park, the university established itself as a research-led university and was previously ranking among the top 20 universities in the United Kingdom. It was awarded University of the Year by The Times in 2008, the university is most famous for the invention of genetic fingerprinting and contributing to the discovery and identification of the remains of King Richard III. The university was founded as Leicestershire and Rutland University College in 1921, the site for the university was donated by a local textile manufacturer, Thomas Fielding Johnson, in order to create a living memorial for those who lost their lives in First World War. This is reflected in the Universitys motto Ut Vitam Habeant –so that they may have life, Students were first admitted to the college in 1921. In 1927, after it became University College, Leicester, students sat the examinations for degrees of the University of London. Two years later it merged with the Vaughan Working Mens College, in 1957 the University College was granted its Royal Charter, and has since then had the status of a university with the right to award its own degrees. Leicester University won the first ever series of University Challenge, in 1963, the main campus is a mile south of the city centre, adjacent to Victoria Park and Wyggeston and Queen Elizabeth I College. Opposite the Fielding Johnson Building are the Astley Clarke Building, home to the School of Economics, the Ken Edwards building, built in 1995, lies adjacent to the Fielding Johnson Building and is home to the School of Management. Built in 1957, the Percy Gee building is home to Leicester Universitys Students Union, the David Wilson Library was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 4 December 2008, following an extensive refurbishment with a budget of £32 million. The university campus is home to several examples of Brutalist architecture, including the Grade II listed Engineering Building. Another prominent building on campus is the 18-storey Attenborough Tower, home to the College of Social Sciences, the Bennett building, Physics and Astronomy building, the Chemistry building and the Adrian Building lie beyond the Charles Wilson Building. Across University Road lies the Maurice Shock and Hodgkin buildings, home to Leicesters Medical School, further along University Road and on Salisbury Road and Regents Road are the Department of Education and the Fraser Noble building. On Lancaster Road there is the Attenborough Arts Centre, the Universitys arts centre, the skyline of Leicester University is punctuated by three distinctive, towering, buildings from the 1960s, the Department of Engineering, the Attenborough tower and the Charles Wilson building. The Universitys Engineering Building was the first major building by British architect James Stirling and it comprises workshops and laboratories at ground level, and a tower containing offices and lecture theatres. It was completed in 1963 and is notable for the way in which its external form reflects its internal functions, the very compact campus contains a wide range of twentieth century architecture, though the oldest building is the Fielding Johnson building. The Attenborough Tower is undergoing extensive renovation, Leicesters halls of residence are noteworthy, many of the halls date from the early 1900s and were the homes of Leicester’s wealthy industrialists. In recent years the University has disposed of some of its poorer quality property in order to invest in new facilities, the new John Foster Hall of Residence opened in October 2006
9.
Millennium Commission
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The Millennium Commission, a United Kingdom public body, was set up to celebrate the turn of the millennium. It used funding raised through the UK National Lottery to assist communities in marking the close of the second millennium, the body was wound up in 2006. Set up in 1993 by the National Lottery etc, act 1993, the Commission was an independent non-departmental public body. During Tessa Jowells tenure as Chair the second Minister was Richard Caborn, the Commission was wound up in December 2006 and its role was transferred to the Big Lottery Fund. The number of commissioners was reduced to five as the work of the commission decreased
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