1.
Malay language
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Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu. However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods, Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, Late Modern Malay and it is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit literary language of Classical India, Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. Batenburg on November 29,1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang and it is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres. The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters and this 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the Adityawarman era of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who still live in the highlands of Sumatra. The Malay language came into use as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature, the development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Malayalam and Sanskrit vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay, however, there is no connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, the letter is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage, the Ternateans used the unrelated Ternate language, Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking, many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language
Malay language
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Malay Traffic-signs
Malay language
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Koc Wanita street sign in Malay.
2.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
Chinese language
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The
Tripitaka Koreana, a Korean collection of the
Chinese Buddhist canon
Chinese language
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Hànyǔ (Chinese) written in
traditional (left) and
simplified (right) characters
Chinese language
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"
Preface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilion " by
Wang Xizhi, written in
semi-cursive style
3.
Tamil language
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Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and also by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is a language of two countries, Singapore and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and it is also used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Tamil is one of the classical languages in the world. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from 500 BC have been found on Adichanallur and 2 and it has been described as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past. The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the classical traditions. A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years, the earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca.300 BC – AD300. It has the oldest extant literature among other Dravidian languages, the earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC. More than 55% of the inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India are in the Tamil language. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka, the two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, the Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in the Indian languages. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent. It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, the closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam, the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. According to linguists like Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian, the linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the second millennium BC, and that proto-Tamil emerged around the 3rd century BC. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been shortly thereafter
Tamil language
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Silver coin of king
Vashishtiputra Sātakarni (c. AD 160). Obv: Bust of king; Rev: Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with
Tamil Brahmi script
Tamil language
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Tamil
Tamil language
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Agastya, Chairman of first Tamil
Sangam,
Madurai,
Pandiya Kingdom
Tamil language
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Mangulam Tamil Brahmi inscription
4.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
5.
Halimah Yacob
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Halimah Binti Yacob is a Singaporean politician. A member of the countrys governing Peoples Action Party, she is currently the ninth Speaker of Parliament and she is the first woman to hold this post in the Republics history. She is the third consecutive Speaker belonging to a minority race, after Abdullah Tarmugi and she also served as Minister of State at the Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports from 2011 to 2013. She has been a Member of Parliament representing the Jurong Group Representation Constituency between 2001 and 2015 and Marsiling-Yew Tee Group Representation Constituency since 2015. Halimah Yacob was educated at Singapore Chinese Girls School and Tanjong Katong Girls School and she was called to the Singapore Bar in 1981. In 2001, she completed an LLM degree at the National University of Singapore, Halimah entered politics in 2001 when she was elected as an MP for the Jurong Group Representation Constituency. Following the 2011 general election, Halimah was made a Minister of State at the Ministry of Community Development, Youth, Halimah has also served as the Chair of the Jurong Town Council. Halimah has been involved in the Malay community. For example, she contributes to the Malay Knowledge-Based Economy Advisory Committee, in recognition of her contributions, she was conferred the Berita Harian/McDonalds Achiever of the Year Award in 2001 and the Her World Woman of the Year Award in 2003. She also speaks out actively against radical Islam in particularly condemning and disassociating from the Islamic State of Iraq, on 8 January 2013, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong nominated Halimah Yacob to succeed former Speaker Michael Palmer. She was fully supported by all the MPs of the ruling Peoples Action Party and all the opposition Workers Party and she was elected Speaker of Parliament on 14 January 2013. Halimah has served at the National Trades Union Congress as the Deputy Secretary General, Director of the Legal Services Department and she has also served as the Executive Secretary of the United Workers of Electronics and Electrical Industries. Halimah has also served on the body of the Geneva-based International Labour Organization. She was elected as the Workers Vice-Chairperson of the Standards Committee of the International Labour Conference in Geneva in 2000,2001 and 2002 and 2005, in 2003 and 2004, she was the Workers Spokesperson for the ILC Committee on Human Resources Development and Training. Halimah is married and has five children and her Indian-Muslim father was a watchman who died when she was eight years old. She is the first woman, and the second Muslim to serve as the Speaker Parliament of Singapore, mdm Halimah Yacob at parliament. gov. sg Halimah Yacob on Facebook http, //www. jrtc. org. sg/
Halimah Yacob
–
Halimah Yacob at the APEC Women and the Economy Forum 2012.
6.
Tan Chorh Chuan
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Tan Chorh Chuan is President of the National University of Singapore, serving since December 2008. He is Professor of Medicine at the National University of Singapore and Senior Consultant at the Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital. Currently, he serves as the Deputy Chairman of Singapore’s Agency for Science, Technology and Research. Tan graduated from the National University of Singapore in 1983, thereafter, he started his medical career as a renal physician. Tan completed his PhD in 1992 with a dissertation entitled Regulation of erythropoietin messenger RNA and he became a Senior Consultant with the Division of Nephrology at NUH since 1997 and a Professor of Medicine with NUS since 1999. He was promoted to Chief and Head of the Department of Medicine from 1997 to 1998, subsequently, he became the Dean of Faculty of Medicine, NUS and also Chairman of the NUH Medical Board from 1997 to 2000. Tan served as the NUSs Provost and Deputy President between 2004 and 2007 and then as Senior Deputy President before assuming the appointment of President
Tan Chorh Chuan
–
Tan Chorh-Chuan at the
World Economic Forum Annual Meeting in 2013
7.
Postgraduate education
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In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
8.
Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
Singapore
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Raffles Square around 1900.
Singapore
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Flag
Singapore
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Victorious Japanese troops marching through Singapore City after the British capitulation at the
Battle of Singapore in 1942.
Singapore
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A cheering crowd welcome the return of British forces, 1945
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
10.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
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Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
11.
Association of Commonwealth Universities
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The Association of Commonwealth Universities represents 535 universities from 37 Commonwealth countries. It is the worlds first and oldest international university network, established in 1913, a UK-registered charity, the ACU has over 500 member institutions in developed and developing countries across the Commonwealth. Drawing on the experience and expertise, the ACU seeks to address issues in international higher education through a range of projects, networks. The Association of Commonwealth Universities is governed by its member institutions through an elected Council, as the ACU is a UK-registered charity, Council members also act as its Trustees. The ACU Council comprises up to 23 members,20 elected Council members, in 1912, the University of London took the initiative to assemble 53 representatives of universities in London to hold a Congress of Universities of the Empire. They decided they needed a bureau of information and its affairs would be handled by a committee representing universities at home and abroad. In 1913 the office opened as the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, in 1948 the name was changed to Association of Universities of the British Commonwealth, and in 1963 it changed to its current name. Dr Anastasios Christodoulou was the Secretary General of the Association of Commonwealth Universities from 1980 to 1996, in 1986, Queen Elizabeth II became patron of the Association of Commonwealth Universities. Currently 37 countries from the Commonwealth are represented in the Association
Association of Commonwealth Universities
–
Logo of the ACU
12.
Universitas 21
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Founded in 1997, Universitas 21 is an international network of universities, established as an international reference point and resource for strategic thinking on issues of global significance. It currently has twenty-six member universities in seventeen different countries and territories, together, there are 1. 3M students and 210,000 academics and researchers associated with these universities. In 2001, in association with Thomson Learning, Universitas 21 formed a university called Universitas 21 Global. The program is administered by U21pedagogica Ltd. which is chartered in Guernsey and headquartered in Charlottesville, Thomson Learning became Cengage Learning, then sold its entire 50% in U21Global share to Mauritius-based Manipal Universal Learning International for an undisclosed sum in 2007. Since 2012, Universitas 21 has commissioned the U21 Ranking of National Higher Education Systems and it evaluates the standing of national higher education systems by providing rankings in four broad areas, resources, environment, connectivity and output. The rankings are then combined to provide an overall ranking, Universitas 21 is a United Nations Academic Impact Partner
Universitas 21
–
Universitas 21
13.
ASEAN University Network
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The ASEAN University Network is an Asian university association. It was founded in November 1995 by ASEAN member countries including 13 universities, after the enlargement of ASEAN by the ASEAN Charter in 1997 and 1999, the AUN membership has been increasing. The ASEAN University Network is an arrangement between 30 universities in the ten ASEAN countries, the AUN is composed of a Board of Trustees, the participating universities, and the AUN Secretariat. The BOT has the task of formulating policies, approving project proposals, the board makes decisions on these activities on the basis of consensus. The participating universities have the task of implementing the AUN programmes and activities, when AUN was founded in 1995, it consisted of thirteen universities from seven countries. Due to the inclusion of Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia in ASEAN, although numerous applications for membership have been received, it was decided to only admit universities from the new member countries. Non members from the region however, are invited as observers on a regular basis, the AUN Secretariat is involved in the planning, organisation, monitoring and evaluation of AUN activities and also in the development of new ideas and the acquisition of funding. The permanent office of the Secretariat was established in 2000 and is located on the campus of Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, the operating costs of the secretariat are allocated by the Thai Government. The financing of AUN activities comes from either cost sharing between the universities or from the external ‘dialogue partners’ of ASEAN. The dialogue partners are Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russia, the United Nations Development Program also has dialogue status. The meetings within the AUN Framework are financed by the hosts and travel expenses by the participants, the ASEAN University Network emerged from a highly ambitious idea of the ASEAN leaders and the ASEAN Subcommittee on Education to establish an ASEAN University. A year after this idea was launched, it clear that this would present too many problems concerning funding, location. Therefore, in 1994, it was decided that the founding of a network of existing institutions would be more feasible, in its early years, the AUN focused mainly on the sharing of knowledge and experiences and on small-scale student and staff exchange. As from 1999, the collaborative activities became more complex with programmes like joint curriculum development, co-operation in ICT and this is not only the case for intra-ASEAN co-operation but also for the activities with the dialogue partners. This also led to the establishment of a permanent secretariat in Bangkok in March 2000, although there existed a secretariat since 1997, this secretariat was temporary. With the permanent office also came an increase in funding for the secretariat. In addition to the costs for the AUN secretariat, also the financial support for AUN activities increased substantially since 1999. In addition to a growth in terms, projects also became more comprehensive
ASEAN University Network
–
The logo of the ASEAN University Network (AUN).
14.
NUS High School of Mathematics and Science
–
The NUS High School of Math and Science is a specialised independent high school in Singapore offering a six-year Integrated Programme leading to the NUS High School Diploma. The school offers a mathematics and science curriculum integrated with language arts, humanities, arts, sports. 90% of its graduates have pursued Science, Technology, Engineering, the school uses the cumulative average point system, a 5-point system similar to the grade point average used in the United States. Most notably, the mathematics and science curriculum is accelerated. Students are also exposed to humanities and the arts, where the flexible modular system allows for a sampling across this discipline, to graduate with the NUS High School diploma, students must take Mathematics and at least two science subjects at the major level in the Advancement Stage. Students may also choose to take a subject from any subject group. In addition, students must complete an Advanced Research Project under the schools Da Vinci Research Programme, finally, students must have a CAP above 2.5. All students must go through a curriculum called the Da Vinci Programme. The program is structured as follows, In Years 1 and 2, in Years 3 and 4, students take part in Independent Research Studies, which are structured to give students flexibility in conducting research. Students are required to complete a Research Methodology module and are encouraged to work on a project under the guidance of a teacher-mentor. Students are also able to participate in research programmes at institutions of higher education. In Years 5 and 6, students must embark on a capstone project, typically, a graduation research project will take nine to eighteen months to complete, depending on the research topic, and it usually comprises at least two weeks of full-time research. Research projects are generally mentored by full-time academics at leading research institutions, all students showcase their research at the schools annual Research Congress held in March, where they receive grades of Distinction, Merit, Pass or Fail. Students are required to live in the NUS High Boarding School for the duration of their year of study. This arrangement is meant to train independence and, more pragmatically, facilitate work on the Advanced Research Project and this scheme also increases accessibility for students taking modules at the nearby National University of Singapore. NUS High School Residence boarding fees are subsidized for NUS High School Year 5 students by the Ministry of Education, the NUS High campus sits on 4.67 hectares of land off Clementi Ave 1, a few minutes walk from the outskirts of the National University of Singapore. The school shifted operations there from its site at the former Raffles Junior College in Mount Sinai where it had held classes in 2005. NUS High received an Honour Award from US-based DesignShare Awards programme for the design of its affiliated NUS High School
NUS High School of Mathematics and Science
–
Experiment. Explore. Excel.
NUS High School of Mathematics and Science
–
NUS High School of Math and Science 新加坡国立大学附属数理中学
NUS High School of Mathematics and Science
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Pi wall, track, field, Concourse Building
NUS High School of Mathematics and Science
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NUS High School Residence Twin-Building (January 2009)
15.
Abbreviation
–
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. It consists of a group of letters taken from the word or phrase, a contraction is an abbreviation, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a contraction. Acronyms and initialisms are regarded as subsets of abbreviations and they are abbreviations that consist of the initial letters or parts of words. Abbreviations have a history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. This might be done to time and space, and also to provide secrecy. Shortened words were used and initial letters were used to represent words in specific applications. In classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was common, in Roman inscriptions, Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation. However, some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context, Abbreviations in English were frequently used from its earliest days. Manuscripts of copies of the old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example 7 or & for and, the standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, for example, sequences like ‹er› were replaced with ‹ɔ›, as in ‹mastɔ› for master and ‹exacɔbate› for exacerbate. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time, an example from the Oxford University Register,1503, Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. The Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, had abbreviations like ye for Þe, used for the word the, hence, by later misunderstanding, during the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. The use of abbreviation for the names of J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, but before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period follows a abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent. Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U. S. media tend to use periods in two-word abbreviations like United States, many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations
Abbreviation
–
Example of
Latin text with abbreviations
Abbreviation
–
Road sign in China—"km" is a symbol, not an abbreviation, as it is not a contraction of a Chinese word
16.
Research university
–
Such universities can be recognized by their strong focus on innovative research and the prestige of their brand names. From the late 20th century to the present, U. S. research universities have dominated most international college and university rankings
Research university
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
Research university
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
Research university
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
Research university
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
17.
Entrepreneurial
–
What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
Entrepreneurial
–
Left to right,
Eric Schmidt,
Sergey Brin and
Larry Page of
Google, which is cited as an example of entrepreneurship and
disruptive innovation. As of the 2010s, Google is a huge corporation, but in the late 1990s, it started out as an entrepreneurial venture in a garage.
Entrepreneurial
–
In 2012, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues
Melanne Verveer greeted participants in an African Women's Entrepreneurship Program at the State Department in Washington, D.C.
Entrepreneurial
–
British entrepreneur
Karren Brady has an estimated net worth of $123 million
Entrepreneurial
–
Dell Women's Entrepreneur
Network event in New York City, May 2013
18.
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
–
Times Higher Education World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings by Times Higher Education magazine. The publisher had collaborated with Quacquarelli Symonds to publish the joint THE–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009 before it turned to Thomson Reuters for a new ranking system. It is considered as one of the most widely observed university measures together with Academic Ranking of World Universities and it is praised for having a new improved methodology but undermining non-English-instructing institutions and being commercialized are the major criticisms. Times Higher Education chose to partner with educational and careers advice company QS to supply the data, the publication developed a new rankings methodology in consultation with its readers, its editorial board and Thomson Reuters. Thomson Reuters will collect and analyse the data used to produce the rankings on behalf of Times Higher Education, the first ranking was published in September 2010. In fact, the surveys of reputation, which made up 40 percent of scores, and its clear that our research measures favored the sciences over the humanities. He went on to describe previous attempts at peer review as embarrassing in The Australian, The sample was too small. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, the Globe and Mail in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings to be arguably the most influential. The inaugural 2010-2011 methodology contained 13 separate indicators grouped under five categories, Teaching, research, citations, international mix, the number of indicators is up from the Times-QS rankings published between 2004 and 2009, which used six indicators. A draft of the methodology was released on 3 June 2010. The names of the categories and the weighting of each was modified in the final methodology, the overall ranking score was calculated by making Z-scores all datasets to standardize different data types on a common scale to better make comparisons among data. The reputational component of the came from an Academic Reputation Survey conducted by Thomson Reuters in spring 2010. The survey gathered 13,388 responses among scholars statistically representative of global higher educations geographical, the magazines category for industry income – innovation came from a sole indicator, institutions research income from industry scaled against the number of academic staff. The magazine stated that it used this data as proxy for high-quality knowledge transfer, the Times stated that articles published in 2009–2010 have not yet completely accumulated in the database. The magazine announced on 5 September 2011 that its 2011–2012 World University Rankings would be published on 6 October 2011, at the same time, the magazine revealed changes to the ranking formula that will be introduced with the new rankings. The methodology will continue to use 13 indicators across five categories and will keep its fundamental foundations. Teaching and research will each remain 30 percent of the overall score, however, a new international outlook – staff, students and research will be introduced and will make up 7.5 percent of the final score. One 2011–2012 indicator, the public research income, will be dropped
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
–
Times Higher Education World University Rankings
19.
Kent Ridge
–
Kent Ridge is the name of a ridge and a neighbourhood located in Pasir Panjang, in the Queenstown Planning Area of Singapore. The area is notable for housing two parks within the Southern Ridges, Kent Ridge Park and HortPark, the main campus of the National University of Singapore is located adjacent to it, straddling along the southern boundary of Kent Ridge. The area occupied by Kent Ridge was formerly known as Pasir Panjang Ridge, the natural vegetation of the area mainly consists of groves of Tembusu, Acacias and Dillenias. When the first settlers arrived in Singapore in the early 19th century, they grew crops such as rubber, pepper, gambier, during World War II, it was used as a fortress by the British in the defence of Singapore. Many of the plantations were destroyed or abandoned during the Japanese Occupation, the plaque was erected at the junction of what is now Kent Ridge Road and South Buona Vista Road. The ridge contains Bukit Chandu, alternatively known as Opium Hill, the Malay Regiments position on the hill was overrun by the Japanese and the battle ended in hand-to-hand combat after the last few defenders ran out of ammunition. All the officers except one, Lieutenant Abbas Abdul-Manan, and most of the men, were massacred in the aftermath
Kent Ridge
–
The Vigilante Drive entrance to Kent Ridge Park. In the background lies a decommissioned
M114 155 mm howitzer gun donated by Singapore's
Ministry of Defence.
Kent Ridge
–
The war museum,
Reflections at Bukit Chandu, at 31K
Bukit Chandu. The mural on the museum's wall is an artist's impression of the Battle of Bukit Chandu.
Kent Ridge
–
A section of the 280-metre long canopy walk in Kent Ridge Park
20.
Bukit Timah
–
Bukit Timah, often abbreviated as Bt Timah, is a planning area and residential estate located in the Central Region of Singapore. With little government-funded public housing developments in the area, Bukit Timah has one of the highest densities of private housing out of any other planning areas in the country. Compared to other places located in the outskirts of the city, Bukit Timah, which literally means tin hill in Malay, was already identified on the 1828 map by Frankin and Jackson as Bukit Timah. The hill in question was depicted on the map towards the northwest as two hills at the source of the Kranji River. Since the interior of the island was not fully explored at that time, according to one source, Bukit Timah has nothing to do with tin. The original Malay name for the hill was Bukit Temak, meaning hill of the trees, referring to pokok temak. However, to the ear, Temak in Malay enunciation sounded like Timah. Some say that timah is an abbreviation of Fatimah, a popular Malay girls name, in December 1843, a carriage way road was completed leading up to the hill. A small hut with chairs was constructed for visitors, the hill was viewed then as an excellent sanatorium, as the air was cooler and fresher than the plain, producing an agreeable exhilaration of spirits. Bukit Timah is known as eyam malai in Tamil, being a translation of the Malay name. For some, it is synonymous with the Singapore Turf Club and this course is closed to the public, unlike the former course where the general public enjoyed watching the kings sport for free. The 25-km long Bukit Timah Road, the longest road in Singapore, running north and south, the road to Kranji was completed in 1845. Apparently, the area was so infested with tigers that it constituted a threat to human life. In 1860, nearly 200 people were reported to have killed by tigers in. The first ride on horseback across the island was along Bukit Timah Road in 1840, it took four days and was made by Mr Thomson and Dr Little. Bukit Timah Road is known as tek kha kang a kinn in Hokkien and this only refers to the lower end of the Bukit Timah Road. The Wayang Satu and Bukit Timah village parts are differently called, the Hokkiens also refer to Bukit Timah as be chia lo bue, meaning end of the horse carriage road. Bukit Timah Road witnessed the last defensive stand against the invading Japanese army, on 15 February 1942, the head of the Allied forces, Lieutenant General A. E. Percival surrendered to Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita at the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah
Bukit Timah
–
The summit of Bukit Timah, the highest point in Singapore.
Bukit Timah
–
Bukit Timah Road is one of the earliest roads in Singapore.
Bukit Timah
–
Organisations
21.
National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
–
The National University of Singapore Faculty of Law is Singapores oldest and largest law school. The Faculty was initially established as a Department of Law in the then University of Malaya in 1956, subsequently, it served as Singapores only law school for half a century, until SMU was set up in 2007. The Faculty is currently headed by Professor Simon Chesterman, a significant number of graduates have also achieved prominence in the arts. Dr. Lionel Astor Sheridan, then a law teacher in the United Kingdom, was appointed the first Head of the Law Department of the University of Malaya in July 1956. The Department attained Faculty status in 1959 and Dr. Sheridan was appointed its first dean, in its formative years, alumni were frequently called upon to provide leadership and expertise to the law school as it slowly expanded. Grants were also secured to increase the number of books in the law library, by the early 1990s, student exchange programmes with leading schools were established as well. The Faculty of Law is now staffed by a permanent faculty with law degrees from more than a dozen jurisdictions, in line with its aim of being Asias Global Law School. Students can also take non-law subjects for their electives, such as finance, accounting, international relations, foreign policy, students can choose to take up a minor in another course of study such as economics, management, philosophy and political science. Since 2013, it has offered a double degree in partnership with the Yale-NUS College. Students who have a degree from another discipline may qualify for the Graduate LL. B. Program, and will obtain their LL. B. in three years instead of four, for graduate students, the law school offers seven coursework LL. M. Programs and a research Ph. D. program, programs start in August and are completed the following May. Students enrolled in the International Business Law LL. M, spend a semester in Singapore before heading to Shanghai to study on the campus of Eastern China University of Political Science and Law. Building on its exchange programmes, NUS Law enables selected students to combine completion of their LL. B. with an LL. M. from a partner institution in just four years. This is presently possible with New York University, Boston University, Erasmus University, Kings College London, University of Melbourne, the student exchange programme was initiated in the early 1990s. Students usually go on the programme in their third year of studies in the 4-year LL. B. Students on the exchange programme pay only tuition fees at the NUS Law rate and this opportunity was, until recently, offered to only the elite American and European law schools. Students selected for the fellowship will work at the ICJ in the The Hague, Netherlands, NUS law has consistently been ranked among the top twenty law schools in the world by the leading QS World University Rankings by Subject
National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
–
The Eu Tong Sen building and Block "B"
National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
–
The slope for cars to drive up to the Bukit Timah campus. Parking is a problem in the Bukit Timah Campus. Pictured is part of the
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. The law school offers a concurrent degree in Law & Public Policy.
National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
–
View of the law school
National University of Singapore Faculty of Law
–
Inside Block "B": the corridors of the law school
22.
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
–
The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy is an autonomous postgraduate school of the National University of Singapore. The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, or LKY School, is a postgraduate school of the National University of Singapore. The QS World University Rankings ranked NUS 12th in the world and it was formally launched on 4 August 2004 and named in honour of Singapore’s first and longest-serving Prime Minister. The School inherited the Policy Programme that NUS had set up with Harvard Kennedy School in 1992, today, the LKY School offers four masters degree programmes and a PhD programme, and has four research centres. As of 2014, the School has over 2,200 alumni from nearly 80 countries, about 80 per cent of its student body consists of international students with the rest from Singapore. The School offers five degree programmes. Both MPP and MPA students may choose to pursue a degree with NUS Business School or NUS Law School. C. These are, The Asia Competitiveness Institute was established in 2006 to build the intellectual leadership, ACI seeks to contribute to the enhancement of economic growth and living standards in the region. It serves as a repository of competitiveness information that enables analyses of long-term trends in economic policies. It conducts research to understand patterns of policy and economic development and it also undertakes projects to assess current competitiveness of key economic clusters and provide policy inputs for enhancing growth. The ACI is an institute of the Institute for Strategy. The Centre on Asia and Globalisation was established in 2006 to analyse the management of global issues, within this broad context, CAG has mapped out two initial areas of research, the mechanisms of global governance, and energy governance. The Institute of Policy Studies is a dedicated to fostering good governance in Singapore through strategic policy research. It focuses on Singapore’s domestic developments and external relations taking an approach with an emphasis on long-term strategic thinking. Established in 1988, IPS became an institute within the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy in 2008, the mission of the Institute is to enhance understanding of the social and economic dimensions of water governance and contribute to improved water management in Asia. IWP brings together a group of scholars from various disciplines across the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy. The LKY School publishes a number of papers, journals. It is a SSCI-listed journal that ranks 9th on the SCImago Journal Rankings in the field of Public Administration, published every quarter, Global-is-Asian is the flagship magazine of LKY School that focuses on public policy research undertaken by the School
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
–
David Cameron, the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, speaking at the School in July 2015
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy
23.
Medical school
–
A medical school is a tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons. Such medical degrees include the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Doctor of Medicine, many medical schools offer additional degrees, such as a Doctor of Philosophy, Masters degree, a physician assistant program, or other post-secondary education. Medical schools can also employ medical researchers and operate hospitals, around the world, criteria, structure, teaching methodology, and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably. Medical schools are highly competitive, using standardized entrance examinations, as well as grade point average and leadership roles. In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as a degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework. However, a number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses. In the United States and Canada, almost all medical degrees are second entry degrees, many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum. More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks, in preclinical sciences, students study subjects such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority. Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a background check, checking references, paying a fee. Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all the medical schools, Entry into these medical schools are highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations. The University of Ghana Medical School has however introduced a graduate medical program to admit students with mainly science-related degrees into a 4-year medical school program. Students graduating from any of these schools get the MBChB degree. For the First 3 years Students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical science for University of Ghana medical school, Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana as House Officers. Upon completion of the mandatory 2-year housemanship, these doctors are permanently registered with the MDC. Medical officers are sometimes hired by the Ghana Health Service to work in the Districts/Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians. In Kenya, medical school is a faculty of a university, Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate degree. The first two years of medical school cover the medical sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences
Medical school
–
Founded in 1765, the
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, located in
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, was the first school of
medicine in the
United States.
Medical school
–
Medical student at a laboratory at
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City.
Medical school
–
Toronto Faculty of Medicine
Medical school
–
Harvard Medical School
24.
Outram, Singapore
–
Outram, also known as Outram Park, is a planning area located within the Central Area of the Central Region of Singapore. The area is bordered by these planning areas - Singapore River to the north, Outram Secondary School is situated in nearby York Hill. Across the Outram Road from the Outram MRT Station is the Health Sciences Authority building, along the same side of the road further down towards College Road, is Block 9 where Mortuary@HSA is located. Outram Road was named by the Municipality in 1858 after a British general, Sir James Outram, the nearby Havelock Road was named in reference to Major-General Sir Henry Havelock. General Outram and General Havelock were two of the leaders in the British army during the Indian rebellion of 1857, known as si pai poh in Hokkien, it means Sepoy plain. The Sepoy Lines and police station and parade ground are at one end of Outram Road, both designations, Sepoy Plain and Sepoy Lines refer to the public shooting of 47 sepoys at the wall of Outram Prison in 1915. This was in the aftermath of 1915 Singapore Mutiny which was quelled by local, victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh, Toponymics - A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press, ISBN 981-210-364-3
Outram, Singapore
–
Outram Road with
Outram Park MRT Station and the
Pearl Bank Apartments in the background.
25.
Governor of the Straits Settlements
–
The Governor of the Straits Settlements was appointed by the British East India Company until 1867, when the Straits Settlements became a crown colony. Thereafter the Governor was appointed by the Colonial Office, the position existed from 1826 to 1946. Between 1942 and 1945 the office was not filled, as the Straits Settlements was then under Japanese occupation, from the late 19th century onwards, the Governor of the Straits Settlements was usually also British High Commissioner in Malaya. Colonial Secretary, Straits Settlements Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements Governors of Singapore History of Singapore History of Malaysia Governor of Penang
Governor of the Straits Settlements
–
Robert Fullerton
Governor of the Straits Settlements
–
Flag of the Governor of the Straits Settlements (1867–1946)
Governor of the Straits Settlements
–
Robert Ibbetson
Governor of the Straits Settlements
–
Colonel Major-General
William John Butterworth
26.
Straits dollars
–
The Straits dollar was the currency of the Straits Settlements from 1898 until 1939. At the same time, it was used in the Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States, Sarawak, Brunei. Locally issued coinages included the Kelantan and Trengganu keping, and the Penang dollar, in 1837, the Indian rupee was made the sole official currency in the Straits Settlements, as it was administered as part of India. In 1867, administration of the Straits Settlements was separated from India, from 1898, the Straits dollar was issued by a new Board of Commissioners of Currency and private banks were prevented from issuing notes. Its value depreciated over the eight years and was then pegged at two shillings four pence sterling in 1906. The Straits dollar was replaced at par by the Malayan dollar in 1939, to this day, Brunei and Singapore still use the successor to this unit, but Malaysia broke away in 1973. The first coins issued for the Straits Settlements in 1845 were 1⁄4 and they were issued by the East India Company and did not bear any indication of where they were to be used. A second issue of the denominations was produced in 1862 by the government of British India. These bore the inscription India - Straits, in 1871, silver coins were issued in the name of the Straits Settlements for 5,10 and 20 cents, followed by copper 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and 1 cent the next year and silver 50 cents in 1886. Silver dollars were first minted in 1903 and this pegging occurred when the Straits dollar reached the value of two shillings and four pence against sterling. Within a few years, the value of silver rose rapidly such as to make the value of the Straits dollar higher than its gold exchange value. To prevent these dollars from being melted down, a new smaller dollar was issued in 1907 with a silver content. A parallel story occurred in the Philippines at the same time, the last 1⁄4 cent coins were issued in 1916. Dollars were last struck for circulation in 1926, with 50 cents production ending in 1921, the remaining coins continued in production until 1935. The Board of Commissioners of Currency introduced 5 and 10 dollar notes in 1898, emergency issues of 10 and 25 cents were made between 1917 and 1920. 1000 dollar notes were issued in 1930 but during the remainder of the 1930s only 1,5 and 10 dollar notes were issued. Queen Victoria The Government of Straits Settlements was first authorised to issue currency notes by Ordinance VIII of 1897 and these notes, although dated 1 September 1898, were not issued to the public until 1 May 1899. Both the Chartered Bank and Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank continued to issue banknotes, all notes were freely exchangeable with the Mexican dollar or the various other silver coins that were legal tender in the Colony
Straits dollars
–
One Straits dollar banknote from 1935
Straits dollars
–
Fifty Straits dollar banknote from 1911
Straits dollars
–
Ten Straits Dollar banknote from 1927
27.
King Edward VII
–
Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
King Edward VII
–
Coronation portrait by Sir
Luke Fildes
King Edward VII
–
Portrait of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, by
Winterhalter, 1846
King Edward VII
–
Edward at
Niagara Falls, 1860
King Edward VII
–
Edward and Alexandra on their wedding day, 1863
28.
Lim Boon Keng
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Lim Boon Keng, OBE, was a Chinese physician who promoted social and educational reforms in Singapore in the early 20th century. He was of Peranakan descent, with ancestry from Haicheng Town, Longhai City, Lim was born as the third generation of a Peranakan family in Penang, British Malaya. He moved to Singapore with his father, Lim Thean Geow, and he studied at Raffles Institution in Singapore. However, the death of his parents during his childhood inspired him to pursue a career in medicine, in 1887, Lim became the first Malayan to receive a Queens Scholarship. He gained admission to Edinburgh University and graduated in 1892 with a first class degree in medicine. In 1895, Lim became a member of the British Legislative Council in Singapore, the following year, he headed a Commission of Inquiry into the sources of poverty in Singapore. He was also a Justice of the Peace and a member of the Chinese Advisory Board, Lim founded the Philomatic society and published the first Chinese-language magazine in the Straits Settlements in 1897. In the same year, he campaigned against the wearing of queues among Chinese men. In 1899, Lim co-founded the Singapore Chinese Girls School with his friend, Song Ong Siang, the next year, Lim founded the Straits Chinese British Association, and later became its president. As a member of the Legislative Council, Lim wanted opium banned so he formed the Anti-Opium Society, however, opium was not banned until 1943 during the Japanese occupation of Singapore. The British reasoned that imposing a ban on opium would mean that the government would lose a source of income from the tax on opium, to make up for the loss, the British governor suggested taxing the peoples incomes. The main group that would be affected by this tax would be the merchants, therefore, the European and Asian merchants opposed to this, and opium was not banned, although heavier taxes on opium were imposed. Lim was created an officer of the Order of the British Empire on 12 March 1918 for his services as an Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements, together with Lim Nee Soon, Lim co-founded OAC Insurance in 1920. OAC was the first locally owned company to be set up in Singapore. The following year in June, upon the request of Sun Yat-sen, Lim served as the president of Xiamen University. The university was founded by Lims friend, Tan Kah Kee, Lim later went into banking, and co-founded the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation. As the president of Xiamen University, Lim published the Li Sao, in 1937, Lim founded the Straits Chinese China Relief Fund Committee of Singapore to support China in its war efforts against Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. In 1942, Lims family were interned at a Japanese concentration camp at Arab Street, according to Shinozaki Mamoru, Lim was in a state that he was so shocked that his voice was inaudible
Lim Boon Keng
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Lim Boon Keng
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University of Malaya
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The University of Malaya is a public research university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It is the oldest and most esteemed university in Malaysia, the universitys name was abbreviated as Malaya during the pre-independence period. University of Malaya has its roots in Singapore with the establishment of King Edward VII College of Medicine on 28 September 1905, University Malaya was established on 1949 October in Singapore with the merger of the King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College. Legislation was passed in 1961 and the University of Malaya was established on 1 January 1962, today, it has more than 2,500 faculty members. In 2012, UM was granted status by the Ministry of Higher Education. In 2015, the QS World University Rankings has ranked UM at the 146th place in the world, also in the same year, the university is ranked 29th place in the QS Asian University Rankings, 3rd in Southeast Asia and is the highest ranked learning institution in Malaysia. The establishment of the university began with the issue of shortage of medical assistants in Singapore, the problem was addressed in a report published by the Education Commission in April 1902. In the report, it was stated that the Commission was in favour of establishing a school to fulfil the demand for medical assistants in government hospitals. However, such view was not in favour among the European community, legislation was passed by the Straits Legislative Council in June 1905 under Ordinance No. The school opened on 3 July 1905 and began functioning in September, on 28 September 1905, Sir John officiated the school under the name ‘The Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School. In 1907, a hall and laboratory were added. There were no library and room to keep pathological specimens, in 1905, there were 17 medical students, four students attending the hospital assistant course. Five years later, the enrolments increased to 90 medical students and 30 trainee hospital assistants, the school had only one permanent staff which was the Principal, the teaching staff were employed on a part-time basis. The Principal was Dr Gerald Dudley Freer, who served as Senior Colonial Surgeon Resident of Penang. In 1916, the GCME recognised the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school, the licentiates were placed on the General Council’s Colonial List of the British Medical Register and were entitled to practise anywhere within the British Empire. In 1910, Dr Robert Donald Keith became the second Principal of the School, the first two years of the five-year course were devoted to pure science studies. Physics, biology and chemistry were taught in the first year, followed by physiology, the remaining three years were attachment to clinical clerkships in medicine, surgery and midwifery, which covered pathology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence. Materia Medica was integrated into the year, where practical pharmacy was taught
University of Malaya
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Tan Teck Guan Building
University of Malaya
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Coat of Arms of UM
University of Malaya
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Rimba Ilmu building, University of Malaya
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