1.
Columbus, Ohio
–
Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Franklin County, Ohio
–
Franklin County is a county in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of 2016 census estimates, the population was 1,264,518. making it the most populous county in Ohio and its county seat is Columbus, the state capital and most populous city in Ohio. The county was established on April 30,1803, less than two months after Ohio became a state, and was named after Benjamin Franklin, Franklin County originally extended all the way north to Lake Erie before Ohio subdivided further into more counties. Franklin County is included in the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Franklin County is home to one of the largest universities in the United States, The Ohio State University, which as of fall 2014 has an enrollment of 58,322 students on its main Columbus campus. On March 30,1803, the Ohio government authorized the creation of Franklin County, the county originally was part of Ross County. Residents named the county in honor of Benjamin Franklin, in 1816, Franklin County’s Columbus became Ohio’s state capital. Surveyors laid out the city in 1812, and officials incorporated it in 1816, Columbus was not Ohio’s original capital, but the state legislature chose to move the state government there after its location for a short time at Chillicothe and at Zanesville. Columbus was chosen as the site for the new capital because of its location within the state. The legislature chose it as Ohio’s capital over a number of competitors, including Franklinton, Dublin, Worthington. James Kilbourne was elected president and Josiah Topping secretary, on August 30,1802 James Kilbourne and Nathaniel Little arrived at Colonel Thomas Worthingtons home in Chillicothe, Ohio. They tentatively reserved land along the Scioto River on the Pickaway Plains for their new settlement, jonas Stanbery and his partner, an American Revolutionary War general, Jonathan Dayton. Sixteen thousand acres were purchased along the Whetstone River at $1.50 per acre and this land was part of the United States Military District surveyed by Israel Ludlow in 1797 and divided into townships 5 miles square. Before the state legislature’s decision in 1812, Columbus did not exist, the city was designed from the first as the state’s capital, preparing itself for its role in Ohio’s political, economic, and social life. In the years between first ground-breaking and the movement of the capital in 1816, Columbus and Franklin County grew significantly. By 1813, workers had built a penitentiary, and by the year, residents had established the first church, school. Workers completed the Ohio Statehouse in 1861, Columbus and Franklin County grew quickly in population, with the city having 700 people by 1815. Columbus officially became the county seat in 1824, by 1834, the population of Columbus was 4,000 people, officially elevating it to city status. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 544 square miles
4.
Seating capacity
–
Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
Basketball
–
Basketball is a non-contact team sport played on a rectangular court by two teams of five players each. The objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet high that is mounted to a backboard at each end of the court. The game was invented in 1891 by Dr. James Naismith, a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the basket being defended by the opposition team during regular play. A field goal scores three points for the team if the player shoots from behind the three-point line. A team can also score via free throws, which are worth one point, the team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but additional time is mandated when the score is tied at the end of regulation. The ball can be advanced on the court by passing it to a teammate and it is a violation to lift, or drag, ones pivot foot without dribbling the ball, to carry it, or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling. The game has many techniques for displaying skill—ball-handling, shooting, passing, dribbling, dunking, shot-blocking. The point guard directs the on court action of the team, implementing the coachs game plan, Basketball is one of the worlds most popular and widely viewed sports. Outside North America, the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the Euroleague, the FIBA Basketball World Cup attracts the top national teams from around the world. Each continent hosts regional competitions for teams, like EuroBasket. The FIBA Womens Basketball World Cup features the top womens basketball teams from continental championships. The main North American league is the WNBA, whereas the EuroLeague Women has been dominated by teams from the Russian Womens Basketball Premier League, in early December 1891, Canadian Dr. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied, after rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot elevated track. Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and these laces could cause bounce passes and dribbling to be unpredictable. Eventually a lace-free ball construction method was invented, and this change to the game was endorsed by Naismith, dribbling was not part of the original game except for the bounce pass to teammates. Passing the ball was the means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a part of the game around the 1950s
6.
Concert
–
A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment
7.
Ice hockey
–
Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice, usually in a rink, in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponents net to score points. Ice hockey teams usually consist of six each, one goaltender. A fast-paced, physical sport, ice hockey is most popular in areas of North America, Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada, where the game enjoys immense popularity. In North America, the National Hockey League is the highest level for mens hockey, the Kontinental Hockey League is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe. The International Ice Hockey Federation is the governing body for international ice hockey. The IIHF manages international tournaments and maintains the IIHF World Ranking, worldwide, there are ice hockey federations in 74 countries. Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th century United Kingdom and these games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed, such as shinny and ice polo. The contemporary sport of ice hockey was developed in Canada, most notably in Montreal, some characteristics of that game, such as the length of the ice rink and the use of a puck, have been retained to this day. Amateur ice hockey began in the 1880s, and professional ice hockey originated around 1900. The Stanley Cup, emblematic of ice hockey club supremacy, was first awarded in 1893 to recognize the Canadian amateur champion, in international competitions, the national teams of six countries predominate, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Of the 69 medals awarded all-time in mens competition at the Olympics, in the annual Ice Hockey World Championships,177 of 201 medals have been awarded to the six nations. In Russia and the Ukraine, where hockey can also refer to bandy, the name hockey has no clear origin. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called hokie—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves. A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage. According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc. The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck. Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times, in Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey. IJscolf, a game resembling colf on a surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a curved bat, a wooden or leather ball
8.
360 Architecture
–
360 Architecture was an American architectural practice acquired by HOK in 2015. The firm was headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri, with offices in Columbus Ohio, as of 2014, the firm had a staff of 200 professionals. In January 2015, HOK completed its acquisition of 360 Architecture for an undisclosed price, brad Schrock, a 360 Architecture co-founder and a director of this new HOK practice, said the acquisition would help the firms compete at the highest level. CDFM2 Architecture Inc. and Heinlein Schrock Stearns merged in 2004 to form 360 Architecture, Heinlein Schrock Stearns was a firm of thirty-six architects and designers focused on collegiate, minor- and major-league sports and commercial, residential and retail/entertainment projects. The merger combined thirty-four years of experience into 360 Architecture. The firm is working on some of the largest sporting venues in the U. S.360 Architecture was also a member of the Kansas City Downtown Arena Design Team, the DADT is the architect of record for the Sprint Center in downtown Kansas City. 360 Architecture is the designer for the revitalization project of downtown Kansas City. Other 360 Architecture projects in the downtown Kansas City area include the J. E. Dunn Construction Company corporate headquarters, internal Revenue Service Center and post office renovation, H&R Block world headquarters and the Boulevard Brewing Company expansion. 360architects. com, official website Kansas City Area Development Council Profile on 360 Architecture
9.
NBBJ
–
NBBJ is an American global architecture, planning and design firm with offices in Beijing, Boston, Columbus, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, New York, Pune, San Francisco, Seattle, and Shanghai. NBBJ provides services in architecture, interiors, planning and urban design, branding, consulting, landscape design, the firm is involved in multiple markets and building types including, civic, corporate, commercial, healthcare, higher education, science, sports, and transportation. It is the architecture firm to be named a Global Growth Company by the World Economic Forum. In addition, the firm has been recognized by Engineering News-Record magazine as one of the most green architecture firms in the United States. The firm was founded in 1943 by Seattle architects Floyd Naramore, William J. Bain, Clifton Brady, and Perry Johanson, and was initially called Naramore, Bain, Brady & Johanson. The firm remained focused on projects in the Pacific Northwest region, growing into its largest architectural firm, in 1976, the firm merged with Columbus, Ohio-based Godwin, Nitschke, Bohm to form the modern NBBJ. S. C
10.
Thornton Tomasetti
–
Thornton Tomasetti is an American 1, 200+ person structural engineering consulting firm headquartered in New York City. Founded in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, the 50-year-old company has locations throughout the world. The engineering firm provided the design for several of the worlds tallest building structures, including the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Other structures designed by the firm include Soldier Field in Chicago, Petco Park in San Diego, among other architects of note, Thornton Tomasetti has collaborated with Cesar Pelli, Santiago Calatrava, Renzo Piano, and Rafael Vinoly. Thornton Tomasetti works to advance design and construction practices. About one-fifth of its staff are LEED accredited professionals, Thornton Tomasetti was the first structural engineering company to sign the AIA2030 Commitment. Thornton Tomasetti immediately began to branch out and enter the market with several innovative designs. The New York City office essentially began in 1956 as Lev Zetlin & Associates, Lev Zetlin also embraced the creative use of materials, most notably demonstrated in a bridge design made entirely of paper products for an International Paper ad. In 1993, Thornton Tomasetti acquired Cohen-Barreto-Marchertas and created a Chicago office, founded in 1965 by Eli Cohen, CBM pioneered the use of the now-common composite steel structural system, which combines a reinforced concrete core wall with a light steel floor framing. In the early 1960s, Cohens adaptation of the cooling tower design to high-rise offices required a change in the way the unions worked. Ironworker contracts forbid members of trades to work at higher elevations at job sites. But the proposed system was reviewed with them and they agreed to let concrete workers work above them, on September 8,2015, Thornton Tomasetti announced that it had merged with structural engineering firm Weidlinger Associates. The combined firm will have 1,200 employees operating in 34 cities internationally, in 2008 Thornton was awarded the Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology from the National Building Museum for his work with this program. Thornton Tomasetti Corporate Website ACE Mentor Program
11.
Turner Construction
–
Turner Construction Company is an American construction company. It is one of the largest construction management companies in the United States of America and it is a subsidiary of the German company Hochtief. Henry Chandlee Turner founded Turner Construction Company in 1902, with $25,000 in start-up capital, at 11 Broadway, Turners first job was a $687 project to build a concrete vault for Thrift Bank in the borough of Brooklyn. In 1903, a Scottish industrialist named Robert Gair, involved with the manufacture of paper products, the facility, finished in 1904, measured 180,000 sq ft, making it, at the time, the largest reinforced concrete building in the United States. At the same time the company was developing plans for the Gair building, the original design showed the stairs were to be made of steel, but Turner thought concrete was a less expensive alternative. After examining public bidding records, Henry Turner undercut competing offers and was awarded the chance to build several staircases in concrete and his alternative worked, leading to contracts for more than 50 staircases and platforms for the Interborough Rapid Transit. The company established branch offices to maintain its geographic scope. The Buffalo office followed in 1908, as did the office in Boston, when the United States entered World War I, Turner was among the countrys most successful builders. From World War I to the Great Depression, the companys billings grew from under $12 million to nearly $44 million, like most industries, construction suffered during the economic collapse and Turners volume fell to $2.5 million by 1933. The company recovered and revenues increased to $12 million by 1937, the company suspended commercial construction during the war years, focusing instead on construction of military camps, factories, and government buildings. Henry Turner stepped down as president in 1941, to serve as chairman and make room for his brother, Archie Turner, Archie Turner led the company through the war, but poor health limited his tenure. In October 1946, Henry Turner retired as chairman, handing the post to his ailing brother, for his replacement, Archie Turner selected Admiral Ben Moreell, the individual responsible for forming the Seabees. One month after Moreells appointment, Archie Turner died of a heart attack, four months later, Moreell resigned, and the void was filled by Henry Turners son, Henry Chandlee Turner, Jr. Under Chan Turner, as a result of numerous construction projects. After surpassing $100 million in revenues in 1951, Turner built the United Nations Secretariat building in New York in 1952, during the 1960s, notable projects included the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in the early part of the decade and Madison Square Garden in 1967. The company opened a office in Cincinnati in 1954, followed by offices in Los Angeles in 1964, Cleveland and Columbus in 1966. In 1969, Turner issued over-the-counter stock, in 1972, the companys stock began trading on the American Stock Exchange. The company added offices in Detroit and Denver in 1973, Pittsburgh and Atlanta in 1976, Seattle in 1977, notable projects included the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Hospital in 1974 and the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library in 1977, the year Turner eclipsed $1 billion in sales
12.
Columbus Blue Jackets
–
The Columbus Blue Jackets are a professional ice hockey team based in Columbus, Ohio. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the Blue Jackets were founded as an expansion team in 2000. The team qualified for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time in 2009, the Blue Jackets name and logos were inspired by Ohios Civil War history. The Blue Jackets play their games at Nationwide Arena in downtown Columbus. They are affiliated with the Cleveland Monsters of the AHL, prior to the establishment of the Blue Jackets, the last NHL team in the state of Ohio was the Cleveland Barons, who played from 1976 to 1978. In Columbus, the Blue Jackets replaced the Columbus Chill of the ECHL, the Chill played at the Ohio Expo Center Coliseum where they had an 83-game sellout streak, which was a minor league hockey record at the time. In November 1996, five investors formed a partnership called Columbus Hockey Limited, who submitted an application. The voters of Columbus were considering a referendum to build a publicly financed arena, when League Commissioner Gary Bettman visited Columbus to meet with the communitys leaders about the franchise proposal, there was concern that the voters might not pass the needed referendum. The civic leaders told Bettman that they would not be willing to foot the bill for the if the referendum failed. However, just after the meeting adjourned, John H. McConnell privately guaranteed Bettman that an arena would be built, Columbus hopes for the bid dimmed when the May referendum failed. However, Nationwide announced on May 31,1997, that it would finance the $150-million arena, subsequently, on June 25,1997, the NHL announced that Columbus would receive a new franchise. Afterwards a Name the Team contest was held with the help from Wendys throughout central Ohio during the month of August 1997, out of 14,000 submitted entries, the franchise with help from the NHL narrowed the 14,000 entries down to 10 names. Then with the information received from owner John H. McConnell regarding Columbus history, the League, the former, which referenced Ohios contributions to the American Civil War, was eventually announced as the team name in November. On June 23,2000, the NHLs two newest teams, the Blue Jackets and the Minnesota Wild, took part in the 2000 NHL Expansion Draft in Calgary, Alberta. Under the drafts rules,26 of the NHLs active 28 teams were allowed to protect one goaltender, five defensemen, and nine forwards, or two goaltenders, three defensemen, and seven forwards. The Atlanta Thrashers and Nashville Predators both had their full rosters protected because they were the two newest teams, only being in existence for one and two years, respectively. Both the Blue Jackets and Wild had to use their first 24 selections on three goaltenders, eight defensemen, and thirteen forwards and their final two picks could be players of any position. With the first-overall choice, the Blue Jackets selected goaltender Rick Tabaracci from the Colorado Avalanche, over the course of the draft, Columbus picked up goalie Dwayne Roloson, defensemen Lyle Odelein and Mathieu Schneider, and forwards Geoff Sanderson, Turner Stevenson and Dallas Drake, among others
13.
National Hockey League
–
Headquartered in New York City, the NHL is considered to be the premier professional ice hockey league in the world, and one of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. The Stanley Cup, the oldest professional sports trophy in North America, is awarded annually to the playoff champion at the end of each season. At its inception, the NHL had four teams—all in Canada, the league expanded to the United States in 1924, when the Boston Bruins joined, and has since consisted of American and Canadian teams. After a labour-management dispute that led to the cancellation of the entire 2004–05 season, in 2009, the NHL enjoyed record highs in terms of sponsorships, attendance, and television audiences. The league draws many highly skilled players from all over the world, canadians have historically constituted the majority of the players in the league, with an increasing percentage of American and European players in recent seasons. The National Hockey League was established in 1917 as the successor to the National Hockey Association, founded in 1909, the NHA began play one year later with seven teams in Ontario and Quebec, and was one of the first major leagues in professional ice hockey. Realizing the NHA constitution left them unable to force Livingstone out, the four teams voted instead to suspend the NHA, frank Calder was chosen as its first president, serving until his death in 1943. The Bulldogs were unable to play, and the remaining owners created a new team in Toronto, the first games were played on December 19,1917. The Montreal Arena burned down in January 1918, causing the Wanderers to cease operations, the NHL replaced the NHA as one of the leagues that competed for the Stanley Cup, which was an interleague competition back then. Toronto won the first NHL title, and then defeated the Vancouver Millionaires of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association for the 1918 Stanley Cup. The Canadiens won the title in 1919, however their Stanley Cup Final against the PCHAs Seattle Metropolitans was abandoned as a result of the Spanish Flu epidemic. Montreal in 1924 won their first Stanley Cup as a member of the NHL, the Hamilton Tigers, won the regular season title in 1924–25 but refused to play in the championship series unless they were given a C$200 bonus. The league refused and declared the Canadiens the league champion after defeated the Toronto St. Patricks in the semi-final. Montreal was then defeated by the Victoria Cougars of the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1925 Stanley Cup and it was the last time a non-NHL team won the trophy, as the Stanley Cup became the de facto NHL championship in 1926 after the WCHL ceased operation. The National Hockey League embarked on rapid expansion in the 1920s, adding the Montreal Maroons, the Bruins were the first American team in the league. The New York Americans began play in 1925 after purchasing the assets of the Hamilton Tigers, the New York Rangers were added in 1926. The Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars were also added after the league purchased the assets of the defunct WCHL, a group purchased the Toronto St. Patricks in 1927 and immediately renamed them the Maple Leafs. The first NHL All-Star Game was held in 1934 to benefit Ace Bailey, the second was held in 1937 in support of Howie Morenzs family when he died of a coronary embolism after breaking his leg during a game
14.
National Lacrosse League
–
The National Lacrosse League is a mens professional box lacrosse league in North America. Headquartered in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, the NLL currently has 9 teams with 5 in the United States and 4 in Canada, unlike other lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from January to June. Each year, the teams battle for the Champions Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,400 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004, the version of lacrosse played in the NLL is box lacrosse otherwise known as indoor lacrosse. The NLL plays four 15-minute quarters with 2-minute breaks between the 1st and 2nd quarters and between the 3rd and 4th quarters, the clock does not run when play is stopped. The team that has scored the most goals at the end of time is declared the winner. If a game is tied after regulation, the two teams play sudden death overtime periods of up to 15 minutes each where the team to score wins the game. Each team dresses 18 players of whom 2 are goaltenders, the remaining 16 are called runners, each team in the NLL plays 18 games during the regular season,9 at home and 9 away. The teams are divided into 2 divisions, the East Division, each team plays at least 12 of its 18 regular season games against division opponents. The regular season begins in late December and ends in April, at the end of the regular season, the top 3 teams in each of the East Division and West Division make the playoffs to compete for the Champions Cup. The 2 regular season division champions earn a bye as top seeds. The 2nd seed hosts the 3rd seed in their division for the single-game elimination Division Semifinal in the 1st round. In 2014, the Division Finals and Championship expanded to a 2-game series from the previous single-game elimination setup, whoever won both games would win the 2-game series. In the event of a split with both teams winning one game, a 10-minute mini-game period would be played, if still tied, multiple 10-minute overtime periods thereafter. The mini-game was played following the conclusion of the second contest to determine the winner of the playoff series. In 2015, the format changed once again, expanding the Finals to a best-of-3 series. The first two playoff rounds remained the same, with the Division Semi-finals as an elimination. All NLL games are played on weekends, save for the occasional Friday night game, the National Lacrosse League currently plays an 18-game regular season with three teams from each division qualifying for postseason play
15.
Columbus Destroyers
–
The Columbus Destroyers were an Arena Football League team based in Columbus, Ohio. The team was founded in 1999 as the Buffalo Destroyers, based in Buffalo, New York and they folded along with the original incarnation of the AFL following the 2008 season, after a total of ten seasons of play. The Destroyers played their games in Columbus Nationwide Arena. Their last coach was Pat Sperduto, the Buffalo Destroyers began play during the 1999 AFL season, playing their home games at HSBC Arena, and were owned by Buffalo-area businessman Mark Hamister. The team was founded, in part, because of fears that a lease expiration could have led to the demise or relocation of the NFLs Buffalo Bills, the citys largest sports franchise. Those fears were unfounded as a lease deal to keep the Bills in Western New York was signed shortly thereafter. The name Destroyers came from a naming contest and alluded to the ship of the same name, one of which sits outside the HSBC Arena in the nearby Buffalo Naval. The Destroyers initially attracted high levels, but a lack of winning early on caused attendance to decline. Among the members of the roster was former NFL kicker Bjorn Nittmo. The first head coach, Dave Whinham, was fired in the middle of the Destroyers second season after an abysmal 1-17 record, former Buffalo Bills player Ray Bentley was selected as his replacement, however, he couldnt lead the Destroyers to a winning season. The closest he came was in 2001, when his team started 6-3, the team had another 6-8 season, this time enough to make the playoffs but lost in the first round, in 2002. Bentley abruptly resigned after that season to take a job in broadcasting, and Ron Selesky, seleskys record in 2003 was a lackluster 5-11. Jerry Crafts, former Bills offensive lineman, played for the Destroyers in 2001 and served most notably as nose tackle, shortly after the Sabres deal fell through, in September 2003, Hamister announced that he was relocating the Destroyers to Columbus, Ohio for the 2004 season. That team will play in the AFLs minor league system, af2, the Buffalo Destroyers moved to Columbus after the 2003 Arena Football League season. They played their games in downtowns Nationwide Arena, which they shared with the National Hockey Leagues Columbus Blue Jackets. The last time the AFL played in Columbus was the expansion Columbus Thunderbolts back in 1991, after one season, they relocated to Cleveland. The Destroyers were sold to John H. McConnell, founder of Worthington Industries and majority owner of the Blue Jackets, also owning a stake in the team is NFL wide receiver and former Ohio State football standout Joey Galloway. Mark Hamister, who owned the team during the Buffalo tenure, initially stayed on as a minority owner, but would eventually sell his share
16.
Arena Football League
–
The Arena Football League is a professional indoor American football league in the United States. It was founded in 1987 by Jim Foster, making it the third longest-running professional football league in North America, after the Canadian Football League and the National Football League. The sport was invented in the early 1980s and patented by Foster, an executive of the United States Football League. From 2000 to 2009, the AFL had its own developmental league, the AFL played 22 seasons from 1987 to 2008, internal issues caused the league to cancel its 2009 season, though the af2 did play. Later that year both the AFL and af2 were dissolved and reorganized as a new corporation comprising teams from both leagues, and the AFL returned in 2010, the Arena Football League has its headquarters in Las Vegas. The leagues average attendance since returning in 2010 has been approximately 9,500. After the 2016 season, continuing a pattern of contraction over recent seasons. Jim Foster, a manager with the National Football League. While at the game, he wrote his idea on a 9 x 12 envelope, with sketches of the field and he presented the idea to a few friends at the NFL offices, where he received praise and encouragement for his concept. After solidifying the rules and a plan, and supplemented with sketches by a professional artist. He reached an agreement with NBC for a test game, plans for arena football were put on hold in 1982 as the United States Football League was launched. Foster left the NFL to accept a position in the USFL and he eventually became executive vice-president with the Chicago Blitz, where he returned to his concept of arena football. In 1983, he began organizing the test game in his time from his job with the Blitz. By 1985, the USFL had ceased operations and he began devoting all his time to arena football. The test game was played in Rockford, Illinois, April 27,1986 at the Rockford MetroCentre, interest was high enough following the initial test game that Foster decided to put on a second, showcase, game. The second game was held on February 27,1987 at the Rosemont Horizon in Chicago with a budget of $20,000, Foster also invited ESPN to send a film crew to the game, a highlights package aired on SportsCenter. Following the successes of his games, Foster moved ahead with his idea for arena football. He founded the Arena Football League with four teams, the Pittsburgh Gladiators, Denver Dynamite, Washington Commandos, Foster appointed legendary Darrel Mouse Davis, godfather of the run and shoot and modern pro offenses, as executive director of football operations
17.
Ohio Junior Blue Jackets
–
The Ohio Junior Blue Jackets were a Tier 1 junior ice hockey team playing in the East Division of the United States Hockey League. The Junior Blue Jackets home ice was at Nationwide Arena, which is home to the National Hockey League team Columbus Blue Jackets. It was announced on May 11,2008 that the Jr, Blue Jackets ceased operations for the 2008-2009 season after the owners and league worked to find a suitable location where this franchise could be a success. After finding no location on short notice for the upcoming season, the USHL Board of Governors approved the transfer of 10-12 veteran players on Ohios protected list to the Fargo Force, an expansion team for the 2008-2009 season. With the agreement the expansion draft was cancelled and Fargo had to give up their first three picks of the USHL Entry Draft. Note, All players on the Ohio affiliate list will become free agents
18.
United States Hockey League
–
The United States Hockey League is the top junior ice hockey league in the United States. The USHL has 17 member teams located in the Midwestern United States, consisting of players who are 20 years of age, the USHL is strictly amateur, allowing former players to compete in NCAA college hockey. The Tri-City Storm won the 2015–16 Clark Cup Championship, sweeping the Eastern Conference Champion Dubuque Fighting Saints 3-games-to-0, the Cedar Rapids Roughriders won the Anderson Cup as the 2015–16 regular season champions, their 3rd Anderson Cup in franchise history. The USHL is the top junior hockey league, classified as Tier I. Like comparable entities such as the Canadian Hockey League s three member leagues, the USHL offers a schedule of high-level, competitive games for top players aged 16 to 20. Unlike the CHL, it not pay a stipend to its players. USHL teams, which are located in mid-sized cities, pay for all uniforms. Players live with families, who receive a small stipend for food expenses. Due to their schedules, more than 90% of games are on weekends, average attendance at regular season games for the 2014–15 season was 2,715 with 1,384,820 fans attending games during the season. In 2006, Trevor Lewis, the 17th pick in the NHL Entry Draft, was the first USHL player to sign an NHL contract immediately after playing in the league. At the conclusion of the 2014–15 regular season, the USHL has tallied 251 Alumni that have played in the NHL and has 347 current players with NCAA College Commitments, according to the league, approximately 95 percent of its players will eventually land a Division I college scholarship. The USHL Draft is an event conducted in two phases during the second week of May. The first phase is a draft of U-17 players for the upcoming season. The second phase of the draft is open to all eligible to play junior hockey who are not already protected by a USHL team. The number of players drafted varies, as each team will draft until they have filled the 45 spots available on their roster, undrafted players are open to try out for any team as a try-out player. Each team must reduce their roster to 23 players for the start of the season, 1979–80 The USHL becomes an all-junior league with seven teams in two divisions. North Division, Hennepin Nordiques, Bloomington Jr. Stars, Green Bay Bobcats, south Division, Austin Mavericks, Sioux City Musketeers, and Waterloo Black Hawks. 1980–81 Des Moines Buccaneers enter the league, Waterloo Black Hawks move to Dubuque and become the Fighting Saints
19.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
20.
Greater Columbus Convention Center
–
The Greater Columbus Convention Center is a convention center located in downtown Columbus, Ohio, United States, along the east side of North High Street. The convention center was designed by Peter Eisenman, constructed in 1993, property management company SMG oversees day-to-day operations of the 1,700, 000-square-foot facility, including 410,000 square feet of exhibit space, three ballrooms, and 65 meeting rooms. Officials from the Columbus Division of Fire were concerned that part of the building, including the main hall and it was soon determined, however, that the building was not in any danger. Water from the break traveled under the building and surfaced within the facility, once structural engineers inspected the facility and deemed it structurally sound, water removeal and restoration efforts began, which involved 150 people,600 carpet blowers and 75 water extractors. Damage within the facility was aesthetic in nature, requiring primarily the replacement of carpeting, john Deere, Ag & Turf New Product Intro, Attracting four waves of 1,200 of company representatives each, participants watch 28 different company machines be driven across the stage. The Fantasy Draft highlighted the player selections for Team Foligno and Team Toews, affiliated hospitality functions preceded the NHL Skills Competition and NHL All-Star Game at Nationwide Arena—home of the Columbus Blue Jackets—across the street. Thousands of industry professionals from more than 20 countries attend this event that is moving up the ranks of the nation’s Top 200 trade shows. Ohayocon, an anime convention held during January/February in Columbus. Ohayocons name is from the similarity between Ohio, the location, and Ohayou, which in the Japanese language means Good morning. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Birthday Breakfast Celebration, This annual gathering is the largest served breakfast in the honoring the life. Owned and developed by the Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority, the GCCC embarked on an exterior and interior renovation in 2015 that will be completed in 2017. As part of the expansion nearly 37,000 square feet of space and 10,000 square feet of two-level meeting space will be added. The Grand Ballroom measures 25,000 square feet, while the Terrace Ballroom offers 15,000 square feet of space, the four contiguous exhibit halls encompass 336,000 square feet. Media related to Greater Columbus Convention Center at Wikimedia Commons Official website
21.
Bodybuilding
–
Bodybuilding is the use of progressive resistance exercise to control and develop ones musculature. An individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder, the winner of the annual IFBB Mr. Olympia contest is generally recognized as the worlds top male professional bodybuilder. The title is held by Phil Heath, who has won every year from 2011 to 2016. The winner of the Womens Physique portion of the competition is widely regarded as the top female professional bodybuilder. The title is held by Juliana Malacarne, who has won every year since 2014. Since 1950, the NABBA Universe Championships have been considered the top amateur bodybuilding contests, with notable winners such as Reg Park, Lee Priest, Steve Reeves, stone-lifting traditions were practised in ancient Egypt and Greece. Western weightlifting developed in Europe from 1880 to 1953, with strongmen displaying feats of strength for the public, the focus was not on their physique, and they often had large bellies and fatty limbs. Bodybuilding developed in the late 19th century, promoted in England by German Eugen Sandow, now called the Father of Modern Bodybuilding and he allowed audiences to enjoy viewing his physique in muscle display performances. Although audiences were thrilled to see a well-developed physique, the men simply displayed their bodies as part of demonstrations or wrestling matches. Sandow had a stage show built around these displays through his manager, the Oscar-winning 1936 musical film The Great Ziegfeld depicts this beginning of modern bodybuilding, when Sandow began to display his body for carnivals. Sandow was so successful at flexing and posing his physique that he created several businesses around his fame. He was credited with inventing and selling the first exercise equipment for the masses, machined dumbbells, spring pulleys, even his image was sold by the thousands in cabinet cards and other prints. Sandow was a perfect gracilian, a standard of ideal body proportions close to those of ancient Greek, men were judged by how closely they matched these proportions. Sandow organised the first bodybuilding contest on September 14,1901 and it was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Judged by Sandow, Sir Charles Lawes, and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the trophy presented to the winner was a gold statue of Sandow sculpted by Frederick Pomeroy. The winner was William L. Murray of Nottingham, the silver Sandow trophy was presented to second-place winner D. Cooper. The bronze Sandow trophy, now the most famous of all, was presented to third-place winner A. C. Smythe, in 1950, this same bronze trophy was presented to Steve Reeves for winning the inaugural NABBA Mr. Universe. It would not resurface again until 1977, when the winner of the IFBB Mr. Olympia contest, Frank Zane, was presented with the bronze trophy, since then, Mr. Olympia winners have been awarded a replica of the bronze trophy
22.
Governor of California
–
The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3,2011, in October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor. Governors are elected by ballot and serve terms of four years. Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election, there are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office. Impeachment and removal by the legislature The governor can be impeached for misconduct in office by the State Assembly, recall by the voters Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor. If a majority of the voters in the vote to recall the governor. The 2003 California recall began with a drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election and he was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years, the lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is an agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governors right to perform the duties, peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship,44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895, excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12,1891, a three months and four days after the expiration of his term. Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858, sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011. Earl Warren was the governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office
23.
Arnold Schwarzenegger
–
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger is an Austrian-American actor, producer, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician and former professional bodybuilder. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011, Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all time as well as bodybuildings biggest icon, Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, in 1984, Schwarzenegger appeared in James Camerons science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the later installments in 1991,2003. He appeared in a number of films, such as Commando, The Running Man, Predator, Twins, Total Recall, Kindergarten Cop. In 2015, it was announced Schwarzenegger would replace Donald Trump as the host of The Celebrity Apprentice and he was nicknamed the Austrian Oak in his bodybuilding days, Arnie during his acting career, and The Governator during his political career. As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7,2003, Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Daviss term. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his term on January 5,2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his term as governor. Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Styria, and christened Arnold Alois and his parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger and Aurelia Schwarzenegger. He married Aurelia on October 20,1945, he was 38, according to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict, Back then in Austria it was a very different world. If we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared, Schwarzenegger grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. Gustav had a preference for his son, Meinhard, over Arnold. His favoritism was strong and blatant, which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child, Schwarzenegger has said his father had no patience for listening or understanding your problems. He had a relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. Gustavs background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign, at school, Schwarzenegger was reportedly academically average, but stood out for his cheerful, good-humored, and exuberant character
24.
Michael B. Coleman
–
Michael B. Coleman is an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as the 52nd mayor of Columbus, Ohio. He was the first African-American to serve as the mayor of Ohios capital city, Coleman was a member of the Columbus City Council from 1992 to 1999, serving as its president from 1997 to 1999. In 1998, Coleman was the mate for gubernatorial candidate Lee Fisher. Coleman ran for and won the Columbus mayorship in 1999 and was re-elected unopposed November 4,2003, in 2007, Mayor Coleman won a third term as mayor of Columbus. In 2011, he was re-elected for a fourth term, in January 2014, as he began his 15th year in office, Coleman achieved the distinction of being the longest-serving mayor in Columbus history. On November 25,2014, Coleman announced that he would not run for reelection and his final term in office ended on January 1,2016, when he was succeeded by Andrew Ginther. Michael B. Coleman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on November 18,1954, after growing up in the Toledo area, Coleman earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of Cincinnati and a Juris Doctor from the University of Dayton School of Law. From 1984 to 1999, Coleman was an attorney in the practice of Columbus law firm Schottenstein. Michael B. Coleman began his career in office when he was appointed to Columbus City Council in 1992. He was subsequently re-elected to two terms in office, Coleman served as Columbus City Council President from 1997 until his election as mayor in 1999. Coleman was selected as the 1998 Democratic nominee for lieutenant governor of Ohio, Fisher and Coleman lost a heavily contested race to Bob Taft and Maureen OConnor. In 2005, Michael B. Coleman was the first Democrat to announce in the Democratic primary for governor of Ohio. But on November 29,2005, he withdrew from the race, citing family concerns, Coleman later endorsed fellow Democrat Ted Strickland for governor. After Strickland’s victory in November 2006, Coleman was selected as chair for Strickland’s transition team, after winning election in 1999, Coleman was re-elected as mayor of Columbus in 2003,2007 and 2011. Since 2000, under Mayor Coleman, the city of Columbus has spent $54 million less than budgeted, at the same time, he helped boost the citys spending on police and fire services from 63 percent of the city operating budget to 71 percent in 2005. Under Coleman, the city has also cut more than $190 million from continuation budgeting levels since 2000, despite increases in costs for insurance, wages. As of 2013, bonds issued by the city of Columbus received a AAA bond rating from all three major rating services, the highest possible rating. As of June 2007, Coleman was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, the coalition was then co-chaired by Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg
25.
National Basketball Association
–
The National Basketball Association is the major mens professional basketball league in North America, and is widely considered to be the premier mens professional basketball league in the world. It has 30 teams, and is a member of USA Basketball. The NBA is one of the four professional sports leagues in the United States. NBA players are the worlds best paid athletes by average annual salary per player, the league was founded in New York City on June 6,1946, as the Basketball Association of America. The league adopted the name National Basketball Association on August 3,1949, the leagues several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices located in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus, the Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1,1946, in Toronto, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, the first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that leagues 1948 title, Following the 1948–49 season, the BAA took in the remainder of the NBL, Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities, as well as arenas and smaller gymnasiums. The process of contraction saw the leagues smaller-city franchises move to larger cities, the Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957, japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships, to encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954. If a team does not attempt to score a goal within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped. In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, who already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, russells rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports. The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics, led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966
26.
The Columbus Dispatch
–
The Columbus Dispatch is a daily newspaper based in Columbus, Ohio. Its first issue was published on July 1,1871, and has been the mainstream daily newspaper in the city since The Columbus Citizen-Journal ceased publication in 1985. In a sale announced on June 3,2015, ownership of the Dispatch was transferred to New Media Investment Group, the Dispatch Broadcast Group, comprising WBNS-AM-FM-TV in Columbus and WTHR in Indianapolis, will remain in the hands of the Wolfe family. As of October 26,2015, Bradley M. Harmon is the newspapers president, alan D. Miller is the editor. The paper was founded in June 1871 by a group of 10 printers with US$900 in financial capital, the paper published its first issue as The Daily Dispatch on July 1,1871, as a four page paper which cost US$0.04 per copy. The paper was originally a paper for the city of Columbus, Ohio. For its first few years, the paper rented a headquarters on North High Street, on April 2,1888, the paper published its first full-page advertisement, for the Columbus Buggy Company. In 1895, the paper moved its headquarters to the northeast corner of Gay and High streets, on April 10, the paper published a 72-page edition to mark the move. On December 17,1899, the paper published its first Sunday edition, a 36-page paper which cost US$0.03, two years later on March 3,1901, the paper published its first color comic strips. The paper, renamed The Columbus Evening Dispatch, changed several times in its early years. In 1905, it was purchased by the Wolfe family, with brothers Harry Preston Wolfe, the Wolfes, who originally ran a shoe company, had purchased the Ohio State Journal two years before. On December 16,1906, the paper published its first color ad, on April 9,1907, the Dispatch offices were destroyed in a fire, and the building was demolished and rebuilt. In the interlude, the paper ran its offices out of 34/36 North High Street, the papers editorial staff traditionally has had a conservative slant. Until it endorsed Hillary Clinton over Donald Trump, the papers last endorsement of a Democrat as a Presidential candidate had been for the re-election of Woodrow Wilson in 1916, on June 16,2015, the Dispatch was purchased by the New Media Investment Group. The sections of the Dispatch include the Front Section, Nation & World, Metro & State, Business, Sports, the Food section is included in the Wednesday paper, while Science is published on Sundays. The Weekender section is included in the Thursday paper, a Faith & Values section is included in the Friday paper. Sunday sections include Arts & Leisure, At Home, Insight and comics
27.
Ohio State University
–
The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University. It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States, along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes, athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports, the Ohio State mens ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its womens hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association, OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey. As of August 2015, the university had awarded a total of 714,512 degrees, alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, and entertainment. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B, Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a community on the northern edge of Columbus. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17,1873, in 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year, also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar The Ohio State University, with The as part of its official name. Ohio State began accepting students in the 1880s, and in 1891. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, in 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities. Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, in an attack against the campus on November 28,2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard. As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged, the attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan. The universitys Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown, Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation, according to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. Ohio States 1, 764-acre main campus is about 2.5 miles north of the citys downtown, the historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres
28.
Value City Arena
–
The Value City Arena at The Jerome Schottenstein Center is a multi-purpose arena, located on the campus of Ohio State University, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The arena opened in 1998 and is currently the largest by seating capacity in the Big Ten Conference, with 19,049 seats and it is home to Ohio State Buckeyes mens basketball, womens basketball and mens ice hockey teams. Previously, the teams played at St. John Arena. Prior to July 1,2010, one of Value City Arenas major event competitors was the downtown Nationwide Arena and this agreement puts both arenas under the same management and makes the facilities sister venues. As part of the March 2012 sale of Nationwide Arena to the Franklin County Convention Facilities Authority, the company, created by OSU, the Blue Jackets, the FCCFA and Columbus-based Nationwide Insurance, currently manages the day-to-day operations as well as all event bookings in both arenas. The student section at mens basketball games is known as the Buckeye Nuthouse, from the time when the venue opened to the end of the 2009-2010 season, the students were seated behind the baskets. To compensate for the revenue lost from the seats, the student allotment was reduced from 2,000 to 1,400 tickets. A2016 ranking of toughest Big Ten Arenas to play in by ESPN put the venue #10 in the conference, citing its name as a contributing factor for not being tough. Bleacher Report has called the arena too generic for the most expensive tickets in the conference, and The Gazette has opined it is sterile, cold, devoid of charm, nicknames for the arena include The Schott and VCA. The Washington Wizards at the arena, Value City Covelli Arena Nationwide Arena St. John Arena Value City Arena at Jerome Schottenstein Center
29.
Ohio
–
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
30.
Arena football
–
Arena football is a variety of indoor gridiron football played by the Arena Football League and China Arena Football League. It used to be a game but the patent expired in 2007. The game is played indoors on a field than American or Canadian outdoor football, resulting in a faster. The sport was invented in 1981, and patented in 1987, by James F. Foster, Jr. a former executive of the National Football League and the United States Football League. Though not the only variant of indoor American football, it is the most widely known, and the one on which most other forms of modern indoor football are at least partially based. As a key part of plan, while residing in the Chicago area, he tested the game concept through several closed door practice sessions in late 1985. After fine tuning the rules, he secured additional operating capital to play several test games in the MetroCentre in April 1986. On June 19,1987, the Pittsburgh Gladiators hosted the Washington Commandos in the first league game after a training camp for all four charter teams in Wheaton. AFL football operations and training was overseen by veteran college and pro head coach, Mouse Davis, the other two 1987 teams were the Chicago Bruisers and the Denver Dynamite. As the AFL grew into a league with close to 20 teams, it defined itself as a major market pro sports product. The growth and establishment of the AFL as a major market league spawned a developmental league that Foster also helped co-found, a minor league called Arena Football 2, in 2000. The league was set up to operate in medium size markets around the U. S. where it has enjoyed growth under the guidance of af2 President, other people have started their own indoor football minor leagues. Arena football is played indoors, in arenas usually designed for either basketball or ice hockey teams. The field is the width and length as a standard NHL hockey rink. The scrimmage area is 50 yards long, and each end zone is approximately eight yards deep, depending on the venue in which a game is being played, the end zones may be rectangular or, where necessary because of the building design, rounded. Each sideline has a heavily padded barrier, with the padding placed over the hockey dasher boards, the goalpost uprights are 9 feet wide, and the crossbar is 15 feet above the playing surface. Taut rebound nets on either side of the posts bounce any missed field goals back into the field of play, the ball is live when rebounding off these nets or their support apparatus. The entire goalframe and goalside rebound net system is suspended on cables from the rafters, the bottom of the two goalside rebound nets are 8 feet off the playing surface
31.
Death of Brittanie Cecil
–
It was the first and currently only fan fatality in the NHLs 100-year history. Because of Cecils death, the league implemented mandatory netting at both ends of the rink in every arena at the beginning of the next NHL season in 2002–03 to protect spectators from errant pucks. A native of West Alexandria, Ohio, a community near Dayton, Cecil was an avid sports fan, football player, competing in a state tournament with her team. After the team qualified for the tournament, mayor Carol Lunsford declared the day Orange Crush Day. Cecil attended Twin Valley South Middle School as a cheerleader, student council member, Cecil had been watching the Columbus Blue Jackets play the Calgary Flames on March 16,2002, on tickets received as an early gift from her father for her 14th birthday. Play carried on as the players were unaware of having caused any serious injury. The Blue Jackets, who were eliminated from playoff contention. At the hospital, she suffered a seizure and was admitted. A CT-scan, however, had failed to catch a torn vertebral artery, on March 18, she developed a high fever and lost consciousness. She died nearly 48 hours after being struck, at 5,15 p. m. on March 18,2002, two days before her 14th birthday. Cecils funeral was held at Preble Memory Gardens Chapel near West Alexandria, after which a procession of more than 150 cars followed the hearse to Fairview Cemetery, attending the funeral was Blue Jackets general manager Doug MacLean, who spoke on behalf of the team. The Thursday after the incident, a moment of silence was observed for Cecil at the next Blue Jackets home game and her initials BNC were worn by the teams players on their helmets for the remainder of the season. Knutsen and Morris, the two players who combined for the slapshot, expressed remorse following Cecils death. Morris, who deflected the puck, explained, You try to say, It happens all the time, I dont know how many times pucks get deflected over the glass, but it doesnt make it any better. You can always say, Its not my fault, but you feel like it is. Knutsen, who was given the option of sitting out the game by Blue Jackets coach Dave King but chose to play, told reporters. It was an accident, and I cannot get it off my mind. In December 2010, Knutsen met with Cecils family, bringing closure to both parties
32.
Hockey puck
–
A hockey puck is a disk made of vulcanized rubber that serves the same functions in various games as a ball does in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, an international sport. Many tribes throughout North America played a version of hockey which involved some type of puck or ball. Ice hockey was first observed by Europeans being played by Mikmaq Indians in Nova Scotia in the late 17th century and it was called ricket by the Natives. The game was played utilizing a frozen road apple as the first puck, eventually, they began to carve pucks from cherrywood, which was the puck of preference until late in the century when rubber imported by Euro-Americans replaced the wood. The origin of the puck is obscure. The first known printed reference was in Montreal, Quebec in 1876, a hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a biscuit. To put the biscuit in the basket is to score a goal, Ice hockey requires a hard disk of vulcanized rubber. A standard ice hockey puck is black,1 inch thick,3 inches in diameter, pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces. Pucks are frozen before the game to reduce bouncing during play, Ice hockey and its various precursor games utilized balls until the late 19th century. By the 1870s, flat pucks were made of wood as well as rubber, the first recorded organized game of ice hockey used a wooden puck to prevent it from leaving the rink of play. The rubber pucks were first made by slicing a rubber ball, the Victoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks in the 1880s. There are several variations on the black,6 ounces hockey puck. One of the most common is a blue,4 ounces puck that is used for training younger players who are not yet able to use a standard puck. Players looking to increase wrist strength often practice with steel pucks that weigh 2 pounds, white pucks can be used for goalie training. These are regulation size and weight, but made from white rubber, a hollow, light-weight fluorescent orange puck is available for road or floor hockey. Other variants, some with plastic ball bearings or glides, are available for use for road or roller hockey, the FoxTrax smart puck was developed by the Fox television network when it held NHL broadcasting rights for the U. S. The puck had integrated electronics to track its position on screen, the streak would turn red if the puck was shot especially hard
33.
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
–
The same material can be utilised as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and has many other uses. Chemically, it is the polymer of methyl methacrylate. PMMA is an alternative to polycarbonate when extreme strength is not necessary. Additionally, PMMA does not contain the potentially harmful bisphenol-A subunits found in polycarbonate and it is often preferred because of its moderate properties, easy handling and processing, and low cost. The first acrylic acid was created in 1843, methacrylic acid, derived from acrylic acid, was formulated in 1865. The reaction between acid and methanol results in the ester methyl methacrylate. In 1877 the German chemist Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig discovered the process that turns methyl methacrylate into polymethyl methacrylate. In 1933, the brand name Plexiglas was patented and registered by another German chemist, in 1936 Imperial Chemical Industries began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During World War II both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windshields, canopies, common orthographic stylings include polymethyl methacrylate and polymethylmethacrylate. The full chemical name is poly, although often called simply acrylic, acrylic can also refer to other polymers or copolymers containing polyacrylonitrile. The other notable names include, Acrylite, a trademark of Evonik Cyro since 1976 Lucite, a trademark of DuPont, first registered in 1937 R-Cast. Founded in 1987 after spinning off from Reynolds & Taylor and they specialize in large scale and thick monolithic acrylic. Plexiglas, a trademark of ELF Atochem, now a subsidiary of Arkema in the US, generally, radical initiation is used, but anionic polymerization of PMMA can also be performed. To produce 1 kg of PMMA, about 2 kg of petroleum is needed, PMMA produced by radical polymerization is atactic and completely amorphous. The glass transition temperature of atactic PMMA is 105 °C, PMMA is thus an organic glass at room temperature, i. e. it is below its Tg. The forming temperature starts at the transition temperature and goes up from there. All common molding processes may be used, including molding, compression molding. The highest quality PMMA sheets are produced by casting, but in this case
34.
Arena District
–
Arena District is a mixed-use planned development and neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. The site was developed through a partnership between Nationwide Realty Investors, Ltd. the City of Columbus and private investors, interpretation of the boundaries of the district are evolving as the neighboring blocks around the original 75-acre site has seen additional commercial and residential development. Arena District is named for Nationwide Arena, the Arena District is located on the former sites of the southern portion Olentangy Industrial cluster and the Ohio Penitentiary. The Olentangy Industrial Cluster experienced a slow but steady decline and this decline was also experienced by the adjacent residential neighborhood of Flytown, where many of the workers in the complex resided. Most of Flytown was later redeveloped into the Thurber neighborhood, the area sees a good deal of vehicular traffic but few pedestrians. ”The Arena District was also the site of the Ohio Penitentiary which operated from 1834 to 1984. The prison is famous for several occupants including General John Hunt Morgan, Bugs Moran, Chester Himes, Sam Sheppard and it was demolished March 26,1997. Around the mid-1990s the area was almost entirely abandoned and redevelopment opportunities were envisioned by the City of Columbus, following the closure of the Ohio Penitentiary the land was owned by the City of Columbus and it courted various firms and investors for redevelopment plans. At the time of the project in 1996 then City Councilman Michael B. Coleman, who was later the mayor of Columbus, said that the Ohio Penitentiary site is the “most important and potentially most valuable single site in downtown Columbus. ”After proposals were reviewed, NRI purchased an additional four acres from American Electric Power Company for $11 million. NRI worked further with The Columbus Dispatch Printing Company, private investors, NRI funded $450 million of the project, the Dispatch provided an additional $10 million, and other private investors provided $40 million more for the construction of buildings in Arena District. By the end of 2013 construction began on the last phase of the Arena District, the last major phase of construction includes the new headquarters for Columbus-based Columbia Gas of Ohio and completed second phase of the residential Flats on Vine. The 75-acre Arena District site is bounded by Vine Street to the north, Spring Street to the south, High Street to the east and Neil Avenue to the west. The commonly accepted borders of Arena District are considerably larger, as evidenced by both the Arena District website and locals when referring to it, the expanded boundaries include Huntington Park, the Lifestyles Community Pavilion and Buggyworks to the west, and Nationwide’s corporate headquarters to the east. Arena District is directly south of the North Market and Park Street Districts, north of Downtown, generally, when walking west of High Street the land falls away towards the Olentangy River, and the grade is significant, especially alongside Nationwide Arena. The neighborhood has public spaces that are used for major events throughout the year such as McFerson Commons Park, Battelle Plaza. These events include, The Arnold Sports Festival, Jazz & Rib Fest, Columbus Blue Jackets hockey games, Nationwide Arena has a seating capacity of 18,500 for hockey,19,500 for basketball and 20,000 for concerts. The Lifestyles Community Pavilion, commonly referred to as “The L. C. ” or by its previous name “Promowest, ” is a venue in Columbus. During the spring, summer and fall they host outdoor concerts on a regular basis, the venue seats 2,200 and 4,500 in its Backyard Amphitheater
35.
Columbus Clippers
–
The Columbus Clippers are a minor league baseball team based in Columbus, Ohio. The team plays in the International League and is the Triple-A affiliate of the Cleveland Indians, the team is owned by the government of Franklin County, Ohio. From 1977 to 2008, the Clippers played in Cooper Stadium, the final game at The Coop was played on September 1,2008 in front of a sellout crowd of 16,777. It was the third largest audience in stadium history, in 2009, the Clippers began playing in Huntington Park, located at the corner of Neil Ave. and Nationwide Blvd. in the Arena District of Columbus. The Clippers began play in 1977 as an affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates, changing its affiliation to the New York Yankees in 1979, an affiliation with the Washington Nationals lasted from 2007 to 2008. A four-year affiliation with the Cleveland Indians was announced on September 18,2008, in September 2010 that working agreement with the Indians was extended through 2014. The agreement has since extended through the 2016 season. On September 16,2011, the team won back-to-back Governors Cup championships for the first time since 1992 by defeating the Lehigh Valley IronPigs 3 games to 1 in the best-of-five series. On September 20,2011 the Clippers defeated the Omaha Storm Chasers in the Triple-A Baseball National Championship Game to win their second consecutive AAA baseball title, in 2016, Forbes listed the Clippers as the fifth-most valuable Minor League Baseball team with a value of $41 million. The Clippers have won the Governors Cup, the International League championship,10 times,1979 – Defeated Tidewater 3-1 in semifinals, defeated Syracuse 4-3 to win championship. 1980 – Defeated Richmond 3-2 in semifinals, defeated Toledo 4-1 to win championship,1981 – Defeated Rochester 3-2 in semifinals, defeated Richmond 2-1 to win championship. 1982 - Lost to Tidewater 3-0 in semifinals,1983 - Lost to Tidewater 3-2 in semifinals. 1984 - Lost to Pawtucket 3-1 in semifinals,1985 – Defeated Syracuse 3-1 in semifinals, lost to Tidewater 3-1 in finals. 1987 – Defeated Rochester 3-0 in semifinals, defeated Tidewater 3-0 in finals,1990 – Lost to Rochester 3-2 in finals. 1991 – Defeated Pawtucket 3-0 to win championship,1992 – Defeated Richmond 3-0 in semifinals, defeated Scranton/Wilkes-Barre 3-2 to win championship. 1996 – Defeated Norfolk 3-0 in semifinals, defeated Rochester 3-0 to win championship,1997 – Defeated Charlotte 3-1 in semifinals, lost to Rochester 3-2 in finals. 1999 - Lost to Durham 3-0 in semifinals,2004 - Lost to Richmond 3-2 in semifinals. 2010 – Defeated Scranton Wilkes-Barre 3-1 in semifinals, defeated Durham 3-1 to win championship,2011 – Defeated Durham 3-0 in semifinals, defeated Lehigh Valley 3-1 to win championship
36.
Huntington Park (Columbus, Ohio)
–
Huntington Park is baseball stadium located in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It primarily serves as the home of the Columbus Clippers of the International League, groundbreaking for the ballpark took place on August 2,2007, with construction being completed in April 2009. Designed by 360 Architecture, the 10, 100-seat stadium is part of a $70 million project, the stadium is at the corner of Neil Avenue and Nationwide Boulevard in the Arena District of Columbus and replaced the Clippers former home, Cooper Stadium. In February 2006, the rights for the park were purchased by Huntington Bancshares Inc. for $12 million over 23 years. On April 18,2009, the park opened to the public, the award is given to the new stadium with the best combination of superior design, attractive site selection and fan amenities. The ballparks attendance record was set on July 26,2010 when 12,517 fans saw the Clippers defeat the Pawtucket Red Sox 11-7, the selection of the construction firms to build the ballpark was a contentious issue. On November 5,2007, Lithko Contracting of Hamilton, Ohio filed suit against Franklin County, at issue was the fact that the contract for pouring concrete was awarded to Baker Construction despite Lithkos bid coming in $17,500 lower. It was alleged that the Franklin County Commissioners had favored Baker over Lithko because Baker employed union labor, because the Commissioners did not want to face delays due to a lawsuit, they awarded the contract to Lithko on November 9,2007. The county was subsequently sued two more times by firms after they were denied the contracts despite being low bidders, in those cases, the county rejected the low bid due to allegations of prevailing wage violations by the low bidders. State Representative Larry Wolpert had asked the state controlling board not to release $7 million in funds until the low bidders were selected, the ballpark includes 32 suites,42 loge boxes, and 650 club seats. The Left Field Building includes a 110-foot bar with six open patios overlooking the field on the second story, the third story is The AEP Power Pavilion, an open air rooftop with bleachers reminiscent of Wrigley Field. The Picnic Terrace in left field will offer fans a place to relax, the Wendy’s Hamburger Balconies in right field overlook a 22-foot wall that is only 318 feet down the line. The park hosted the 2009,2010,2011, and 2012 Big Ten Conference Baseball Tournaments, the park has also hosted the OHSAA High School Baseball state championship games since its opening in 2009. On June 22,2010 Huntington Park held its first major concert, the Dave Matthews Band performed on a stage in center field. On June 14,2012 REO Speedwagon performed a concert at Huntington Park, official Home Page Franklin County Clippers News Page Construction Web Cam Columbus Clippers Home
37.
Express Live!
–
Express Live. is a multi-purpose concert venue located in the Arena District of Columbus, Ohio. Opening in 2001, the venues operates year-round with indoor and outdoor facilities, the venue was modeled after the House of Blues and described as the Newport Music Hall on steroids. It features state-of-the-art lighting, acoustical systems and a reversible stage, in 2001, the venue was nominated for a Pollstar Awards for Best New Major Concert Venue. Its sister venue, Stage AE is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, promoWest Pavilion Lifestyle Communities Pavilion Express Live
38.
OhioHealth
–
Established in 1891, OhioHealth is a not-for-profit, faith-based system of hospitals and healthcare providers located in Columbus, Ohio and surrounding areas. As of 2012, the organization has 21,000 physicians, associates and volunteers, the system consists of 17 hospitals,20 health and surgery centers, home-health providers, medical equipment and health service suppliers throughout a 40-county area. OhioHealth is a ministry of the West Ohio Conference of the United Methodist Church, cancer Care, Heart and Vascular, Neurosciences and Stroke, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine, Maternity and Womens Health, Bariatrics, and Trauma Services
39.
KeyBank Center
–
KeyBank Center, formerly known as Marine Midland Arena, HSBC Arena and First Niagara Center, is a multipurpose indoor arena located in downtown Buffalo, New York. The arena was renamed as KeyBank Center starting with the 2016–2017 NHL season, what was originally known during construction as Crossroads Arena opened September 21,1996, replacing the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium. The construction cost was $127.5 million, naming rights were sold to Marine Midland Bank, part of the HSBC banking group in 1996, and the building was renamed Marine Midland Arena before the first game had been played. The bank bought the rights for 30 years then to expire in 2026. In 1999, as part of HSBCs worldwide corporate rebranding, the name was changed to HSBC Arena. This name change coincided with the playing of the first college basketball tournament game in the arenas history, the press box in the arena is named after former Sabres broadcaster and Hockey Hall of Fame member Ted Darling. In 2011, Buffalo based First Niagara Financial Group reached an agreement to purchase HSBC Banks upstate New York, the name of the arena became First Niagara Center that summer, with the official renaming taking place that fall. First Niagara bought the rights for 15 years, approximately the remainder of the time that was left on HSBCs naming rights deal with the arena. KeyCorp announced its plans to purchase First Niagara—and thus also the rights to the arena—on October 30,2015. Although exterior signage was installed during the week of August 11,2016, on November 16,1996, the arenas first JumboTron, an eight-sided scoreboard made by Daktronics with Sony video screens, fell to the ice while it was being remotely moved. This was minutes after a few players ended practice and hours before a game between the Sabres and Boston Bruins, nobody was injured, but the game was postponed. The scoreboard was replaced later that season, in time for the Buffalo Sabres 2007–2008 season, a new high-definition scoreboard manufactured by Daktronics was installed. In addition the four main speaker racks were removed and replaced, the new scoreboard features four large high-definition video screens, surrounded by two 360-degree LED ribbon boards. The bottom of the board features large Buffalo Sabres logos with giant sabres crossed behind them, the handles of the sabres are lit with blue LEDs. The Sabres logos shoot smoke out of the Buffalos nostrils every time a Sabres goal is scored or when the Sabres win at home, renovation #1 The first update to the arena took place after the conclusion of the 1998-1999 hockey season. 95 seats were added behind the last row of the 300 level, raising the arenas hockey, renovation #2 The second update to the arena took place in 2002-2003, when the Sabres replaced matrix board on the face of the second bowl with a LED ribbon. The original seamless glass boards were removed, and replaced with boards with clear plastic stanchions. Renovation #3 The third update to KeyBank Center took place for the 2007–2008 season, two illuminated Sabres logos were added in the upper level of the pavilion on both sides of the Sports Headlines bar
40.
Buffalo, New York
–
Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
41.
Prudential Center
–
Prudential Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena in the central business district of Newark, New Jersey, United States. It was designed by HOK Sport, with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects, opened in 2007, it is the home of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League and the Seton Hall Pirates mens basketball team from Seton Hall University. The arena seats 16,514 patrons for hockey and 18,711 for basketball, in December 2013, the arena ranked third nationally and ninth internationally for self-reported annual revenue. According to the Devils organization, the Prudential Center has played an important role in the revitalization of downtown Newark, for years, the New Jersey Devils had been rumored to be at least considering relocation. Even when the won the Stanley Cup in 1995, it was amidst rumors that the franchise would move to Nashville. A project to build a new 18,000 seat arena in Newark first received funding from Newarks city council in 2002, when the team was owned by Puck Holdings, a subsidiary of YankeeNets. In 2004, former Lehman Brothers executive Jeffrey Vanderbeek bought the team from Puck Holdings and he also stated that he believed the arena would take downtown Newark to a whole new level. After legal battles over both eminent domain and the financial participation in the arena project, the final deal was approved by council in October 2004. A seven-acre site for the arena in downtown Newark was selected, bordered by Edison Place on the north, Lafayette Street on the south, Mulberry Street on the east, the arena was designed by HOK Sport, with the exterior designed by Morris Adjmi Architects. Initial designs were released in early 2005 and referred to the arena as Newark Arena, groundbreaking began on October 3,2005 and a workforce of 2,725 union workers was employed to construct the arena. Financial issues, though, threatened to halt the deal, on January 24,2006, the Devils averted having the project canceled by submitting a guarantee in writing that the team would contribute $100 million to the arena, one day before their deadline. Though construction was underway, in late summer 2006, Cory Booker. The Devils paid for the remainder of the cost, thus, no new direct taxpayer funding was required for the construction of the arena. Some taxpayer dollars, however, were spent on infrastructure improvements and these improvements were necessary for both the new arena and proposed private development surrounding the arena. Prudential Financial purchased the rights to the arena in January 2007 for $105.3 million over 20 years. Prudential has chosen to call the arena the Prudential Center, even though this is also the name of numerous office complexes around the country, most notably in Boston. The arena had been referred to as Newark Arena prior to the deal, construction on the arena was completed in October 2007. The estimated final cost of the construction is $380 million
42.
Newark, New Jersey
–
Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods
43.
Calgary Flames
–
The Calgary Flames are a professional ice hockey team based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League, the club is the third major-professional ice hockey team to represent the city of Calgary, following the Calgary Tigers and Calgary Cowboys. The Flames are one of two NHL franchises in Alberta, the other is the Edmonton Oilers, the cities proximity has led to a rivalry known as the Battle of Alberta. The team was founded in 1972 in Atlanta, Georgia as the Atlanta Flames until relocating to Calgary in 1980, the Flames played their first three seasons in Calgary at the Stampede Corral before moving into their current home arena, the Scotiabank Saddledome, in 1983. In 1985–86, the Flames became the first Calgary team since the 1923–24 Tigers to compete for the Stanley Cup, in 1988–89, the Flames won their first and only championship. The Flames unexpected run to the 2004 Stanley Cup Finals gave rise to the Red Mile, the Flames have won two Presidents Trophies as the leagues top regular season team, and have claimed five division championships. Individually, Jarome Iginla is the leader in games played, goals, and points. Miikka Kiprusoff has the most wins by a goaltender in a Calgary Flames uniform, nine people associated with the Flames have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Off the ice, the Flames own a Western Hockey League franchise, a National Lacrosse League franchise and they also lend their name to a bar and entertainment centre called Flames Central on Stephen Avenue in Downtown Calgary. Through the Flames Foundation, the team has donated more than $32 million to charity throughout southern Alberta since the franchise arrived, the Flames were the result of the NHLs first pre-emptive strike against the upstart World Hockey Association. In December 1971, the NHL hastily granted a team to Long Island—the New York Islanders —to keep the WHAs New York Raiders out of the brand new Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum. Cousins named the team the Flames after the fire resulting from the March to the Sea in the American Civil War by General William Tecumseh Sherman and they played home games in the Omni Coliseum in downtown Atlanta. The Flames were relatively early on. Under head coaches Bernie Boom Boom Geoffrion, Fred Creighton and Al MacNeil, in marked contrast, their expansion cousins, the Islanders, won only 31 games during their first two years in the league combined. This relative success did not carry over to the playoffs, however, despite the on-ice success, the Atlanta ownership was never on sound financial footing. Longtime general manager Cliff Fletcher said years later that Cousins initial financial projections for an NHL team did not account for the WHA entering the picture, the Flames were also a poor draw, and never signed a major television contract. In 1980, Cousins was in financial difficulty and was forced to sell the Flames to stave off bankruptcy. With few serious offers from local groups, he was receptive to an offer from Canadian entrepreneur Nelson Skalbania
44.
Ohio Penitentiary
–
The Ohio Penitentiary, also known as the Ohio State Penitentiary, was a prison operated from 1834 to 1984 in downtown Columbus, Ohio, in what is now known as the Arena District. The prison housed 5,235 prisoners at its peak in 1955, conditions in the prison have been described as primitive, and the facility was eventually replaced by the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, a maximum security facility in Lucasville. A separate facility for prisoners was completed within the walls of the Ohio Penitentiary in 1837. The buildings were demolished in 1998, on April 21,1930, a major fire killed 322 inmates and seriously injured 150. The fire was the deadliest prison fire in United States history, the fire broke out on scaffolding erected for the construction of an extension. Reports say that many refused to unlock cells when smoke entered the cell block and left the prisoners in their cells. Some inmates overpowered a guard and took his keys, which used to rescue other prisoners. However, a developed and firefighters arriving to fight the blaze were attacked with rocks. A cordon of guards was deployed about the towering prison walls. Other squads took up vantage points in guard towers and by this time 500 soldiers from Fort Hayes, machine guns were placed at the gates and on the walls. Bayonets were fixed and the troopers were ordered to shoot to kill, a troop of National Guardsmen soon augmented the regulars, and 30 minutes after the fire started the prison was completely surrounded. In 1885, the became the site for executions, which had been carried out by local law enforcement officials up to that time. At first, prisoners condemned to death were executed by hanging, a total of 315 prisoners, both men and women, were electrocuted between 1897 and 1963, when the death penalty was halted in Ohio. This case raised many concerns, as many believe that it violated the bioethical principles of informed consent, non-maleficence. The building also served as the setting for the 1985 made-for-TV movie Love on the Run, starring Stephanie Zimbalist, the state eventually sold it to the city of Columbus in 1995. The Burnham Square Condominiums, named after urban planner and architect Daniel Burnham—who designed the Columbus Union Station—and Nationwide Arena now stand on the site of the former penitentiary, among the wardens of the penitentiary was Charles C. Walcutt, a general in the Union Army during the Civil War. The last Warden was T. D. Taylor
45.
Chicago Blackhawks
–
The Chicago Blackhawks are a professional ice hockey team based in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League and they have won six Stanley Cup championships since their founding in 1926. The Blackhawks are one of the Original Six NHL teams along with the Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Boston Bruins, since 1994, the clubs home rink is the United Center. The club had played for 65 years at Chicago Stadium. The clubs original owner was Frederic McLaughlin, who owned the club until his death in 1944, under McLaughlin, a hands-on owner who fired many coaches during his ownership, the club won two Stanley Cup titles. The club was owned by the Norris family, who as owners of the Chicago Stadium were the clubs landlord. At first, the Norris ownership was as part of a syndicate fronted by long-time executive Bill Tobin, after the senior James E. Norris died in 1952, the Norris assets were spread among family members and James D. Norris became owner. Norris Jr. took an active interest in the team and under his ownership, after James D. Norris died in 1966, the Wirtz family became owners of the franchise. In 2007, the club came under the control of Rocky Wirtz, who is credited with turning around the organization, under Rocky Wirtz, the Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup three times within six seasons. On May 1,1926, the NHL awarded a franchise for Chicago to a syndicate headed by former football star Huntington Hardwick of Boston. However, only one later, Hardwicks group sold out to Chicago coffee tycoon Frederic McLaughlin. McLaughlin had been a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I and this Division was nicknamed the Blackhawk Division after a Native American of the Sauk nation, Black Hawk, who was a prominent figure in the history of Illinois. McLaughlin named the new team in honor of the military unit. The Black Hawks began play in the 1926–27 season, along with new expansion franchises Detroit Cougars, McLaughlin took a very active role in running the team despite having no background in the sport. McLaughlin hired Bill Tobin, a goaltender who had played in the Western league, as his assistant. He was also interested in promoting American hockey players, then very rare in professional hockey. The Hawks first season was a moderate success and they played their first game on November 17 when they played the Toronto St. Patricks in the Chicago Coliseum. The Black Hawks won their first game 4–1, in front of a crowd of over 7,000 and they ended up finishing the season in third place with a record of 19–22–3
46.
Washington Capitals
–
The Washington Capitals are a professional ice hockey team based in Washington, D. C. They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, since their founding in 1974, the Capitals have won one conference championship, and nine division titles. In 1997, the team moved their home ice rink from the suburban Capital Centre to the new MCI Center, in Washington. Businessman Ted Leonsis has owned the team since 1999, and has revitalized the franchise by drafting star players such as Alexander Ovechkin, Nicklas Bäckström, the 2009–10 Capitals won the franchises first-ever Presidents Trophy for being the team with the most points at the end of the regular season. They won it a time in 2015–16, and did so for a third time the following season in 2016–17. Along with the Kansas City Scouts, the Capitals joined the NHL as a team for the 1974–75 season. The team was owned by Abe Pollin, Pollin had built the Capital Centre in suburban Landover, Maryland, to house both the Bullets and the Capitals. His first act as owner was to hire Hall of Famer Milt Schmidt as general manager, with a combined 30 teams between the NHL and the World Hockey Association, the available talent was stretched thin. The Capitals had few players with experience and were at a disadvantage against the long-standing teams that were stocked with veteran players. Like the other three teams who joined the league during the WHA era—the Scouts, Atlanta Flames, and New York Islanders—the Capitals did not factor the survival of the league into their plans. The Capitals inaugural season was dreadful, even by expansion standards and they finished with far and away the worst record in the League at 8–67–5. Their 21 points were half that of their brethren, the Scouts. The eight wins are the fewest for an NHL team playing at least 70 games, and they also set records for most road losses, most consecutive road losses, and most consecutive losses. Head Coach Jim Anderson said, Id rather find out my wife was cheating on me than keep losing like this, at least I could tell my wife to cut it out. Schmidt himself had to take over the coaching reins late in the season, in 1975–76, Washington went 25-straight games without a win and allowed 394 goals en route to another horrendous record, 11–59–10. During the middle of the season, Max McNab was hired as the general manager. For the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, the Capitals alternated between seasons and finishing only a few points out of the Stanley Cup playoffs. In 1980 and 1981, for instance, they were in contention until the last day of the season
