Natural selection
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Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in the relative fitness endowed on them by their own particular complement of observable characteristi
Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving.
Modern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selection.
Part of Thomas Malthus's table of population growth in England 1780–1810, from his Essay on the Principle of Population, 6th edition, 1826
Charles Darwin noted that pigeon fanciers had created many kinds of pigeon, such as Tumblers (1, 12), Fantails (13), and Pouters (14) by selective breeding.
Adaptation
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In biology, adaptation has three related meanings. Firstly, it is the dynamic evolutionary process of natural selection that fits organisms to their environment, enhancing their evolutionary fitness.
The common kestrel has adapted successfully to urban areas
Pollinating insects are co-adapted with flowering plants.
Images A and B show real wasps; the others show Batesian mimics: three hoverflies and one beetle.
An Indian peacock's train in full display