1.
Nauvoo Temple
–
The Nauvoo Temple was the second temple constructed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The churchs first temple was completed in Kirtland, Ohio, United States, when the main body of the church was forced out of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the winter of 1846, the church attempted to sell the building, finally succeeding in 1848. The building was damaged by fire and a tornado before being demolished, in 1937, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reacquired the lot on which the original temple had stood. In 2000, the church began to build a temple on the original site whose exterior is a replica of the first temple, but whose interior is laid out like a modern Latter-day Saint temple. On 27 June 2002, a date that coincided with the 158th anniversary of the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, the Latter Day Saints made preparations to build a temple soon after establishing their headquarters at Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1839. On 6 April 1841, the cornerstone was laid under the direction of Joseph Smith. At its base the building was 128 feet long and 88 feet wide with a tower and weather vane reaching to a total height of 165 feet —a 60% increase over the dimensions of the Kirtland Temple. Like Kirtland, the Nauvoo Temple contained two assembly halls, one on the first floor and one on the second, called the lower and upper courts, both had classrooms and offices in the attic. Unlike Kirtland, the Nauvoo Temple had a basement which housed a baptismal font. Because the Saints had to abandon Nauvoo, the building was not entirely completed, the basement with its font was finished, as were the first floor assembly hall and the attic. When these parts of the building were completed they were used for performing ordinances or for worship services, the Nauvoo Temple was designed in the Greek Revival style by architect William Weeks, under the direction of Joseph Smith. Weeks design made use of distinctively Latter Day Saint motifs, including Sunstones, Moonstones and it is often mistakenly thought that these stones represent the Three Degrees of Glory in the Latter Day Saint conception of the afterlife, but the stones appear in the wrong order. Instead, Wandle Mace, foreman for the framework of the Nauvoo Temple, has explained that the design of the temple was meant to be “a representation of the Church, the Bride, the Lamb’s wife”. In this regard Mace references John’s statement in Revelation 12,1 concerning the “woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars. ”This explains why the Starstones are at the top of the temple, the Sunstones in the middle and the Moonstones at the bottom. Construction was only half complete at the Death of Joseph Smith in 1844, after a succession crisis, Brigham Young was sustained as the churchs leader by the majority of Latter Day Saints in Nauvoo. During the winter of 1845-46, the temple began to be used for additional ordinances, including the Nauvoo-era endowment, sealings in marriage, the Nauvoo Temple was in use for less than three months. Most of the Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo, beginning in February 1846, once the first floor was finished with pulpits and benches, the building was finally dedicated in private services on 30 April 1846, and in public services on 1 May. Initially the churchs agents tried to lease the structure, first to the Catholic Church, when this failed, they attempted to sell the temple, asking up to $200,000, but this effort also met with no success
2.
Gordon B. Hinckley
–
Gordon Bitner Hinckley was an American religious leader and author who served as the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from March 12,1995, until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members, Hinckleys presidency was noted for the building of temples, with more than half of existing temples being built under his leadership. He also oversaw the reconstruction of the Nauvoo Illinois Temple and the building of the 21,000 seat Conference Center, during his tenure, The Family, A Proclamation to the World was issued and the Perpetual Education Fund was established. At the time of his death, approximately one-third of the membership had joined the church under Hinckleys leadership. Hinckley was awarded ten honorary degrees, and in 2004. Hinckley also received the Boy Scouts of Americas highest award, the Silver Buffalo, Hinckley died of natural causes on January 27,2008, and was survived by his five children. His wife, Marjorie Pay, died in 2004 and he was succeeded as church president by Thomas S. The child of a multi-generational Latter-day Saint, Hinckley was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, to prominent LDS writer and educator Bryant S. Hinckley and he graduated from LDS High School in 1928. He grew up on a farm in East Millcreek. His home library contained approximately a thousand volumes of literary, philosophical and historical works, Hinckley was known for his optimism and plain-speaking. Hinckley attended the University of Utah, where he earned a degree in English. He studied Latin and could read ancient Greek, Hinckley became a missionary for the LDS Church, an unusual occurrence for Depression-era Latter-day Saints. He served in the London-based British Mission from 1933 to 1935 and he would later write the words for LDS hymn no. Hinckley returned to the United States in 1935 after completing a tour of the European continent. He was given an assignment by his president, Joseph F. Merrill, to meet with the churchs First Presidency. As a result of meeting, Hinckley received employment as executive secretary of the churchs Radio, Publicity. Hinckleys responsibilities included developing the churchs fledgling radio broadcasts and making use of the new communication technologies. One of the projects Hinckley oversaw in the late 1930s was development of the exhibit for the Golden Gate International Exposition
3.
The Hague Netherlands Temple
–
The Hague Netherlands Temple is the 114th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The building of an LDS temple in Zoetermeer, a city of The Hague, was announced on August 16,1999. This temple serves more than 13,000 members from the Netherlands, Belgium, orson Hyde, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, first entered the Netherlands in 1841 to serve a church mission. On his way to Jerusalem, he stayed for a more than a week preaching the gospel. It was not until twenty years later in 1861 that the first LDS missionaries were sent to the Netherlands. On October 1,1861 near the village Broek bij Akkerwoude the first converts to the LDS Church in the Netherlands were baptized, people from the Netherlands joined the LDS Church by the thousands, but most emigrated to the United States to be in Utah near church headquarters. In more recent years church leadership has asked members to stay in their own lands, the LDS Church has continued to steadily grow in the Netherlands and there are now three stakes and 7,800 members. A groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication for The Hague Netherlands Temple was held on August 26,2000, the site chosen for the temple is in a city park. Because the site bought by the church is only larger than the area needed for the temple. An open house for the public was held August 17–31,2002, hinckley dedicated The Hague Netherlands Temple on September 8,2002. The Hague Netherlands Temple has a total of 10,500 square feet, two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms
4.
William Weeks
–
William Weeks, was the first church architect of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and is best known as the architect of the Nauvoo Temple. Weeks was the son of James Weeks, Jr. and Sophronia Fisher and was born on March 11,1813 on Marthas Vineyard and he came from a family of builders, his father taught architectural and building skills to his two sons, William and Arwin. Raised as a Quaker, Weeks converted to Mormonism in the southeastern states, apparently, he was in Missouri when the Mormons were driven from that state during the winter of 1838–1839, and he settled in Quincy, Illinois. There on June 11,1839 he married Caroline Matilda Allen, youngest child of Elihu Marcellus Allen, Caroline was ten years his junior. Their marriage lasted sixty-one years and produced ten children, seven of whom died in early infancy, in 1840 Weeks relocated to Nauvoo, where he built a new brick home, which still stands. When Joseph Smith, called for architects to submit designs for the Nauvoo Temple, he was so impressed with Weeks drawings that he hugged him, exclaiming, “You are the man I want. ”While Weeks was the architect, final decisions about the building design were made by Smith. Most famous is Smith’s insistence that circular windows, instead of oval, be used in the temple, Smith did not extend such latitude over Weeks to others. Weeks did not see the completed, because Young insisted that he accompany the Mormon migration west so that he could design a new temple when the Mormons found a place to settle. On February 13,1846, Brigham Young turned the final completion of the Nauvoo Temple over to Truman O. Angell. Weeks can be grouped into the general category of vernacular designers or bricoleurs. This is unfortunate because folk builders have rigorous, highly structured methods for generating and refining spatial form. Although folk design methods differ from those employed by modern architectural designers, their object is the same – the conversion of ideas into spatial form. Hubka argued that a design strategy involves the unremitting practice of “composition and decomposition within a vocabulary of existing building forms. ”The resulting architecture constitutes a reorganization of the “hierarchy of ideas ” included within the stylistic customs. Weeks arrived in Salt Lake City in September 1847 and he soon became disaffected with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and took his family east the next summer, taking all of the Nauvoo Temple plans with him. For a time Weeks settled in Wisconsin and Iowa, while in Iowa, he learned of Nauvoo Temple’s arson. He returned to Utah in 1852, apparently seeking reconciliation and reinstallation as the architect for the Salt Lake Temple, however, Young used Angell as the architect of the building. After his work as architect on the Nauvoo Temple, Weeks never worked as an architect again, by 1857 he had settled in San Bernardino, California, where he severed all contact with the LDS Church, although he remained an admirer of Joseph Smith all his life. He stayed in California the rest of his life, Weeks did not pursue work as an architect in California, but moved to El Monte, where he worked as a carpenter and later ran a gristmill for a Mr. Temple
5.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Temple (LDS Church)
–
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a temple is a building dedicated to be a House of the Lord. Temples are considered by members to be the most sacred structures on earth. Upon completion, temples are open to the public for a short period of time. During the open house, the church conducts tours of the temple with missionaries and members from the area serving as tour guides. The temple is dedicated as a House of the Lord. They are not churches or meetinghouses designated for public worship services. There are 155 operating temples,14 under construction, and 13 announced, at present, there are temples in many U. S. states, as well as in many countries across the world. Several temples are at sites of the LDS Church, such as Nauvoo, Illinois and Palmyra. The importance of temples is often emphasized in weekly meetings, Ordinances are a vital part of the theology of the church, which teaches that they were practiced by the Lords covenant people in all dispensations. Additionally, members consider the temple a place to commune with God, seek Gods aid, understand the will of God, and receive personal revelation. Latter Day Saints cite various Old Testament references to temple ordinances such as found in Exodus 29, 4-9, Exodus 28, 2-43 and Leviticus 8. The words HOLINESS TO THE LORD can be found on LDS temples as referenced in Exodus 28,36, a place where the Lord may come, it is the most holy of any place of worship on the earth. Only the home can compare with the temple in sacredness, in cases of extreme poverty or emergency, these ordinances may sometimes be done on a mountaintop. This may be the case with Mount Sinai and the Mount of Transfiguration, the tabernacle erected by Moses was a type of portable temple, since the Israelites were traveling in the wilderness. From Adam to the time of Jesus, ordinances were performed in temples for the living only, building and properly using a temple is one of the marks of the true Church in any dispensation, and is especially so in the present day. The best known temple mentioned in the Bible is that which was built in Jerusalem in the days of Solomon and this was later partially destroyed in 600 B. C. and restored by Zerubbabel almost a hundred years later. This structure was burned in 37 B. C. and was subsequently partially rebuilt by Herod the Great. It was destroyed by the Romans in A. D.70, likewise the Tabernacle was considered a portable temple by the children of Israel in the Old Testament, Tabernacle
7.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
8.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
9.
Chicago Illinois Temple
–
The Chicago Illinois Temple is the thirty-fifth temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the second of three temples that have been built in Illinois. Located in the Chicago suburb of Glenview, the site of Chicago Illinois Temple was dedicated on August 13,1985 by Gordon B, hinckley, a member of the churchs First Presidency. The structure itself was constructed in Gray buff marble and its roof features gray slate, architects used a revolutionary design for LDS temples, adapting the traditional six-spire design and adding modern motifs. Construction of the temple also allowed local Latter-day Saints to contribute their means, talents, young women made dolls for the temple nursery. Women crocheted and tatted altar cloths, many donated hours in helping with the open house, held 15 July–3 August 1985, during which over one hundred thousand people toured the temple. Hinckley dedicated the Chicago Illinois Temple on August 9,1985, the temple now has a total of 29,751 square feet, five ordinance rooms, and four sealing rooms
10.
Nauvoo, Illinois
–
Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen
11.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
–
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
12.
Greek Revival architecture
–
The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States. A product of Hellenism, it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture, the term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts, London in 1842. With a newfound access to Greece, or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites, archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders. This was especially the case in Britain, Germany and the United States, Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries, lasting until the Civil War in America and even later in Scotland. Despite the unbounded prestige of ancient Greece amongst the elite of Europe. The monuments of Greek antiquity were known chiefly from Pausanias and other literary sources, visiting Ottoman Greece was difficult and dangerous business prior to the period of stagnation beginning with the Great Turkish War. Few Grand Tourists called on Athens during the first half of the 18th century and it would take until the expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti of 1751 by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett before serious archaeological inquiry began in earnest. Access to the originals in Greece itself only became easier after the Greek War of Independence ended in 1832, Lord Byrons participation, following James Stuarts travels to Greece in the early 1750s, intellectual curiosity quickly led to a desire to emulate. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, arguably the greatest British exponent of the style was Decimus Burton. In London twenty three Greek Revival Commissioners churches were built between 1817 and 1829, the most notable being St. Pancras church by William and Henry William Inwood. Such was the popularity of the Doric in Edinburgh that the city now enjoys a striking visual uniformity, nevertheless, Greek continued to be in favour in Scotland well into the 1870s in the singular figure of Alexander Thomson, known as Greek Thomson. In Germany, the Greek revival is predominantly found in two centres, Berlin and Munich, the earliest Greek building was the Brandenburg Gate by Carl Gotthard Langhans, who modelled it on the Propylaea. Ten years after the death of Frederick the Great, the Berlin Akademie initiated a competition for a monument to the king that would promote morality, similarly, in Munich von Klenzes Glyptothek and Walhalla were the fulfilment of Gillys vision of an orderly and moral German world. The purity and seriousness of the style was intended as an assertion of German national values and partly intended as a riposte to France. By comparison, the Greek revival in France was never popular with either the state or the public, what little there is started with Charles de Waillys crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles, and Claude Nicolas Ledouxs Barriere des Bonshommes. It would take until Laboustres Neo-Grec of the Second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France, the style was especially attractive in Russia, if only because they shared the Eastern Orthodox faith with the Greeks. The historic centre of Saint Petersburg was rebuilt by Alexander I of Russia, the Saint Petersburg Bourse on Vasilievsky Island has a temple front with 44 Doric columns. Leo von Klenzes expansion of the palace that is now the Hermitage Museum is another example of the style, following the Greek War of Independence, Romantic Nationalist ideology encouraged the use of historically Greek architectural styles in place of Ottoman or pan-European ones
13.
Russellville, Alabama
–
Russellville is a city in Franklin County in the U. S. state of Alabama. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 9,830, the city is the county seat of Franklin County. After the War of 1812, the U. S. government appropriated money to improve a route from Nashville to New Orleans and it was named Jacksons Military Road after Andrew Jackson, and it passed through what became Russellville. Russellville is named after Major William Russell, a settler in the area who helped in the construction of Jacksons Military Road. The town grew at this intersection with the Gaines Trace. Russellville was incorporated on November 27,1819, Russellville served as the first county seat from 1818-1849 before it was removed to Frankfort. After the fire at the courthouse in the county seat of Belgreen in 1890. Russellville is located in northeastern Franklin County at 34°30′37″N 87°43′42″W /34. 51028°N87. 72833°W /34.51028, -87.72833. U. S. Route 43 passes through the side of the city, leading north 18 miles to Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River. Alabama State Route 24 passes through the side of the city, leading east 47 miles to Decatur on the Tennessee River. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Russellville has an area of 13.5 square miles, of which 13.4 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. At the 2010 census, there were 9,830 people and 3,556 households, the population density was 677.9 per square mile. There were 3,882 housing units at a density of 293.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 73. 68% White,11. 25% Black or African American,0. 35% Native American,0. 12% Asian,0. 27% Pacific Islander,7. 54% from other races, and 1. 17% from two or more races. 12. 64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,30. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the family size was 3.03. Age distribution was 24. 2% under the age of 18,9. 8% from 18 to 24,26. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there are 89.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males
14.
Kirtland Temple
–
The Kirtland Temple is a National Historic Landmark in Kirtland, Ohio, USA, on the eastern edge of the Cleveland metropolitan area. The design mixes Federal, Greek Revival and Gothic Revival architectural styles, each year tens of thousands take tours of the temple. Members of various Latter Day Saint denominations also travel to the temple where the Community of Christ allows them to hold 50 to 60 worship services, there are also community Thanksgiving, Christmas Eve, and Holy Week services that are held at the temple each year. A Spiritual Formation and Visitors Center has been constructed by the Community of Christ, there is also a museum gift shop. A historic cemetery and gardens are located outside the temple, the centers basic layout has been described by some as reflecting a dove. The center reflects various characteristics of the temple in its visual appearance, each day at 1pm in the Spiritual Formation Center the Daily Prayer for Peace is held based on the Daily Prayer for Peace at the Independence Temple. Beginning in 1831, members of the Church of Christ under the direction of founder and president Joseph Smith. In December 1832 Smith reported to have received a revelation that called for the construction of a house of worship, education, on May 6,1833, Smith reported that he had received a revelation from God, directing members of the church to construct a house. Wholly dedicated unto the Lord for the work of the presidency, dedicated unto the Lord from the foundation thereof, directions were given to build a lower court and a higher court, and a promise given that the Lords glory shall be there, and presence shall be there. This building which would have sat next to the Kirtland Temple was never started, instead the functions of this office building ended up in the attic of the Kirtland Temple. The date of this document is also in question as it makes reference to the Kirtland Temple which is described in the section of the Doctrine Covenants. Church members donated labor and building materials, including glass and pottery which was ground up into the stucco, the Kirtland Temple was not originally white on the exterior as it is today. The original exterior was a bluish-gray according to Truman Coe, a minister in the 1830s. The roof is believed to have red, and the front doors olive green. Presently, only the doors are the original color, the first structure of its kind to be built by the Latter Day Saint movement, the Kirtland Temple is different in purpose from the Nauvoo temple built in the 1840s. The lower inner court is used primarily for various worship services and it has two sets of pulpits, one set on either end, and the pews featured an adjustable design which allowed the audience to face either end. The second floor was designed for education, and was to house a school for leaders known as the School of Mine Apostles. At the time of construction, none of the associated with LDS temple worship
15.
Joseph Smith
–
Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
16.
Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
–
The Church of Christ was the original name of the Latter Day Saint church founded by Joseph Smith. Each of the churches that resulted from this schism considers itself to be the continuation of Smiths original Church of Christ. This church is unrelated to other bodies bearing the name, including the United Church of Christ, a Reformed church body, and the Churches of Christ. Today, there are several Latter Day Saint churches called Church of Christ, the first Latter Day Saint references to the church of Christ are found in passages of the Book of Mormon that Smith dictated from April to June 1829. During the course of this dictation, the outlines for a community of believers or church structure became apparent. Such a structure would have authority from God, ordinances such as baptism, the book described the clergy in Almas church as consisting of priests, who were unpaid and were to preach nothing save it were repentance and faith in the Lord. Alma later established churches, which were considered one church because there was nothing preached in all the churches except it were repentance. In addition to priests, the book mentions that the clergy of these also included teachers. Smiths further dictation of the Book of Mormon also stated there were two churches only, the one is the church of the Lamb of God, and the other is the church of the devil. As a result of the references to baptism and the organization of churches. Smith and Cowdery then baptized each other by immersion and they also baptized dozens of people, as early as June 1829. These converts, however, did not belong to a church organization. Nevertheless, this community of believers referred to themselves as the Church of Christ, in June 1829, Smith dictated a revelation stating that in are all things written, concerning my church, my gospel, and my rock. Wherefore if you build up my church, and my gospel, and my rock. Some time between June and December 1829, Cowdery said he received a revelation about how he should build up his church & the manner thereof. This revelation was called the Articles of the Church of Christ, the church was to meet regularly to partake of bread and wine. Cowdery was described as an Apostle of Jesus Christ, according to David Whitmer, by April 1830, this informal Church of Christ had about six elders and 70 members. On April 6,1830, Joseph Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and a group of approximately 30 believers met with the intention of formally organizing the Church of Christ into a legal institution
17.
Mormons
–
After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
18.
Kirtland, Ohio
–
For other places with the same name, see Kirtland Kirtland is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,866 at the 2010 census, Kirtland is famous for being the early headquarters of the Latter Day Saints movement from 1831–1837 and is the site of the first Mormon temple, the Kirtland Temple, completed in 1836. The city is also the location for many parks in the Lake Metroparks system, after the founding of the United States, northern Ohio was designated as the Western Reserve and was sold to the Connecticut Land Company. The area was first surveyed by Moses Cleaveland and his party in 1796, Kirtland is named for Turhand Kirtland, a principal of the Connecticut Land Company and judge in Trumbull County, the first political entity in Ohio that included Kirtland township. Kirtland, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, demonstrated both breadth of vision and integrity in his dealings with the local Native Americans. He was known for his bravery, resourcefulness, and passion for justice, dr. Jared Potter Kirtland was the son of the former, he helped to found a medical college in nearby Willoughby, Ohio, and he compiled the first ornithology of Ohio. The bird Kirtlands warbler is named for Jared Kirtland and this rare species has been documented in the city during migration, but it does not nest in Ohio. Being less well suited to agriculture, the forested, clay soiled, high, hilly, land of Kirtland was settled later than surrounding townships, Mentor in 1798. Kirtlands first European settlers were the John Moore family, soon followed by the Crary family who came to Kirtland in 1811, in 1893 Christopher Crary wrote a memoir of his Kirtland life, which provided a great deal of material for Anne B. From 1831 to 1838 Kirtland was the headquarters for the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith moved the church to Kirtland in 1831, shortly after its formal organization in April 1830 in Palmyra, New York. Latter Day Saints built their first temple there, a landmark that is now owned and operated by the Community of Christ. The temple was built with a degree of opulence, considering the nature of the area. Many attending the Kirtland Temple dedication in 1836 claimed to see multiple heavenly visions and appearances of heavenly beings, for this and other reasons, Kirtland remains a place of importance to those of all Latter Day Saint denominations. Many sections from the Doctrine and Covenants, considered modern revelations and canonical by most denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, today, besides giving tours, the Community of Christ church allows others to use the temple for special meetings. After the majority of the Latter Day Saints departed Kirtland in 1837-38, Crary recalls the last rattlesnakes being killed on Gildersleeve Mountain in the 1830s. During this period most of the areas near Kirtland were cleared for agriculture, with corn. In the early 20th century, Kirtland School was built to consolidate 3 school houses, one of the old school houses can still be found at the corner of Baldwin and Booth Roads in Kirtland Hills. Kirtland saw few changes until after World War II when several subdivisions were built
19.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
20.
USA Today
–
USA Today is an internationally distributed American daily middle-market newspaper that serves as the flagship publication of its owner, the Gannett Company. Founded by Al Neuharth on September 15,1982, it operates from Gannetts corporate headquarters on Jones Branch Drive in McLean, Virginia and it is printed at 37 sites across the United States and at five additional sites internationally. USA Today is distributed in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, with an international edition distributed in Canada, Asia and the Pacific Islands, Gannett formally announced the launch of the paper on April 20,1982. USA Today began publishing on September 15,1982, initially launching in the Baltimore and Washington, on July 2,1984, the newspaper switched from a largely black-and-white to a color publication, featuring full color photography and graphics in all four sections. On April 8,1985, the paper published its first special bonus section, a 12-page section called Baseball 85, on May 6,1986, USA Today began printing production of its international edition in Switzerland. On April 15, USA Today launched an international printing site. On August 28,1995, an international publishing site was launched in Frankfurt, Germany, to print. On October 4,1999, USA Today began running advertisements on its front page for the first time. The paper launched a sixth printing site for its international edition on May 15,2000, in Milan, Italy, followed on July 10 by the launch of a printing facility in Charleroi. That November, USA Today migrated its operations from Gannetts previous corporate headquarters in Arlington, in 2010, USA Today launched the USA Today API for sharing data with partners of all types. On August 27,2010, USA Today announced that it would undergo a reorganization of its newsroom and it also announced that the paper would shift its focus away from print and place more emphasis on its digital platforms and launch of a new publication called USA Today Sports. On September 14,2012, USA Today underwent the first major redesign in its history, to accomplish this goal, Gannett migrated its newspaper and television station websites to the Presto platform and the USA Today site design throughout 2013 and 2014. On January 4,2014, USA Today acquired the book and film review website, on September 3,2014, USA Today announced that it would lay off roughly 70 employees in a restructuring of its newsroom and business operations. In October 2014, USA Today and OpenWager Inc. entered into a partnership to release a Bingo app called USA TODAY Bingo Cruise, USA Today is known for synthesizing news down to easy-to-read-and-comprehend stories. In the main edition circulated in the United States and some Canadian cities, each consists of four sections, News, Money, Sports. The international edition of the paper features two sections, News and Money in one, with Sports and Life in the other, atypical of most daily newspapers, the paper does not print on Saturdays and Sundays, the Friday edition serves as the weekend edition. USA Today prints each complete story on the front page of the section with the exception of the cover story. The cover story is a story that requires a jump
21.
Associated Press
–
The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
22.
Adam-ondi-Ahman
–
Adam-ondi-Ahman is a historic site in Daviess County, Missouri about five miles south of Jameson. It is located along the east bluffs above the Grand River, according to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, it is the site where Adam and Eve lived after being expelled from the Garden of Eden. It teaches that the place will be a spot for a meeting of the priesthood leadership, including prophets of all ages and other righteous people. The Latter Day Saints once proposed building a temple on the site, such efforts were halted in the 19th century as a result of the 1838 Mormon War to evict the Latter Day Saints from Missouri. Their having declared Adam-ondi-Ahman as a site for a temple was a flash point in that confrontation. After the Latter Day Saints were evicted, residents renamed the site Cravensville and it was the site of a skirmish during the American Civil War on August 4,1862, when Union troops attempted to stop Confederate reinforcements in the First Battle of Independence. Six Confederates were killed and 10 wounded, the Union forces had five wounded. Today, most of the site is owned by the LDS Church and is used predominantly as farmland, in the 1830s, Latter Day Saints being forced out of Jackson County, Missouri, settled just south of Daviess County in Caldwell County, in the settlement of Far West. In February 1838, Lyman Wight built a home and established a ferry on the Grand River at a known as Wights Ferry. That spring, Joseph Smith visited the site and he proclaimed there were either two or three altars built by Adam at the site. One altar Smith called the altar of prayer, it was located by Wights house on Tower Hill and it was described as sixteen feet long, by nine or ten feet wide, having its greatest extent north and south. The height of the altar at each end was some two and a half feet, gradually rising higher to the center, which was four and five feet high—the whole surface being crowning. The other altar—called the altar of sacrifice—was said to be a mile to the north on top of Spring Hill, on May 19,1838, Smith formally revealed his belief that Adam-ondi-Ahman was the place where Adam and Eve went after being exiled from the Garden of Eden. On June 25,1838, at a conference in Wights orchard, within a few months, its population grew to 1500. Non-Mormon settlers grew worried that the Latter Day Saints would seize control of Daviess County. On August 6,1838, a group of non-Mormons tried to prevent Latter Day Saint settlers from voting in the elections at Gallatin. The Mormons fought back and defeated the mob in a skirmish that came to be known as the Gallatin Election Day Battle and this was the opening skirmish in the Mormon War. In the course of the conflict, non-Mormon vigilantes from neighboring counties came to Daviess, Latter Day Saint refugees gathered at Adam-ondi-Ahman for protection
23.
Baton Rouge Louisiana Temple
–
The Baton Rouge Louisiana Temple is the 94th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The first Mormon missionaries arrived in Louisiana in 1841, a few joined the church, but left Louisiana to be with the rest of the body of the church. New Orleans was the port of entry to the United States for most of the early British converts of the church, between 1840 and 1855 around 18,500 members crossed the ocean to the U. S. and 17,600 of them first arrived in New Orleans. Because of this, most church members in New Orleans were either emigrants who could not yet afford to go further or church agents who helped the emigrants continue their journey. After 1855 when the last of the emigrants left New Orleans the church no longer had a presence in the Louisiana, in 1895 Mormon missionaries were sent again to the state and today there are more than 24,000 members in Louisiana. The LDS Church First Presidency announced on October 14,1998 that a temple would be built in Baton Rouge, the temple was open to the public for tours from July 1 through 8th,2000. Hinckley dedicated the temple on July 16,2000, four dedicatory services were held to accommodate the members who wanted to attend. Just before the first dedication service a cornerstone ceremony was held, the temple is 10,700 square feet, with a baptistry, two ordinance rooms, two sealing rooms, and a Celestial room. The exterior is made from Imperial Danby White marble quarried in Vermont, the site is 6.3 acres, which includes a meetinghouse. S. Church News, May 20,2000 Weaver, Sarah Jane, Baton Rouge temple, a house of refuge, Church News Hart, John L
24.
Bismarck North Dakota Temple
–
The Bismarck North Dakota Temple is the 61st operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Ground was broken for the temple on October 17,1998, the Bismarck North Dakota Temple district covers about 200,000 square miles and serves about 9,000 members. The temple sits on 1.6 acres, the exterior is finished with granite veneer from Quebec. A gold-plated statue of the Angel Moroni tops the single-spire, hinckley dedicated the temple in North Dakota, the only state he had not previously visited, on September 19,1999. The Bismarck North Dakota Temple has a total of 10,700 square feet, two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms
25.
Dallas Texas Temple
–
The Dallas Texas Temple is the 30th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It serves nearly 50,000 members in North Texas, located in Dallas, Texas, the temple was dedicated on October 19,1984 by Gordon B. The temple sits on a 6-acre site and was originally 18,000 square feet and it was the first temple in Texas and the South Central United States. With the LDS Church growing rapidly in the area, the temple was remodeled in 1987 to increase its size and make it more functional, the addition gave the temple 22,749 square feet of added space. The Dallas Texas Temple currently has a floor area of 46,956 square feet, five ordinance rooms. L.191 Official Dallas Texas Temple page Dallas Texas Temple page
26.
Far West, Missouri
–
Far West, Missouri, was a Latter Day Saint settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri. Today it is a historic site, the town was founded by Missouri Mormon leaders, W. W. Phelps and John Whitmer in August 1836 shortly before the countys creation. The town was platted originally as a 1-mile square area, centered on a square which was to house a temple. The design of the town resembled Mormon founder and prophet Joseph Smith Jr. s plan for the City of Zion, as the town of Far West grew, the plat was extended to 4 square miles. Early Latter-day Saints began to settle in northwestern Missouri soon after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was organized in 1830, according to a revelation given by Joseph Smith Jr. Independence would be the centerplace of the City of Zion when Jesus returned, however, disputes between Mormon and Missourian settlers in Independence led to the expulsion of the Mormons from Jackson County in 1833. Most Mormons temporarily settled in Clay County, Missouri, towards the end of 1836, Caldwell County was created specifically for Mormon settlement to compensate Mormon property losses in Jackson County. Shortly after the creation of Caldwell County, Far West was made the county seat, while headquartered in Far West, the official name of the church was changed from Church of Jesus Christ to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. A series of escalating conflicts followed and the Governor of Missouri eventually called out 2,500 state militiamen to put down what he alleged to be a Mormon rebellion, Latter Day Saints poured into Far West for protection and found themselves under siege. Joseph Smith Jr. Sidney Rigdon and others surrendered at the end of October,1838, the main body of the Mormons were then forced to sign over their property in Far West and Caldwell County to pay for the militia muster and then leave the state. The main body later settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, Far West became a ghost town soon after the departure of most of the Mormon population. The county seat was moved to Kingston, Missouri and many of the log houses in Far West were relocated, former Mormon John Whitmer continued to live in the nearly empty town, where he owned a large farm. Today Far West is a site seven miles south of U. S. Route 36 on Route D. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints maintains a site there. It also honors the Far West legacy in the name of a ward, and, since 2015, some Latter Day Saints expect that a temple will be located on this spot at some time in the future. The Community of Christ, formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, has a congregation that meets in Far West. In 2004 construction began on a village adjacent to the temple site. It is operated by the Far West Historical Society to accommodate, the Country Store has been in operation since 2006
27.
Houston Texas Temple
–
The Houston Texas Temple is the 97th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. After the September 1997 announcement that the LDS Church would build a temple in Houston, the site chosen formerly belonged to a developer unwilling to sell. Years earlier, however, the developer had gone through difficult times and had made a promise to God that if God would help him avoid financial ruin. When the developer learned what was proposed to be built on his land, hinckley dedicated the Houston Texas Temple on August 26,2000. The temple has a total of 33,970 square feet, the temple serves over forty-four thousand Latter-day Saints in the southern half of Texas, and is one of four LDS temples in the state of Texas. William R. Mormons plan to build Houston-area temple, Houston Chronicle, p
28.
Temple Lot
–
The Temple Lot, located in Independence, Jackson County, Missouri, is the first site to be dedicated for the construction of a temple in the Latter Day Saint movement. The area was dedicated on Wednesday, August 3,1831 by the founder, Joseph Smith. No other structures exist on the 2. 5-acre section, although numerous important structures exist on the 63 and they there stuck down their Jacobs staff, as they called it, and said, This spot is the center of the earth. In 1891 the Reorganized Church, founded by Smiths son Joseph Smith III and it won in lower court, but lost in the United States Court of Appeals. The United States Supreme Court refused to review the case, the Temple Lot is currently owned by the small Church of Christ, which acquired the land in 1867. This organization made an effort in 1929 to build a temple of its own on the property. Currently this body has its headquarters on the site, which has twice been damaged by arson attacks and this land had been purchased in the 1830s by Latter Day Saint bishop Edward Partridge to be the central common and sacred area according to the Plat of Zion. It maintains its headquarters in this area, opening its Auditorium to the south of the Lot in 1958. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints operates a visitor center one block east. It also maintains a Stake Center, LDS Social Services center, in March 1831, Joseph Smith said he had a revelation which stated that a New Jerusalem was to be established in the United States. In June 1831, Smith said he had a revelation that the New Jerusalem was to be established somewhere on the western border of Missouri. Independence is six miles east of Kaw Point on the current Missouri–Kansas border, on July 20,1831, Smith presented another revelation on the subject, with more precise details, he land of Missouri. Is the land which I have appointed and consecrated for the gathering of the saints, wherefore this is the land of promise, and also every tract bordering by the prairies, inasmuch as my disciples are enabled to buy lands. Behold this is wisdom, that they may obtain it for an everlasting inheritance, on December 19,1831 Edward Partidge purchased 63 acres, including the Temple Lot. Because no temple at this location has ever built, Smiths prediction that a temple would be reared in this generation has stirred debate. In June 1833, Smith set out the Plat of Zion, at the center of the planned city were to be 24 temples —12 for the high priesthood and 12 for lesser priesthood. The pews of the blocks are fourteen and a half feet long. The five pews in each corner of the house, are twelve feet six inches long, make your house fourteen feet high between the floors
29.
Kansas City Missouri Temple
–
The Kansas City Missouri Temple is the 137th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is the first to be built in the Greater Kansas City area, a temple was completed in Independence in 1994 by the Community of Christ, which is not affiliated with the LDS Church. The announcement of the new temple was made on October 4,2008, when the announcement was made, Monson did not specify whether the temple would be constructed in Kansas or Missouri. However, a press release confirmed that the temple would be built in the Shoal Creek development in Clay County. This was the temple of the LDS Church built in Missouri. The Kansas City Missouri Temple was announced concurrently with the Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Calgary Alberta, Córdoba Argentina, on October 22,2009, the Kansas City Council approved The Meadows at Searcy Creek First Plat, the subdivision of the Shoal Creek development where the temple is located. The plat includes the lot for a church meetinghouse as well as the temple, site work in the development, including acquiring property for the future temple, commenced in late October. The official groundbreaking for the temple took place on May 8,2010, the temple was opened to the public for an open house between April 7–28,2012. Among the visitors were Missouri governor Jay Nixon and Kansas governor Sam Brownback, both governors presented proclamations to the LDS Church congratulating them on the completion of the temple. Over 92,000 people toured the temple, people from 47 states and 11 countries attended the open house. The following day, May 6,2012, the temple was dedicated by Thomas S. Monson
30.
Lubbock Texas Temple
–
The Lubbock Texas Temple is the 109th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The Lubbock Texas Temple joins three other LDS temples in Texas in serving 220,000 members of the church who live in the state, the Lubbock Temple serves western Texas and eastern New Mexico, an area with about 13,500 members. Despite a rainstorm, many attended the groundbreaking ceremony held on November 4,2000. During the open house prior to the dedication of the new temple. The Lubbock Texas Temple was dedicated by LDS Church president Gordon B, the temple is a smaller temple and shares a site with a stake center. The exterior of the temple is finished with white and majestic gray granite quarried in China. It is of modern design with a single spire, topped by a statue of the Angel Moroni. The temple has a total of 16,498 square feet, two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms
31.
Oklahoma City Oklahoma Temple
–
The Oklahoma City Oklahoma Temple is the 95th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It serves 13 stakes in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kansas, the additional land was originally used as a baseball field by local church members. The temple groundbreaking took place on July 3,1999 in Yukon, the temple open house began on July 15,2000 with over 40,000 visitors touring the temple in a seven-day period. James E. Faust, second counselor in the First Presidency, the temple has a total floor area of 10,769 square feet, two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. Oklahoma City Temple, A sacred building on sacred ground, Church News Dockstader, Julie A
32.
San Antonio Texas Temple
–
The San Antonio Texas Temple is the 120th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. On June 24,2001 the LDS Church announced it would build a temple in San Antonio, Texas, within ten years, the number of church members in the area grew from 9,000 to 12,000. Until the San Antonio Texas Temple was completed, Latter-day Saints in the area travelled 200 miles to reach the nearest temple, on March 29,2003 a site dedication and groundbreaking ceremony initiated construction. As the temple neared completion in September 2004, a ceremony was held to place a thirteen-foot, after the buildings completion, an open house was held April 16 through May 7,2005 to allow people to see the inside of the temple. During these three weeks, more than 50,000 people took a tour through the newly finished temple, the inside of the temple is aesthetically furnished with African Cherrywood, stained glass windows, paintings of Jesus life and a mural by San Antonio artist Keith Bond. The use of color in the glass windows, in a slightly muted southwest style. Hinckley dedicated the San Antonio Temple on May 22,2005, a celebration was held at the Alamodome the night before the dedication. More than 20,000 people attended to watch a show featuring over 4,000 singers and dancers, horses, fireworks, and presentations of Texas history, family values, hinckley spoke to those in attendance about the temple. The San Antonio Texas Temple serves about 45,250 members living in an area spanning from Hillsboro to Brownsville and it has a total of 16,800 square feet, two ordinance rooms, two sealing rooms, and a baptistery. com
33.
St. Louis Missouri Temple
–
The St. Louis Missouri Temple is the 50th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is located in Town and Country, Missouri, a St. Louis suburb, because of its strong roots in Latter Day Saint history members were excited when the announcement came in December 1990 that a temple was to be built in Missouri. Hinckley broke ground for the temple on October 30,1993, an open house was held April 26-May 17,1997. The temple has a total of 58,749 square feet, four ordinance rooms and it has a white granite exterior and a 150-foot spire topped with a gold-leafed statue of the angel Moroni. Menlo F. Louis Missouri Temple at Wikimedia Commons Official St. Louis Missouri Temple page St. Louis Missouri Temple page
34.
St. Paul Minnesota Temple
–
The St. Paul Minnesota Temple is the 69th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is located in Oakdale, Minnesota, a suburb of St. Paul, the site of the St. Paul Minnesota Temple is also the site of a stake center, a larger meetinghouse for the members of the LDS Church. The temple is situated on a wooded 7. 5-acre site, the building itself features a single spire and is covered with a light gray granite veneer. Hinckley dedicated the St. Paul Minnesota Temple on January 9,2000, the temple has a total of 10,700 square feet, two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. The temple received minor damage on September 10,2008 in a fire that inspectors believe was arson
35.
Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple
–
The Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple is the 104th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is located in Florence, now a neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska, USA, Winter Quarters is considered hallowed ground for the members of the LDS Church. It was the site where church members settled after they were driven out of Nauvoo. It was also where many Latter-day Saints, including many who came from Europe, the area has many graves of Mormon pioneers who died on their journey. More than 2,000 church members died at Winter Quarters because of storms, scurvy, malaria and inadequate food. The new temple was built next to the Mormon Pioneer Cemetery, over 61,000 visitors toured the Winter Quarters Temple during its open house. Members all over the United States and Canada watched via satellite broadcast as LDS Church president Gordon B, Hinckley dedicated the Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple on April 22,2001. During the dedicatory prayer, Hinckley recognized the sacrifice of the Saints, the Winter Quarters Nebraska Temple has a total area of 16,000 square feet, two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. At one time, the church intended to name the temple Winter Quarters Temple in contradiction to the naming convention for church temples
36.
Louisiana
–
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
37.
Minnesota
–
Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
38.
Missouri
–
Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
_P6081225.JPG)
Media related to Nauvoo Illinois Temple at Wikimedia Commons
