1.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited
2.
City and Industrial Development Corporation
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The City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra is a city planning organization created by the Government of Maharashtra. CIDCO was formed on 17 March 1970 under the Indian Companies Act of 1956, between 1951 and 1961, the population of Mumbai rose by 50% and in the next decade by 80. 8%. This rapid growth was due to the industrial and commercial importance of the city. It resulted in a quality of life for many of the citys inhabitants. Expansion of the city was limited by the location of the city on a long. In 1958, the government of Mumbai appointed a group under the chairmanship of S. G. The government of Maharashtra accepted the Barve groups recommendation to examine problems in a regional context. In March 1965, the government appointed another committee chaired by Prof. D. R, Gadgil, then-director of the Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune. The Gadgil committee submitted its report in March 1966 and it recommended creation of regional planning boards for notified regions, starting with the Mumbai and Pune regions. To establish such boards, it also recommended passage of a Regional Planning Act, the Gadgil committee also recommended a planned decentralization of industrial growth in the Mumbai region as well as the development of the mainland area as a multi-nucleated settlement. The government passed the Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act,1966, subsequently, the Mumbai metropolitan region was notified and a regional planning board was constituted in June 1967 under the chairmanship of ICS officer L. G. The draft regional plan of the board was finalized in January 1970 and this recommendation was accepted by the government of Maharashtra. Accordingly, the City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra Limited was incorporated on 17 March 1970 under the Indian Companies Act,1956. By February 1970, the government notified for acquisition of privately owned land covering 86 villages, land belonging to nine other villages, measuring 28.70 km², was additionally designated in August 1973 for inclusion in the project area. In March 1971, CIDCO was named the New Town Development Authority for the project, in October the same year, CIDCO undertook to prepare and publish a development plan as required by the Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act,1966. The corporation started functioning as a fully owned by the state government with initial subscribed capital of Rs.3.95 crores from the government. It was entrusted with developing social and physical infrastructure and was also entitled to recover all costs of development from the sale of land. The goal was to shift population and commercial activities from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai, the new city was projected to gain two million people and 750,000 jobs from the 1970s through the 1990s
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
5.
States and union territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
6.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
7.
Thane
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Thane is a metropolitan city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Thane City is part of Thane District and is the neighbour of the city of Mumbai. Thane City lies in the co-ordinates 19. 2183° N,72. 9781° E, the name Thane, locally pronounced, has been variously romanised as Tana, Thana, Thâṇâ, and Thane. Ibn Battuta and Abulfeda knew it as Kukin Tana, Duarte Barbosa as Tana Mayambu, a copper plate dating to AD1078 was discovered near the foundations of Thane Fort in 1787. A land grant from Arikesara Devaraja, lord of Tagara, he addresses the inhabitants of a city called Sri Sthanaka, in the 14th century, Thane was a major port under a Muslim governor which was celebrated for its production of a cloth known as Tanasi. It was also visited during the period by Jordanus, Odoric of Pordenone, Ibn Battuta, the British occupied Salsette Island, Thana Fort, Fort Versova, and the island fort of Karanja in 1774. Thane was the terminus for the first ever passenger train in Asia, on 16 April 1853, the passenger train service was inaugurated between Colaba and Thane. Covering a distance of 34 km, it was hauled by three locomotives, Sahib, Sindh and Sultan, Thane is connected with neighbouring suburbs through Central and Trans-Harbour Line Suburban railway network. Thane is a junction for the Thane-Vashi Harbour Line and Central Line. It has become the busiest station in Mumbai and one of the busiest in India, as of 2013, there are plans of extending the Ghatkopar-Mulund Metro line up to Thane. On 26 August 2015, MMRDA sanctions ₹35,400 crores for 118 km Mumbai metro network and this includes a 40-km Wadala-Ghatkopar-Thane-Kasarvadavali Metro-4 corridor via Wadala GPO and R. A. Kidwai Marg costing ₹12,000 crore. Thane has a monsoon climate that borders on a tropical wet. Overall climate is equable with high rainfall days and very few days of extreme temperatures, in Thane, temperature varies from 22 °C to 36 °C. Winter temperatures can fall to 12 °C at night while summer temperatures can rise to over 40 °C at noon, the lowest day time temperatures are witnessed during the peak of summer monsoon in July and August when temperatures can drop to about 25 °C. Out of total rainfall, 80% rainfall is experienced during June to October, average annual rainfall is 2000–2500 mm and humidity is 61-86%, making it a humid-perhumid zone. The population of Thane according to the 2011 census is 1,886,941, average literacy rate of Thane city is 91.36 percent of which male and female literacy was 94.19 and 88.14 percent. The sex ratio of Thane city is 882 per 1000 males, child sex ratio of girls is 900 per 1000 boys. Total children in Thane city are 186,259 as per Census India report on 2011, there were 98,017 boys while 88,242 are girls
8.
Raigad district
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Raigad District is a district in the state of Maharashtra, India. In 2011 the district had a population of 2,635,394, in 2011 urban dwellers had increased to 36. 91% from 24. 22% in 2001. The district is bounded by Mumbai Harbour to the northwest, Thane District to the north, Pune District to the east, Ratnagiri district to the south, and the Arabian Sea to the west. It includes the natural harbour of Pen-Mandwa, which is immediately south of Mumbai harbour. The northern part of the district is included in the metropolis of Navi Mumbai, and its port. The district includes towns/cities of Panvel, Alibag, Mangaon, Roha, Pen, Khopoli, Kharghar, Taloja, Khalapur, Uran, Patalganga, Rasayani, Nagothana, Poladpur, Karjat, the largest city both in area and population is Panvel. The district also includes the isle of Gharapuri or Elephanta, located in Uran which has ancient Hindu, Kulaba district was split from Thane district in 1869. According to the 1872 census, Kulaba district had a population of just over 350,000 people, with 94% of the population being Hindus, in 1881 the population was about 382,000, with 95% of the population being Hindus. Bhagat, Patil, Mhatre, Naik, Thakur, are famous, at this point the northernmost parts of modern Raigad district were retained in Thane district. Kolaba district was subsequently renamed Raigad district, after the British took over the old Colaba and this region, they established four Anglo – Vernacular medium school and 30 government schools in the year 1865–66. In the year 1861 the first school for girls was started in Alibag, the Mission Church started the first English school in Alibag in 1879. College, One Polytechnic Institute and One MMS College, Raigad district is divided into four subdivisions, with fifteen talukas, and 1,967 villages. According to the 2011 census Raigad district has a population of 2,634,200 and this gives it a ranking of 153rd in India. The district has a density of 368 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19. 36%, Raigad has a sex ratio of 955 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83. 89%. Several scheduled tribes live in Raigad district, among these are the Mahadev, Koli, Katkari and Thakur. Raigad District is connected to Mumbai by Sion Panvel Expressway, the Mumbai-Pune expressway and NH4 passes through Panvel. NH17, which starts at Panvel, traverses the whole district, the Konkan Railway line starts at Roha and passes through Mangaon and Veer
9.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
10.
International Phonetic Alphabet
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The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators. The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of language, phones, phonemes, intonation. IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter ⟨t⟩ may be transcribed in IPA with a letter, or with a letter plus diacritics. Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription, thus, /t/ is less specific than, occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 letters,52 diacritics and these are shown in the current IPA chart, posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA. In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, for example, the sound was originally represented with the letter ⟨c⟩ in English, but with the digraph ⟨ch⟩ in French. However, in 1888, the alphabet was revised so as to be uniform across languages, the idea of making the IPA was first suggested by Otto Jespersen in a letter to Paul Passy. It was developed by Alexander John Ellis, Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After major revisions and expansions in 1900 and 1932, the IPA remained unchanged until the International Phonetic Association Kiel Convention in 1989, a minor revision took place in 1993 with the addition of four letters for mid central vowels and the removal of letters for voiceless implosives. The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a labiodental flap, apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely in renaming symbols and categories and in modifying typefaces. Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology were created in 1990, the general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound, although this practice is not followed if the sound itself is complex. There are no letters that have context-dependent sound values, as do hard, finally, the IPA does not usually have separate letters for two sounds if no known language makes a distinction between them, a property known as selectiveness. These are organized into a chart, the chart displayed here is the chart as posted at the website of the IPA. The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet, for this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither, for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, ⟨ʔ⟩, has the form of a question mark
11.
Planned community
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A planned community, or planned city, is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in an ad hoc fashion. Land use conflicts are less frequent in these communities, the term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American cities. C. in the United States. In Egypt, a new capital city east of Cairo has been proposed, the federal administrative centre of Malaysia, Putrajaya, is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities, prior to the boom, these were just villages or towns. The city of Gaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s, in 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala. Konza Technology City is a city that is hoped to become a hub of African science. The capital, Abuja, is a city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating 250,000 residents, centenary City, in the Federal Capital Territory, is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country, a list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows, Abuja, one of the most populous planned cities, and the fastest growing city in the world. Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State Lekki, a new city in Lagos State Lekki Free Zone, a trade zone in the Lekki Orange Island. Victoria Island in Lagos, Lagos State A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups, Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom, Sasolburg and Secunda. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages, some settlements were also set up for non whites such as the former homeland capital of Bhisho. Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma and it is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana, and approximately 300 km north of Yangon. The capitals official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day, much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burmas third largest city, after Yangon, famous examples are Changan in Tang dynasty and Beijing
12.
Konkan division
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Konkan division is one of the six administrative divisions of Maharashtra state in India. It comprises the Konkan region, which occupies the entire west coast of Maharashtra, the two districts in the state capital Mumbai also fall in Konkan division. Recently, the Mumbai district was bifurcated into the Mumbai & Mumbai Suburban districts, in 1961 the Konkan region became a part of the newly formed state of Maharashtra. Prior to this it was a part of Bombay province which was split to form Gujarat, creation of the Sindhudurg from the southern areas of the Ratnagiri district. The erstwhile Kolaba district was renamed as Raigad, the Panvel, New Panvel, and the Navi Mumbai International Airport regions also can be included in this proposed entirely urban district. Current proposal is to have Thane city, Navi Mumbai and Mira Bhayander into Thane urban district, for historical facts both Panvel and Karjat talukas were part of Thane district and in 1891 they were merged with Kolaba or the currently called Raigad district. This district can be a hundred percent tribal district, hence this proposal is centered on a third district comprising the non-tribal rural areas and talukas of Thane district and three talukas of Raigadh district. All these proposals are currently actively under consideration
13.
Kharghar
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Kharghar is a node in the city of Navi Mumbai of Maharashtra state in Konkan division. Kharghar is located on the Sion Panvel Highway at one and half hour drive during peak hours from the heart of Mumbai city. The area started developing in 1995 and now has a number of ready, Kharghar was said to be the third most developed node of Navi Mumbai after Vashi and Nerul fortunately will be getting administered by a smarter and newly developed Panvel Municipal Council. Navi Mumbai is envisaged as a magnet to reduce the pressure on Mumbai Suburb. It is planned as a new town with a series of nodal concentrations along mass-transport corridors. When fully built, it is expected to have 14 such townships with a population of four million. Kharghar is one of the 14 nodes and is being developed by CIDCO for a population of about 50,000. Alcohol selling is banned in Kharghar and there are no shops or wine bars in Kharghar. Kharghar adjoins the Central Business District of Belapur in Navi Mumbai and is bound by two highways and the picturesque Kharghar Hills. The Taloja industrial estate and Taloja creek are located on the east, Kharghar is primarily a residential township, but also has several educational institutions. Kharghar measures about 1700 ha,7 km long and 5 km wide, there are 12 village settlements located in Kharghar node having a combined population of 20,000. Kharghar is divided into 45 sectors, the general levels vary from 1.5 to 15.0 meters within the site. A third of the site is almost flat, but the close to the creek are low-lying. Kharghar hills bring a huge amount of rainwater, which is directed into the creek through the node as well as the Central Park area, Kharghar is home to the prestigious National Institute of Fashion Technology, it was shifted to Kharghar from Dadar in 2002-03. NIFT is headquartered at New Delhi, presence of these colleges makes Kharghar a youthful place. Kharghar has a number of reputed high schools such as Apeejay, Greenfingers Global School, DAV, RYAN, Sanjeevani, Ramsheth Thakur. Kharghar has a number of ready and under-construction projects both in the commercial and residential segments, the 10-storey office building of Siemens India Ltd. near Kharghar railway station is the oldest commercial structure. Kendriya Vihar is the oldest and the biggest residential complex of Kharghar, CIDCO has also built one of the largest residential complex Shilp Valley near sector 36 in Kharghar
14.
Government of Maharashtra
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The Government of Maharashtra is the government for the state of Maharashtra in Western India. It is a government with 288 MLAs elected to the legislative assembly for a five-year term. Maharashtra has a bicameral legislature i. e. it consists of two houses, Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad, as is the case in a parliamentary system, the government is formed by the party, alliance or group of assembly members who command the majority. The leader of the majority in assembly becomes the Chief Minister, from the formation of the state in 1960, the Congress party or Congress-led alliance have ruled the state for the major part. Non-Congress government was first formed in 1978, then in 1995 with Shivsena-BJP alliance, as of 8 July 2016, the government of Maharashtra consists of 23 cabinet ministers and 16 ministers of state
15.
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign by the Government of India to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the countrys 4,041 statutory cities and towns. The campaign was launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi. It is Indias largest ever cleanliness drive with 3 million government employees, the objectives of Swachh Bharat are to reduce or eliminate open defecation through construction of individual, cluster and community toilets. The Swachh Bharat mission will make an initiative of establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring latrine use. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was restructured by Cabinet approval on 24 September 2014 as Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Prime Minister Narendra Modi spoke of the need for toilets in his 2014 Independence Day speech stating, Has it ever pained us that our mothers and sisters have to defecate in open. Poor womenfolk of the wait for the night, until darkness descends. What bodily torture they must be feeling, how many diseases that act might engender, cant we just make arrangements for toilets for the dignity of our mothers and sisters. As they leave their education midway they remain uneducated and our daughters must also get equal chance to quality education. After 60 years of independence there should have been separate toilets for girl students in every school, but for the past 60 years they could not provide separate toilets to girls and as result the female students had to leave their education midway. As of May 2015,14 companies including Tata Consulting Services, Mahindra Group, as of the same month,71 public sector undertakings in India supported the construction of 86,781 new toilets. Most of these toilets are a type of pit latrine, mostly the twin pit pour flush type, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over ₹620 billion. The government provides an incentive of ₹15,000 for each toilet constructed by a BPL family, Total fund mobilised under Swachh Bharat Kosh as of 31 January 2016 stood at ₹3.69 billion. An amount of ₹90 billion was allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union budget of India, Government and the World Bank signed a US$1.5 billion loan agreement on 30 March 2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support Indias universal sanitation initiative. Modi selected 11 public figures to propagate this campaign, on 8 November 2014, Modi carried the message to Uttar Pradesh and nominated another set of nine people for that state. Shilpa Shetthi added in this mission from February 2017 More than 3 million government employees and school, between April 2014 and January 2015,3,183,000 toilets were built. Karnataka led all States in construction of toilets under the programme, as of August 2015,8 million toilets have been constructed under the program. As of 27 October 2016,56 districts in India were ODF, in January 2017, Indore city as well as rural areas were announced open defecation free by the central government. The Ministry of Railways is planning to have the facility of cleaning on demand, clean bed-rolls from automatic laundries, bio-toilets, the Government has appointed PWD with the responsibility to dispose off waste from Government offices
16.
Siemens
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Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest manufacturing and electronics company in Europe with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide, the von Siemens family remain the largest shareholder with a stake of 6. 9% percent. Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847, based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October, in 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe,500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens. The London agency became an office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia, in 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line, in 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was independently invented by Charles Wheatstone. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric lighting in the town of Godalming. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs, in 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887, it opened its first office in Japan, Siemens & Halske was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert, in 1907, Siemens had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. In 1919, S & H and two companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, in the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government. Siemens exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps, the company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp
17.
McDonald's
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McDonalds is an American hamburger and fast food restaurant chain. It was founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard. In 1948, they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand, the first McDonalds franchise using the arches logo opened in Phoenix, Arizona in 1953. Businessman Ray Kroc joined the company as an agent in 1955. Based in Oak Brook, Illinois, McDonalds confirmed plans to move its headquarters to Chicago by early 2018. Today, McDonalds is one of the worlds largest restaurant chains, McDonalds primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, wraps, and desserts. In response to changing tastes, the company has expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies. A McDonalds restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, the McDonalds Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. According to a BBC report published in 2012, McDonalds is the second largest private employer,1.5 million of whom work for franchises. The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald at 1398 North E Street at West 14th Street in San Bernardino, the first McDonalds with the arches opened in Phoenix, Arizona in March 1953. The original mascot of McDonalds was a man with a hat on top of a hamburger-shaped head whose name was Speedee. In 1962, the Golden Arches replaced Speedee as the company symbol, a new mascot, Ronald McDonald was introduced in 1965. The clown-like man having puffed out costume legs served advertising aimed at children. On May 4,1961, McDonalds first filed for a U. S. trademark on the name McDonalds with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services, on September 13,1961, the company filed for a trademark on a new logo—an overlapping, double-arched M symbol. By September 6,1962, this M-symbol was temporarily disfavored, although the Golden Arches logo appeared in various forms, the present version as a letter M did not appear until November 18,1968, when the company applied for a U. S. trademark. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers equity in the company and led its expansion. Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast-food industry, Kroc and the McDonald brothers feuded over control of the business, as documented in Krocs autobiography. The San Bernardino restaurant was demolished in 1976 and the site was sold to the Juan Pollo restaurant chain and this area now serves as headquarters for the Juan Pollo chain, as well as a McDonalds and Route 66 museum
18.
Bureau Veritas
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Bureau Veritas S. A. is an international certification agency. In addition to certifications, they provide HSE expertise, today the headquarters are in Neuilly-sur-Seine, nearby La Défense. The company went public on the Paris Bourse in October 2007, originally formed in Antwerp in 1828 as Bureau de Renseignements pour les Assurances Maritimes, the Bureau Veritas name was adopted in 1829. The company has its headquarters in Neuilly-sur-Seine, near Paris La Défense in France and its main competitors are the Swiss companies Société Générale de Surveillance, Germanischer Lloyd and Cotecna. Formed in June 1828 in Antwerp by underwriters Alexandre Delehaye and Louis van den Broek, the Bureau Veritas name was adopted in 1829. This included the adoption of the figure of truth logo designed by Achille Deveria, at the beginning of the 21st century, Bureau Veritas added 2 new business to its activity, consumer products testings and commodities testings. Frank Piedelièvre took the lead of Bureau Veritas between 1996 and 2013, first as Chief Executive Officer, then as President & CEO, then as Chairman & CEO, then as Chairman. Under his leadership, Bureau Veritas has seen its number of employees multiplied by 7, since March 2012, Didier Michaud-Daniel is the Chief Executive Office of Bureau Veritas. The company went public on the Paris Stock Exchange in October 2007, in 2007, Bureau Veritas released a video to launch its Move Forward with Confidence tagline. This video can be found on the companys website, in 2013, Bureau Veritas launched a video to explain simply its main businesses and raise awareness on its Testing, Inspection and Certification activities. This video won the 2014 TopCom Silver Award in the External Audiovisual category A detailed history of Bureau Veritas can be found on the companys website, one can also download the 150 years anniversary book edited by the company in 1978. The head office of the group is located in France in Neuilly-sur-Seine near Paris, Bureau Veritas is a listed company on the Euronext Paris and belongs to the Next 20. Its latest registration/reference document was submitted to the AMF in March 2016. The capital distribution on December 31,2015 is as follows,40. 08%, Wendel group,56. 94%, Free float,0. 77%, Managers 1. 21%, Employees,1. 00%, Treasury shares. In 2015, the group revenues reached 4.63 billion euros and it has many symbols each with a specific meaning
19.
Bizerba
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KG is a German provider of weighing and slicing technologies for industry and trade and is a worldwide leading specialist in industrial weighing and labeling technologies. It was founded in 1866 by the Bizer brothers in Balingen and its name is a composite of the citys name and Bizer. Bizerba currently has over 100 divisions worldwide and a headquarters located in Balingen, Bizerba has approximately 3700 employees worldwide, including its headquarters and 3 production facilities in Germany as well as 41 subsidiaries and 69 national representatives. Bizerba USA, Inc. has been incorporated in 1984 as a subsidiary of parent company Bizerba SE & Co and its corporate office is located in Joppa, MD. Bizerba is working with factory authorized distributors in all 50 states, Bizerba Engineered Solutions is a new subsidiary located in Richmond USA. The numerical printing system and dial controls were technological marvels of their time,1965, Bizerba brings electronics into retail shops. Now weight reporting against different product pricing structures was easier than ever,2002, Bizerba introduces the first CE class touch screen scales that revolutionize scale management and updating. In November, the provider of solutions for weighing, slicing and labelling technology opened a branch in Singapore. Jan-2016, Bizerba bought back the shares from the Zurich Deutscher Herold Lebensversicherung AG. After around 20 years, the company is now again under the full ownership of the founding family Kraut. Feb-2016, Bizerba takes over the Italian company Mac & Label, with its head office in Cesena, the company is specialized in labeling applicators for the fruit and vegetable sector. Apr-2016, Bizerba recorded sales of 598.6 million euros and 19 percent growth in its fiscal year 2015 as a result of increases in all regions worldwide Bizerba
20.
Reliance Industries
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Reliance Industries Limited is an Indian conglomerate holding company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Reliance owns businesses across India engaged in energy, petrochemicals, textiles, natural resources, retail, the company is ranked 215th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds biggest corporations as of 2016. It is ranked 8th among the Top 250 Global Energy Companies by Platts as of 2016, the company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his brother Champaklal Damani in 1960s as Reliance Commercial Corporation. In 1965, the partnership ended and Dhirubhai continued the business of the firm. In 1966, Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra and it established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat. In 1975, the company expanded its business into textiles, with Vimal becoming its major brand in later years, the company held its Initial public offering in 1977. The issue was over-subscribed by seven times, in 1979, a textiles company Sidhpur Mills was amalgamated with the company. In 1985, the name of the company was changed from Reliance Textiles Industries Ltd. to Reliance Industries Ltd, during the years 1985 to 1992, the company expanded its installed capacity for producing polyester yarn by over 145,000 tonnes per annum. The Hazira petrochemical plant was commissioned in 1991–92, in 1993, Reliance turned to the overseas capital markets for funds through a global depositary issue of Reliance Petroleum. In 1996, it became the first private company in India to be rated by international credit rating agencies. S&P rated Reliance BB+, stable outlook, constrained by the sovereign ceiling, moodys rated Baa3, Investment grade, constrained by the sovereign ceiling. In 1995/96, the company entered the industry through a joint venture with NYNEX, USA. In 1998/99, RIL introduced packaged LPG in 15 kg cylinders under the brand name Reliance Gas, the years 1998–2000 saw the construction of the integrated petrochemical complex at Jamnagar in Gujarat, the largest refinery in the world. In 2001, Reliance Industries Ltd. and Reliance Petroleum Ltd. became Indias two largest companies in terms of all major financial parameters, in 2001–02, Reliance Petroleum was merged with Reliance Industries. In 2002, Reliance announced Indias biggest gas discovery in nearly three decades and one of the largest gas discoveries in the world during 2002. The in-place volume of gas was in excess of 7 trillion cubic feet. This was the first ever discovery by an Indian private sector company, in 2002–03, RIL purchased a majority stake in Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd. Indias second largest petrochemicals company, from Government of India, IPCL was later merged with RIL in 2008
21.
Accenture
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Accenture PLC is a global management consulting and professional services company which provides strategy, consulting, digital, technology and operations services. A Fortune Global 500 company, it has incorporated in Dublin, Ireland. In 2016, the company reported net revenues of $32.9 billion, in 2015, the company had about 130,000 employees in India, about 48,000 in the US, and about 50,000 in the Philippines. Accentures current clients include 94 of the Fortune Global 100 and more than three-quarters of the Fortune Global 500, Accenture common equity is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, under the symbol ACN, and was added to the S&P500 index on 5 July 2011. In 2016, Fortune magazine named it as the worlds most admired Information Technology Services company, Accenture began as the business and technology consulting division of accounting firm Arthur Andersen. S. Joseph Glickauf, a pioneer of computer consulting, held a position as head of Arthur Andersens administrative services division. In 1989, Arthur Andersen and Andersen Consulting became separate units of Andersen Worldwide Société Coopérative, throughout the 1990s, there was increasing tension between Andersen Consulting and Arthur Andersen. This dispute came to a head in 1998 when Andersen Consulting claimed breach of contract against AWSC, Andersen Consulting put the 15% transfer payment for that year and future years into escrow and issued a claim for breach of contract. In August 2000, as a result of the conclusion of arbitration with the International Chamber of Commerce, Andersen Consulting broke all ties with AWSC. As part of the settlement, Andersen Consulting paid the sum held in escrow to Arthur Andersen. On 1 January 2001, Andersen Consulting adopted its current name, the word Accenture is supposedly derived from Accent on the future. The name Accenture was submitted by Kim Petersen, a Danish employee from the companys Oslo, Norway office, Accenture stock closed the day at $15.17, with the days high at $15.25. On the first day of the IPO, Accenture raised nearly $1.7 billion, in October 2002, the Congressional General Accounting Office identified Accenture as one of four publicly traded federal contractors that were incorporated in a tax haven country. The other three, unlike Accenture, were incorporated in the United States before they re-incorporated in a tax haven country, the government of the United Kingdom ultimately abandoned the project 5 years later for the same reasons. Accenture announced on 26 May 2009 that its Board of Directors unanimously approved changing the place of incorporation to Ireland from Bermuda. Accenture was chosen to replace CGI Group as the contractor for HealthCare. gov in January 2014. In December 2014, Accenture won a million contract to provide ongoing maintenance, software development. In July 2015 the United States Department of Defense awarded a major Electronic Health Records contract to Cerner, Leidos, the contract valued $4.33 billion will serve 55 hospitals and 600 clinics
22.
Larsen & Toubro
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Larsen & Toubro Limited, commonly known as L&T, is an Indian multi-national conglomerate headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It was founded by two Danish engineers taking refuge in India, the company has business interests in engineering, construction, manufacturing goods, information technology, and financial services, and has offices worldwide. Larsen & Toubro originated from a company founded in 1938 in Bombay, the company began as a representative of Danish manufacturers of dairy equipment. However, with the start of the Second World War in 1939 and the restriction on imports. Germanys invasion of Denmark in 1940 stopped supplies of Danish products, the war-time need to repair and refit ships offered L&T an opportunity, and led to the formation of a new company, Hilda Ltd, to handle these operations. L&T also started to repair and fabricate ships signalling the expansion of the company, the sudden internment of German engineers in British India, who were to put up a soda ash plant for the Tatas, gave L&T a chance to enter the field of installation. In 1944, ECC was incorporated by the partners, the company at time was focused on construction projects. By 1945, the company represented British manufacturers of equipment used to manufacture such as hydrogenated oils, biscuits, soaps. In 1945, the signed an agreement with Caterpillar Tractor Company, USA. At the end of the war, large numbers of war-surplus Caterpillar equipment were available at attractive prices and this prompted them to raise additional equity capital, and on 7 February 1946, Larsen & Toubro Private Limited was incorporated. After Indias independence in 1947, L&T set up offices in Calcutta, Madras, in 1948,55 acres of undeveloped marsh and jungle was acquired in Powai, Mumbai. A previously uninhabitable swamp subsequently became the site of its main manufacturing hub, in December 1950, L&T became a public company with a paid-up capital of ₹20 lakh. The sales turnover in that year was ₹1.09 crore, in 1956, a major part of the companys Mumbai office moved to ICI House in Ballard Estate, which would later be purchased by the company and renamed as L&T House, its present headquarters. During the 1960s, ventures included UTMAL, Audco India Limited, Eutectic Welding Alloys, L&T has formed a joint venture with SapuraCrest Petroleum Berhad, Malaysia for providing services to the offshore construction industry. The joint venture will own and operate the LTS3000, a vessel for heavy lifting and pipe-laying. L&T Power has set up an organisation focused on coal-based, gas-based, L&T has formed two joint ventures with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan to manufacture super critical boilers and steam turbine generators. L&T is among the largest five fabrication companies in the world, L&T has a shipyard capable of constructing vessels of up to 150 metre long and displacement of 20,000 tons at its heavy engineering complex at Hazira, Gujarat. The shipyard constructs specialised heavy-lift ships, CNG carriers, chemical tankers, defence & para-military vessels, submarines, the design wing of L&T ECC is EDRC, which provides consultancy, design and services
23.
Central Park, Kharghar
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The Central Park of Kharghar is an urban park in Mumbai, India that covers an area of around 119 hectares spread across the citys sectors 23,24 and 25. It is expected to be one of the largest gardens in Asia when fully developed and it is near to Sector 20, Jalvayu Vihar, and opposite the well known Pandavkada cave and waterfall. An 18 hole golf course is open to the public. As per CIDCO it will be largest park in Asia and third largest in the world and it also houses many dance sculptures, musical sculptures, and was rated one of the most Beautiful Gardens of The World, after Lodhi Gardens in New Delhi. There are more than 1000 picnic places for families, the park is open from 6 am to 9 am and from 5 pm to 8 pm. It is now the second largest park
24.
Pandavkada Falls
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Pandavkada Falls is a waterfall located Kharghar, a suburb of Navi Mumbai. The waterfall, about 107 metres high is a type of plunge waterfall in nature pouring in massive amounts of water on the surface underneath. Pandavkada Waterfall is a spot for one day picnics. Pandavkada is said to have derived its name from the Pandavas, auto rickshaws are available from Kharghar railway Station. Alternatively, people can go from Konkan Railway and get down at Taloja Panchnand Station, pandavkada waterfall is being declared as a dangerous spot by the CIDCO. In 2010, about 12 students had lost their lives while swimming in the waterfall, previously, a ban was imposed from entering the fall, after four students drowned in the waterfall in 2005 which was lifted long ago by the forest department. However, according to officials of Kharghar police station, tourists are Charged Rs. 50/person to visit the spot as per their wish but on their own risk
25.
Parsik Hill
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Parsik Hill is a hill in the Mumbai metropolitan area, in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India. It has a tunnel called Parsik tunnel. It is one of the longest and oldest tunnels in India and Asia, the hill has 10 feet wide ridge that runs 7 kilometres north and south, paralleling the railway lines. The hill is approximately 15 square kilometers area of reserved forests, in 1985, the highest peak rose to 235 metres. Also on the top of stands the official residence of the Mayor of Navi Mumbai. Parsiks steep, scrub grassland hills have featured in some Bollywood movies, due to the impact of quarrying and illegal housing, there is concern about the extent to which the reserved forest will remain in years to come. An ecological activist comments, The hill has a potential for eco-tourism, given that it runs through the municipal limits of Thane. Besides trekking trails, there is also a centre in Mumbra. The famous Parsik tunnel on Mumbai-Chennai mainline lies in this hill and this tunnel is between Thane and Mumbra. Double Broad gauge track electrified passes though this tunnel and this reduced the distance between Thane and Diva to 7 km from formal 9.6 km. This tunnel is 1.3 km in length and this tunnel is one of the oldest tunnel in Asia. It has been an area for hikers and, since the 1960s. Courses began to be conducted at Parsik Hills, having had a reputation as some of the most interesting and convenient area for rock climbing, one of the noted instructors was Nawang Gombu. Rock climbers can complete advanced climbs in one half to one day, the area, most enjoyable in the winter or monsoon season, must be accessed by cutting through groups of illegal shanties, or hutments, that occupy the hill. The area is losing its recreational appeal, about 9% of the top of the hill has been leveled due to quarrying, which is contracted to continue until about 2017. Material for general and road construction is created by blasting rock from the hill and it is estimated that at the present rate of excavation, 30% of the hill will have been removed or destroyed within that time. About 100 unauthorized temples have also built on the hill. Deputy Conservator of the Forests, G T Chavan said that there were plans to better police and protect the land and we are working towards evicting the squatters
26.
Vashi
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Vashi is a node in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, across the Thane Creek of the Arabian Sea on the outskirts of city of Panvel. It is one of the first nodes developed by the City and Industrial Development Corporation in Navi Mumbai township, the major schools in Vashi are Sacred Heart High School, Fr. Agnels Multipurpose High School, St Lawrence school, New Bombay High School, ICLE MJ COLLEGE, the malls in Vashi are Raghuleela Arcade, Inorbit Mall, Satra Plaza. The APMC market, one of the largest markets in India is in, Sector 31 is allotted for PAPs G. E. Scheme for residential as well as commercial purpose. Being close to the sea, Vashi is mostly humid and hot in summer and mildly pleasant during the months of November, December, and January. The Western Ghats run parallel along the east of the mainland town, Vashi is one of the oldest and most populated nodes in Navi Mumbai. Many companies from Mumbai and other parts of India have set up shop there, most new firms setting up base in Navi Mumbai township are in or close to Vashi. Sector 17, in turn, is the heart of Vashi, hosting a dense concentration of small businesses, offices, clinics, banks, retail outlets, restaurants. Sectors 9 and 10 are heavy with commercial activity, especially retail, a large APMC market, the biggest in Asia for wholesale agricultural produce, is in Sector 19 and a part of Sector 18. Vashi is the first node of Navi Mumbai from the island Mumbai direction and it is directly connected by rail and road. An earlier hovercraft service to Mumbai island was discontinued citing heavy operational losses, a proposed international airport near Panvel is under final stages of approval. It is expected to bring relief to the existing Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai. It takes about 50 minutes to travel by train from Vashi railway station to the main city, the railway is known as Harbour line, extending from Mumbai CST to Panvel. The two rail options to travel from Mumbai western suburbs are via Dadar and via Wadala Road, Vashi is connected with Thane via Trans Harbour Railway Line. Long-distance trains to the rest of the country are only from the nearby bigger stations of LTT Kurla, Bandra, Dadar, Mumbai Central, Mumbai CST, Thane, Panvel stations. The Sion-Panvel Highway and the picturesque Palm Beach Road intersection is at Sector 17, auto rickshaws, taxis, buses and radio cabs are easily available. There are two bus depots in Vashi, one at the railway station and the other near Shivaji Chowk. Another bus stand is expected to be operational at Sector 12
27.
New Panvel
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New Panvel is a node in the Panvel city of Maharashtra state in Konkan division. New Panvel is developed on land and previously Mango cultivated area. New Panvel is residential as well as commercial and educational node in the city of Navi Mumbai, New Panvel is divided into two parts, New Panvel, on the eastern side of Diva-Panvel-Roha central railway and New Panvel on the western side of it. New Panvel west and New Panvel East are joined by New Panvel East-West flyover bridge also known as Khanda Colony Flyover, New Panvel West is also popularly called Khanda Colony by the local villagers, as the city is adjacent to two small villages Dhakta Khanda and Motha Khanda. Khanda and Khandeshwar Railway stations derive their names from an very old Shiva Temple known as Khandeshwar Mahadev along the sides of a scenic lake of Khandeshwar. Khandeshwar lake hosts the mahashivratri mela every year and the event is gaining popularity among the nearby cities year after year. Takka Naka is a new node of New Panvel being developed by CIDCO, presently Takka Naka is covered by dense mango trees which may be cut down for the development. Major commercial activities are present in sectors 15 to 19 of East just outside the railway station, K Mall is among the major shopping destinations in New Panvels Takka Naka node and Orion Mall along the Mumbai-Pune old highway alongside Panvel Bus depot is emerging as a new shopping destination. The planned Navi Mumbai International Airport is expected to affect real estate prices in the area of New Panvel which are under development. Sector 17 of New Panvel West bound by JNPT bypass and NH-4 alongside Motha Khanda is located near the railway station, many residential buildings in the New Panvel West namely Sai Prasad CHS. A Type CIDCO settlements offer budget housing for lower income groups, most part of New Panvel west was planned and developed hence appear organised. New Panvel East is in the process of organised development, New Panvel East boasts of some good country side view of hills of matheran and the waterfalls on them during monsoon is worth a watch. New Panvel East also has a locally known as river Kalundre situated on the banks of Panvel Creek. Kauva Galli is a road near Khandeshwar temple known for its enormous crow population, the development and maintenance authority of New Panvel is City and Industrial Development Corporation. New Panvel is located on the side of the Mumbai-Bangalore National Highway. New Panvel is divided in two parts – New Panvel East and New Panvel West, later called as Khanda Colony and they have 23 and 19 sectors respectively. New Panvel is just adjacent to the proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport, a Reliance SEZ is also coming up in the vicinity. It has a number of schools, colleges and hospitals to meet the needs of its residents, Panvel is surrounded by some major Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation managed regions like Patalganga, Taloja, Nagothane, Roha, Khopoli
28.
Inorbit Mall
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Inorbit Mall is a subsidiary of the K. Raheja Corporation which runs shopping malls in various parts of India. The first Inorbit Mall opened in 2004, in Malad, Mumbai, Inorbit Malls launched their second property in Navi Mumbai at Vashi, in October 2008, third in Hyderabad in October 2009. Fourth in Pune in April 2011, fifth in Bangalore on 15 September 2012, the company follows a lease-plus-revenue mode revenue model for all its properties. Inorbit Mall, Malad was the first shopping mall to open under the Inorbit umbrella and it was designed by architectural firm P. G. patki and Associates and is counted among the better planned malls in the city. At the time, it claimed to be the biggest mall property in South East Asia, in 2008, the mall was retrofitted for energy efficiency by Johnson Controls Inc under the Clinton Climate Initiative. The mall has five lakh square feet of retail area, the property was part of a civil suit, filed in 2008 by industrialist Nusli Wadia, owner of the land which was leased to K Raheja Corporation claiming damages for violation of the said lease. Wadia requested the court to direct the mall be demolished, the mall houses 26 restaurants and the foodcourt is spread over 12,000 sq. ft and seats 800 people at a time. The restaurants at Inorbit Malad are sought after and waiting times are as long as three hours for a table, after the Inorbit Malad experience, the company has doubled the number of restaurants in subsequently developed mall spaces. Due to the number of footfalls, the hosts a variety of promotional events. In 2007, Panasonic displayed the worlds largest plasma screen at Malad, Inorbit Malad frequently hosts Music releases of top bollywood movies. Movies which have had their music launched at the mall include The Dirty Picture, other events that have taken place at Inorbit Malad include an international boxing bout held by World Series of Boxing in 2011. It is the first mall in the world to have such an event. During large sports events such as the Indian Premier League, Inorbit installs large screens in food courts to retain clientele, the mall is said to generate revenues of between 800 million and 840 million per annum and attracts 40,000 visitors each weekend. In 2010, Inorbit Malad launched Mall Walk, a scheme where people could use the property for their morning walks at no cost. The development of Inorbit Mall has led to street hawkers setting up shop on the side of the road. These hawkers synchronise their timings with that of the mall, with mall employees, the mall often plays host to cooking classes, self-defence workshops and free music concerts. Inorbit Vashi is credited with changing the face of the area, residents of neighbouring areas have voiced their wishes for an Inorbit Vashi type of mall to be built in their area as well. The mall is known as a one stop destination for shoppers in Mumbai as well as for offering wifi facility at no cost to shoppers
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Charles Correa
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Charles Mark Correa was an Indian architect, urban planner and activist. Credited for the creation of architecture in post-Independence India, he was celebrated for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional methods. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1972, and the second highest civilian honour and he was also awarded the 1984 Royal Gold Medal for architecture, by the Royal Institute of British Architects. Correa was born on 1 September 1930 in Secunderabad, in 1958 he established his own Mumbai based professional practice. He died on 16 June 2015 in Mumbai following a brief illness, Correa was a major figure in contemporary architecture around the world. With his extraordinary and inspiring designs, he played a role in the creation of an architecture for post-Independence India. He designed the Parumala Church as well and his first important project was Mahatma Gandhi Sangrahalaya at Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, then in 1967 he designed the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in Bhopal. Also he designed state-of-the-art research and development facility of Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd at Chennai, in 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi appointed him Chairman of the National Commission on Urbanization. In 1984, he founded the Urban Design Research Institute in Bombay, during the final four decades of his life, Correa has done pioneering work in urban issues and low-cost shelter in the Third World. From 2005 until his 2008 resignation Correa was the Chairman of the Delhi Urban Arts Commission, on 18 December 2011, the eve of the Golden Jubiliee of Liberation of Goa, Correa was bestowed with Goas highest civilian honour, the Gomant Vibhushan. In 2013, the Royal Institute of British Architects held an exhibition, Charles Correa – Indias Greatest Architect. It shares the site with the Aga Khan Museum designed by Fumihiko Maki, the Champalimaud Foundation Centre in Lisbon was inaugurated on 5 October 2010 by the Portuguese President, Cavaco Silva. RIBA Royal Gold Medal –1984
30.
Ghansoli
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Ghansoli is a suburb and one of the nodes of Navi Mumbai. It has a newly built locality and also a big industrial area housing companies like Reliance, Siemens, there is a Mookambika temple which is one of the oldest landmarks in Ghansoli. The railway link from Thane to Vashi / Panvel has greatly increased accessibility to Ghansoli, ASP English Convent High School, Tilak International School, Blossom Nursery School, Rajiv Gandhi Management College are also working in Ghansoli. Among the other places of worship is a big mosque close to the railway station. There is also a very big ashram for Sikh community very close to sector-1, not much is known about the history of Ghansoli, however the village was a part of the salt satyagraha movement. During the satyagraha movement as many of the leaders like Dr Rajendra Prasad, Kasturba Gandhi. Local trains are available from Thane to Vashi and Panvel via Ghansoli every 5 to 10 minutes during peak hours and it takes 15 minutes from Ghansoli to Thane or Vashi. BEST buses are available from Ghansoli to Vashi, Chembur, Sion, Dadar, Worli, Mulund, Bhandup, Powai, Dindoshi and Borivali. NMMT buses are available from Ghansoli to Vashi, CBD Belapur, Taloja, Panvel, Thane, Mulund, Chembur, Dadar, Worli, Andheri and Borivali
31.
Kopar Khairane
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Kopar Khairane is a node of Navi Mumbai. It was built mostly on reclaimed land by the City and Industrial Development Corporation, Kopar Khairane railway station is located in sector-8A of the node. On the Thane-Belapur road side of the station is located the enormous Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City, also located closely is Millennium Business Park. This node is located between Ghansoli and Turbhe on the Thane-Vashi railway line, local trains are available from Thane to Vashi, Nerul and Panvel via Kopar Khairane every 5 to 10 minutes during peak hours and about every 15 to 20 minutes during off peak hours. Fast local trains on this trans-harbour route halt at Kopar Khairane station, BEST buses are available from Kopar Khairane to Chembur, Sion, Dadar, Worli, Ghatkopar, Mulund, Bhandup, Powai, Dindoshi and Borivali. NMMT buses are available from Kopar Khairane to Thane, Dombivali, Kalyan, Uran, Taloja, Panvel, Chembur, Sion, Dadar, Worli, Mulund, Powai, Andheri and Borivali. BEST AC Kinglong buses are available from Kopar Khairane to Dadar, Worli, Powai, Borivali and NMMT AC Volvo buses are available from Kopar Khairane to Dadar, Worli, Powai, Borivali, packers and Movers in Kopar Khairane
32.
Sanpada
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Sanpada is a residential node that has been developed by CIDCO since the late 1980s. It has expconsiderably with new building projects springing up every other day, in fact Sanpada is becoming the next ideal residential hub with malls and major amnesties establishing in close vicinity to Vashi. Smilecare dental and Cosmoderma clinic Mydentist - Sanpada OCULUS, Dr, Sanpada has developed at a speedy rate. It is a residential as well as residential township in Navi Mumbai. Sanpadas reputation for being organized and self-sufficient, large but not too crowded, has led to the continued growth, the housing market is strong and property values are rising. High-rise buildings on the Palm Beach Road have a view of the creek, Sanpada railway station is on the harbour line and has connectivity to CST, Panvel and Thane. The Sion-Panvel highway crosses through Sanpada and is 100 meters away from the railway station, similar to Vashi and CBD Belapur railway stations, the Sanpada railway station also houses a commercial office complex. Sanpada has been divided into sectors based on the size of available housing units in each neighborhood. One of the oldest and most beautiful sector in Sanpada is sector-7 where there are 9 housing societies, millennium Towers in Sector-9 is a Housing Society developed by CIDCO. It is one of the most well planned housing societies in Navi Mumbai and has lots of gardens and a state of art club house. It is the one of the most expensive residential township in Navi Mumbai with the lowest price of a flat being 1.25 Crore Rs. and it houses more than 1250 residents. It is centrally located and at a distance from both Sanpada and Juinagar Railway Stations
33.
Nerul
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Nerul is a residential and commercial node in the city of Navi Mumbai of Maharashtra state. It consists of more than 50 sectors, Nerul East houses odd sectors while Nerul West includes even sectors. It is one of the biggest, and most populated residential nodes of the city, Nerul along with Seawoods is the second most developed zone of Navi Mumbai after Vashi. Nerul along with Seawoods-Darave is one of the most expensive, promising and developing realty locales in the satellite city, Nerul has a huge floating and residential population moving in from South Mumbai and the western suburbs, making it more upmarket by the day. Nerul however still has parts with a rustic feel about it. The estimated population of Nerul is around 10,00,000, Nerul has two railway stations namely Nerul railway station and Seawoods–Darave railway station. About one lakh people travel from Nerul and 50,000 from Seawoods–Darave railway station, DAV Public School Nerul Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology Terna Engineering College St. Xaviers High School and Junior College of Science St. The township like the rest of Navi Mumbai is divided into sectors, as such, the address system is more organized and the township easy to navigate compared to central Mumbai, hence minimizing traffic. Nerul, being a township, features roads that intersect at right angles. Auto rickshaws provide the means of personal local transportation. Travelling to other nodes by auto rickshaw usually entails the payment of one-and-a-half times the regular meter fare, BEST and NMMT buses serve as a much cheaper means of transport. Buses starting from or passing through Nerul allow passengers direct and fast passage to destinations across Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Panvel and Uran. BEST AC Kinglong buses are available from Nerul to Dadar and NMMT AC Volvo buses are available from Nerul to Panvel, Dadar, CST, Mantralaya, Powai, Andheri, Nerul is connected by rail on the harbour line, part of the Mumbai Suburban Railway. Travelling to destinations across Mumbai by rail often involves taking a train to the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, services from Nerul to Thane has been started some years ago to reduce the crowd at Kurla. The water supply is constant for 10–11 months annually and the month of May has peak shortages. Occasional shut downs are often enough to be borne through by the overhead water tanks in many apartments. Road maintenance is carried out by the NMMC, roads in the township are of good quality throughout the year Triumphant Bible Church A bible based believers church in Navi Mumbai. The DY Patil Stadium is one such complex which includes a cricket stadium
34.
CBD Belapur
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The Central Business District of Belapur is a node of Navi Mumbai. The Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation is headquartered in Belapur, the Reserve Bank of India maintains a branch office at CBD Belapur. This area is one of the fastest developing region in Navi Mumbai in terms of new residential and commercial construction projects, CBD Belapur is well connected to all other parts of Mumbai through railways, BEST & NMMT buses. It had a service for traveling to Elephanta caves from Sector-11. CBD Belapur is a business district of Mumbai after Vashi, Bandra-Kurla Complex, Nariman Point. CBD Belapur has been growing since the 1990s, and is now home to colleges as well as a number of technology businesses, the area near Belapur was under Portuguese rule around 1560, before it was captured by the Siddis of Janjira. In those days, the town was called Belawal by the locals, in 1682, the Portuguese recaptured Shabaz, only to lose it to the Marathas in 1733. In 1817, the British East India Company captured the area from the Marathas and it is the southernmost town in the Thane district as well as the Thane taluka. CBD Belapur houses several economic and government administrative and private companies offices, Konkan Bhavan building houses important state government office like Director of Town Planning, Public Works Department etc. The CGO Complex has offices of Chief Commissioner of Central Exice, Special Crime Branch, MTNL, other government offices include Cotton Corporation of India Ltd and headquarters of Konkan Railway. The Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, Industrial Development Bank of India Limited and other nationalised banks have their presence here. CBD Belapur is home to some of the countrys most prominent call centres like ChoiceConnex, Wipro BPO and few others like Kaizen, ChoiceConnex has notable mention as it specialises in out-bound sales for US, Australia and UAE and has more recently started domestic operations as well. It has well developed markets for local population in sectors 3,4,5 &6, Hospital which takes care of local populations medical needs. Now a new Charitable hospital Acharyashri Nanesh Hospital is scheduled to open in the quaint Artist village a serene & picturesque locality in Belapur and it has a number of restaurants & recreational grounds such as Sunil Gavaskar Maidan. International Technology Centre at the CBD Belapur railway station complex was built by CIDCO as an Infotech hub, Belapur railway station lies on the harbour line and Sion Panvel Highway passes through this node. Palm Beach Marg connects CBD Belapur directly with Vashi, Railway service is up to Panvel. BEST buses are available from CBD Belapur to Vashi, Chembur, Sion, Dadar, Bandra, NMMT buses are available from CBD Belapur to Vashi, Thane, Dombivali, Kalyan, Badlapur, Uran, Taloja and Panvel. Auto rickshaws is the mode of transport within the node owing the small area occupied by the node
35.
Kamothe
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Kamothe is a node of Navi Mumbai developed and maintained by CIDCO. Kamothe is located on the Sion Panvel Highway and it is the third node after Panvel and Khandeshwar towards Mumbai. Navi Mumbai is envisaged as a metro sized counter magnet to reduce the pressure on the Mumbai metropolis and it is planned as a polycentric new town with a series of nodal concentrations along mass transport corridors. When fully built, it is expected to have 14 such townships with a combined holding capacity of four millions. The site of Kamothe adjoins the Central Business District of Belapur of Navi Mumbai and is surrounded by Kharghar in its north, Taloja in north-east, Kalamboli in its east, the western region of Kamothe is a wet land area with enormous mangroves. Kamothe is divided into 48 Sectors, though these sectors are not placed evenly, they are systematic and are in a planned manner. Each sector has its own information map, Kamothe is one of the slum-free and modern node of Navi Mumbai. Kamothe has large network of wide roads, almost all the bank branches have come in Kamothe. Today there are number of hotels and restaurants are functioning, lots of schools and play schools have already started functioning in Kamothe. Now some big schools are also coming there, daily light cuts for one minute at least but on Tuesday light cuts up to 10 hrs. Due to heavy rains and shoddy work most of the part of the roads are in very bad condition with too much of potholes. Even two wheeler traffic is difficult in these roads. Hawkers and small vendors have taken the entire area and public are forced to walk over the road. Kamothe drainage are directly dump in to sea & river, Kamothe Police Station is in Plot#1, Sector 7 and started fully functioning in 2013. Kamothe boasts of number of ready and under-construction projects both in the commercial and residential segments, bhoomi Homes, Manas are some of the oldest residential complexes of Kamothe. The upcoming Navi Mumbai International Airport near Kamothe has boomed the real estate of Kamothe on new heights, there are a number of residential projects sprung up in Kamothe. CIDCO also has plans to build shopping malls which should make the one of the better locations in Navi Mumbai Kamothe is located on the outskirts of Mumbai. It lies in what is regarded as the Konkan part of Maharashtra
36.
Kalamboli
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Kalamboli is one of the nodes of Navi Mumbai. The township, like the rest of Navi Mumbai, is divided into sectors, the residential and commercial areas of Kalamboli are divided by the NH4 highway. Roadpali, a village to the north of Kalamboli, is developing at a faster rate than the latter with many residential projects coming up due to availability of land, roadpali is located along the Taloja Link Road. Kalamboli also houses the Navi Mumbai Police Headquarters, CIDCO is the nodal administrative body for Kalamboli node. Kalamboli also has a Sewage Water Treatment Plant owned by CIDCO, Kalamboli is now governed by Panvel Municipal Corporation. The terminal of Mumbai-Pune Expressway is at Kalamboli and it also has Navi Mumbais largest marble market alongside the Sion Panvel Highway. Auto Rickshaws, NMMT, BEST, MSRTC are the means for commuters. Auto rickshaws provide the means of personal local transportation. Traveling to other nodes, or travels at night, by auto rickshaw usually entails the payment of one-and-a-half times the regular meter fare, NMMT, BEST and ST buses are available from Kalamboli to Vashi, Sion, Dadar, Ghatkopar, Uran and Thane. Kalamboli railway station Kalamboli will have three stations on the Phase II of Navi Mumbai Metros each in sectors 2E, 7E and 13. Mansarovar railway station -3.5 km approx, from Kalamboli Kharghar railway station -5.4 km approx. From Kalamboli Khandeshwar railway station -3.9 km approx, from Kalamboli Panvel railway station -6.5 km approx
37.
Vashi Bridge
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The Vashi Bridge, also known as Thane Creek Bridge, is a bridge, built across the Thane Creek that connects the city of Mumbai to the Indian mainland at Navi Mumbai. The bridge links the suburb of Mankhurd in Mumbai with Vashi in Navi Mumbai and it is one of four entry points into Mumbai, and handles traffic directed towards the region to the south and east of Mumbai. The first bridge to connect Mumbai to Navi Mumbai was built in 1973, the bridge is 1837m in length and has a substandard 3 lane carriageway. Within two years of its opening to traffic, corrosion cracks were noted on the side of the prestressed girders of some spans. This led to a series of extensive repairs including external prestressing and it was simultaneously decided to construct a new bridge to replace the faulty one. Construction on a new bridge began in 1987 and opened to traffic in 1992, the original Vashi Bridge or the 1st Thane Creek Bridge remains closed to traffic. Proof Consultants were appointed to each aspect of planning, design. Open foundations were taken into the bedrock with foundation concrete being laid in the dry, the piers in the intertidal zone were protected by epoxy coal tar paint painted on 6 mm thick m. s. plate which was considered as a lost shuttering. Box girder, one for each carriageway, constructed using balanced cantilever cast-in-situ segments, the new bridge has performed without any problems whatsoever. This bridge was constructed by U. P State Bridge Corporation Ltd. for which it was awarded the most outstanding concrete structure award, the new bridge is also known as the 2nd Thane Creek Bridge. List of longest bridges in the world List of longest bridges above water in India Vikhroli Koparkhairane Link Road Airoli Bridge
38.
Panvel
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Panvel is a village in Raigad district of Maharashtra, in Konkan Division. The city is highly populated due to its closeness to Mumbai, Panvel is located in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Panvel is the first Municipal Corporation in Raigad and the 27th Municipal corporation of Maharashtra State, Panvel is situated on the banks of Panvel Creek. It is also surrounded by mountains on 2 sides, Panvel is a huge and most populated city in Raigad district. The city is the headquarters of the Panvel sub-division of Raigad district, the development authority of Panvel is the Panvel Municipal Corporation and that of New Panvel is City and Industrial Development Corporation. Panvel is located on Mumbai Bangalore Highway, the villages of Panvel Taluka come under the purview of Raigad Zilla Parishad. Weather is humid across the year, there is heavy rain during monsoon. Once upon a time Panvel was famous for its rice market, Panvel Municipal Council was established in the year 1852, and is the oldest municipal council of Maharashtra. Panvel Municipal Councils elections started in the year 1910, the first mayor of the PMC was Mr. Yusuf Noor Mohammed Master for the years 1910–1916. The sesquicentennial anniversary of the PMC was celebrated in the year 2002, the city prospered and grew due to the influence of large scale trade by land and sea. This was characterised by the large homes that came up during the Peshwa period. It is also said that old name of city was Paneli. There were historic cannons situated on Panvel port, on 1 October 2016, Panvel Municipal Corporation came into existence. It lies adjacent to the Navi Mumbai International Airport forming its eastern boundary, the recent developments of Panvel are in New Panvel. New Panvel is developed, administered, and maintained by CIDCO, though residents of New Panvel elect a representative in the Panvel Municipal Council, the Municipal Council does not control or manage any administrative or development activity in New Panvel. The development of New Panvel was initiated in 1970 to meet the requirements of employees working in the nearby industrial MIDC areas such as Taloja, Rasayani. New Panvel is strategically located on the side of the Mumbai-Bangalore National Highway. It is well connected to rest of India by road and railway, New Panvel is divided in two parts – New Panvel East and New Panvel West
India
Navi Mumbai travel guide from Wikivoyage
