Nazi concentration camp badge

Nazi camp ID-emblems in a 1936 German illustration

Nazi concentration camp badges, primarily triangles, were part of the system of identification in Nazi camps. They were used in the concentration camps in the Nazi-occupied countries to identify the reason the prisoners had been placed there;^[1] the triangles were made of fabric and were sewn on jackets and trousers of the prisoners. These mandatory badges of shame had specific meanings indicated by their colour and shape; such emblems helped guards assign tasks to the detainees. For example, a guard at a glance could see if someone were a convicted criminal (green patch) and thus likely of a tough temperament suitable for kapo duty.

Someone with an escape suspect mark usually would not be assigned to work squads operating outside the camp fence. Someone wearing an F could be called upon to help translate guards' spoken instructions to a trainload of new arrivals from France; some historical monuments quote the badge-imagery, with the use of a triangle being a sort of visual shorthand to symbolize all camp victims.

The modern-day use of a pink triangle emblem to symbolize gay rights is a response to the camp identification patches.

Badge coding system[edit]

The system of badges varied between the camps and in the later stages of World War II the use of badges dwindled in some camps and became increasingly accidental in others; the following description is based on the badge coding system used before and during the early stages of the war in the Dachau concentration camp, which had one of the more elaborate coding systems.

Shape was chosen by analogy with the common triangular road hazard signs in Germany that denote warnings to motorists. Here, a triangle is called inverted because its base is up while one of its angles points down.

Single triangles[edit]

• Red triangle – political prisoners: social democrats, socialists, communists and anarchists; rescuers of Jews; trade unionists; and Freemasons.
• Green triangle – convicts and criminals (often working as kapos).
• Blue triangle – foreign forced laborers and emigrants.
• Purple triangle – primarily Jehovah's Witnesses (over 99%) as well as members of other small pacifist religious groups.^{[notes 1]}
• Pink triangle – primarily homosexual men and those identified as such (e.g., bisexual men and trans women)^[2][3][4] as well as sexual offenders including rapists, pedophiles and zoophiles.^[5]
• Black triangle – people who were deemed asocial elements (asozial) and work-shy (arbeitsscheu), including the following:
  • Roma and Sinti (Gypsies). They wore the black triangle with a Z notation (for Zigeuner, meaning Gypsy) to the right of the triangle's point.^[6] Male Romani were later assigned a brown triangle. Female Romani were still deemed asocials as they were stereotyped as petty criminals (prostitutes, kidnappers and fortune tellers).
  • Mentally ill and mentally disabled. Their triangles were inscribed with the word Blöd, meaning stupid.^[7]
  • Alcoholics and drug addicts.
  • Vagrants and beggars.
  • Pacifists and conscription resisters.
  • Prostitutes.^[8][9]
  • Lesbians.^[10]
  • Some anarchists.
• Brown triangle – Romani males.
• Uninverted red triangle – an enemy POW (Sonderhäftling, meaning special detainee), a spy or traitor (Aktionshäftling, meaning activities detainee), or a military deserter or criminal (Wehrmachtsangehöriger, meaning service member).

• Some period examples of the single triangle design at Nazi camps
• 

  Single-triangle badges in various colors visible on Sachsenhausen concentration camp detainees

• 

  Single-triangles visible on Sachsenhausen detainees

• 

  Specimen indicating one of Jehovah's Witnesses

• 

  Red emblems of a political enemy on a Dachau detainee's clothing.^

• 

  More Sachsenhausen detainees

• 

  Black triangles visible on the trousers of Romani detainees at Dachau

• 

  United States Army photo of Buchenwald survivor Benedikt Kautsky [de]

• 

  Liberated Neuengamme survivor standing on the right has a triangle patch with a top-bar

Double triangles[edit]

Double-triangle badges resembled two superimposed triangles forming a Star of David, a Jewish symbol.

• Red inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish political prisoner
• Blue inverted triangle superimposed upon a red one representing foreign forced labour and political prisoner (for example, Spanish Republicans in Mauthausen)^[11]
• Green inverted triangle upon a yellow one representing a Jewish habitual criminal
• Purple inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing one of Jehovah's Witnesses of Jewish descent^[12]
• Pink inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing a Jewish "sexual offender", typically a gay or bisexual man
• Black inverted triangle superimposed upon a yellow one representing asocial and work-shy Jew
• Voided black inverted triangle superimposed over a yellow triangle representing a Jew convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a Rassenschänder (race defiler).
• Yellow inverted triangle superimposed over a black triangle representing an Aryan (woman) convicted of miscegenation and labelled as a Rassenschänder (race defiler).

Like those who wore pink and green triangles, people in the bottom two categories would have been convicted in criminal courts.

• Some period examples of the double triangle design at Nazi camps
• 

  Sachsenhausen detainee with glasses in the foreground wears a two-color ID-emblem

• 

  Disabled Jews with a black triangle on a yellow triangle, meaning asocial Jews, Buchenwald, 1938.

• 

  Part of a Dachau roll call—badges visible on detainees

• 

  Sachsenhausen detainee's red political enemy triangle atop a yellow Jew triangle (lower left)

Distinguishing marks[edit]

In addition to color-coding, non-German prisoners were marked by the first letter of the German name for their home country or ethnic group. Red triangle with a letter, for example: B (Belgier, Belgians), E (Engländer, English), F (Franzosen, French), H (Holländer, Dutch), I (Italiener, Italians), J^[13] (Jugoslawen, Yugoslavs), N (Norweger, Norwegian), P (Polen, Poles), S (republikanische Spanier, Republican Spanish) T (Tscheche, Czechs), U (Ungarn, Hungarians), or a Z notation next to a black triangle (Zigeuner, Gypsy).

Polish emigrant laborers originally wore a purple diamond with a yellow backing. A letter P (for Polen) was cut out of the purple cloth to show the yellow backing beneath.

Furthermore, repeat offenders (rückfällige, meaning recidivists) would receive bars over their stars or triangles, a different colour for a different crime.

• A political prisoner would have a red bar over their star or triangle.
• A professional criminal would have a green bar.
• A foreign forced laborer would not have a blue bar (as their impressment was for the duration of the war), but might have a different coloured bar if they were drawn from another pool of inmates.
• One of Jehovah's Witnesses would have a purple bar.
• A homosexual or sex offender would have a pink bar.
• An asocial would have a black bar.
• Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) would usually be incarcerated in special sub-camps until they died and so would not normally receive a repeat stripe.

Later in the war (late 1944), to save cloth Jewish prisoners wore a yellow bar over a regular point-down triangle to indicate their status. For instance, regular Jews would wear a yellow bar over a red triangle while Jewish criminals would wear a yellow bar over a green triangle.

Special marks[edit]

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Many various markings and combinations existed. A prisoner would usually have at least two and possibly more than six.

Limited preventative custody detainee (Befristete Vorbeugungshaft Häftling, or BV) was the term for general criminals (who wore green triangles with no special marks), they originally were only supposed to be incarcerated at the camp until their term expired and then they would be released. However, when the war began they were confined indefinitely for its duration.

Erziehungshäftlinge (reformatory inmates) wore E or EH in large black letters on a white square, they were made up of intellectuals and respected community members who could organize and lead a resistance movement, suspicious persons picked up in sweeps or stopped at checkpoints, people caught performing conspiratorial activities or acts and inmates who broke work discipline. They were assigned to hard labor for 6 to 8 weeks and were then released, it was hoped that the threat of permanent incarceration at hard labor would deter them from further mischief.

Polizeihäftlinge (police inmates), short for Polizeilich Sicherungsverwahrte Häftlinge (police secure custody inmates), wore either PH in large black letters on a white square or the letter S (for Sicherungsverwahrt — secure custody) on a green triangle. To save expense, some camps had them just wear their civilian clothes without markings. Records used the letter PSV (Polizeilich Sicherungsverwahrt) to designate them, they were people awaiting trial by a police court-martial or who were already convicted. They were detained in a special jail barracks until they were executed.

Some camps assigned Nacht und Nebel (night and fog) prisoners had them wear two large letters NN in yellow.

Soviet prisoners of war (russische Kriegsgefangenen) assigned to work camps (Arbeitslager) wore two large letters SU (for sowjetischer Untermensch, meaning Soviet sub-human)^{[citation needed]} in yellow and had vertical stripes painted on their uniforms. They were the few who had not been shot out of hand or died of neglect from untreated wounds, exposure to the elements, or starvation before they could reach a camp, they performed hard labor. Some joined Andrey Vlasov's Liberation Army to fight for the Germans.

Labor education detainees (Arbeitserziehung Häftling) wore a white letter A on their black triangle; this stood for Arbeitsscheuer (work-shy person), designating as lazy social undesirables like Gypsies, petty criminals (e.g. prostitutes and pickpockets), alcoholics/drug addicts and vagrants. They were usually assigned to work at labor camps.

Asoziale (anti-socials) inmates wore a plain black triangle, they were considered either too "selfish" or "deviant" to contribute to society or were considered too impaired to support themselves. They were therefore considered a burden; this category included pacifists and conscription resisters, petty or habitual criminals, the mentally ill and the mentally and/or physically disabled. They were usually executed or euthanized.

The Wehrmacht Strafbattalion (punishment battalion) and SS Bewährungstruppe (probation company) were military punishment units, they consisted of Wehrmacht and SS military criminals, SS personnel convicted by an Honor Court of bad conduct and civilian criminals for which military service was either the assigned punishment or a voluntary replacement of imprisonment. They wore regular uniforms, but were forbidden rank or unit insignia until they had proven themselves in combat, they wore an uninverted (point-upwards) red triangle on their upper sleeves to indicate their status. Most were used for hard labor, "special tasks" (unwanted dangerous jobs like defusing landmines or running phone cables) or were used as forlorn hopes or cannon fodder; the infamous Dirlewanger Brigade was an example of a regular unit created from such personnel.

A Strafkompanie (punishment company) was a hard labor unit in the camps. Inmates assigned to it wore a black roundel bordered white under their triangle patch.

Prisoners "suspected of [attempting to] escape" (Fluchtverdächtiger) wore a red roundel bordered white under their triangle patch. If also assigned to hard labor, they wore the red roundel under their black Strafkompanie roundel.

A prisoner-functionary (Funktionshäftling), or kapo (boss), wore a cloth brassard (their Kennzeichen, or identifying mark) to indicate their status, they served as camp guards (Lagerpolizei), barracks clerks (Blockschreiber) and the senior prisoners (ältesten, meaning elders) at the camp (lagerältester), barracks (blockältester) and room (stubenältester) levels of camp organization. They received privileges like bigger and sometimes better food rations, better quarters (or even a private room), luxuries (like tobacco or alcohol) and access to the camp's facilities (like the showers or the pool). Failure to please their captors meant demotion and loss of privileges and an almost certain death at the hands of their fellow inmates.

Detainees wearing civilian clothing (more common later in the war) instead of the striped uniforms were often marked with a prominent X on the back;^[14] this made for an ersatz prisoner uniform. For permanence, such Xs were made with white oil paint, with sewn-on cloth strips, or were cut (with underlying jacket-liner fabric providing the contrasting color). Detainees would be compelled to sew their number and (if applicable) a triangle emblem onto the fronts of such X-ed clothing.^[14]

• Some period examples of nationality-letter marking at Nazi camps
• 

  F on red triangle (French political enemy) on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau^

• 

  F-triangle on Buchenwald clothing of Dr. Joseph Brau^

• 

  Specimen meaning Polish political enemy

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  Stutthof detainee 29659 – Lidia Główczewska, which showcase the letter P on a red triangle for Polish political enemy

• 

  Auschwitz detainee Ignacy Kwarta wears a red P-triangle, meaning a Polish political enemy

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  Dutch Jews wearing a yellow star and the letter N for Niederländer at Buchenwald

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  Sachsenhausen-issued red F emblem for a French political enemy

• 

  Emblems were also used on some detainee ID-cards as shown here on the Mauthausen card of Polish scientist Jerzy Kaźmirkiewicz, where a P-triangle appears^

• 

  Dachau survivors toast their liberation as the man standing in center between the bottles wears a P triangle.

• 

  Liberated Bergen-Belsen survivor with a late war ersatz variant (left) showcasing no cloth patch, but a prominent N marked on the outer clothes

Table of camp inmate markings[edit]

	Politisch Political prisoner	Berufsverbrecher Professional criminal	Emigrant Foreign forced laborer	Bibelforscher Bible Student (Jehovah’s Witness)	Homosexuell Male homosexual/sex offender	Arbeitsscheu/Asozial Work-shy/Asocial	Zigeuner Gypsy (Roma or Sinti male)
Basic colours
Markings for repeaters
Inmates of Strafkompanie (punishment companies)
Markings for Jews
Political prisoner nationality markings The capital letter of the name of the country on a red triangle			Belgian (Belgier)	Czech (Tscheche)	French (Franzose)	Polish (Pole)	Spanish (Spanier)
Special markings	Jüdischer Rassenschänder Jewish race defiler	Rassenschänderin Female race defiler	Escape suspect	Häftlingsnummer Inmate number	Kennzeichen für Funktionshäftlinge Special inmates' brown armband		Enemy POW or deserter
Example		Marks were worn in descending order as follows: inmate number, repeater bar, triangle or star, member of penal battalion, escape suspect. In this example, the inmate is a Jewish convict with multiple convictions, serving in a Strafkompanie (penal unit) and who is suspected of trying to escape.

Postwar use[edit]

Triangle-motifs appear on many postwar memorials to the victims of the Nazis. Most triangles are plain while some others bear nationality-letters; the otherwise potentially puzzling designs are a direct reference to the identification patches used in the camps. On such monuments, typically an inverted (point down, base up) triangle (especially if red) evokes all victims, including also the non-Jewish victims like Slavs, Poles, communists, homosexuals, Roma and Sinti (see Porajmos), the handicapped (see Action T4) Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Soviet POWs. An inverted triangle colored pink would symbolize gay male victims. A non-inverted (base down, point up) triangle and/or a yellow triangle is generally more evocative of the Jewish victims.

• Some examples of camp triangle emblems on monuments and related uses
• 

  At Sachsenhausen

• 

  A Dora Todesmarsch (death march) roadside tablet marked only with the date and a red triangle

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  On the Klooga Jewish victims' memorial

• 

  On a Buchenwald Todesmarsch (death march) route historical marker

• 

  On a Sachsenhausen death march route historical marker

• 

  Monument (in the village of Grabow-Below) for Ravensbrück death march victims

• 

  On a Wöbbelin memorial stone

• 

  Boulder (in Lindenring) for 2,000 women victims of Ravensbrück

• 

  On a Cap Arcona incident memorial

• 

  At the Neustadt-Glewe concentration camp memorial

• 

  F-triangle at Mauthausen-Gusen honors French victims

• 

  B-triangle incorporated into the Belgian Political Prisoner's Cross

• 

  F-triangle at Hinzert honors French victims, especially of the Nacht und Nebel program

• 

  On a Langenstein-Zwieberge memorial (pictured on an East German stamp).

• 

  On a monument to Neuengamme victims in Hamburg, where the letters KZ are not nationality-letters, but rather are the German abbreviation for Konzentrationslager
  (concentration camp)

• 

  On a memorial to victims killed at Genshagen (right panel), where the letters KZ are not nationality-letters but rather are the German abbreviation for Konzentrationslager
  (concentration camp)

• 

  P-triangle at a Zgorzelec memorial

• 

  P-triangle on the Polish medal for camp victims

• 

  Various badges on a Dachau memorial^

• 

  Pink triangle (Rosa Winkel in German) memorial for gay men killed at Buchenwald

• 

  In the Berlin Nollendorfplatz subway station, a pink triangle plaque honors gay male victims^

• 

  Amsterdam's Homomonument uses pink triangles symbolically to memorialize gay men killed in the Holocaust and also victims of anti-gay violence generally

• 

  Every year, a pink triangle is erected on Twin Peaks in San Francisco during Pride weekend.

References[edit]

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

• Richard Plant (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-0600-1.
• Camp badge chart at historyplace.com.
• Additional camp badge chart.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nazi concentration camp badges.

• United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Classification system in Nazi concentration camps.
• Stars, triangles and markings. Jewish Virtual Library.
• Gay Prisoners in Concentration Camps as Compared with Jehovah's Witnesses and Political Prisoners. Ruediger Lautmann.