1.
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey
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The Hobbit, An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic high fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson. It is the first installment in a film adaptation based on the 1937 novel The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien. It is followed by The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies, the story is set in Middle-earth sixty years before the events of The Lord of the Rings, and portions of the film are adapted from the appendices to Tolkiens The Return of the King. An Unexpected Journey premiered on 28 November 2012 in New Zealand and was released internationally on 12 December 2012, receiving mixed to positive reviews from critics, the film was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects, Best Production Design, and Best Makeup and Hairstyling. It was also nominated for three British Academy Film Awards, approaching his 111th birthday, the hobbit Bilbo Baggins begins writing down the full story of his adventure 60 years earlier for the benefit of his nephew Frodo. Long before Bilbos involvement, the Dwarf king Thrór brings an era of prosperity for his kin under the Lonely Mountain, far to the East, destroying the nearby town of Dale, Smaug drives the Dwarves out of their mountain and takes their hoard of gold. Gandalfs aim is to recruit Bilbo as the burglar to aid them in their quest to enter the Lonely Mountain. Bilbo is unwilling to accept at first but has a change of heart after the leaves without him the next day. Travelling onward, the company is captured by three trolls, Tom, Bert & William, after their ponies are captured, Bilbo stalls the trolls from eating them until dawn. Gandalf exposes the trolls to sunlight, turning them to stone and they search the trolls cave and find treasure and Elven blades. Thorin and Gandalf each take an Elf-made blade—Orcrist and Glamdring, respectively, Gandalf also finds an elven shortsword, which he gives to Bilbo. The wizard Radagast the Brown finds Gandalf and the company, and recounts an encounter at Dol Guldur with the Necromancer, Gandalf leads the company through a stone passage to Rivendell. There, Lord Elrond discloses a hidden indication of a door on the companys map of the Lonely Mountain. The company journeys into the Misty Mountains where they find themselves amid a battle between stone giants. They take refuge in a cave and are captured by Goblins, who take them to their leader, Bilbo becomes separated from the dwarves and falls into a cave where he encounters Gollum, who unknowingly drops a golden ring. Pocketing the ring, Bilbo finds himself confronted by Gollum and they play a riddle game, wagering that Bilbo will be shown the way out if he wins or eaten by Gollum if he loses. Bilbo eventually wins by asking Gollum what he has in his pocket, noticing his ring is lost, Gollum realizes that Bilbo possesses it and chases him. Gandalf arrives and leads the dwarves in an escape and kills the Great Goblin, Bilbo exits the mountain and rejoins the company, keeping secret his newly obtained ring
2.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
3.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
4.
Te Awamutu
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Te Awamutu is a town in the Waikato in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the seat of the Waipa District and serves as a service town for the farming communities which surround it. Te Awamutu is located some 30 km south of Hamilton on State Highway 3, Tainui Maori first settled in the area in about 1450, according to noted Tainui historian Te Hurinui-Jones. Te Awamutu means the cut short, as it marked the end of the navigable section of the Mangapiko Stream. Te Awamutu was the birthplace of the first Maori King, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, the first European missionaries visited the area in 1834. The CMS missionaries established a trade school that focused on developing agricultural skills. The missionaries introduced European crops such as wheat, potatoes and peaches, they provided advice and they assisted in finding a suitable miller to operate the mills and to train Maori in this skill. During the 1850s the wider area prospered on the back of sending surplus farm produce to Auckland, for a brief period wheat was even sent overseas. By the late 1850s prices dropped as cheaper flour and other foodstuffs were imported from Australia and this caused huge resentment among local Maori who had grown use to the wealth provided by trade. Some of the more warlike Maori such as Rewi Maniapoto blamed the missionaries for having an influence on Maori tikanga. He attempted to kill the local missionary and burnt down the trade school, other Christian Maori warned other Europeans to leave the Waikato as their lives were in danger. Te Awamutu was a site during the New Zealand land wars of the 19th century. European settlement began at the conclusion of the Waikato Wars, the main thoroughfare is Alexandra Street, so named because it was once the main road to the town of Alexandra. The town has a dairy factory, and serves as an important centre in the local dairy industry. The town is referred to as The Rose Town of New Zealand because of its elaborate rose gardens in the centre of the town. Many local businesses use Rosetown in their name, and the symbol of the rose is used on local signs. The local paper, Te Awamutu Courier, has a symbol of a rose in the masthead on its front page, Te Awamutu literally means in English The Rivers End. The town is on undulating land close to the banks of a tributary of the Waipa River
5.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
6.
Art rock
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Art rock is a subgenre of rock music that generally reflects a challenging or avant-garde approach to rock, or which makes use of modernist, experimental, or unconventional elements. Art rock aspires to elevate rock from teen entertainment to an artistic statement, influences may be drawn from genres such as experimental rock, avant-garde music, classical music, and jazz. The genres greatest level of popularity was in the early 1970s through British artists, art rock is most associated with a certain period of rock music, beginning in 1966–67 and ending with the arrival of punk in the mid 1970s. After, the genre would be infused within later popular music genres of the 1970s–90s, in the rock music of the 1970s, the art descriptor was generally understood to mean aggressively avant-garde or pretentiously progressive. Art rock is used synonymously with progressive rock. Historically, the term has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music, art rock emphasizes Romantic and autonomous traditions, in distinction to the aesthetic of the everyday and the disposable embodied by art pop. Common characteristics include album-oriented music divided into compositions rather than songs, with complicated and long instrumental sections. Its music was used within the context of concept records. Compared to progressive rock, art rock is more challenging, noisy and unconventional and less classically influenced, art rock can also to refer to either classically driven rock, or a progressive rock-folk fusion. S. Eliot than to Carl Perkins or Willie Dixon, the boundaries between art and pop music became increasingly blurred throughout the second half of the 20th century. The first usage of the art rock, according to Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, was in 1968. As pop musics dominant format transitioned from singles to albums, many rock bands created works that aspired to make grand artistic statements, as it progressed in the late 1960s – in tandem with the development of progressive rock – art rock acquired notoriety alongside experimental rock. According to biographer Richard Williams, created a new concept, the producer as overall director of the creative process, Spector transformed rock music as a performing art to an art which could only exist in the recording studio, which paved the way for art rock. The Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson is also cited as one of the first examples of the music producer. Like Spector, Wilson was known as an eremitic studio obsessive who laboriously produced fantastical soundscapes through his mastery of recording technology. Biographer Peter Ames Carlin wrote that Wilson was the forerunner of a new kind of art-rock that would combine the transcendent possibilities of art with the accessibility of pop music. According to journalist Richard Goldstein, many musicians from California desired to be acknowledged as artists. They yearned for fame, as only needy people can, but they wanted to make art
7.
New wave music
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New wave is a genre of rock music popular from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s with ties to 1970s punk rock. New wave moved away from smooth blues and rock and roll sounds to create pop music that incorporated electronic and experimental music, mod, initially new wave was similar to punk rock, before becoming a distinct genre. It subsequently engendered subgenres and fusions, including synth-pop, college rock, common characteristics of new wave music include the use of synthesizers and electronic productions, the importance of styling and the arts, as well as diversity. In the mid-1980s, differences between new wave and other genres began to blur. New wave has enjoyed resurgences since the 1990s, after a rising nostalgia for several new wave-influenced artists, subsequently, the genre influenced other genres. During the 2000s, a number of acts explored new wave and post-punk influences, such as the Strokes, Interpol, Franz Ferdinand and these acts were sometimes labeled new wave of new wave. The catch-all nature of new music has been a source of much confusion. The 1985 discography Whos New Wave in Music listed artists in over 130 separate categories, the New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock calls the term virtually meaningless, while AllMusic mentions stylistic diversity. New wave first emerged as a genre in the early 1970s, used by critics including Nick Kent and Dave Marsh to classify such New York-based groups as the Velvet Underground. It gained currency beginning in 1976 when it appeared in UK punk fanzines such as Sniffin Glue and newsagent music weeklies such as Melody Maker and New Musical Express. In November 1976 Caroline Coon used Malcolm McLarens term new wave to designate music by bands not exactly punk, the term was also used in that sense by music journalist Charles Shaar Murray in his comments about the Boomtown Rats. For a period of time in 1976 and 1977, the new wave. By the end of 1977, new wave had replaced punk as the definition for new music in the UK. As radio consultants in the United States had advised their clients that punk rock was a fad, like the filmmakers of the French new wave movement, its new artists were anti-corporate and experimental. At first, most U. S. writers exclusively used the new wave for British punk acts. Music historian Vernon Joynson claimed that new wave emerged in the UK in late 1976, in the U. S. the first new wavers were the not-so-punk acts associated with the New York club CBGB. CBGB owner Hilly Kristal, referring to the first show of the band Television at his club in March 1974, said, furthermore, many artists who would have originally been classified as punk were also termed new wave. A1977 Phonogram Records compilation album of the same name features US artists including the Dead Boys, Ramones, Talking Heads, New wave is much more closely tied to punk and came and went more quickly in the United Kingdom than in the United States
8.
Pop music
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Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
9.
Ukulele
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The ukulele, sometimes abbreviated to uke, is a member of the lute family of instruments, it generally employs four nylon or gut strings or four courses of strings. Some strings may be paired in courses, giving the instrument a total of six or eight strings and it gained great popularity elsewhere in the United States during the early 20th century and from there spread internationally. The tone and volume of the instrument vary with size and construction, ukuleles commonly come in four sizes, soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone. The ukulele is commonly associated with music from Hawaii where the name translates as jumping flea. Legend attributes it to the nickname of the Englishman Edward William Purvis, one of King Kalākauas officers, because of his size, fidgety manner. According to Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last Hawaiian monarch, the means the gift that came here, from the Hawaiian words uku. Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, one of the most important factors in establishing the ukulele in Hawaiian music and culture was the ardent support and promotion of the instrument by King Kalākaua. A patron of the arts, he incorporated it into performances at royal gatherings,50,000 schoolchildren and adults learned ukulele through the Doane program at its peak. Today, a program created by James Hill and J. Chalmers Doane continues to be a staple of music education in Canada. The ukulele came to Japan in 1929 after Hawaiian-born Yukihiko Haida returned to the country upon his fathers death, Haida and his brother Katsuhiko formed the Moana Glee Club, enjoying rapid success in an environment of growing enthusiasm for Western popular music, particularly Hawaiian and jazz. During World War II, authorities banned most Western music, but fans and players kept it alive in secret, in 1959, Haida founded the Nihon Ukulele Association. Today, Japan is considered a home for Hawaiian musicians. Demand surged in the new century because of its simplicity and portability. The ukulele was popularized for an audience during the Panama Pacific International Exposition. The Hawaiian Pavilion featured a guitar and ukulele ensemble, George E. K. Awai and his Royal Hawaiian Quartet, the popularity of the ensemble with visitors launched a fad for Hawaiian-themed songs among Tin Pan Alley songwriters. The ensemble also introduced both the lap steel guitar and the ukulele into U. S. mainland popular music, where it was taken up by vaudeville performers such as Roy Smeck and Cliff Ukulele Ike Edwards. On April 15,1923 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City, Smeck appeared, playing the ukulele, in Stringed Harmony, a short film made in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. On August 6,1926, Smeck appeared playing the ukulele in a short film His Pastimes, made in the Vitaphone sound-on-disc process, the ukulele soon became an icon of the Jazz Age
10.
Mandolin
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A mandolin is a musical instrument in the lute family and is usually plucked with a plectrum or pick. It commonly has four courses of doubled metal strings tuned in unison, although five, the courses are normally tuned in a succession of perfect fifths. It is the member of a family that includes the mandola, octave mandolin, mandocello. There are many styles of mandolin, but three are common, the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin. The round-back has a bottom, constructed of strips of wood. The carved-top or arch-top mandolin has a shallower, arched back. The flat-backed mandolin uses thin sheets of wood for the body, each style of instrument has its own sound quality and is associated with particular forms of music. Neapolitan mandolins feature prominently in European classical music and traditional music, carved-top instruments are common in American folk music and bluegrass music. Flat-backed instruments are used in Irish, British and Brazilian folk music. Some modern Brazilian instruments feature a fifth course tuned a fifth lower than the standard fourth course. There has also been a type and an instrument with sixteen-strings. Much of mandolin development revolved around the soundboard, pre-mandolin instruments were quiet instruments, strung with as many as six courses of gut strings, and were plucked with the fingers or with a quill. However, modern instruments are louder—using four courses of metal strings, the modern soundboard is designed to withstand the pressure of metal strings that would break earlier instruments. The soundboard comes in many shapes—but generally round or teardrop-shaped, sometimes with scrolls or other projections, there is usually one or more sound holes in the soundboard, either round, oval, or shaped like a calligraphic f. A round or oval sound hole may be covered or bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling, Mandolins evolved from the lute family in Italy during the 17th and 18th centuries, and the deep bowled mandolin, produced particularly in Naples, became common in the 19th century. Dating to around c.13,000 BC, a painting in the Trois Frères cave in France depicts what some believe is a musical bow. From the musical bow, families of stringed instruments developed, since each string played a note, adding strings added new notes, creating bow harps, harps. In turn, this led to being able to play dyads and chords, another innovation occurred when the bow harp was straightened out and a bridge used to lift the strings off the stick-neck, creating the lute
11.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
12.
Split Enz
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Split Enz were a New Zealand art rock and pop band during the late 1970s and early 1980s featuring brothers Tim and Neil Finn. The band started life in 1971 at Auckland University, composed of Tim, Mike Chunn, Robert Gillies, Philip Judd, beginning in 1972 the band became a full-time occupation for the group, and they named the band Split Ends. The spelling was changed to Split Enz when they went on their first trip to Australia. The musical style is best described as new wave - eclectic and wildly original, incorporating influences from art rock, vaudeville, swing, punk, rock, the groups costumes and hair were notable for their wild and colourful designs. Their biggest international record was the single I Got You, in 1983 Tim decided to leave the band to pursue a solo career. Because of this, Neil took on primary vocals, the band finally broke up in November 1984. Phil Judd, Noel Crombie and Nigel Griggs got back together in a new band, called Schnell Fenster, Eddie Rayner joined Schnell Fenster, but soon after decided to form his own band called The Makers. His ENZSO project saw some of the members sing the old Split Enz songs in a setting with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. He has released two albums, an instrumental solo album Horse, and another album Play it Straight. Neil went on to form Crowded House, which was very successful worldwide. After the demise of Crowded House, he started a solo career, Tim Finn has a successful solo career, and was in Crowded House for their third album. Neil and Tim have also released two albums together as the Finn Brothers,1986, A special show at Middle Park Hotel in May 1986 to showcase Neils new band Crowded House and Split Enz. 1989, Crowded House and Schnell Fenster toured together in 1989 bringing with it an assortment of former Split Enz alumni, members of the Enz would get together on stage for a bit of a reunion during the tour. Phil Judd, though he was singer of Schnell Fenster chose not to take part in the reunion parts of the show. Conversely, Tim Finn, a member of group, did occasionally join them. 1992, One-off promotional show for Air NZ and NZ Tourism Commission in Australia,1992, One-off show to mark the bands 20th anniversary, to announce the 20th Anniversary Tour, and to launch Mike Chunns Stranger Than Fiction book, Wynyard Tavern, Auckland,10 December. 1993, The band reformed briefly in March for the 20th Anniversary Tour of New Zealand,1996, Neil and Tim Finn both featured prominently in Eddie Rayners Enzso project and tour, making it arguably a semi-reunion. 1999, The core band members, Tim Finn, Neil Finn, Noel Crombie, Eddie Rayner, there were ideas for an album, one which did not come to fruition
13.
Crowded House
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Crowded House is a rock band formed in Melbourne, Australia, in 1985. The founding members were New Zealander Neil Finn and Australians Paul Hester, later band members included Neil Finns brother, Tim Finn, and Americans Mark Hart and Matt Sherrod. Queen Elizabeth II bestowed an OBE on both Neil and Tim Finn, in June 1993, for their contribution to the music of New Zealand. Founding drummer Hester left in May 1994 citing family reasons, but briefly returned for their Farewell to the World concerts in Melbourne, Neil Finn had decided to end the band to concentrate on his solo career and the Finn Brothers project with Tim. On 26 March 2005 Hester died by suicide, aged 46, in 2006 the group re-formed with a new drummer Matt Sherrod and released two further albums, both of which reached number one on Australias album chart. As of July 2010 the group has sold 10 million albums, in November 2016 they were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. Neil Finn and drummer Paul Hester were former members of New Zealand band Split Enz, Neil Finn is the younger brother of Split Enz founding member Tim Finn, who joined Crowded House in 1990 on vocals, guitars and keyboards for the album Woodface. Bassist Nick Seymour is the brother of singer-songwriter and guitarist Mark Seymour of the now defunct Australian rock group Hunters & Collectors. Finn and Hester decided to form a new band during the first Split Enz farewell tour, Enz with a Bang, Seymour approached Finn during the after party for the Melbourne show and asked if he could audition for the new band. The Mullanes formed in Melbourne in early 1985 with Finn, Hester, Seymour and guitarist Craig Hooper and they secured a record contract with Capitol Records, but Hooper left the band before the remaining trio moved to Los Angeles to record their debut album. At Capitols behest, the name was changed to Crowded House. Former Split Enz keyboardist Eddie Rayner produced the track Cant Carry On and was asked to join the band and he toured with them in 1988, but was unable to become a full member due to family commitments. Thanks to their Split Enz connection, the newly formed Crowded House had an established Australasian fanbase and they began by playing at festivals in Australia and New Zealand and released their debut album, Crowded House, in June 1986. Capitol Records initially failed to see the potential and gave them only low-key promotion, forcing the band to play at small venues to try. The albums first single, Mean to Me, reached the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart top 30 in June and it failed to chart in the US, but moderate American airplay introduced US listeners to the group. A single, Dont Dream Its Over, was released in December 1986 and proved an international hit, New Zealand radio stations initially gave the song little support until months later when it became successful internationally. Ultimately, the reached number one on the New Zealand singles chart. It remains the groups most commercially successful song, in March 1987, the group were awarded Best New Talent, along with Song of the Year and Best Video awards for Dont Dream Its Over at the inaugural ARIA Music Awards
14.
Finn Brothers
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The Finn Brothers are a New Zealand musical duo consisting of brothers Neil and Tim Finn. In June 1993 both members were awarded the OBE for their contribution to music, the brothers began making music together at a young age, later, when Neil was 18, he was invited to join older brother Tim in Split Enz. Neil would go on to one of the bands biggest hits. Tim released his first solo album Escapade before leaving Split Enz, Neil started his own group, Crowded House and subsequently recorded two solo albums after Crowded House split in 1996. He reformed Crowded House in 2007 and two albums have so far followed, with solo album due in 2014. After working on songs with Neil, Tim joined Crowded House for the Woodface album. Tim and Neil intended to start the Finn brothers project after a three week song writing spree in 1989, many of the original demo recordings from these sessions were eventually released as b-sides on Finn Brothers singles. Tim left Crowded House while they were touring Europe in support of the Woodface album, Tim and Neil reconvened in 1995, and the eclectic, lo-fi album which resulted was simply called Finn. In the UK the duo changed both their name and that of the album to Finn Brothers, to avoid confusion with a band going under the moniker Fin and this title was kept for all future collaborations. However re-releases of the album in Australia and New Zealand still go by the original title Finn. Their second album, Everyone Is Here was released in 2004, some of the songs from the first recording session were kept as B sides and later appeared on a special edition of the album. The album featured the Split Enz song Edible Flowers, the inspiration for the music video, the music video features two people in a donkey suit, however its wearers cannot be seen. In the 2005 tour, Neil and Tim Finn wore a suit onto stage for many performances also. Following the Boxing Day Tsunami, The Finn Brothers appeared at the Wave Aid fundraising concert in Sydney to help raise funds for aid organisations working in affected areas. As well as their own material, they performed a cover of Hunters and Collectors Throw Your Arms Around Me and their song, Anything Can Happen was used in the first episode of Scrubs fifth season, My Interns Eyes. The song was used when we first meet Keith Dudemeister as he walks into his first day at Sacred Heart, the song Anything Can Happen was also featured in movie Aurora Borealis. Their song Luckiest Man Alive was played during the credits of the television broadcast of the 2005 Indianapolis 500. This discography relates to releases by The Finn Brothers, see Neil Finns discography, Tim Finns discography, Crowded House discography and Split Enz discography for other works by the Finn Brothers
15.
Flight of the Conchords
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Flight of the Conchords is a New Zealand-based comedy duo composed of Bret McKenzie and Jemaine Clement. The duos comedy and music became the basis of a BBC radio series, the duos live performances have gained them a worldwide cult following. McKenzie and Clement were flatmates at Victoria University of Wellington, where they were studying film, the band first performed on television over four nights on Newtown Salad, a show on Wellingtons short-lived local TV station Channel 7. The songs, in order, were Bowie, Ladies of the World, Petrov, Yelyena and Me and they performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2002 and 2003, when they were nominated for the Perrier Award. They also performed at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival where they won the Best Newcomer Award and they then headlined at the opening weekend at Comix comedy club, where they recorded two tracks included on 2007s The Distant Future. They also performed at the South by Southwest Music Festival in Austin, while in Texas, they recorded a documentary titled Flight of the Conchords, A Texan Odyssey, which aired on New Zealands TV3 in late 2006. In June 2007, the band performed on the Late Show with David Letterman and were interviewed by Terry Gross on the NPR radio show Fresh Air and they appeared at the 2007 Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. On 19 June 2007, they appeared as the guests on Late Night with Conan OBrien. In January 2008, the spoke and performed as part of Comcasts presentation at CES2008. On 10 February 2008, they were awarded the Grammy for best comedy album, on 13 February 2008, Flight of the Conchords had their first post-Grammy concert, a freebie show, at a small Wellington video store called Aro Video. On 24 April 2008, they gave a show at Amoeba Music in Hollywood. On 28 May 2008, they performed at the Google I/O conference in San Francisco and they performed on the Main Stage of the Sasquatch. Music Festival on Monday,26 May 2008 at The Gorge Amphitheatre in central Washington State, on 12 July 2008, they performed at Sub Pops 20th Anniversary Music Festival. The duo made a special guest appearance as the aliens in two episodes of The Drinky Crow Show on Cartoon Networks late-night television programming block Adult Swim. They also appeared on the season four finale of the Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job. briefly replacing Tim and Eric during a high-stakes game of tennis. The duo guest-starred as a pair of camp counselors in Elementary School Musical, the premiere of the 22nd season of The Simpsons. On 23 August 2013, Flight of the Conchords co-headlined the Oddball & Curiosity Festival with Dave Chappelle, kicking off the tour in Austin, in 2004, the band created a radio series for BBC Radio 2. Largely improvised, the series was based on the search for commercial success in London
16.
7 Worlds Collide
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7 Worlds Collide is a musical project by New Zealand singer/songwriter, Neil Finn. The project brings together Finn and other musicians in support of charity, Finn has released two recordings associated with the project. The initial project release was a 2001 live album, credited to Neil Finn and Friends, a second recording titled The Sun Came Out was released in August 2009. The title of the project is derived from the line Seven worlds will collide / whenever I am by your side from Crowded Houses 1993 single Distant Sun, in December 2008 the 7 Worlds Collide lineup reconvened in Auckland, New Zealand to record a studio charity album for Oxfam. The album was recorded in Finns Roundhead Studios and featured all-new material, in early January 2009 the ensemble played three sold out shows at the Powerstation concert venue in Auckland. The album, titled The Sun Came Out, was released on 31 August 2009
17.
Pajama Club
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Pajama Club are a band formed in 2011 by Neil Finn, Sharon Finn and Sean Donnelly. After recording their first album with Neil Finn on drums, drummer Alana Skyring was added to the line-up as a fourth member to play on live dates. They toured Australia in June 2011, East Coast USA in June and July 2011 and these live dates all took place before the release of their album. Pajama Clubs self-titled debut was released in September 2011, since that time, Pajama Club has been inactive, though no formal announcement as to the bands current status has been made. After Sharon and Neil Finns children, Liam and Elroy, left the home to pursue their own musical careers. It was as simple as that and we called the group Pajama Club, because we were dressed in our pajamas when we started. With Pajama Club, Sharon began to play the guitar, while Neil sat behind the drum set. Neil commented that We found ourselves locking into these grooves which were incredibly fun to play. We naturally gravitated towards being funky, drawing influence from South Bronx band ESG. With Pajama Club, Neil employed a different style of songwriting, adding words to instrumentals as opposed to Crowded Houses method of writing instrument parts after the lyrics and he felt energized by the experience, It was all new to me, it felt like starting over. When youve been doing something for as long as Ive been writing songs, discovering new methods, new angles on songwriting, was very exciting. The music takes influence from dub, disco, and funk and he stated Some people arent gonna get it, its not as songy, in a traditional way, as Crowded House. I like what happens when you keep yourself open to new things happening. It keeps the music fresh and alive, Pajama Club also features vocals from Sharon, who previously sang backing vocals on a number of Crowded House songs. Pajama Club -2011 Lester Records Official website
18.
Fleetwood Mac
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Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band, formed in London in 1967. The band has more than 100 million records worldwide, making them one of the worlds best-selling bands of all time. In 1998, selected members of Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, to date, the album has sold over 40 million copies worldwide, making it the eighth-highest-selling album of all time. Due to numerous changes, the only original member present in the band is drummer Mick Fleetwood. Keyboardist Christine McVie, who joined the band in 1970 while married to John McVie, has appeared on every album except the debut album and she left the band in 1998 but returned in 2014. Fleetwood Mac were formed in July 1967 in London when Peter Green left the British blues band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Peter Green had replaced guitarist Eric Clapton in the Bluesbreakers, and received critical acclaim for his work on their album A Hard Road. After he had been in the Bluesbreakers for some time, Green asked if drummer Mick Fleetwood could replace Aynsley Dunbar, Green had been in two bands with Fleetwood—Peter Bs Looners and the subsequent Shotgun Express. John Mayall agreed and Fleetwood became a member of the band, the Bluesbreakers now consisted of Green, Fleetwood, John McVie and Mayall. Mayall gave Green free recording time as a gift, in which Fleetwood, McVie, the fifth song was an instrumental which Green named after the rhythm section, Fleetwood Mac. Soon after, Green contacted Fleetwood to form a new band, the pair wanted McVie on bass guitar and even named the band Fleetwood Mac as a way to entice him. However, McVie opted to keep his income with Mayall rather than take a risk with a new band. The Green, Fleetwood, Spencer, Brunning version of the band made its debut on 13 August 1967 at the Windsor Jazz, Brunning merely played at a handful of gigs with Fleetwood Mac. Within weeks of this show, John McVie agreed to join the band as permanent bassist, Fleetwood Macs first album, Fleetwood Mac, was a no-frills blues album and was released on the Blue Horizon label in February 1968. In fact there were no players on the album. The album was successful in the UK, hitting No,4, though it did not have any singles on it. The band soon released two singles Black Magic Woman and Need Your Love So Bad, the bands second album, Mr. Wonderful, was released in August 1968. Like the first it was an album, but this time they made a few changes. The album was recorded live in the studio with miked amplifiers and PA system and this method provided the ideal environment for producing this style of music, and gave it an authentically vintage sound
19.
Tim Finn
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Brian Timothy Tim Finn, OBE is a New Zealand singer and musician. Brian Finn was born in Te Awamutu, New Zealand and he went to Sacred Heart College, Auckland, a Catholic boarding school. In 1971 he started a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Auckland, there he jammed in music practice room 129 with friends and future Split Enz bandmembers Mike Chunn, Robert Gillies, Philip Judd and Noel Crombie. Music soon became important to him than his studies. A few months later, Phil and Tim formed the group Split Ends, renamed Split Enz in 1975, shortly before they left New Zealand for Melbourne. Their music moved towards a mainstream sound in later years, with an eclecticism that incorporated influences from art rock, vaudeville, swing, punk, glam rock, rock. Between 1972 and 1977, Tim and Judd alternated as frontman for the band, when Judd left the band, Tim Finns younger brother Neil Finn took his place. Finn had his first success away from Split Enz in 1981 when his discarded demo They Wont Let My Girlfriend Talk to Me became a top 10 hit for Australian band Jimmy, in 1983 Finn recorded his debut solo album, Escapade, while still a member of Split Enz. This met with commercial success both in Australia and New Zealand, and yielded hit song Fraction Too Much Friction, which revealed a more rhythm-based sound than Split Enz had been known for. After contributing four songs to Split Enz album Conflicting Emotions, Finn left the band permanently in June 1984, the following year he moved to London. 1986 saw the release of his solo album Big Canoe. Though Big Canoe reached number three on the New Zealand charts, it failed to become the international breakthrough that Finn or record company Virgin had hoped, during this time, Finns focus also turned to soundtrack music, and he landed a few acting roles on-screen. Finn had a part in Australian film The Coca-Cola Kid alongside then-girlfriend Greta Scacchi. In late 1989, Finn was back living in Melbourne, recording his eponymous album, Tim Finn. The album would yield strong reviews and New Zealand hit Parihaka, in early 1990, he began playing music with younger brother Neil, for an intended Finn brothers record. After working together on songs, Neil later proposed incorporating the tracks onto the latest album of Crowded House. Tim performed with the band to promote the bands album Woodface, but some time during the tour which followed the albums American release, all concerned realised that the combination was not a good fit. Finn returned to pursue his solo career, both Tim and Neil were made OBE for services to New Zealand music in the 1993 Queens Birthday Honours List
20.
Lead vocalist
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The lead vocalist, lead vocals or lead singer in popular music is typically the member of a group or band whose voice is the most prominent in a performance where multiple voices may be heard. The lead singer either leads the ensemble, or sets against the ensemble as the dominant sound. In vocal group performances, notably in soul and gospel music, and early rock and roll, as an example in rock music, Mick Jagger is the lead singer of The Rolling Stones. Similarly in soul music, Smokey Robinson was the singer of The Miracles. The practice of using a lead singer in vocal groups, however, has a longer history, songs of the late nineteenth century frequently used a leading solo voice, followed by a choral response by other singers. From these various points - including Motown - it went on to become a device in much rock. In some bands - most famously, The Beatles - the role of lead singer alternated, while in others - for example, there are as many types and styles of lead singer as there are styles and genres of music. However, the singer of a group or band is usually the main focus of audiences attention. The lead vocalist of a band is called the front man or front woman. Pink Floyd also can be considered a band with two front men, as both the guitarist David Gilmour and the bassist Roger Waters sang and wrote most of the songs. In the beginning of the career, however, Pink Floyds lead singer and guitarist was Syd Barrett. Particularly before the 1970s, many bands were named for the leader or founder, rather than the lead singer, examples include the Dave Clark Five and Harold Melvin. In modern rock music, the singer is often, but not always, also the bands leader. While lead singers or spokespersons for any musical ensembles can be called a front man, since the position commonly has an expanded role from simple lead vocalists, there have been cases in which the front man for a band is someone other than the lead vocalist. In many bands, such as The Who, Fall Out Boy, Led Zeppelin, Living Colour, Queen and Oasis, usually, this is derived from that guitarists specific role as a co-songwriter, co-founder and/or co-vocalist. Also in some cases, there are two frontmen, such as Underoath, with singers Spencer Chamberlain and Aaron Gillespie sharing vocal duties, another example is Blink-182, in which vocal duties are split between bassist Mark Hoppus and guitarist Tom DeLonge. Hoppus usually carries out most media either by himself or together with DeLonge, linkin Park has two vocalists as well, Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda, both considered as frontmen. Another example is the metal band Metallica, in which James Hetfield
21.
Ed O'Brien
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Edward John Ed OBrien is an English guitarist best known as a member of the alternative rock band Radiohead, with whom he has recorded nine studio albums. He makes extensive use of units to create atmospheric sounds. In 2015, Rolling Stone named OBrien the 59th greatest guitarist of all time, OBrien grew up listening to post-punk acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, Adam and the Ants, Depeche Mode, the Police and David Bowie. He said, It was a very foetal for music because people who went to art college or artists, or musicians, suddenly thought, Oh, I can be that, so it was a great era of music. The members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School, an independent school for boys in Abingdon, OBrien said of the first time he played with singer Thom Yorke, who asked to join him for a jam, Before that, was a bit confusing, a bit crap. I felt something very strong, almost like some kind of epiphany, almost like, OBrien, along with drummer Phil Selway, was in the year above Yorke and bassist Colin Greenwood and three years above multi-instrumentalist Jonny Greenwood, brother of Colin. In 1985, they formed On a Friday, the name referring to the usual rehearsal day in the schools music room. In late 1991 the band signed a recording contract with EMI. The band found success with their 1992 single Creep. Their third album, OK Computer, propelled them to fame and is often acclaimed as one of the best albums of all time. Radioheads fourth and fifth albums, Kid A and Amnesiac, marked a change in sound, incorporating influences from electronic music, classical music, jazz. OBrien kept a diary of Radioheads progress on the albums. He initially struggled with the change in direction, saying. Im a guitarist and suddenly its like, well, there are no guitars on this track, OBrien contributed to a soundtrack for the BBC drama series Eureka Street before recording Kid A. His most recent collaboration outside Radiohead involved guitar work on an Asian Dub Foundation album, he played on 1000 Mirrors, Blowback, OBrien has toured and recorded with Neil Finn as part of the 7 Worlds Collide project. He provided guitar and backing vocals on their eponymous 2001 live album, and reprised his role on their 2009 studio album, The Sun Came Out, where he also co-wrote two tracks. OBrien and bandmate Phil Selway had programming lessons with producer/engineer Phelan Kane at BIMM London in 2001, OBrien is a founding director of the Featured Artists Coalition, a nonprofit organisation set up to protect the rights of featured musical artists, particularly in the digital age. In October 2016, OBrien said in an interview with BBC Radio 6 Music that he is working on a solo album, while Jonny Greenwood plays most of Radioheads lead guitar parts, OBrien often creates ambient effects, making extensive use of effects units
22.
Radiohead
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Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire, formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke, Jonny Greenwood, Ed OBrien, Colin Greenwood and they have worked with producer Nigel Godrich and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994. After signing to EMI in 1991, Radiohead released their debut single Creep in 1992 and it became a worldwide hit after the release of their debut album, Pablo Honey. Their popularity and critical standing rose in the United Kingdom with the release of their second album, despite initially dividing listeners, Kid A was later named the best album of the decade by Rolling Stone, Pitchfork and the Times. Radioheads sixth album, Hail to the Thief, mixed rock and electronic music with lyrics inspired by the War on Terror and their subsequent releases have pioneered alternative release platforms such as pay-what-you-want and BitTorrent. Radiohead self-released their seventh album, In Rainbows, as a download for which customers could set their own price, to critical and their eighth album, The King of Limbs, an exploration of rhythm, was developed using extensive looping and sampling. Their ninth album, A Moon Shaped Pool, prominently featured Jonny Greenwoods orchestral arrangements, Radiohead have sold more than 30 million albums worldwide. Their work places highly in both polls and critics lists of the best music of the 1990s and 2000s. In 2009, Rolling Stone readers voted the group the second-best artist of the 2000s, the members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School, an independent school for boys in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. In 1985, they formed On a Friday, the name referring to the usual rehearsal day in the schools music room. At one point, On a Friday featured a saxophone section, the band disliked the schools strict atmosphere—the headmaster once charged the band for using a rehearsal room on a Sunday—and found solace in the schools music department. They credited their music teacher for introducing them to jazz, film scores, postwar avant-garde music, Oxfordshire and the Thames Valley had an active independent music scene in the late 1980s, but it centred on shoegazing bands such as Ride and Slowdive. Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to attend university, On a Friday continued to rehearse on weekends, in 1991, On a Friday regrouped, sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and Ridgefield Road, Oxford. As On a Friday continued to perform in Oxford, including performances at the Jericho Tavern, record labels. Chris Hufford, Slowdives producer and co-owner of Oxfords Courtyard Studios, impressed, he and his partner Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a Fridays managers, they remain Radioheads managers today. At the labels request, the changed their name, Radiohead was taken from the song Radio Head on the Talking Heads album True Stories. Radiohead recorded their debut release, the Drill EP, with Chris Hufford, released in May 1992, its chart performance was poor. The band enlisted Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade, who had worked with US indie bands Pixies and Dinosaur Jr. to produce their debut album, Radiohead released their debut album, Pablo Honey, in February 1993
23.
History Never Repeats
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History Never Repeats was a single written by Neil Finn and recorded by Split Enz for their 1981 Waiata album. The song remains one of their most popular, the video was one of the first to be played on MTV upon its launch in 1981. In 2001 the song was voted by members of APRA as the 57th best New Zealand song of the 20th century, the guitar bridge in this song, played by Neil Finn, was originally featured in an old Phil Judd song, Bergen Aan Zee. The band only played the song live. History Never Repeats -3,00 Holy Smoke Released in the UK, the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal with different artwork and track listings
24.
I Got You (Split Enz song)
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I Got You is a 1979 song by New Zealand rock group Split Enz from their studio album True Colours. Split Enzs most commercially successful single, I Got You was written by Neil Finn, in 2001 it was voted 11th best New Zealand song of all time by APRA. The video clip features Neil Finn standing in a room with the band members performing in a framed picture on the wall behind him. Pearl Jam, Marilyn Manson, Something for Kate and Semisonic are among the artists who have played the song live, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
25.
Message to My Girl
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Message to My Girl is a 1983 song by New Zealand art rock group Split Enz from their second last studio album Conflicting Emotions. It was written by Neil Finn and released as a single in 1984, peaking at #12 in Australia, #28 in New Zealand and #13 in the Netherlands, the re-recording was converted into more of a ballad version than the original. In 2001 the song was voted by members of APRA as the 36th best New Zealand song of the 20th century, during the 2006 Split Enz tour, Neil dedicated the song to his wife Sharon. Released as 7 vinyl record in Australia and France, in 1994, New Zealand R&B band Purest Form released a version that reached number 2 on the New Zealand charts and won Best Song at the 1995 New Zealand Music Awards. In 2006, Australian singer Damien Leith covered the song during that years Australian Idol, in 2008, the Australian jazz combo Gerard Masters Trio released an instrumental version on their album Pendulum. In 2010, Australian R&B singer Ron Kingston released a cover on his album Unplugged in Hong Kong, chords Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
26.
Paul Hester
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Paul Newell Hester was an Australian musician and television personality. He was the drummer for the bands Split Enz and Crowded House, Hester was the older of two children from Melbourne, Australia born to a bushman father and jazz drummer mother. At an early age, he was encouraged by his mother and his extrovert personality did not impress his teachers, and he left school early attempted various jobs before starting a musical career. He spent most of his teen years living in the Dandenong Ranges, some of the Melbourne bands he played in from 1976 to 1978 included Thunder and Edges. In 1979 he co-founded a Melbourne-based band called Cheks and he lived with Deborah Conway of Do-Ré-Mi during the early 1980s, while playing regularly in Love Party. Hester later worked with Conway in Rose Amongst Thorns and Ultrasound, at the departure of drummer Mal Green from Split Enz in 1981, their percussionist Noel Crombie took up the role of drummer. After the release of the Enz album Time and Tide in 1982, according to the radio documentary Enzology, when they reformed in mid-1983, both Finn brothers returned somewhat distracted. Tim Finn had just released the successful solo album Escapade. The reunion resulted in Conflicting Emotions, an album marked the beginning of the end for the band. Before the tour to support the album it was decided that Crombie would return to percussion, Hester was auditioned on the advice of Rob Hirst of Midnight Oil and got the job. In June 1984, founder Tim Finn left Split Enz, when Split Enz disbanded in December, Hester and Neil Finn decided to start a new group. Initially, the new band formed by Hester and Neil Finn was named The Mullanes and they recruited Nick Seymour to play bass guitar and Craig Hooper on guitar, Hooper left as they secured a recording contract with Capitol Records in the US. However, Capitol disliked the name and the changed to Crowded House to record their debut eponymous album. Other records by Crowded House with Hester are, Temple of Low Men, Woodface, Together Alone, by 1993 Hester was frustrated by the demands of his career and suffered a phobia about leaving to go on tour. On his return to Australia that year he started to see a psychiatrist and he remained with Crowded House until 1994, when the pressure of touring and the birth of his first daughter made him want to stay home, rather than remain on the road. Hester left mid-way through a 1994 tour of America, forcing the band to recruit British drummer Peter Jones for the rest of the tour, Hester performed with Crowded House at the bands farewell concert on the steps of the Sydney Opera House in 1996. From 1995 until 1998, Hester appeared regularly on the popular Australian radio show Martin/Molloy and he played drums as a session musician for producer Richard Pleasance. One of his recordings was Sophie Kohs debut album All the Pretty Boys
27.
Don't Dream It's Over
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Dont Dream Its Over is a song by the New Zealand rock band Crowded House, recorded for their 1986 self-titled debut studio album. The song was written by band member Neil Finn, and released in October 1986 as the single from the album. The song, described by AllMusic as a ballad, became the bands biggest international hit. Dont Dream Its Over was also a success in Neil Finns native country New Zealand where it peaked at No. 1, it topped the charts in Canada, while in Australia it peaked at No.8. In Continental Europe, it reached No.6 in Norway, No.7 in the Netherlands, in America the single was topped only by I Knew You Were Waiting by Aretha Franklin and George Michael. Dont Dream Its Over was ranked second on the New Zealand list and it was nominated for Best Group Video, and Best Direction at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards, and earned the group a Best New Artist award. Dont Dream Its Over written by Neil Finn, thats What I Call Love written by Neil Finn and Paul Hester. Dont Dream Its Over –3,56 I Need Somebody –4,00 Dont Dream Its Over was the radio single released in promotion of the album Divine Discontent by Sixpence None the Richer. The commercial single features the B-side Dont Pass Me By. Their version was included in the 2003 compilation album Smallville. Rapper Classified sampled the riff on the song It Aint Over, italian singer Antonello Venditti recorded a re-written version of the song – Alta Marea – in 1991, with a then-unknown Angelina Jolie playing a seductress in the video
28.
Beck
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Beck Hansen, known mononymously as Beck, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist. He is mostly known for his composition, as well as a palette of sonic genres. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his experimental and lo-fi style. Today, he musically encompasses folk, funk, soul, hip hop, alternative rock, country and he has released 12 studio albums, as well as several non-album singles and a book of sheet music. Born in Los Angeles in 1970, Beck grew towards hip-hop and folk in his teens and began to perform locally at coffeehouses and he moved to New York City in 1989 and became involved in the citys small fiery anti-folk movement. Returning to Los Angeles in the early 1990s, he cut his breakthrough single Loser, which became a hit in 1994, and released his first major album, Mellow Gold. Odelay, released in 1996, produced hit singles, topped critic polls and he released the psychedelic Mutations in 1998, and the funk-infused Midnite Vultures in 1999. The soft-acoustic Sea Change in 2002 showcased a more serious Beck and he is reportedly working on a thirteenth studio album, with the singles Dreams and Wow having already been released. Two of Becks most popular and acclaimed recordings are Odelay and Sea Change, the four-time platinum artist has collaborated with several artists and has made several contributions to soundtracks. Beck is married to actress Marissa Ribisi, and is an active Scientologist, Beck was born in Los Angeles, to David Campbell, a Canadian-born musician, and Bibbe Hansen, a visual artist and former Warhol superstar. Bibbes mother was half Jewish, while Bibbes father, Al Hansen, was partly of Norwegian descent, Beck has said that he was raised celebrating Jewish holidays, and that he considers himself Jewish. Becks mother grew up amid New Yorks Andy Warhol Factory art scene of the 1960s, but moved to California at age 17 and his father is a Canadian-born arranger, composer and conductor who worked on hundreds of albums and numerous films. Beck began life in a house near downtown Los Angeles. As a child, he lived in a neighborhood just off Hollywood Boulevard. By the time we left there, they were ripping out miles of houses en masse and building low-rent, giant apartment blocks, the lower-class family struggled financially, moving to Hoover and Ninth Street, a neighborhood populated primarily by Koreans and Salvadorian refugees. He was sent for a time to live with his grandparents in Kansas. Since his paternal grandfather was a Presbyterian minister, Beck grew up influenced by church music, Beck also spent time in Europe with his maternal grandfather, Al Hansen, a visual collage artist and a pioneer in the avant-garde Fluxus movement. Beck obtained his first guitar at 16 and became a street musician, during his teens, Beck discovered the music of Sonic Youth, Pussy Galore and X, but remained uninterested in most music outside folk until many years into his career
29.
Time on Earth
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Time on Earth is the fifth studio album by the pop-rock band Crowded House. Tracks have been produced by both Ethan Johns and Steve Lillywhite and the album was released on 30 June 2007 in Australia,2 July in the United Kingdom and 10 July in North America. As the first studio album from the group in fourteen years, upon its release the album garnered positive critical reception and reached Platinum status within weeks of release in Australia, and Gold status in its second week of release in New Zealand. To promote the album, the group toured internationally, beginning by performing at Coachella music festival, the album was originally intended to be frontman Neil Finns third solo release. In the wake of Paul Hesters death, as well as preparations for the release of the live album Farewell to the World, in 2006, Neil Finn invited bassist Nick Seymour to participate in the recording of his new album and subsequent tour. In the initial phase, various session musicians filled parts, such as studio musician Joey Waronker on drums, the title Time on Earth takes its name from a song of the same name that was not included in the album. Hart and Sherrod also contributed retroactively to some of the produced by Ethan Johns. In its final form, the album features tracks mixed by Johns, Lillywhite, guitarist Johnny Marr was involved in the recording of Even a Child, which he co-wrote, and Dont Stop Now. Before this point, most of the album was produced by Ethan Johns, however, from enlisting Sherrod and calling upon Hart to return, to bring their music to the public before the albums release, the group played together a few times before the release. On 17 March 2007 the band played a 2 ½ hour set streamed live to the internet from veteran musician Peter Gabriels studio in England, prior to the albums release, a single was released. The song Dont Stop Now was selected, as it featured the new line-up of the band, the single received moderate success in the charts. The follow-up single, She Called Up, released in September 2007, was not as successful as Dont Stop Now, the album had a staggered release internationally across a fortnight, beginning in Australia, while the final location of its release was with the United States. The song features the advertised album line-up, including new drummer Matt Sherrod and returning member of Crowded House Mark Hart, the album has been very well received by critics, with Hal Horowitz of Amazon. com praising the album as a worthy successor to Crowded Houses existing catalog. Club indicated that in Text, context and subtext, Hesters passing seems to color every line, as he did for the first four Crowded House albums, Nick Seymour, also an artist, created the cover art for Time on Earth. The groups name Crowded House appears with jumbled case, some lower and some upper case, similarly, the album title is also in a partial jumble with all but the last two letters in upper case, appearing as TIME ON EARth. The cover also features a dragon eating a human, the design of which was a direct reference to the sea serpent image from Olaus Magnuss book History of the Northern Peoples. The use of a dragon eating a man is to former member Hester being consumed by depression, symbolised by the dragon being blue. The cover art is almost completely composed of newspaper cuttings collaged together, even the image of the man, only the tree on the right, and the title text are not composed of newspaper cuttings
30.
Intriguer
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Intriguer is the sixth studio album by alternative rock group Crowded House, released on 13 June 2010. The first single for the album, Saturday Sun, was released to radio, Intriguer is the last Crowded House studio release to date. The band performed a concert in The Leigh Sawmill, north of Auckland, in February 2008. In 2009, the band re-entered the studio and recorded demo tracks of 11 songs, for these recordings, the group enlisted producer Jim Scott for the first time, who then continued to produce the whole album in Finns studio, Roundhead Studios in Auckland, New Zealand. The album was well received by professional critics and the public. On Metascore it reached 75/100, as generally favourable album and 9.3 out of 10 from listeners, most enthusiastic was The Times which pointed that it goes shoulder to shoulder with their best materials and gave it 5 stars. Also very positive was Billboard which found that Finns durable songcraft never fails to enthrall, BBC was also very positive with statement Crowded House have always sounded in parts like the later solo career Paul McCartney should have had. Despite the anthems being on a leash, repeated listens reveal this to be one of their best albums. Entertainment Weekly gave it B+ saying that the House head honcho proved he was still a classy, clever tunesmith, mojo, Allmusic Guide, and musicOMH gave it 4 stars with many praises such as Intriguer will have to stand or fall on its own merits. If there is any justice in the world it will be a bestseller, Allmusic Guide put Intriguer in its annual list of best rock albums in 2010. Intriguer was on many lists of best albums in 2010 of various magazines and sites including Popdose, Popblerd, Qromag, Blurt-online. In Popmatters which gave 7 out of 10 stars at first, Intriguer finished on slipped discs of 2010, among mixed critics was Q Magazine, which gave 3 stars and stated that who couldve predicted, then, that Intriguer would be his best work in nearly two decades. Uncut also gave 3 stars, saying that the album suffers slightly from Crowded Houses signature weakness, ally Carnwath from The Guardian also gave it 3 stars, saying the trouble with the albums more conventionally crafted pop songs is that they invariably sound dull. All tracks written by Neil Finn, except where noted, eyes Grow Heavy was released as a downloadable bonus track from Getmusic. Turn it Around was released as a bonus track from iTunes. All tracks written by Neil Finn, except where noted
31.
Dizzy Heights (Neil Finn album)
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Dizzy Heights, released in February 2014, is the third solo album by New Zealand singer-songwriter, Neil Finn. Dizzy Heights is the solo studio album from Finn, following the 1998 release Try Whistling This and 2001 release One Nil. This release follows a period in which Finn worked on projects, including Crowded House. The album debuted at #130 on The Billboard Top 200, the album was recorded between Finns Roundhead Studios and producer Dave Fridmanns Tarbox Studios in upstate New York, United States in 2013. Musicians on the album include Finns wife Sharon, his sons Liam and Elroy, Connan Mockasin, all songs were written by Neil Finn, except where noted
32.
Lindsey Buckingham
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Aside from his tenure with Fleetwood Mac, Buckingham has also released six solo albums and three live albums. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, he was inducted into the Rock, in 2011, Buckingham was ranked 100th in Rolling Stone Magazines 2011 list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. Buckingham is known for his guitar style. Fleetwood Mac, the band that gave Buckingham his greatest exposure, had been around since the late 1960s, after Green left the group, they experienced several tumultuous years, without a stable frontman. Buckingham and Nicks became the face of the group during their most commercially successful period, highlighted by the multi-platinum Rumours album, though highly successful, the line-up experienced almost constant creative and personal conflict, and Buckingham left the band in 1987 to focus on his solo career. Buckingham has remained in the band ever since, Lindsey Adams Buckingham was born in Palo Alto, California, and was the third and youngest child of Rutheda and Morris Buckingham. He had two brothers, Jeff and Greg. Growing up in the San Francisco Bay Area community of Atherton, Buckingham, though Buckingham dropped out of athletics to pursue music, his brother Greg went on to win a silver medal at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City. Buckingham attended San Jose State University but did not graduate, Buckinghams first forays into guitar playing took place on a toy Mickey Mouse guitar, playing along to his brother Jeffs extensive collection of 45s. Noticing his talent, Buckinghams parents bought their son a $35 Harmony guitar, Buckingham never took guitar lessons and does not read music. By age 13, he interested in folk music and, influenced by banjo methods. From 1966-1971, Buckingham performed psychedelic and folk rock with the band Fritz in the San Francisco Bay as a bassist and vocalist, shortly after joining Fritz, Buckingham invited friend Stevie Nicks to join Fritz as a second vocalist. Their romantic relationship would begin after both left Fritz five years later, in 1973, Polydor Records signed the pair. To help make ends meet, Buckingham toured with Don Everlys backing band, while investigating Sound City recording studio in California, Mick Fleetwood heard the song Frozen Love from the Buckingham Nicks album. Impressed, he asked who the guitarist was, by chance, Buckingham and Nicks were also in Sound City recording demos, and Buckingham and Fleetwood were introduced. When Bob Welch left Fleetwood Mac in December 1974, Fleetwood immediately contacted Buckingham, Buckingham told Fleetwood that he and Nicks were a team and that he didnt want to work without her. Fleetwood agreed to both of them, without an audition. Buckingham and Nicks then began a tour to promote the Buckingham Nicks album
33.
Catholic
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The use of terms catholicism and catholicity is closely related to the use of term Catholic Church. The earliest evidence of the use of term is the Letter to the Smyrnaeans that Ignatius of Antioch wrote in about 108 to Christians in Smyrna. In 380, Emperor Theodosius I limited use of the term Catholic Christian exclusively to those who followed the faith as Pope Damasus I of Rome. Numerous other early writers including Cyril of Jerusalem, Augustine of Hippo further developed the use of the term catholic in relation to Christianity. In Christian theology, and specially in ecclesiology, terms Catholicism, when used with small c, terms catholicism and catholicity generally designate theological doctrine of the catholicity of the Church without denominational connotations. A common belief in Catholicism is institutional continuity with the early Christian church founded by Jesus Christ, many churches or communions of churches identify singularly or collectively as the authentic church. The Bishop of Rome was also considered to have the right to convene ecumenical councils, when the Imperial capital moved to Constantinople, Romes influence was sometimes challenged. The first great rupture in the Church followed this Council and they are often called Ancient Oriental Churches. The next major break was after the Council of Chalcedon and this Council repudiated Eutychian Monophysitism which stated that the divine nature completely subsumed the human nature in Christ. This Council declared that Christ, though one person, exhibited two natures without confusion, without change, without division, without separation and thus is both fully God and fully human, the next great rift within Christianity was in the 11th century. This division between the Western Church and the Eastern Church is called the East–West Schism, several eastern churches reunited, constituting some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Liturgical and canonical practices vary between all these particular Churches constituting the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches, in all these cases the beliefs and practices of Catholicism would be identical with the beliefs and practices of the Church in question. However, in Roman Catholicism, the term catholic is understood as to cover those who recognize and are in standing with the Magisterium. The sense given to the word by those who use it to distinguish their position from a Calvinistic or Puritan form of Protestantism. It is then meaningful to attempt to draw up a list of common characteristic beliefs, the Roman Catholic Church includes the 23 rites who recognize the Magisterium. Belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist, the belief that Christ is made manifest in the elements of Holy Communion, possession of the threefold ordained ministry of Bishops, Priests and Deacons. Belief that the Church is the vessel and deposit of the fullness of the teachings of Jesus and this teaching is preserved in both written scripture and in unwritten tradition, neither being independent of the other. A belief in the necessity and efficacy of sacraments, liturgical and personal use of the Sign of the Cross The use of sacred images, candles, vestments and music, and often incense and water, in worship
34.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
35.
Waikato
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Waikato is a local government region of the upper North Island of New Zealand. It covers the Waikato, Hauraki, Coromandel Peninsula, the northern King Country, much of the Taupo District and it is governed by the Waikato Regional Council. It is usually referred to by using the definite article, the Waikato, broadly, the extent of the region is the Waikato River catchment. Other major catchments are those of the Waihou, Piako, Awakino, the region is bounded by Auckland on the north, Bay of Plenty on the east, Hawkes Bay on the south-east, and Manawatu-Wanganui and Taranaki on the south. Waikato Region is the fourth largest region in the country in area and population, It has an area of 25,000 km², the region encompasses all or part of eleven territorial authorities, the most of any region of New Zealand. It is centred on the Waikato which consists of Waikato District, Matamata-Piako District, Waipa District, South Waikato District, the name for the region is taken from the Waikato River, waikato is a Māori word traditionally translated as flowing water. To the west, the region is bounded by the Tasman Sea, the coastal region is largely rough hill country, known locally as the Hakarimata Range, though it is more gently undulating in the north, closer to the mouth of the Waikato River. The coast is punctured by three natural harbours, Raglan Harbour, Aotea Harbour, and Kawhia Harbour. The area around Raglan is noted for its black sand beaches and for its fine surfing conditions at Manu Bay. To the east of the hills lies the broad floodplain of the Waikato River. The area around Cambridge has many thoroughbred stables, the north of the region around Te Kauwhata produces some of New Zealands best wines. Dozens of small lakes lie in this area, the largest of which is Lake Waikare. To the east, the land rises towards the slopes of the Kaimai. The upper reaches of the Waikato River are used for hydroelectricity, the lowest and earliest-created such lake is Lake Karapiro, now developed as a world-class rowing centre, where the world championships were held in 2010. The climate is mild and temperate with rainfall of 1200–1600mm per annum. Summers are drier with maximum temperatures of 25–28 degrees Celsius, summer droughts occur one year in ten. Winter maxima are 12–15 degrees Celsius, the lower areas experience regular morning fog, under anticyclonic conditions, which burns off by late morning to produce many still, clear sunny days. Morning frosts are common during winter anticyclones
36.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
37.
Accountant
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In many jurisdictions, professional accounting bodies maintain standards of practice and evaluations for professionals. Such professionals are granted certain responsibilities by statute, such as the ability to certify an organizations financial statements, non-qualified accountants may be employed by a qualified accountant, or may work independently without statutory privileges and obligations. The Big Four auditors are the largest employers of accountants worldwide, however, most accountants are employed in commerce, industry and the public sector. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland received its Royal Charter in 1854 and is the worlds first professional body of accountants, a Chartered Management Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. A Chartered Public Finance Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance, an International Accountant is a member of the Association of International Accountants. An Incorporated Financial Accountant is a member of the Institute of Financial Accountants, a Public Accountant may be a member of the Institute of Public Accountants. Registered Qualified Accountant is a member of Accountants Institute, excepting the Association of Certified Public Accountants, each of the above bodies admits members only after passing examinations and undergoing a period of relevant work experience. Once admitted, members are expected to comply with ethical guidelines, the ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA and AAPA are five Recognised Supervisory Bodies RSB in the UK. It is illegal for any individual or firm that is not a Statutory Auditor to perform a company audit, the ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA, AIA and CIPFA are six Recognised qualifying bodies statutory RQB in the UK. A member of one them may become a Statutory Auditor in accordance with the Companies Act. All six RQBs are listed under EU mutual recognition directives to practise in 27 EU member states, further restrictions apply to accountants who carry out insolvency work. In addition to the bodies above, technical qualifications are offered by the Association of Accounting Technicians, ACCA and AIA, other international bodies such as ACCA and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales enjoy recognition for the purposes of supporting their members in their careers. For instance, ACCA has achieved recognition by the Tax Practitioner Board, as Tax and BAS agents, Chartered accountancy is governed in Bangladesh by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh. And The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh offers management accountant studies in Bangladesh, up to 2013, there were three nationally recognized accounting designations in Canada, Chartered Accountant, Certified General Accountant, and Certified Management Accountants. The national CA and CGA bodies were created by Acts of Parliament in 1902 and 1913 respectively, cGA-Canada integrated with CPA Canada on October 1,2014, completing the unification of Canada’s accounting profession at the national level. All recognized national and provincial accounting bodies in Canada have now unified under the CPA banner, the Canadian CPA designation is held by more than 200,000 members in Canada and around the world. Chartered accountancy is offered in India by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and this Institute was established in 1949 under the Chartered Accountants Act,1949 for the regulation of the profession of Chartered Accountants in India. The ICAI set up the Accountancy Museum of India in 2009 and it is currently located at ICAIs office in Noida
38.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
39.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
40.
Swimming (sport)
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Swimming is an individual or team sport that involves using arms and legs to move the body through water. Typically, the takes place in pools or in open-water. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, in addition to these individual events, swimmers also take part in relays. Swimming each stroke requires specific techniques, and in competition, there are specific regulations concerning the form for different strokes. There are also put in place to regulate what types of swimsuits are allowed at competitions. Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport, evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found, with the earliest evidence dating to Stone Age paintings from around 10000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 BC, with some of the earliest references to swimming including the Iliad, the Odyssey, the Bible, Beowulf, the Quran and others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, Swimming emerged as a competitive recreational activity in the 1830s in England. In 1828, the first indoor swimming pool, St Georges Baths was opened to the public, by 1837, the National Swimming Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six artificial swimming pools, built around London. In 1844 two Native American participants at a competition in London introduced the front crawl to a European audience. Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the stroke from some South American natives and successfully debuted the new stroke in 1873. His stroke is still regarded as the most powerful to use today, captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel, in 1875. Using the breaststroke technique, he swam the channel 21.26 miles in 21 hours and 45 minutes and his feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next 36 years, until T. W. Burgess made the crossing in 1911. Other European countries also established swimming federations, Germany in 1882, France in 1890, the first European amateur swimming competitions were in 1889 in Vienna. The worlds first womens swimming championship was held in Scotland in 1892, mens swimming became part of the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens. In 1902, the Australian Richmond Cavill introduced the front crawl to the Western world, in 1908, the world swimming association, Fédération Internationale de Natation, was formed. Womens swimming was introduced into the Olympics in 1912, the first international tournament for women outside the Olympics was the 1922 Womens Olympiad, Butterfly was developed in the 1930s and was at first a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952. Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century, the goal of competitive swimming is to break personal or world records while beating competitors in any given event
41.
Rugby league
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Rugby league football, usually called rugby league, is a full contact sport played by two teams of thirteen players on a rectangular field. One of the two codes of football, it originated in England in 1895 as a split from the Rugby Football Union over the issue of payments to players. Its rules gradually changed with the aim of producing a faster, in rugby league, points are scored by carrying the ball and touching it to the ground beyond the opposing teams goal line, this is called a try, and is the primary method of scoring. The opposing team attempts to stop the side scoring points by tackling the player carrying the ball. In addition to tries, points can be scored by kicking goals, after each try, the scoring team gains a free kick to try at goal with a conversion for further points. Kicks at goal may also be awarded for penalties, and field goals can be attempted at any time. Rugby league is a sport in Northern England, the states of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, New Zealand. The European Super League and Australasian National Rugby League are the club competitions. Rugby league is played internationally, predominantly by European, Australasian and Pacific Island countries, the first Rugby League World Cup was held in France in 1954, the current holders are Australia. The first of these, the Northern Rugby Football Union, was established in 1895 as a faction of Englands Rugby Football Union. Similar breakaway factions split from RFU-affiliated unions in Australia and New Zealand in 1907 and 1908, renaming themselves rugby football leagues, in 1922, the Northern Union also changed its name to the Rugby Football League and thus over time the sport itself became known as rugby league football. In 1895, a schism in Rugby football resulted in the formation of the Northern Rugby Football Union, within fifteen years of that first meeting in Huddersfield, more than 200 RFU clubs had left to join the rugby revolution. In 1897, the line-out was abolished and in 1898 professionalism introduced, in 1906, the Northern Union changed its rules, reducing teams from 15 to 13 a side and replacing the ruck formed after every tackle with the play the ball. A similar schism to that which occurred in England took place in Sydney, There, on 8 August 1907 the New South Wales Rugby Football League was founded at Batemans Hotel in George Street. Rugby league then went on to rugby union as the primary football code in New South Wales. On 5 May 1954 over 100,000 spectators watched the 1953–54 Challenge Cup Final at Odsal Stadium, Bradford, England, also in 1954 the Rugby League World Cup, the first for either code of rugby, was formed at the instigation of the French. In 1966, the International Board introduced a rule that a team in possession was allowed three play-the-balls and on the tackle a scrum was to be formed. This was increased to six tackles in 1972 and in 1983 the scrum was replaced by a handover,1967 saw the first professional Sunday matches of rugby league played
42.
Tennis
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Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent or between two teams of two players each. Each player uses a racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net. The object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return, the player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point, while the opposite player will. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society, the sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including wheelchair users. The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham, England, in the late 19th century as lawn tennis and it had close connections both to various field games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport of real tennis. The rules of tennis have changed little since the 1890s, two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times, and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s. Tennis is played by millions of players and is also a popular worldwide spectator sport. Historians believe that the ancient origin lay in 12th century northern France. Louis X of France was a player of jeu de paume, which evolved into real tennis. Louis was unhappy with playing tennis outdoors and accordingly had indoor, in due course this design spread across royal palaces all over Europe. Because of the accounts of his death, Louis X is historys first tennis player known by name. Another of the enthusiasts of the game was King Charles V of France. It wasnt until the 16th century that rackets came into use, and the game began to be called tennis, from the French term tenez, an interjection used as a call from the server to his opponent. It was popular in England and France, although the game was played indoors where the ball could be hit off the wall. Henry VIII of England was a big fan of this game, during the 18th century and early 19th century, as real tennis declined, new racket sports emerged in England. This in turn led to the codification of rules for many sports, including lawn tennis, most football codes, lawn bowls. In 1872, along with two doctors, they founded the worlds first tennis club in Leamington Spa. Evans, turfgrass agronomist, Sports historians all agree that deserves much of the credit for the development of modern tennis, according to Honor Godfrey, museum curator at Wimbledon, Wingfield popularized this game enormously
43.
Cycling
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Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport. Persons engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists, bikers, or less commonly, apart from two-wheeled bicycles, cycling also includes the riding of unicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles. Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now approximately one billion worldwide. They are the means of transportation in many parts of the world. Cycling is widely regarded as an effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances. Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fuels, less air or noise pollution. These lead to financial cost to the user as well as to society at large. By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses, transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve, in many countries, the most commonly used vehicle for road transport is a utility bicycle. These have frames with relaxed geometry, protecting the rider from shocks of the road, utility bicycles tend to be equipped with accessories such as mudguards, pannier racks and lights, which extends their usefulness on a daily basis. As the bicycle is so effective as a means of various companies have developed methods of carrying anything from the weekly shop to children on bicycles. Certain countries rely heavily on bicycles and their culture has developed around the bicycle as a form of transport. In Europe, Denmark and the Netherlands have the most bicycles per capita, road bikes tend to have a more upright shape and a shorter wheelbase, which make the bike more mobile but harder to ride slowly. The design, coupled with low or dropped handlebars, requires the rider to bend forward more, making use of stronger muscles, the price of a new bicycle can range from US$50 to more than US$20,000, depending on quality, type and weight. However, UCI regulations stipulate a legal race bike cannot weigh less than 6.8 kg, being measured for a bike and taking it for a test ride are recommended before buying. The drivetrain components of the bike should also be considered, a middle grade dérailleur is sufficient for a beginner, although many utility bikes are equipped with hub gears. If the rider plans a significant amount of hillclimbing a triple-chainrings crankset gear system may be preferred, otherwise, the relatively lighter and less expensive double chainring may be better. Much simpler fixed wheel bikes are also available, many road bikes, along with mountain bikes, include clipless pedals to which special shoes attach, via a cleat, enabling the rider to pull on the pedals as well as push. For basic maintenance and repairs cyclists can carry a pump, a repair kit, a spare inner tube, and tire levers
44.
Sacred Heart College, Auckland
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Sacred Heart College is a secondary school in Auckland, New Zealand. It is a Catholic, Marist College set on 60 acres of land overlooking the Tamaki Estuary in Glen Innes, the college was opened in 1903 in Ponsonby, by the Marist Brothers. It is the oldest continuously existing Catholic boys secondary school in Auckland although it has changed its location, St Pauls College was founded on the old Sacred Heart College site in that year. The Marist Brothers continue to be a presence in the school community, the Headmaster role at the college was served solely by Marist Brothers up until 1993, when Brendan Schollum took the role, the colleges first lay principal. At the end of 2006, Jim Dale became the third lay Headmaster at Sacred Heart College, Sacred Heart currently offers NCEA as its national qualification standard. In the 2007 academic year, the schools Board of Trustees, Sacred Heart offers a wide range of sporting options to its pupils, though it is traditionally a school with a very strong rugby culture. Sacred Heart won four titles in the 2006 season, with its 3A, 3B, 5A, the Under-15 Open team won the North Island Catholic Boys Under 15 Tournament, held at Francis Douglas Memorial College in that year also. The Sacred Heart 1st XV remains the team never to have been relegated from the 1A grade. Other Sports include, Football, Cricket, Water Polo, Tennis, Cycling, Basketball, Hockey, Badminton, Rowing, Swimming, for 2007, a new Sports Institute has been opened for boys in years 7-10. Currently, the sports on offer for this academy are Cricket, Football, Rugby union, Tennis and Water Polo. The houses of Sacred Heart College are named after famous people in the Catholic and Marist community in New Zealand. The six houses are, Basil Basil House is named after Brother Basil, who taught at the College for over 50 years, and was also the colleges first principal. Coolahan Coolahan House is named after the landowner who donated the land for the site of the College in Ponsonby. Lenihan Lenihan House is named after the Bishop of Auckland in 1903, Marcellin Marcellin house is named after Marcellin Champagnat, founder of the Marist order. Pompallier Pompallier house is named after Jean Baptiste Pompallier, the first Catholic vicar apostolic and bishop to visit and be located in New Zealand, Stephen Stephen House is named after Brother Stephen Coll FMS, a well known former teacher and Marist Brother at the college. There is also a seventh House, Leonard House, named after Brother Leonard Tobin FMS, the Boarding Hostel is home to roughly 160-170 boarders from all over New Zealand and from overseas. The official alumni group is the Sacred Heart College Old Boys Association, officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to architecture. Denis Devcich - Director of the Mother of God Brothers Patrick James Dunn - Eleventh Catholic Bishop of Auckland John Patrick Kavanagh - Fourth Catholic Bishop of Dunedin. J
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Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
