1.
Fighter aircraft
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A fighter aircraft is a military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat against other aircraft, as opposed to bombers and attack aircraft, whose main mission is to attack ground targets. The hallmarks of a fighter are its speed, maneuverability, many fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are designed as dual-purpose fighter-bombers, often aircraft that do not fulfill the standard definition are called fighters. This may be for political or national security reasons, for advertising purposes, a fighters main purpose is to establish air superiority over a battlefield. Since World War I, achieving and maintaining air superiority has been considered essential for victory in conventional warfare, the word fighter did not become the official English-language term for such aircraft until after World War I. In the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force these aircraft were referred to as scouts into the early 1920s, the U. S. Army called their fighters pursuit aircraft from 1916 until the late 1940s. In most languages a fighter aircraft is known as a hunter, exceptions include Russian, where a fighter is an истребитель, meaning exterminator, and Hebrew where it is matose krav. As a part of nomenclature, a letter is often assigned to various types of aircraft to indicate their use. In Russia I was used, while the French continue to use C and this has always been the case, for instance the Sopwith Camel and other fighting scouts of World War I performed a great deal of ground-attack work. Several aircraft, such as the F-111 and F-117, have received fighter designations but had no fighter capability due to political or other reasons, the F-111B variant was originally intended for a fighter role with the U. S. Navy, but it was cancelled. This blurring follows the use of fighters from their earliest days for attack or strike operations against ground targets by means of strafing or dropping small bombs, versatile multirole fighter-bombers such as the F/A-18 Hornet are a less expensive option than having a range of specialized aircraft types. An interceptor is generally an aircraft intended to target bombers and so often trades maneuverability for climb rate, fighters were developed in World War I to deny enemy aircraft and dirigibles the ability to gather information by reconnaissance. Early fighters were very small and lightly armed by later standards, and most were built with a wooden frame, covered with fabric. As control of the airspace over armies became increasingly important all of the major powers developed fighters to support their military operations, between the wars, wood was largely replaced by steel tubing, then aluminium tubing, and finally aluminium stressed skin structures began to predominate. By World War II, most fighters were all-metal monoplanes armed with batteries of guns or cannons. By the end of the war, turbojet engines were replacing piston engines as the means of propulsion, further increasing aircraft speed. Since the weight of the engine was so less than on piston engined fighters. This in turn required the development of ejection seats so the pilot could escape, in the 1950s, radar was fitted to day fighters, since pilots could no longer see far enough ahead to prepare for any opposition. Since then, radar capabilities have grown enormously and are now the method of target acquisition
2.
IAI Nesher
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The Israel Aircraft Industries Nesher is the Israeli version of the Dassault Mirage 5 multi-role fighter aircraft. Most were later sold to the Argentine Air Force as Daggers, Israel had to replace more than 60 aircraft lost during the Six Day War and the War of Attrition which followed. Before the war, Israel began co-development with Dassault to build the Mirage 5 and it was built by Israel. Dassault Aviation had developed the Mirage 5 at the request of the Israelis, the Israeli Air Force wanted the next version to have less all-weather capability in exchange for improved ordnance carrying capacity and range as the weather in the Middle East is mostly clear. In January 1969, the French government arms embargo on Israel prevented the first 30 Mirage 5 aircraft plus optional 20 from being delivered and cut off support for the existing Mirage IIICJ fleet. This was a setback for the Israeli Air Force, who needed the new Mirage to compensate for the losses of the Six Day War and was using the Mirage IIIC. Israel then decided to produce the airframes as it had the necessary plans, however, some sources claim Israel actually received 50 Mirage 5s in crates from the French Air Force, while the AdA took over the 50 aircraft originally intended for Israel. French made parts were also believed to have been supplied to build the first IAI Kfir, production began in 1969 with the first empty airframes with no weapons, electronics, seat, or engine included, delivered directly from Dassault Aviation. The first Raam A was delivered in May,1971, in November,1971 the plane was renamed Nesher. Fifty-one Nesher fighters and ten Nesher two-seat trainers were built in all, the Nesher had simpler avionics than the Mirage IIIC and was slightly less maneuverable. However, it had longer range and bigger payload, the reduced maneuverability did not prevent the Nesher from performing well in air combat during the Yom Kippur war. The result was the IAI Kfir,51 Nesher fighters and 10 Nesher two-seat trainers were built for the IAF. The first Nesher prototype flew in September 1969, with deliveries to the IAF beginning in May 1971. These aircraft performed well during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, claiming over a hundred kills, after their service with the IAF had come to an end, many Neshers were refurbished and sold to Argentina as Daggers. In the last role, they damaged HMS Antrim, Brilliant, Broadsword, Ardent, Arrow, eleven Daggers were lost in combat. In the 1979 contract with IAI, the Argentine Air Force stipulated that the Daggers would be equipped with new avionics, the program, named Finger, was underway in 1982 when the Falklands War broke out. With the war over, as some of these systems were made by the British Marconi Electronic Systems, the replacement of such systems took the planes to the final Finger IIIB standard mainly by replacing the British equipment with French-built Thomson-CSF. Nesher S, Single-seat ground-attack fighter version for the Israeli Air Force, Nesher T, Two-seat training version for the Israeli Air Force
3.
Nesher Malt
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Nesher is a brand of Israeli beers and non-alcoholic malt beverages. It was the first beer produced in Israel. First produced in 1935 by Palestine Brewery Ltd in Bat Yam, nesher Beer is a pale lager beer produced from various grains. It is a beer, defined as a Schankbier. It is the first beer produced in Israel, which was acquired by Tempo when it acquired Palestine Brewery Ltd. in 1985, nesher Malt is the non-alcoholic variety. It has a taste and is sold in glass bottles of 330 ml or 500 ml
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Districts of Israel
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There are six main administrative districts of Israel, known in Hebrew as mehozot and Arabic as mintaqah and fifteen sub-districts known as nafot. Each sub-district is further divided into Cities, municipalities, and Regional councils it contains, the Judea and Samaria Area, however, is not included in the number of districts and sub-districts as Israel has not applied its civilian jurisdiction in that part of the West Bank. Population,1,358,600 District capital, Nazareth Safed – population,113,700 Kinneret – population,110,500 Yizreel – population,482,300 Akko – population,605,700 Golan – population,46,400. Population,966,700 District capital, Haifa Haifa – population,560,600 Hadera – population,406,000 Central District. Population,2,024,500 District capital, Ramla Sharon – population,446,500 Petah Tikva – population,685,000 Ramla – population,326,400 Rehovot – population,566,600 Tel Aviv District. Population,1,350,000 District capital, Tel Aviv Southern District, currently only the Coordination and Liaison Administration operates there. Jewish Population,407,118, Palestinian population, roughly 1.8 million, largest city, Modiin Illit The name Judea and Samaria for this geographical area is based on terminology from the Hebrew and other sources relating to ancient Israel and Judah/Judea. The territory has been under Israeli control since the 1967 Six-Day War but not annexed by Israel, in Jewish religious terms, it is part of the Land of Israel, which leads to politically contentious issues. However, it is not considered part of the State of Israel by the UN, urban Israel, Details and pictures about many cities in Israel
6.
Hebrew language
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
7.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
8.
Balad al-Sheikh
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Balad al-Sheikh or Balad ash-Shaykh was a Palestinian Arab village located just north of Mount Carmel,7 kilometers southeast of Haifa. Currently the towns land is located within the jurisdiction of the Israeli city, the town is named after Sheikh Abdullah as-Sahli, a renowned Sufi, who was granted the taxes collected from the village by Sultan Salim II. The village contains a dedicated to him. His grave is located in the Balad al-Sheikh cemetery on Mount Carmel, in 1816, British traveller James Silk Buckingham passed by Belled-el-Sheikh. In 1859, the village had an estimated 200 souls, and he described that the houses were built by successive stages, one above the other, and almost all had a cabin made with tree branches at the top. This was where, during the summer, people spend the night to get cooler. In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Balad al Shaikh had a population of 406,405 Muslims and 1 Christian, where the one Christian was a Melkite. This had increasing in the 1931 census to 747 Muslims, including Bedouin tribes that lived nearby, the Jezreel Valley railway line passed about 0.5 kilometers east of the village. The Balad al-Sheikh Railway Station, also known as Shumariyyah and after 1948 as Tel Hanan, was built in 1904 as the station in the original line. In 1913, the Ottomans built an extension of the line to Acre. When the Haganah attacked Balad al-Sheikh on the night of December 31,1947 – January 1,1948, a Jewish village, Tel Hanan, was built there in his name. The village was the source of attacks on Jews in 1929 when its residents attacked the cement factory. In 1934, a new cemetery for Muslim residents of Haifa, was established near the village and in 1935 Izz ad-Din al-Qassam was buried there, during the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine, there were frequent attacks on Jewish passenger buses near Balad al-Sheikh. On May 1936, a station was opened in Balad al-Sheikh in an attempt to crack down on the attacks on Jewish buses. On May 21,1936, a Jewish bus was shot at when it was passing the village, in October 1936, an engagement between Arab militants and the British military, supported by aircraft, took place near the village. On February 22,1937, two British policemen were attacked in the village, one was killed and it was stated that he was killed because he took part in the investigations of the murder of three Jews at Yagur in 1931. Additional attacks on Jewish buses occurred from July to October 1938, on July 13,1938, two buses were shot and stoned, one of them was set on fire. On April 18,1939, a military and police search was conducted in Balad esh Sheikh looking for the suspects of the killings in Haifa
9.
Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
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The CBS is headquartered in the Givat Shaul neighborhood of Jerusalem, with another branch in Tel Aviv. It is headed by a Government Statistician, who is appointed on the recommendation of the prime minister, professor Emeritus Shlomo Yitzhaki of Hebrew University has served in that position and as Director of the CBS since 2002. The bureaus annual budget in 2011 was NIS237 million, the work of the CBS follows internationally accepted standards which enable comparison of statistical information with other countries. The CBS also conducts a Census of Population and Housing every ten years, as well as periodic, the work of CBS is overseen by the Public Commission of Statistics. The data is disseminated in a variety of publications, among them the Statistical Abstract of Israel. Current and updated information is brought to the publics attention through daily press releases. Government ministries use the data collected by CBS for policymaking, planning and tracking development, the data is also made available to academic research institutions and the general public. CBSs end of 2009 and provisional end of 2008 Israeli city and town populations
10.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
11.
Bagrut certificate
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Teudat Bagrut is a certificate which attests that a student has successfully passed Israels high school matriculation examination. Bagrut is a prerequisite for higher education in Israel, a Bagrut certificate is awarded to students who pass the required written subject-matter examinations with a passing mark in each exam. The Bagrut certificate however should not be confused with a school diploma. 65. 5% of Israeli high school 2014 graduates or other individuals studying for the 2014 exam had passed the requirements to be eligible to receive a Bagrut certificate. Of the overall population who was of high school age in 2014,52. 7% were eligible to receive a Bagrut certificate. Bagrut examinations assess knowledge on subjects studied in high school and they are frequently compared to the New York State Regents Examinations, the College Boards Advanced Placement tests, the British A-levels, and the German Abitur. Bagrut scores are one of the criteria examined in applications to military units. Other criteria include students high school grades and the Psychometric Entrance Test, the process of matriculation in Israel is supervised by the countrys Ministry of Education. The exams of all subjects and most elective subjects are designed and written by the Ministry. In academically oriented schools, the last two years of studies are geared to preparing students for the bagrut exams. Physical Education Most exams are available in different levels of difficulty, in most subjects, students may choose the number of units in which they are tested. Correspondingly, the make up of a students classes during his or her school years is matched to the students expected units of study they will test in their bagrut exams. A copy of the 2010 mathematics exam was leaked to students, but a teacher reported it to authorities and all tests were replaced
12.
Broward County, Florida
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Broward County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of 2010, the population was 1,896,425, making it the second-most populous county in Florida and its county seat is Fort Lauderdale. Broward County is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census, although the area has been settled since about 1400 B. C. Broward County was founded on October 1,1915 and it was named for Napoleon Bonaparte Broward, Governor of Florida from 1905 to 1909, remembered for his campaign to turn the Everglades into useful land. It was originally intended to be named Everglades County, but then-Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives Ion Farris amended the bill established the county to be named after Broward. In 1915, Palm Beach County and Dade County contributed nearly equal portions of land to create Broward County, Broward County began a huge development boom after its incorporation, with the first tourist hotel, in Fort Lauderdale, opening in 1919. A year later, developers began dredging wetlands in the county in order to create island communities, by 1925, the boom was considered to have reached its peak, but a 1926 hurricane caused economic depression in the county. The structure of county government was signed into law in 1975 with the passage of the Broward County charter and it was one of the counties at the center of the 2000 U. S. From 2008 to 2011, Broward County led the nation in new HIV/AIDS diagnoses, the per capita cases of new infections in Broward has not decreased in over a decade, prompting government health agencies to direct more funding to AIDS prevention campaigns in Broward. During that time period, Dade County was ranked number two nationally for the epidemic, however, as of January 31,2014, those statistics have reversed, though not dramatically enough to be called an improvement. Some communities in the area have been affected disproportionately, with 48% of the afflicted being in black communities. In Broward County, sexual education in schools is not mandatory. In 2013, the Broward County School Board held a vote to require schools to teach sex-ed at least once a year for every grade, a program slated to begin in the 2014-2015 school year if passed. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,323 square miles. Broward County has an elevation of six feet above sea level. It is rather new geologically and located at the edge of the Florida Platform. Broward County is composed of Oolite limestone while western Broward is composed mostly of Bryozoa, Broward is among the last areas of Florida to be created and populated with fauna and flora, mostly in the Pleistocene. Within developable land, Broward County has a density of 3,740 per square mile
13.
Mount Carmel
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Mount Carmel is a coastal mountain range in northern Israel stretching from the Mediterranean Sea towards the southeast. The range is a UNESCO biosphere reserve and a number of towns are located there, most notably the city of Haifa, Israels third largest city, located on the northern slope. The phrase Mount Carmel has been used in three ways, To refer to the 39 km-long mountain range, stretching as far in the southeast as Jenin. To refer to the northwestern 19 km of the mountain range, to refer to the headland at the northwestern end of the range. The Carmel range is approximately 6.5 to 8 kilometres wide, sloping gradually towards the southwest, the Jezreel Valley lies to the immediate northeast. The mountain formation is an admixture of limestone and flint, containing many caves, the sloped side of the mountain is covered with luxuriant vegetation, including oak, pine, olive, and laurel trees. There is also a small kibbutz called Beit Oren, which is located on one of the highest points in the range to the southeast of Haifa. As part of a 1929–1934 campaign, between 1930 and 1932, Dorothy Garrod excavated four caves, and a number of shelters, in the Carmel mountain range at el-Wad, el-Tabun. Garrod discovered Neanderthal and early human remains, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I. The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest stratigraphic record in the region, the four caves and rock-shelters together yield results from the Lower Paleolithic to the present day, representing roughly a million years of human evolution. Taken together, these emphasize the paramount significance of the Mount Carmel caves for the study of cultural and biological evolution within the framework of palaeo-ecological changes. In 2012, UNESCOs World Heritage Committee added sites of human evolution at Mount Carmel to the List of World Heritage Sites, the World Heritage Site includes four caves on the southern side of the Nahal Me’arot/Wadi El-Mughara Valley. The site fulfils criteria in two categories, natural and cultural. According to the Books of Kings, Elisha travelled to Carmel straight after cursing a group of men because they had mocked him. After this, bears out of the forest and mauled 42 of them. During World War I, Mount Carmel played a significant strategic role, the Battle of Megiddo took place at the head of a pass through the Carmel Ridge, which overlooks the Valley of Jezreel from the south. General Allenby led the British in the battle, which was the point in the war against the Ottoman Empire. Archaeologists have discovered ancient wine and oil presses at various locations on Mt. Carmel, according to the Books of Kings, there was an altar to God on the mountain, which had fallen into ruin by the time of Ahab, but Elijah built a new one
14.
City council (Israel)
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City councils - plural, (Hebrew, עִירִיּוֹת Iriyot / singular, (Hebrew, עִירִיָּה Iriya - are the official designations of the cities within Israels system of local government. City mayors and members of the city councils are elected every five years, list of cities in Israel Local council Regional council Local Government in Israel. 2009 Local Authorities on Israel Government portal City Council Ordinance
15.
Baqa al-Gharbiyye
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Baqa al-Gharbiyye is a predominantly Arab city in the Haifa District of Israel, located near the Green Line. In 2003, Baqa al-Gharbiyye united with the Jatt local council to form Baqa-Jatt, the city had a population of 28,125 in 2015. An olive press, quarries and a winepress seeming to date to the Hellenistic or Early Roman period has been found. Ceramic objects from the late Roman or early Byzantine periods have also found, and a burial cave, with remains dating to Byzantine. The earliest documentation regarding Baqa is from the 12th century, Baqa was mentioned in an Ottoman document in 1538, as a five-family small village with 11 non-married people. In 1596, Baqa al-Gharbiyye appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Jabal Shami of the Liwa of Nablus. It had a population of 5 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops, goats or beehives, during the late Ottoman period, in 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village. He described it as standing on a low hill, a few wells and cisterns looked ancient, the rest had a modern appearance. He estimated the population to be 1500, in 1882 the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Baqa al-Gharbiyye as a village of moderate size, very white and conspicuous. It had a few trees, and orchards to the south. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Baqa Gharbiyeh had a population of 1,443, one Christian, in the 1931 census of Palestine, Baqa was recorded as having a population of 1,640 Muslims living in 403 houses. These numbers included the smaller locality El Manshiya. Like other Palestinian villages a strict British martial law controlled the village, when the battles reached a peak in 1938 a state of emergency was declared by Britain and tough collective punishment was imposed on every village where militants were found. A British military camp was established near the al-Madrasa al-Foqa School, on 25 August 1938 a clash took place between British troops and local militants and resulted in an armed battle which resulted two dead British officers and injuring three militants. The same day British military forces stormed the village and larger battles begun and continued until next day morning by which British losses raised to three. The next day,26 August 1938, the British ordered the villagers to leave homes without taking anything with them and those to refused were taken out by force, and they were driven to a nearby camp. Later on raids over the village started and continued until evening, leaving a great devastation for such a village then, most of the wooden homes were burnt. After the raids were over the villagers were forced to walk to the Nur al-Shams Camp near Tulkarm, the next day the villagers returned to the village to find out the huge damage that occurred to Baqa, and the news spread out quickly in the Palestinian cities
16.
Hadera
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Hadera is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, the city has a population of about 91,634, which includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. In 2015 it had a population of 88,783, Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams. Hadera was founded in 1891, in the early days modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, the land was purchased from a Christian effendi, Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality, the only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling reeds. The town may derive its name from the Arabic word khadra, the first settlers lived in a house known as the Khan near Haderas main synagogue. Initially, Hadera was a lonely outpost of 10 families and 4 guards, in its early years, however, the town had issues with land ownership having drained the swamps with the aid of Egyptian workers sent to them by Baron Edmond de Rothschild. Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540,210 died of malaria, relations between the residents of Hadera and neighboring Bedouins were poor and HaShomer organization was assigned to guarding the fields. By the early century, the town had become a regional economic center. Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, by which time, free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school. Haderas population began to grow dramatically after Israeli independence in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country, among the immigrants to the city were Russian and other European immigrants and also 40 Yemenite families. In 1953, Israels first paper mill opened in the town, sponsored by investors from within Israel as well as from the United States, Brazil, and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israels paper needs. It was also at this time that the Givat Olga neighborhood was constructed on the coast, in 1964, Hadera was declared a city. The city grew dramatically during the 1990s as it absorbed large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants, in addition, four civilians were killed when a terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop on October 28,2001. However, since the construction of the nearby West Bank barrier, on August 4,2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah, Hadera has traditionally been known as a backwater
17.
Haifa
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Haifa, is the third-largest city in the State of Israel, with a population of 278,903 in 2015. The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area and it is also home to the Baháí World Centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a destination for Bahai pilgrims. Built on the slopes of Mount Carmel, the settlement has a history spanning more than 3,000 years, the earliest known settlement in the vicinity was Tell Abu Hawam, a small port city established in the Late Bronze Age. In the 3rd century CE, Haifa was known as a dye-making center, over the centuries, the city has changed hands, being conquered and ruled by the Phoenicians, Persians, Hasmoneans, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Crusaders, Ottomans, British, and the Israelis. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the Haifa Municipality has governed the city, as of 2016, the city is a major seaport located on Israels Mediterranean coastline in the Bay of Haifa covering 63.7 square kilometres. It lies about 90 kilometres north of Tel Aviv and is the regional center of northern Israel. According to researcher J. Kis-Lev Haifa is considered a haven for coexistence between Jews and Arabs. Two respected academic institutions, the University of Haifa and the Technion, are located in Haifa, in addition to the largest k-12 school in Israel, the city plays an important role in Israels economy. It is home to Matam, one of the oldest and largest high-tech parks in the country, Haifa also owns the underground rapid transit system located in Israel. Haifa Bay is a center of industry, petroleum refining. Haifa formerly functioned as the terminus of an oil pipeline from Iraq via Jordan. With locals using it to refer to a tell at the foot of the Carmel Mountains that contains its remains. The name Efa first appears during Roman rule, some time after the end of the 1st century, Haifa is also mentioned more than 100 times in the Talmud, a work central to Judaism. Hefa or Hepha in Eusebius of Caesareas 4th-century work, Onomasticon, is said to be another name for Sycaminus, references to this city end with the Byzantine period. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Haifa was used to refer to a site established on Tel Shikmona upon what were already the ruins of Sycaminon. Haifa is mentioned by the mid-11th-century Persian chronicler Nasir Khusraw, the Crusaders, who captured Haifa briefly in the 12th century, call it Caiphas, and believe its name related to Cephas, the Aramaic name of Simon Peter. Other spellings in English have included Caipha, Kaipha, Caiffa, Kaiffa and Khaifa.5 miles to the east. The new village, the nucleus of modern Haifa, was first called al-imara al-jadida by some, but others residing there called it Haifa al-Jadida at first, the ultimate origin of the name Haifa remains unclear
18.
Kiryat Ata
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Kiryat Ata is a city in the Haifa District of Israel. Also still known by its name of Kfar Ata, in 2015 it had a population of 55,464. Archeological surveys at Khirbet Sharta in the northeast part of the city revealed traces of habitation dating to the Bronze, Iron, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Mamluk eras. In 1283 it was mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders, at the time it was called Kafrata. Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, Kufrata appeared in the census of 1596, the population was 15 households, all Muslim. They paid taxes on wheat, barley, fruit trees, cotton, occasional revenues, goats and beehives, the village appeared under the name of Koufour Tai on the map that Pierre Jacotin compiled during Napoleons invasion of 1799. In 1859 the population was estimated to be 100, and the cultivation was 16 feddans, in 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and found the village to have 50 houses. In 1881 the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Kefr Etta as a adobe village, on the plain, with a well on the north. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Kufritta showed a population of 400,7 Christians and 393 Muslims, in 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 10,000 dunums in Kefr Etta from Alexander Sursock, of the Sursock family of Beirut. At the time, there were 75 families living there, in the 1931 census Kufritta had a population of 4 Muslims and 29 Jews, in a total of 13 occupied houses. In 1945 the population of Kefar Atta consisted of 1,690 Jews, of this,6 dunams were designated for citrus and bananas,39 dunams for plantations and irrigable land,1,527 for cereals, while 3,591 dunams were built-up areas. In the early 20th century, the lands of the Arab village of Kefr Etta were purchased by a Warsaw religious foundation named Avodat Israel through intermediaries in the American Zion Commonwealth, Avodat Israel founded Kfar Ata in 1925. During the 1929 Arab riots the town was attacked and abandoned, a year later the residents returned and rebuilt the community. It was renamed Kiryat Ata in 1965 when the village was merged with adjacent Kiryat Binyamin, Kiryat Ata has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool and rainy winters. The hottest month is July and the coldest is February, snowfall is rare, but snow was recorded three times in the 20th century, in 1950,1992 and 1999. Annual precipitation is approximately 524 millimeters, according to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99. 8% Jewish and other non-Arab, without significant Arab population. According to CBS, in 2001 there were 23,700 males and 24,900 females, the population growth rate in 2001 was 0. 8%. In 2000, there were 17,236 salaried workers and 1,226 self-employed, the mean monthly wage was ILS5,157
19.
Kiryat Bialik
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Kiryat Bialik is a city in the Haifa District in Israel. It is one of the five Krayot suburbs to the north of Haifa, in 2015 it had a population of 39,069. The city was named after the poet Hayim Nahman Bialik, in 1924, Ephraim and Sabina Katz, who immigrated from Romania, were the first Jews to settle in the Zevulun Valley in Haifa Bay. Their farm was destroyed in the 1929 Palestine riots, the one house that survived the riots, Beit Katz, was bequeathed to Kiryat Bialik in 1959 and designated for public use. The town of Kiryat Bialik was established in July 1934 by a group of German Jewish immigrants who received a plot of land from the Jewish National Fund, the residents were mainly free professionals, doctors, engineers and lawyers who lived in private homes with gardens. During World War II, Kiryat Bialik was bombed due to its proximity to the oil refineries in Haifa, in 1950, it was declared a local council, attaining city status in 1976. Z. Karliner, D. Zack, Rafi Wertheim, Eli Dukorsky According to CBS, there were 17,900 males and 19,200 females. In 200325. 8% of the population was 19 years of age or younger,15. 8% between 20 and 29,17. 4% between 30 and 44,21.5 from 45 to 59,3. 8% from 60 to 64, and 15. 6%65 years of age or older. According to CBS figures for 2002, there were 17,514 salaried workers and 912 self-employed in Kiryat Bialik, the town was known for the Ata textile factory, established in 1934 by Erich Moller. The Ata plant, which opened in 1934, became an icon of the Israeli textile industry and it suffered from financial problems in the 1960s and closed down in 1985. According to CBS, there are 9 schools and 6,291 students in the city,6 elementary schools with 2,540 students,63. 4% of 12th grade students were entitled to a Bagrut certificate in 2002. Ahava Village, a village for children from high-risk home situations, is located in Kiryat Bialik. During the Second Lebanon War in 2006, the city suffered hits from 15 Katyushas, ronen Bergman, investigative journalist and author Shani Bloch, Olympic racing cyclist Aviv Kochavi, Israel Defense Forces officer. Revital Sharon, Israeli Olympic artistic gymnast Zehava Vardi, Miss Israel 1977, Kiryat Bialik is twinned with, Zakynthos, Greece Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Germany Zestaponi, Georgia Rosh HaAyin, Israel Radomsko, Poland
20.
Kiryat Motzkin
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Kiryat Motzkin is a city in the Haifa District of Israel,8 kilometres north of the city of Haifa. In 2015 it had a population of 40,160, the city is named after Leo Motzkin, one of the organizers of the First Zionist Congress in 1897. The mayor of the city is Haim Zuri, Kiryat Motzkin was founded in 1934, and by 1935 the first school has been opened. According to CBS, in 2006 the ethnic makeup of the city was all Jewish, the population growth rate in 2006 was -0. 1% and it grew to 39,590 in 2014. The city is ranked medium-high on the socio-economic scale In 2005, the mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was NIS6,581, a real change of 0. 6% over the course of 2004. Salaried males had a monthly wage of NIS8,773 compared to NIS4,634 for females. The mean income for self-employed was 6,327,437 people received unemployment benefits, and 2,157 received an income supplement. There are 12 schools and 6,071 students in Kiryat Motzkin,58. 4% of 12th-grade students were eligible for a matriculation certificate in 2006. Kiryat Motzkin is served by Kiryat Motzkin Railway Station, which is on the main Coastal railway line to Nahariya, with trains to Beersheba. The Krayot Central Bus Station is located on the edge of the municipality and serves as a terminus for the Metronit bus rapid transit system. Kiryat Motzkin is twinned with, Official website Satellite Image from Google Maps
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Kiryat Yam
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Kiryat Yam is a town in the Haifa Bay district of Israel,12 km north of Haifa. One of a group of Haifa suburbs known as the Krayot, it is located on the Mediterranean coast, in 2015 it had a population of 39,273. A large tract of land on the Haifa Bay was purchased from the Sursock family of Beirut by the American Zion Commonwealth in 1925, development of a residential area began in 1939, and the first houses were completed in 1940. Kiryat Yam has a population of 38,945, the city is ranked medium on the socio-economic scale. Kiryat Yam has 15 preschools, eight schools and 3 high schools with a student population of 10,000. During the 2006 Lebanon War, Kiryat Yam was hit by Hezbollah rockets and suffered casualties, in February 2008, a Google Earth user added an erroneous note that Kiryat Yam had been built on the ruins of Arab Ghawarina, an abandoned Arab village. The town filed a complaint with the police against Google for libel, urban development plans aimed at upgrading the old Gimmel neighborhood were blocked by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, whose main weapons development plant borders Kiryat Yam. In 2009, the Haifa district planning committee approved high-rise construction for the neighborhood, overruling Rafaels objections
22.
Or Akiva
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Or Akiva is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, on the countrys coastal plain. It is located just inland from the ancient port city of Caesarea and the Mediterranean Sea and it is 48 kilometres south of Haifa and 39 km north of Tel Aviv. In 2015 it had a population of 17,084, according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2005 the city had a total population of 15,800, making it is the least-populous city in Israel. According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99. 3% Jewish and other non-Arab, there were 7,400 males and 7,900 females. The population growth rate in 2001 was -0. 1%, according to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 5,739 salaried workers and 399 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a worker in the city is NIS3,845. Salaried males have a monthly wage of NIS4,737 vs. NIS2,848 for females. The mean income for the self-employed is 4,662, there are 533 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,864 people who receive a guaranteed-income supplement. Or Akiva is home to a number of large factories those of Dexxon, according to CBS, there are 10 schools and 2,409 students in the city. They are spread out as 6 elementary schools and 1,575 elementary school students,51. 9% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001. Since 2005 gap year volunteers from Habonim Dror in have volunteered in the town and surrounding areas working in schools and in extracurricular frameworks with Arab, or Akiva is twinned with, Miami, United States Hîncești, Moldova Or Akiva Municipality Or Akiva civic auditorium
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Tirat Carmel
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Tirat Carmel, formerly Ṭīrat el Lōz, or Tirat HaCarmel or Al-Tira, Haifa, is a city in the Haifa District in Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 19,350, throughout the ages, the site of the modern city was controlled by many people, including the Romans, the Ottoman and the British. The modern city was established on the site of the Arab village of al-Tira, the town of Tirat Carmel was officially declared a city in 1992. Tirat Carmel is built on the ruins of the town of al-Tira, crusaders called it St Yohan de Tire. It was ruled by the Ottomans in late medieval and Renaissance times and was an area with wheat and goats. While conscription in the late 1800s harmed the town, it recovered, the town was known for production of olives and almonds. In 1949 two absorption centers were established for Jewish immigrants in the location, which in 1954 were reorganized into the municipality of Tirat Carmel. According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99. 6% Jewish and other non-Arab, according to CBS, in 2001 there were 9,200 males and 9,300 females. The population growth rate in 2001 was 0. 8%, according to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 6,068 salaried workers and 411 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a worker in the city is ILS4,428. Salaried males have a monthly wage of ILS5,621 versus ILS3,211 for females. The mean income for the self-employed is 4,818, there are 450 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,891 people who receive an income guarantee. According to CBS, there are 9 schools and 3,049 students in the city and they are spread out as 6 elementary schools and 1,681 elementary school students, and 6 high schools and 1,368 high school students. 59. 8% of 12th grade students were entitled to a certificate in 2001. Reuven Atar, footballer Gene Simmons, actor and musician Maurepas, France Monheim am Rhein, Germany Veszprém, Hungary Tirat Carmel Municipality
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Umm al-Fahm
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Umm al-Fahm is a city which is located 20 kilometres northwest of Jenin in the Haifa District of Israel. In 2015 its population was 52,500, nearly all of whom are Arab citizens of Israel, the city is situated on the Umm al-Fahm mountain ridge, the highest point of which is Mount Iskander, overlooking Wadi Ara. Umm al-Fahm is the social, cultural and economic center for residents of the Wadi Ara, Umm al-Fahm means Mother of Charcoal in Arabic. The village was surrounded by forests which were used to produce charcoal. Several archaeological sites around the city date to the Iron Age, as well as the Hellenistic, Roman, and Islamic periods. In 1265 C. E. after Baybars won the territory from the Crusaders, the revenues from Umm al-Fahm were given to the Mamluk naib al-saltana of Syria, Jamal al-Din al-Najibi. In 1517 the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine, and in 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Sara of the Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 24 households, all Muslim, and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives, and a press for olive oil or grape syrup. In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Umm al-Fahm on his travels, in 1883, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Umm al-Fahm as having around 500 inhabitants, of which some 80 people were Christians. The place was well-built of stone, and the villagers were described as being rich in cattle, goats. It was the most important place in the area besides Jenin, the village was divided into four quarters, el Jebarin, el Mahamin, el Mejahineh, and el Akbariyeh, each quarter having its own sheikh. A maqam for a Sheikh Iskander was noted on a hill above, Umm al-Fahm was the birthplace of Palestinian Arab rebel leader Yusuf Hamdan. He died in Umm al-Fahm during a firefight with British troops, the total population was 5,490,5,430 Muslims and 60 Christians, with 77,242 dunams of land, according to the official land and population survey. 4332 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land,44,586 dunams for cereals, in 1948, there were 4,500 inhabitants, mostly farmers, in the Umm al-Fahm area. After the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Lausanne Conference of 1949 awarded the entire Little Triangle to Israel, on 20 May 1949, the citys leader signed an oath of allegiance to the State of Israel. Following its absorption into Israel, the population grew rapidly. By 1960, Umm al-Fahm was given local council status by the Israeli government, between 1965 and 1985, it was governed by elected councils. In 1985, Umm al-Fahm was granted city status
25.
Local council (Israel)
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There are 265 local councils in Israel. Local councils should not be confused with local committees, which are lower-level administrative entities, Local council status is determined by passing a minimum threshold, enough to justify operations as independent municipal units, although not large enough to be declared a city. In general this applies to all settlements of over 2,000 people, the Israeli Interior Minister has the authority of deciding whether a locality is fit to become a municipal council. Local councils also have an important role in town planning, the Union of Local Authorities in Israel is the umbrella organization of local councils in Israel. The union represents the local councils vis a vis the national government, ULAI was established in 1938, under the British Mandate, as the League of Local Councils. Regional council City council List of cities in Israel Local Government in Israel
26.
Ar'ara
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Arara is an Arab town in the Wadi Ara region in northern Israel. It is located south of Umm al-Fahm just northwest of the Green Line and is part of the Triangle, in 2015 the population was 23,996. Tombs with niches, cut into rock, and Byzantine era ceramics have been found, burial complexes from the Roman period by Arara have been excavated, revealing clay lamps and glass vessels and beads, commonly used in the 1st to 4th century C. E. A few clay fragments from the Mamluk period have also found at the same location. In the Crusader period, the place was known as Castellum Arearum, in the land-allocation made by sultan Baybars in 663 H. Arara was shared between his amirs Ala al-Din and Sayf al-Din Bayhaq al-Baghdadi. Arara, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and it had a population of 8 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, summercrops, olives, and goats or beehives. By the eighteenth century, the village remained in the district of Lajjun. In the late century, the site was described as, A village of moderate size on high ground, with a spring to the east, a second to the west. There are rock cut tombs near, the population is stated by Consul Rogers as 400, the cultivation then being 30 feddans. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Arara had a population 735 and this had increased in the 1931 census to 971, still all Muslims, in 150 houses. In 1945, Arara and Arah had a population of 2,290, of this,1,724 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land,20,560 for cereals, while 33 dunams were built-up land. Arara was transferred from Jordanian to Israeli jurisdiction in 1949 under the Rhodes armistice agreements, by 1962 the area had been reduced to 7,269 dunums, partly due to expropriations of 8,236 dunums by the Israeli government in 1953–54. One case of expropriation from a landowner named Younis became a test case before the High Court of Israel in 1953. The land had been confiscated by the government without notifying the owner, in 1954 the court ruled that the law did not require the owner to be notified and did not provide a right for the owner to contest the confiscation in advance. This ruling and one other effectively ended the possibility of land using the courts to contest the confiscation of their land. The neighboring village of ʿAra was merged with Arara in 1985, the Maqam is a single rectangular chamber, covered by a dome. The two top courses are chamfered towards the dome, on the north side is a doorway, and double window set inside shallow arches. There is also a set of windows on the west side, inside there are three cenotaphs, located east-west, close to the west wall
27.
'Ara
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Ara is a village in the Haifa District in northern Israel, located in the Wadi Ara valley. Since 1985 Ara has been part of the Arara local council and it is north of highway 65, between Arara and Kfar Qara. Its population of 4,600 is almost entirely Muslim, burial caves along with white mosaic pavements have been excavated at the village. Some of the caves have been dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Byzantine lamps, glass vases and ceramics have also been found, a building from the Umayyad era have been excavated in the village. It included many objects and a glass jar, all from the same period. It had a population of 2 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, vines, in 1882, Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine noted traces of ruins on a prominent mound with a well. Ara was merged with the neighboring Arara in 1985, welcome To Ara Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8, IAA, Wikimedia commons
28.
Basma
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Basma is an Israeli Arab local council in the Wadi Ara area of Haifa District. The local council was formed in 1995 through the consolidation of the villages of Bartaa West, Ein as-Sahala, in 2015 it had a population of 8,914. The name, given at the time as Bertah was taken to mean cutting, the name Ain es Saleh, meaning the spring of the plain was noted, but not otherwise described. By Kh. el Mâwîyeh they found a small ruined khan, of no great antiquity, on the road, the name at the time was Khurbet el Mâwîyeh, meaning the ruin of the place of shelter. In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Bartaa had a population of 468, bartaas population increased according to the 1931 census to 692, still all Muslims, in 94 houses, while Muawiya had 141 people in 30 houses. In 1945 Bartaa had a population of 1,000 Arabs with 20,499 dunams of land, according to an official land,464 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land,1,957 dunams for cereals, while 1,900 dunams were non-cultivable land. The population of Muawiya was counted with that of Umm al-Fahm, andrew Petersen, an archaeologist specialising in Islamic architecture, surveyed the ancient shrine at Muawiya in 1994. According to local tradition, Muawiya had been a soldier in the army of Saladin and he had been killed in a battle close by the village, and he and twelve of his men were buried here. The shrine, named Shaykh Muawiya, is a square building. The floor of the shrine is about 0,3 meters below the surface, there is a mihrab in the wall to the south, just behind the cenotaph, and the west wall has a window. According to local tradition the shrine was built about 100 years ago, however, Petersen found that the structure itself suggested it was considerably older, with rebuilding in the late nineteenth century. As of the census of 2008, Basma had 7,600 residents, Arab localities in Israel Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8, IAA, Wikimedia commons Welcome To Bartaa Welcome To Khirbat Ayn al-Sahla Welcome To Muawiya
29.
Binyamina-Giv'at Ada
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Binyamina-Givat Ada is a town in the Haifa District of Israel. It is the result of the 2003 merger between the two councils of Binyamina and Givat Ada. In 2015 its population was 14,777, prior to the merger, the population of Binyamina was 6,600. Binyamina was founded in 1922 and named after the Baron Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild, according to the Jewish National Fund, Binyamina was founded on PICA land by members of the Third Aliyah. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Binyamina had a population of 153 inhabitants, the original economy of the village was citrus-based. In 1947, Binyamina had a population of 2000, Givat Ada, named for Baron Edmond James de Rothschilds s wife Adelaid, was established in 1903 by eight families from Zikhron Yaakov. Givat Ada was established as an agricultural settlement, the main farming branches were field crops and vegetables, and later, grapes. The area is home to both the Binyamina Winery, producers of 2.8 million bottles of wine annually, Tishbi now produces one million bottles annually. Plans have been drawn up to build a 150-acre wine park on the slopes between Binyamina and Zichron Yaakov to promote tourism in Israel. A direct non-stop train from Binyamina reaches Tel Aviv or Haifa in 30 minutes, Binyamina is the birthplace of the Israeli songwriter Ehud Manor, and is referenced in a number of his songs. It is also the birthplace of former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, four-time Olympian and world-record-holder in shooting, Guy Starik, lives there
30.
Daliyat al-Karmel
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Daliyat El Karmel is a Druze town in the Haifa District of Israel, located around 20 km southeast of Haifa. In 2015 its population was 16,778, Daliyat al-Karmel, situated on Mount Carmel, is the country’s largest and southernmost Druze town. In 1283 both Daliyat al-Karmel and Kh, Doubel were mentioned as part of the domain of the Crusaders, according to the hudna between the Crusaders in Acre and the Mamluk sultan Qalawun. In 1870 a local guide showed French explorer Victor Guérin extensive ruins located south of Daliyat al-Karmel, the ruins were the most extensive on Mt. Carmel. Guérin thought it might be the town on Mt. Carmel mentioned by Pliny, conder and Kitchener surveyed the area and noted traces of ruins at a place SE of the village centre called Dubil. Later excavations have found there from Iron Age I, Early Roman and Byzantine periods. In 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village and he found four hundred inhabitants, all Druze. The houses were built of adobe, with only a few stone houses. The locals worshipped inside a cave, where the explorer was not allowed, on the south there is a well, and fine springs on the west, near Umm esh Shukf. On the north is a plain or open valley cultivated with corn. In the mid-1880s the population was estimated at 620 Druze, in 1945 the population of Daliyat al-Karmel consisted of 2,060 Arabs, and the land area was 31,730 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this,1,506 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land,18,174 for cereals, an Israeli census conducted in November 1948 found 2,932 residents. At the end of 1951 the figure dropped to 2,769, the town was granted local council status in 1951. In 2003, Dalyat was merged with nearby Isfiya to create Carmel City, in 2008, the communities became separate once again. The town is famous for its colorful market, in 2010, El Al, Israels national airline, named one of its Boeing 767 airplanes Daliyat al-Karmel. Sheikh Muafak Tarif, leader of the Druze community, was presented with a model of the plane at a special ceremony. The shrine of Abu Ibrahim, whom the Druze consider a prophet, is in the oldest part of the town. Close by, is the home of Sir Laurence Oliphant, who spent his summers there in the 1880s with his wife Alice, and his secretary Naftali Herz Imber
31.
Fureidis
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Fureidis is an Israeli Arab town in the Haifa District of Israel. It received local council status in 1952, in 2015 its population was 12,389. The name is believed to come from the Arabic, meaning little Garden of Eden, in the 19th century, three rock-hewn tombs were examined at Fureidis, each with several kokhim. It appears to have used as a dwelling and a burial cave. The artifacts in the cave attest to the presence of a settlement from the pre-Ghassulian period, pottery and remains from an aqueduct dating to the Roman and Byzantine periods have also been found. At the northern edge of Fureidis, pottery remains from the 13th -14th century, a dating to 1388–1399 CE. During the late Ottoman period, in 1859, the English consul Rogers estimated the population to be 200, in 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village. He estimated it had one hundred and forty people, mostly shepherds and woodcutters, in 1882, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described the place as a village of mud and stone at the foot of the hill, with a well to the south. In 1945 the population of Fureidis consisted of 780 Arabs and the area was 4,450 dunams, according to an official land. Of this,365 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land,1,717 for cereals, Fureidis is one of the few Arab villages on Palestines coast left intact after the 1948 war. During the conflict, it received a number of refugees from nearby villages, including Tantura. This was alluded to by Arab novelist Emile Habibi in his famous novel The Secret Life of Saeed the Pessoptimist, as of the census of 2008, Fureidis had 10,800 residents, of whom 99. 6% were Muslim Arabs. The national eligibility rate in 2008-2009 was 44.4 percent of all 17-year-olds, Fureidis won third place in the national ranking. Hossni Abu Dahash, the high school principal, said the school had organized a marathon study program to prepare 12th graders for their matriculation exam. Ibtisam Mahmid, whose family came from Tantura, became an activist after 1995 when she was out of an Egged bus because she was an Arab. Ibtisam Mahammed of Fureidis was awarded the Dalai Lamas Unsung Heroes of Compassion prize for her efforts to promote peace between Arabs and Jews, for many years Mahammed has been organizing Jewish and Arab womens circles to promote dialogue. She heads several womens organizations and has fought on behalf of battered women in Arab society. Arab localities in Israel Welcome To Fureidis Survey of Western Palestine, Map 8, IAA, Wikimedia commons Fureidis, Paradise Lost, a documentary by Ebtisam Mara’ana
32.
Harish, Israel
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Harish meaning ploughed furrow, is a town in the Haifa District of Israel. It is currently being expanded into a city projected to eventually have a population of 100,000, in 2015 it had a population of 969. Harish was founded as a Nahal settlement in 1982 and converted into a kibbutz in 1985, the kibbutz failed to take off, and was abandoned by its residents in 1993, leaving only a Border Police detachment behind. Subsequently, it lost its status and became a regular town, and the government sold off the apartments to career army officers. During the same period, it was merged with neighouring Katzir to form a new town, however, the three settlements were split in 2012, with Harish remaining a town, and Katzir reverting to the jurisdiction of Menashe Regional Council. Throughout the 1990s, young Israelis moved to Harish, attracted by low cost of housing, many of these new residents were young and secular, but in 2003, about 50 Garin Torani families moved to the town. In addition, an Arab Bedouin clan from Ramla was moved to Harish in order to end a feud with another clan. In 2007, Israeli Housing Minister Ariel Atias decided to turn Harish into a city of 100,000 and it was originally planned that it would be a Haredi city. The Supreme Court ruled that housing tenders would have to be offered to all residents of Israel, in 2012, a secular buyers group organized to bid on lots zoned for 400 housing units there. The master plan of Harish was prepared by the architecture firm Mansfeld-Kehat Architects and calls for the expansion of Harish to Highway 65 in the north, by August 2015, construction was well underway, with many buildings nearing completion. In January 2016, the Israeli cabinet approved a 1 billion NIS plan to develop Harish, the plan calls for Harish to be turned into a city of 50,000 in three years, with the eventual goal of attaining a population of 100,000. A60 meter wide main boulevard will be built with an island in the middle lined with paths, benches. It has also suggested that a light rail line may be built in the future
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Isfiya
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Isfiya, also known as Ussefiya or Usifiyeh, is an Arab Druze village and local council in northern Israel. Located on Mount Carmel, it is part of Haifa District, in 2015 its population was 10,543. In 2003, the council was merged with nearby Daliyat al-Karmel to form Carmel City. However, the new city was dissolved in 2008 and the two resumed their independent status. Isfiya was built on the ruins of a Byzantine settlement, crusader remnants have been found in the village. In 1930, remains of a 5th-century Jewish town, Husifah, were unearthed in Isfiya, among the finds are a synagogue with a mosaic floor bearing Jewish symbols and the inscription Peace upon Israel. A cache of 4,500 gold coins were found dating from the Roman period, a building, dating from the second–fourth centuries CE have been excavated, together with ceramics and coins dating from the period. Isfiya was mentioned as part of the domain of the Sultan during the hudna between the Crusaders based in Acre and the Mamluk sultan al-Mansur declared in 1283, the Druze came to the village in the early eighteenth century. The inhabitants made their living from olive oil, honey and grapes, Isfiya was one of only two villages remaining on Mount Carmel after the expulsion of Ibrahim Pasha in 1841. The villages survival was attributed partly to the valour of the inhabitants, partly to buying protection from a local chief. In 1859, the English consul Rogers estimated the population to be 400, tristram visited the village, which he described as Druze and Christian, with a Christian Sheikh. Tristam noted that the clothing in this village were much like those of El Bussah, being either plain, patched or embroidered in the most fantastic. In 1870, the French explorer Victor Guérin found that the village had six hundred inhabitants, almost all Druze, with the exception of sixty, gardens were grown all around the village. Some houses seemed very old and dated, Guérin surmised from the Middle Ages or even earlier and it is a moderate-sized village of stone houses, with a well on the south-west. Corn-land and olives surround the land, in the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Asfia had 590 Druse,126 Christians and 17 Muslims, a total population of 733. At the time of the 1931 census, Isfiya had 251 occupied houses and a population of 742 Druzes,187 Christians, and 176 Muslims and these counts included the smaller localities Damun Farm, Shallala Farm and El Jalama. In 1945 the population of Isfiya consisted of 1,790 Arabs, of this,1,103 dunams were designated for plantations and irrigable land,17,357 for cereals, while 74 dunams were built-up areas. During the 1936-39 Arab revolt in Palestine, the villagers initially supported a rebel group led by Yusuf Abu Durra
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Jisr az-Zarqa
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Jisr az-Zarqa is an Israeli Arab town on Israels northern Mediterranean coastal plain. Located just north of Caesarea within the Haifa District, it achieved local council status in 1963, according to the Central Bureau of Statistics the town had a population of 13,689 in 2014, living on 1,500 dunams of coastal land. 80% of residents live below the poverty line. The name Jisr az-Zarqa is a reference to Taninim Stream, which is known in Arabic as the Blue Valley, Jisr az-Zarqa is the only remaining Arab town in Israel located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It has been suggested that the aqueduct in Jisr az-Zarqa is part of the ending in Caesarea Maritima. In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described it, “This is properly speaking a dam rather than a bridge, built across the river so as to form a large pool. There is a causeway on the top of the dam, the height on the west is 20 feet, the masonry resembles that of the aqueduct fed from the pool. The eastern face of the dam is cemented, sluices lined with cement are constructed in the dam. The roadway is 8 feet to 10 feet broad, the work appears to be Roman. In 1945 the population of Arab el Ghawarina was 620, all Muslims, while the land area was 3,428 dunams, according to an official land. Of this,6 were plantations and irrigable land,674 for cereals, before the establishment of the state, it was inhabited by Bedouin of the Ghawarina tribe. In November 2002, the Caesarea Development Corporation constructed an earthen embankment running the length of the 160 meter-wide corridor between Jisr az-Zarqa and neighboring Caesarea. The embankment was built to block noise from the muezzin in local mosques, celebratory gunfire, and to reduce property crime in surrounding communities. Residents of Jisr az-Zarqa claim that the park in the north, the embankment to the south, the highway to the east. The main coastal highway was built providing an access to the village. However, a new interchange to Jisr az-Zarqa is being planned, the municipality of Jisr az-Zarka is seeking to promote environmental tourism to the town and its beachfront. The Israel National Trail, a trail that runs from Dan in the north to Eilat in the south. Problems of pollution and overfishing in the waters have affected the local economy
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Kafr Qara
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Kafr Qara is an Arab town in Israel 22 miles southeast of Haifa. In 2015 its population was 17,689, in 1859 the population was 450 people, who cultivated 32 feddans of land. In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Kefr Kara as a stone village on high ground, with a well to the east. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities and this had increased in the 1931 census to 1,109,4 Christians and 1,105 Muslims, in 198 houses. In 1945, Kafr Qara had a population of 1,510 Arabs, of this,227 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land,11,516 for cereals, while 25 dunams were built-up land. Kafr Qara is part of the Triangle and it is located in the Wadi Ara region, northwest of the Green Line. Most of the inhabitants are Muslim and it is governed by a local council. Kafr Qara now has about 7000 dunams of land left, after land was expropriated by the authorities and Israeli government for public. WAC, an independent labor association, is located in the village, in September 2003, a group of local parents founded a bilingual, multicultural elementary school in Kafr Qara, named Hand in Hand – Bridge over the Wadi, or Bridge over the Wadi. Kafr Qara high school, established in 1970 as a school, is now a comprehensive high school for 10th–12th graders from Kafr Qara. The school has participated in projects such as Jitli, and offers a joint leadership program for Arab
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Kiryat Tiv'on
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Kiryat Tivon is a town in the Haifa District of Israel, in the hills between the Zvulun and Jezreel valleys. Kiryat Tivon is situated 15 kilometres southeast of Haifa, on the road to Nazareth. Kiryat Tivon is the result of the merger of several older settlements, Tivon, Elroi, Kiryat HaRoshet. On the outskirts of Tivon is a Bedouin township called Basmat Tabun, in 2015 it had a population of 17,859. In 1859, the village of Tubaun was estimated to have a tillage of 22 feddans, in 1875, Victor Guérin found that the village had 200 inhabitants. In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Tubaun as a adobe village, on high ground. The 1922 census of Palestine showed that Tubun had 151 inhabitants, in 1925 a Zionist organisation purchased 30 feddans in Kiskis and Tabon from the Sursuk family of Beirut. At the time, there were 36 families living there, in the 1931 census Tabun had a population of 239, still all Muslim, in a total of 48 houses. From 1931, and lasting years, the Jewish Agency struggled to evict the tenant farmers from Tabaun. By 1945, al Tivon had 370 Muslim and 320 Jewish inhabitants, of this,141 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land,2,038 for cereals, while 3,644 dunams were classified as non-cultivable land land. Kiryat Tivon was established in 1958 merging three small villages Tivon, Kiryat Amal and Elroi, Kiryat Haroshet, founded by a rabbi from Jablona, Poland who settled there with his followers in 1935, became part of Kiryat Tivon in 1979. Tivon was built on land owned by a British Jewish couple who bought the land in early 1945 and it was later developed by the Jewish National Fund based on an urban plan drawn up by Alexander Klein, a Russian Jewish architect who was commissioned by the Jewish National Fund. The symbol of Kiryat Tivon is the cyclamen, a flower that grows between the rocks, reflecting the towns appreciation of nature and its efforts to preserve the landscape, oranim Academic College - For educational studies. Ramat Hadassah youth village - founded by the Jewish Agency for Israel, kfar Tikva village for special needs people. The town is best known for the park, Beit Shearim. Beit Shearim was an important Jewish spiritual center and necropolis during the Roman period, and was once the seat of the Sanhedrin
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Ma'ale Iron
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Maale Iron is an Israeli Arab local council in Israels Haifa District and is a part of the Wadi Ara region adjacent to the Triangle. The town consists of the five Arab villages of Bayada, Musheirifa, Musmus, Salem, the villages were joined together in 1996 by the Interior Ministry of Israel to form the local council. In 2015 its population was 14,140, predominantly Muslims and it has an area of 6.3 km2. Maale Iron has four elected members and since 2013 the head of the council has been Mustafa Ighbarieh, the council also included Bartaa, Ein as-Sahala and Muawiya in addition to the five current villages of Maale Iron. Initially the council operated mainly in Bayada and Salem but in the rest of the villages the locals objected to the administrative arrangement, between 1996 and 2003, council meetings were held in Afula, but in 2004 the councils headquarters moved to Zalafa. Until 2003 the council was appointed by the minister until elections were held in 2001. In 2006 the Interior Ministry suspended Maale Irons budget for not reporting the wages of council workers, because of the dispute, the Interior Ministry dissolved the council and appointed a new one, headed by Michael Iluz from the Shas party. In 2009 a plea was sent to the High Court of Justice against the current council, the court instructed the interior minister to arrange elections but he decided to extend the councils term for another year. In 2010 the councils members asked to move Maale Irons headquarters back to Afula due to alleged threats made against them, in 2013 local elections were held in Maale Iron and Mustafa Ighbarieh was elected as the council head. In 2006 there were floods in the Wadi Ara region, the estimated damage in Maale Iron, Umm al-Fahm and Basma was 44 million NIS. The floods damaged the system of Bayada, Musmus and Musheirifa. The budget given by the government was insufficient and bureaucratic problems delayed the restoration, eventually the river was cleaned in 2013. In November 2014, Maale Iron and Megiddo Regional Council started a project for cooperation between the five villages of Maale Iron and the thirteen communities of Megiddo, two teams from each council participate in sports, community and environmental work. Art galleries displaying the works of locals were opened in localities in both councils and annual activities such as planting trees in Tu BiShvat have been conducted, Bayada lies on top of Musheirifa. It was a neighborhood of Musheirifa until it broke away, the vast majority of the residents are members of the Jabarin clan. In the 2008 census Bayadas population was counted with Musheirifa and together their population was 3,100, most of the residents belong to the Ighbarieh and Mahagna clans. The village is the birthplace of the Palestinian poet Rashid Hussein, highway 65 passes through the village and splits it into two parts. In the 2008 census, Musmuss population was 3,900, Musheirifa lies between Musmus and Bayada
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Pardes Hanna-Karkur
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Pardes Hanna-Karkur is a town in the Haifa District of Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 38,009, in 1913,15 square kilometers of land was purchased by the Hachsharat Hayishuv society from Arabs in Jenin and Haifa for 400,000 francs. Two years later, the land was sold to an investor, Yitzhak Shlezinger, the Odessa Committee. This land became the core of Karkur, Moshav Gan Hashomron, the early settlements did not fare well. Shlezinger went bankrupt and sold his land to the Jewish National Fund, the London Ahuza society hoped to settle English Jews on the land, but succeeded only partially. Eventually the Jewish National Fund and the London Ahuza society joined forces to establish Karkur, according to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Karkur had a population of 38 inhabitants, consisting of 35 Jews and 3 Muslims. Pardes Hanna was founded in 1929 by Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association and named after Hannah Rothschild, on 6 April 1948, the Irgun raided the British Army camp at Pardes Hanna, killing seven British soldiers and stealing a large quantity of weapons. After Israeli independence, Neve Efraim was founded by Jewish immigrants from Yemen, in addition, many Jews from Mumbai, India, including Jews from Bahrain who fled to Israel via Mumbai, settled there. In the 1950s, the villages Tel Shalom and Neve Efraim were merged with Pardes Hanna, Pardes Hanna and Karkur merged in 1969. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, the population of Pardes Hanna-Karkur was 38,009 at end of 2015, the land area is 22,596 dunams. Pardes-Hanna is governed by the largest local council in Israel by population size, the oldest and largest school in Pardes Hanna-Karkur is the Pardes Hanna Agricultural High School. It was established in 1934 by the Association of Farmers and was the first agricultural school to include a full academic program as part of its curriculum. Pardes Hanna-Karkur has six elementary schools, including a Democratic school. A religious high-school for boys, Midrashiat Noam, was considered the flagship of religious-Zionist education. Its graduates include former ministers Yitzhak Peretz, Benny Elon and Yaakov Neeman, journalists Haim Zisowitz, Yair Sheleg and Adam Baruch, a religious high school for girls, Elisheva, is also located in Pardes Hanna. Pardes Hanna-Karkur is served by the Caesarea-Pardes Hanna Railway Station and by buses run by Egged and it is connected to Highway 4 by Road 651, to Highway 65 by Roads 650 and 652, and to Highway 70 by road 652. Gal Fridman, Olympic gold-medal-winning windsurfer Peer tasi, Famous Mediterranean music singer
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Rekhasim
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Rekhasim is a Haredi town and local council in the Haifa District of Israel. It is located between Kiryat Tivon, Kiryat Ata, and Nesher, next to roads 70,75, with a jurisdiction of 2,859 dunams, it had a population of 10,682 in 2015. It is ranked low on the Israeli socio-economic scale, the town was named after a verse in the Book of Isaiah, because it is located on four mountain ranges. Rekhasim lies on four hills near Mount Carmel, labelled with Hebrew letters and it borders two villages in the Zvulun Regional Council, the Jewish Kfar Hasidim and Arab Ibtin. Its lowest elevation is only 19.8 m above sea level, the average temperature in January is 11 °C, and 27 °C in August. The average annual precipitation is 650 mm. Rekhasim was founded in 1951 by released soldiers and it initially absorbed large numbers of immigrants from India, Morocco, Romania, Russia, and Yemen. In 1955 the Knesses Chizkiyahu yeshiva relocated here from Zikhron Yaakov, a small Haredi community developed around the yeshiva, but the majority of residents remained non-Haredi into the 1990s. In 1995 the secular school closed, many residents left. It is now considered a desirable and growing community for young Haredi families, educational offerings include tens of kindergartens, six Talmud Torahs, three girls schools, three yeshiva ketanas, three yeshiva gedolas, and numerous kolels. In addition to the Knesses Chizkiyahu yeshiva system, there is the Sephardi Yeshivas Rechasim, Rekhasim has more than 80 synagogues and numerous chesed and gemach organizations
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Zikhron Ya'akov
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Zikhron Yaakov is a town in Israel,35 kilometres south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It was one of the first Jewish settlements of Halutzim in the country, founded in 1882 by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and named in honor of his father, in 2015 it had a population of 22,532. Zikhron Yaakov was founded in December 1882 when 100 Jewish pioneers from Romania, members of the Hovevei Zion movement, the difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the settlers to leave before the year was up. In 1883, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild became the patron of the settlement and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy. Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural colonies to come under the wing of the Baron, to accomplish his first objective, Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of settlement farmers. Each lot included a house facing the street, an interior courtyard. The French-inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows, each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid, the Barons clerk. The Baron also commissioned the construction of the Ohel Yaakov Synagogue, named after his father, sparing no expense to build the edifice, the synagogue features a majestic ark made of white marble. The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day, following a number of economic failures, in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel, Carmel Winery, together with a bottling factory, in Zikhron Yaakov. This was more successful economically although it was initially short-lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to phylloxera, after a brief set-back, American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish. Today, the remains in action, as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago. In 1954, the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Yaakov, Zikhron Yaakov came to fame during World War I for the establishment of the Nili spy ring by Sarah Aaronsohn, together with her brothers, Aaron and Alex, and their friend Avshalom Feinberg. The group volunteered to spy on Ottoman positions and report them to British agents offshore, in September 1917, the Ottomans caught one of Sarahs carrier pigeons and cracked the Nili code. In October, they surrounded Zikhron Yaakov and arrested Sarah and several others, sara shot herself in the throat, leaving her unable to speak, in order to avoid releasing classified information. The Aaronsohn House–Nili Museum recreates the history of this period, the population increased dramatically in the early 1950s, after the establishment of the State of Israel. Between the 1960s and 1990s, the population remained constant with about 5,000 inhabitants, at the end of 2009, Zikhron Yaakov had a population of 18,719. Many residents continue to engage in agriculture, although upscale private homes have built by families attracted to the scenic landscape
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Regional council (Israel)
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As of 2003, there were 53 regional councils, usually responsible for governing a number of settlements spread across rural areas. Regional councils include representation of anywhere between 3 and 54 communities, usually spread over a large area within geographical vicinity of each other. Each community within a regional council usually does not exceed 2000 in population and is managed by a local committee and this committee sends representatives to the administering regional council proportionate to their size of membership and according to an index which is fixed before each election. Those settlements without an administrative council do not send any representatives to the regional council, representatives from those settlements which are represented directly are either chosen directly or through an election. The predominant form of communities represented on regional councils are kibbutzim and moshavim, the following sortable table lists all 53 regional councils by name, and the district or area according to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. The list includes the regional councils in the Golan Heights and the West Bank, areas considered occupied territories under international law, city council Local council List of Israeli cities Local Government in Israel
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Zevulun Regional Council
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Zevulun Regional Council is a regional council in the Haifa District of Israel. Founded in 1950, it had a population of 10,900 in 2006, the name is derived from the Hebrew name Emek Zevulun, lit
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Haifa metropolitan area
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The Haifa metropolitan area is a metropolitan area including areas from both the Haifa and the Northern districts of Israel. It is located along the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, the Haifa metropolitan area is the third largest metropolitan area in Israel, with an estimated population of almost 1 million. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics divides the Haifa metropolitan area three, Notes 1 The population of Jews and others includes Jews, non-Arab Christians and those not classified by religion. 2 The core area includes the city of Haifa,3 The inner ring consists of the Haifa District and includes the cities Kiryat Bialik, Kiryat Yam, Kiryat Motzkin, Kiryat Ata, Tirat Carmel and Nesher, as well as a multitude of smaller towns. 4 The outer ring includes the cities Tamra, Karmiel and Nahariya, downtown Haifa - the central business district of Haifa. In this area has the port of Haifa, many shops, bay area - Haifa - between Haifa and the Krayot. In this area has some malls and business and this area is also important transport center with buses to Haifa and north the country and with trains to central and south the country. Matam park - Haifa - Hi-tech park in south of the city, in this park has the offices of Google, Microsoft and Yahoo. of Israel. Matam also has the IEC Tower, one of the tallest in the city, Carmel Center neighborhood - Haifa - shops and restaurant. Coastal strip of Haifa - from the downtown until Matam park, haGaaton boulevard - Nahariya - The main street of the city from the beaches to Highway 4. The street has shops, restaurants, some hotels and the railway, coastal strip of Nahariya - some restaurants and one of northmost coastal strips in the country. Industrial park of Karmiel - in the east of the city, israels national highway network connecting Haifa with other metropolitan areas, far cities and her suburbs. Haifa Airport is airport with flights to Eilat and flights to Jordan. Israel Railways turn on inter city line to cities in the country. In the future, plans more two new lines to eastern suburbs, the major highways in the Haifa metropolitan area include Area are, Highway 2 - connects Haifa with Tel Aviv. Highway 4 - connects all Israeli coastal plain cities and pass via Haifa city, Highway 75 - connects Haifa with Lower Galilee via Jezreel Valley. Highway 70 - connects Carmel plain with Western Galilee, most part of this highway without the metropolitan area. Highway 85 - connects Akko with Upper Galilee, Highway 79 - connects Krayot area with Lower Galilee
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