1.
Lausanne
–
Lausanne is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and the capital and biggest city of the canton of Vaud. The city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva and it faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura Mountains to its north-west. Lausanne is located 62 kilometres northeast of Geneva, Lausanne has a population of 146,372, making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland, with the entire agglomeration area having 420,000 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva was over 1.2 million inhabitants in 2000, Lausanne is a focus of international sport, hosting the International Olympic Committee, the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations. It lies in a noted wine-growing region, the city has a 28-station metro system, making it the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system. Lausanne will host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics, by the 2nd century AD it was known as vikanor Lousonnensium and in 280 as lacu Lausonio. By 400 it was civitas Lausanna and in 990 it was mentioned as Losanna, after the fall of the Roman Empire, insecurity forced the transfer of Lausanne to its current centre, a hilly site that is easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Dukes of Savoy, then it came under Bern from 1536 to 1798 and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the Cathedral, were permanently removed. Lausanne has made a number of requests to recover them, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729 a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Duplan, by 1750 ninety pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely, this number would rise to four hundred. Official persecution ended in 1787, a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the citys status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton, in 1964 the city hosted the Swiss National Exhibition, displaying its newly found confidence to host major international events. From the 1950s to 1970s a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated, settling mostly in the district of Renens. The city has served as a refuge for European artists, while under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem The Wasteland. Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, in fact, many creative people - such as Edward Gibbon, an historian, and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron - have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby. The city has been quiet, but in the late 1960s. Later demonstrations took place to protest against the high cinema prices, the most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Alps, in addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century
Lausanne
–
Aerial view of Lausanne
Lausanne
–
Saint-François square, c. 1840
Lausanne
–
The agglomeration of Lausanne,
Lake Geneva and the
Alps.
Lausanne
–
The Charles-Bessières bridge with
Lausanne Metro car. In the background
the cathedral of Notre-Dame and the
old town.
2.
Espresso
–
Espresso is coffee brewed by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water under pressure through finely ground coffee beans. Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, has a concentration of suspended and dissolved solids. As a result of the brewing process, the flavors. Espresso is also the base for drinks such as a caffè latte, cappuccino, caffè macchiato, caffè mocha, flat white. The spelling expresso is sometimes used, while some state that this spelling is incorrect. Espresso is made by forcing hot water under high pressure through finely ground. Tamping down the coffee promotes the waters even penetration of the grounds and this process produces an almost syrupy beverage by extracting both solid and dissolved components. The crema is produced by emulsifying the oils in the coffee into a colloid. Generally, one uses a machine to make espresso. Today, however, it is common for the pressure to be generated by an electric pump. The technical parameters outlined by the Italian Espresso National Institute for making a certified Italian espresso are and it is not a specific bean, bean blend, or roast level. Any bean or roasting level can be used to produce authentic espresso, for example, in southern Italy, a darker roast is generally preferred. Farther north, the moves toward slightly lighter roasts, while outside Italy. Espresso has risen in popularity worldwide since the 1980s, in the United States, cafés serve many variations by adding syrup, whipped cream, flavor extracts, soy milk, and spices to their drinks. The American Pacific Northwest has been viewed as the driver behind this trend, the popularity later spread to shops in other regions and into homes as kitchen-friendly machines became available at moderate cost. In other parts of the world, espresso has long been the method of coffee preparation in restaurants, bars. Angelo Moriondo’s Italian patent for a steam-driven instantaneous coffee beverage making device, author Ian Bersten, whose history of coffee brewers is cited below, claims to have been the first to discover Moriondo’s patent. Bersten describes the device as “… almost certainly the first Italian bar machine that controlled the supply of steam and water separately through the coffee” and Moriondo as “
Espresso
–
An espresso in a classic porcelain espresso cup
Espresso
–
Espresso brewing
Espresso
–
Espresso served in Café El Gato Negro,
Buenos Aires
Espresso
–
Angelo Moriondo, inventor of an important precursor to the espresso coffee machine
3.
Single-serve coffee container
–
A single-serve coffee container is a method for coffee brewing that prepares only enough coffee for a single portion. They can also help to keep the unused product fresher by individually packaging portions separately without exposing the entire supply batch to air, paper coffee pods can be functionally identical to plastic and metal coffee capsules, if the paper pods are individually sealed in separate bags. Several different systems exist, Coffee pods or coffee pads are pre-packaged ground coffee beans in their own filter, a patent on the Nespresso system expired at the end of 2012, and there are now rival capsules available for the Nespresso system. A variation, coffee bags, were developed to provide the convenience of instant coffee, modeled after tea bags, they consist of a gauze bag containing a mixture of instant coffee and finely ground roast coffee, which is to be steeped in hot water for approximately three minutes. The plastic and metal coffee capsules typically are used in a receptacle on the brewing device. The capsules have a ring or rim that stays dry during use. Handling of a used moist coffee pod is not necessary if the device has a removable filter tray. This tray is removed after brewing and inverted to eject the used coffee pod, Coffee pods, bags, and capsules can be sized for individual or multi-serving portions. In food service businesses, pods and capsules used with brewing can help to provide consistency of product strength. Different single-cup systems are not interchangeable, some systems force machine owners to buy capsules from a single company, Coffee pods are made by a variety of manufacturers and are interchangeable between brand of pod and model of pod brewer most of the time. Environmental activists have said that coffee pods are harmful, as they are often composed of a mix of plastic, aluminium. This makes them difficult to recycle, in early 2016 the German city of Hamburg banned coffee capsules from state-run buildings on environmental grounds. It is known that these companies are working to find improvements to the disposal methods
Single-serve coffee container
–
Used Nespresso coffee capsules, showing the puncture holes in the top and bottom for mixing the product with water
Single-serve coffee container
–
A Senseo ESE coffee pod, upside down
Single-serve coffee container
–
Used Lavazza BLUE coffee capsules, showing the puncture holes
Single-serve coffee container
–
A paper coffee bag by an unknown manufacturer - E.S.E. (Easy Serving Espresso Pod)
4.
Nespresso
–
Nespresso is the brand name of Nestlé Nespresso S. A. an operating unit of the Nestlé Group, based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Nespresso machines brew espresso and coffee from coffee capsules, or pods in bar machines, Nespresso is a premium price coffee, and by 2011 had sales in excess of annual sales of 3 billion Swiss francs. The company sells its system of machines and capsules worldwide, as well as the VertuoLine system in North America, in 1976, Eric Favre, an employee of Nestlé, invented, patented and introduced the Nespresso system to the business market in Switzerland, initially without significant success. A decade later, in due to the efforts of Jean-Paul Gaillard who introduced the «Le Club» community. In 1990, Nestlé signed a contract with Turmix, which started to sell Nespresso machines in Switzerland, in 1994, actor George Clooney discovered the Nespresso machine at a winter chalet in Chamonix. Clooney loved the concept of an espresso machine, taking note of the brand. Georges friend and famed angel investor, Paypal founder Peter Thiel aided George in securing contacts, thereafter, other contracts were signed with Krups, Magimix, Alessi, Philips, Siemens and DeLonghi. The first patent application for Nespressos process of brewing espresso from capsules containing ground coffee was filed in 1996, Nespresso sells or licenses a number of different machines. While based in Amriswil, Switzerland, Eugster/Frismag mostly manufactures in China under the Krups, Turmix, DeLonghi, Krups and Magimix stores often display models Made in Switzerland but others machines come from China. Eugster/Frismag is strictly an original equipment manufacturer and does not sell under its own brand, in 2000 Nespresso began distributing machines bearing the Nespresso brand. The cost per serving is up to three higher than that of alternative brewing methods. Because of the sealed capsule, however, the coffee aroma does not degrade with time like coffee in a pack that has been opened. Nespresso sells more than 20 different coffee Grand Cru arabica and robusta capsules, two Limited Edition Grand Crus are released each year as well as a new set of Variations - flavored espresso capsules. Each capsule contains 5–6 grams of coffee and makes one serving of coffee. Depending on the length of the pour, the capsule can produce a 40 ml espresso shot, the capsule body and perforated top are both made of aluminum. To assuage concerns on potential health effects, most of the capsule interior is lined with food-grade lacquer. For the business market, a different system of Nespresso pods exists and these pad-shaped capsules are not interchangeable with the consumer capsules. Nespressos hermetically sealed capsules are made of aluminum foil, depending on the Nespresso machine being used, the flat top of the capsule is pierced when inserted into the machine and the compartment lever is lowered
Nespresso
–
A pair of Nespresso Magimix M100 machines
Nespresso
–
Logo
Nespresso
–
Nespresso machine containing professional-grade Nespresso pods, incompatible with the regular capsules
Nespresso
–
A Nespresso capsule showing its size
5.
Krups
–
Krups is a German kitchen appliance manufacturer. It is part of the Groupe SEB and it is named after its founder, Robert Krups. The company produces a variety of household appliances. The company began in 1846 manufacturing precision scales and mainly industrial balances, in Wald and this was the companys principal product for the next 110 years. In 1951, following the 1950s postwar reconstruction and economic boom in Germany, in 1965, the company launched their first slicer, a highly popular product in Germany where sausage and cheese are consumed as staples. In 1979 the Krups Type 223 Coffina Super coffee grinder was used as a prop in the film Alien as part of the Nostromo spacecraft, in 1983 the first Krups coffee machines were released. By 1990, the firm employed 3,000 people in four German factories, as well as one in Limerick, Ireland, coffee machines were the most popular product, constituting 40 percent of sales in Germany and 30 percent in United States. The following year Krups undertook a joint venture with Nestlé to produce the Nespresso machine, in 1999 the Krups Irish factory in Limerick, formerly employing 800 people, closed. Two years later, following bankruptcy, Krups joined Groupe SEB, trojan Room coffee pot Kevin N. Otto, Kristin L. Wood. Pp281 Robert Krups, North America 1986, Krups /10 years in America, Quality. by design, 86/87
Krups
–
This article may require
cleanup to meet Wikipedia's
quality standards. No
cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (December 2009)
Krups
–
Krups manufactures several espresso makers, including the "Vivo F880", pictured here.
Krups
–
Krups coffee grinder (European market)
6.
Alessi (company)
–
Alessi is a housewares and kitchen utensil company in Italy, producing everyday items from plastic and metal, created by famous designers. Alessi was founded in 1921 by Giovanni Alessi, the firm began as a workshop in Valle Strona near Lake Orta in the Italian Alps near Switzerland. An area known for its tradition in making objects of wood or metal for in the house. Alessi started with producing a range of tableware items in nickel, chromium. The company’s intention was to produce hand-crafted items with the aid of machines, Design in the current sense of the term began when Carlo Alessi, son of Giovanni, was named chief designer. Carlo was trained as an industrial designer, between 1935 and 1945 he developed virtually all of the products Alessi produced. In 1945 he ascended to chief executive and designed the coffee service, in the 1950s the company was under the leadership of Carlo Alessi. It was his brother Ettore Alessi who introduced the collaboration with designers in 1955. With some architects, he designed a number of items which were created for the hotel needs, through his intervention caused many individual objects, which were best-sellers, such as the historical series of wire baskets. One of the key designs of this period is the shaker from 1957 by Luigi Massoni and this was designed in a series with an Ice bucket and Ice tongs as part of the Program 4 for the 11 triennale in Milan. This was the first time that the Alessi products got shown with manufactured goods, the 1950s were a difficult time to sell designer objects, as it was only a few years after World War II, and many people could not afford designer objects. In 1970 Alberto Alessi was responsible for the transformation of the company. Alessi was considered one of the Italian Design Factories, in this decade under the leadership of Alberto Alessi the company collaborated with some design maestros like Achille Castiglioni, Richard Sapper, Alessandro Mendini and Ettore Sottsass. In the 70s Alessi produced the Condiment set by Ettore Sottsass, the 1980s marked a period in which Italian design factories had to compete with mass production. Also in the 1980s, they changed their image from factory to industrial research lab, meaning that it is a place for research. For Alessi the 80s are marked with designs like the Two tone kettle by Sapper. In the 1990s Alessi started to work more with plastics, at the request of designers who found it a material to work with than metal, offering more design freedom. The 1990s were marked by the theme Family Follows Fiction with playful, artists designing for this theme included Stefano Giovannoni and Alessandro Mendini, who designed Fruit Mama and the bestseller Anna G
Alessi (company)
–
Alessi flagship store, New York City
Alessi (company)
–
Interior of an Alessi store in
Omegna, Italy
Alessi (company)
–
Oval breadbasket, 1955
Alessi (company)
–
Sapper kettle, 1983
7.
Philips
–
Koninklijke Philips N. V. is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics, healthcare and lighting. It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891, by Gerard Philips and it is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105,000 people across more than 60 countries. Philips is organized into three divisions, Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Philips Healthcare and Philips Lighting. As of 2012, Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the world measured by applicable revenues, Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of Philips, Philips has a primary listing on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The Philips Company was founded in 1891, by Gerard Philips and this first factory has been adapted and is used as a museum. In 1895, after a difficult first few years and near bankruptcy, though he had earned a degree in engineering, Anton started work as a sales representative, soon, however, he began to contribute many important business ideas. After Gerard and Anton Philips changed their business by founding the Philips corporation. In the 1920s, the company started to other products. In 1939, they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave, the Chapel is a radio with built-in loudspeaker, which was designed during the early 1930s. On 11 March 1927, Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ which was joined in 1929 by sister station PHOHI, PHOHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies while PCJJ broadcast in English, Spanish and German to the rest of the world. The international program on Sundays commenced in 1928, with host Eddie Startz hosting the Happy Station show, broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. The Germans commandeered the transmitters in Huizen to use for pro-Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, Philips Radio was absorbed shortly after liberation when its two shortwave stations were nationalised in 1947 and renamed Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service. Some PCJ programs, such as Happy Station, continued on the new station, by the late 1940s, the Type 10 was ready to be handed over to Philips subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be produced and incorporated into a generator set as originally planned. The result, rated at 180/200 W electrical output from a bore, approximately 150 of these sets were eventually produced. However, they filed a number of patents and amassed a wealth of information. The first Philips shaver was introduced in the 1930s, and was simply called “The Philishave”, in the USA, it was called the “Norelco”, which remains a part of their product line today
Philips
–
World headquarters in
Amsterdam,
Netherlands
Philips
–
Gerard Philips
Philips
–
Philips chapel radio model 930A, 1931
Philips
–
The Philips Light Tower in Eindhoven, originally a light bulb factory and later the company headquarters
8.
Siemens
–
Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest manufacturing and electronics company in Europe with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide, the von Siemens family remain the largest shareholder with a stake of 6. 9% percent. Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847, based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October, in 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe,500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens. The London agency became an office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia, in 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line, in 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was independently invented by Charles Wheatstone. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric lighting in the town of Godalming. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs, in 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887, it opened its first office in Japan, Siemens & Halske was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert, in 1907, Siemens had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. In 1919, S & H and two companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, in the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government. Siemens exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps, the company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp
Siemens
–
A Siemens truck being used as a
Nazi public address vehicle in 1932
Siemens
–
Werner von Siemens
Siemens
–
A 1973 Siemens
electron microscope on display at the
Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris
Siemens
–
A
Siemens Velaro high speed train in service on the
Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line
9.
Miele
–
Miele is a German manufacturer of high-end domestic appliances and commercial equipment, headquartered in Gütersloh, Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Germany. The company was founded in 1899 by Carl Miele and Reinhard Zinkann, mieles first products were a cream separator, butter churn, and tub washing machine, under the Meteor brand. Carl Miele supervised manufacturing personally, and Reinhard Zinkann apprenticed and handled finances and sales, the Míele trademark was used very early on and appeared on all machines, nameplates, printed materials and advertising produced by the company. From the mid-1920s, a feature of the logo has been a sloping dash used as the dot on the i. The trademark has remained unchanged apart from three minor alterations to reflect contemporary tastes, a survey by the Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germanys leading daily newspapers, found that the i alone was sufficient to identify the Miele brand. Miele exports products to markets and is represented in 47 countries. Their expansion into the United States came in 1983, when they established headquarters in Somerset. They later relocated to a Michael Graves designed headquarters building in Princeton in March 1999, products are manufactured in Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic and Romania and shipped to the United States, where there are showrooms in ten states. 1899 Foundation of Miele & Cie. Also, on June 25 that year, the foundation for the Dutch headquarters in Vianen was laid. Also introduced in that year and with the 900-series,1,600 RPM final spin,1997 First washing machine with a program for hand-washable woollens, and Miele InfoControl, first mobile receiver to process data transmitted by Miele domestic appliances. Also in that year, Miele released the WT945 washer-dryer with Thermo-spinning, during the drying cycle,1998 First fully automatic built-in coffee maker by Miele, the CVA620. Also in that year, Miele introduced a gas-fueled dryer for domestic use, the T478 G1999 First washing machine with a 1,800 RPM final spin, Miele stops making kitchens in this year. 2006 New washing machine/tumble dryer series with innovative design 2013 New washing machine and dryer series called W1 and T12014 New slogan for The Netherlands, er is geen betere has been changed by the international slogan, Immer Besser. The company also produces commercial laundry equipment including wet cleaning machines, lab glassware washers, dental disinfectors, and medical equipment washers. In 2007, Miele was given an award for being the most successful company in Germany that year, beating the previous years winner Google, which placed second, and Porsche, which came in third. Rankings for this Best Brands prize are the result of market research covering such key criteria as current economic success and brand recognition. Miele was recognized as Best Company and also achieved a place in the category Best Product Brand. Miele was honored as Best Domestic Appliance Brand in the UK by Which. in 2007 and again in 2008 and they have since won again in 2010
Miele
–
Miele Meteor V5760 Front-load washing machine
Miele
–
Miele car "K 1" (1913), Miele museum in Gütersloh
10.
Siemens AG
–
Siemens AG is a German conglomerate company headquartered in Berlin and Munich and the largest manufacturing and electronics company in Europe with branch offices abroad. The principal divisions of the company are Industry, Energy, Healthcare, and Infrastructure & Cities, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. Siemens and its subsidiaries employ approximately 362,000 people worldwide, the von Siemens family remain the largest shareholder with a stake of 6. 9% percent. Siemens & Halske was founded by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske on 12 October 1847, based on the telegraph, their invention used a needle to point to the sequence of letters, instead of using Morse code. The company, then called Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske, opened its first workshop on 12 October, in 1848, the company built the first long-distance telegraph line in Europe,500 km from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main. In 1850, the younger brother, Carl Wilhelm Siemens, later Sir William Siemens. The London agency became an office in 1858. In the 1850s, the company was involved in building long distance telegraph networks in Russia, in 1855, a company branch headed by another brother, Carl Heinrich von Siemens, opened in St Petersburg, Russia. In 1867, Siemens completed the monumental Indo-European telegraph line, in 1867, Werner von Siemens described a dynamo without permanent magnets. A similar system was independently invented by Charles Wheatstone. In 1881, a Siemens AC Alternator driven by a watermill was used to power the worlds first electric lighting in the town of Godalming. The company continued to grow and diversified into electric trains and light bulbs, in 1890, the founder retired and left running the company to his brother Carl and sons Arnold and Wilhelm. In 1887, it opened its first office in Japan, Siemens & Halske was incorporated in 1897, and then merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert, in 1907, Siemens had 34,324 employees and was the seventh-largest company in the German empire by number of employees. In 1919, S & H and two companies jointly formed the Osram lightbulb company. During the 1920s and 1930s, S & H started to manufacture radios, television sets, in the 1920s, Siemens constructed the Ardnacrusha Hydro Power station on the River Shannon in the then Irish Free State, and it was a world first for its design. The company is remembered for its desire to raise the wages of its workers only to be overruled by the Cumann na nGaedheal government. Siemens exploited the forced labour of deported people in extermination camps, the company owned a plant in Auschwitz concentration camp
Siemens AG
–
A Siemens truck being used as a
Nazi public address vehicle in 1932
Siemens AG
–
Siemens AG
Siemens AG
–
A 1973 Siemens
electron microscope on display at the
Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris
Siemens AG
–
A
Siemens Velaro high speed train in service on the
Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line
11.
DeLonghi
–
DeLonghi S. p. A is an Italian small appliance manufacturer based in Treviso, Italy. The company was founded by the DeLonghi family in 1902 as an industrial parts manufacturing workshop. DeLonghi is especially known for the Artista Series espresso machines, the DeLonghi gelato maker. DeLonghi is known for the design of its products and its Esclusivo line of kitchen appliances won the Red Dot design award in 2007. Home Furnishing News recognized DeLonghi Design Director Giocomo Borin as one of the 50 most influential designers in the world in 2006, DeLonghis 2000 acquisition of Climaveneta SpA and DLRadiators allowed DeLonghi to enter the commercial HVACR market. DeLonghis £45.9 million 2001 acquisition of the British appliance maker Kenwood gave DeLonghi access to Kenwoods Chinese factory, as a result, many of DeLonghis products are now imported from China, while design and engineering remain largely in Italy. Acquisition of a majority stake in RC Group, a player in information technology cooling. In all, DeLonghi operates 13 production facilities and 30 international subsidiaries that support sales to 75 countries worldwide, international sales account for nearly 75 percent of the groups total revenues, which topped €1.63 billion in 2010. On 2 January 2012 the DeLclima group was set up as a demerger from DeLonghi, on 16 April 2012, DeLonghi bought perpetual rights to manufacture Braun branded products from Procter & Gamble in the small appliance segment. Procter & Gamble will continue to own the Braun brand, €50 million was paid immediately and €90 million will be paid over the next 15 years. Shares in the company are traded on Milans stock exchange
DeLonghi
–
De'Longhi
DeLonghi
–
Coffee machine EAM 3500
12.
Amriswil
–
Amriswil is a town and a municipality in Arbon District in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland near the Lake Constance. The official language of Amriswil is German, but the spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. Amriswil is first mentioned in 799 as Amalgeriswilare, during the Middle Ages Amriswil and Brüschwil were part of a Bishops fief. During the 15th Century, the Helmsdorf family ruled in Eppishausen, in the early 17th Century, the village of Amriswil was sold to Adam Tschudi of Glarus, and in 1665 the hospital was sold to St. Gallen. The court rights over Amriswil, Hölzli, Brüschwil and houses in Ruti and Giezenhaus were acquired by the city of Bürglen and this situation remained unchanged until 1798. In the mid-14th Century, chapel dedicated to Mary, was built in Amriswil and this chapel was part of the parish of Sommeri. After the Protestant Reformation of 1529 the majority in Sommeri returned to the old faith, however, the inhabitants of Amriswil remained with the Reformed faith and the chapel was given to Protestants. After 1630 there were weekly sermons, and after 1680 the chapel held regular Sunday services, since 1710, the Reformed pastor lived in Amriswil, and it was united with Sommeri in a common parish. This remained the situation until migration in the 19th Century changed the religious situation, in 1891, a large Reformed church was constructed in Amriswil. Then, in 1911 the Catholic parish of Amriswil and Sommeri separated, until about 1830 Amriswil was a nondescript village with some farming and viticulture. This was followed by the opening of the Northeastern Railway, between the square and the station a new settlement area grew up. The town center shifted from the previous settlement nuclei around the market, the rapid industrialization, however, can not be satisfactorily explained by the modest amounts of hydropower available or through the increased traffic. Rather, entrepreneurial initiative seems to have been an important stimulus, the companies Sallmann, Laib, and Tuchschmid were a center of manufacturing, known as the Trikoterie. While Esco and Löw were important representatives of the clothing and footwear industry, the growth led to structural problems especially in water supply, which were resolved definitively in 1952 with the purchase of water from Lake Constance. With the migration, espicially from Italy, the number of foreigners increased from 7% in 1870 to 29% in 1910, several Bürgergemeinden and villages merged into Amriswil, including Hemmerswil in 1925 and Mühlebach in 1932. The construction and services sectors – trade companies, hotels and restaurants, banks, handicapped services, the Trikoterie remained a keystone of the local economy until around 1980, when the various companies had to close down. At this time the economy was more balanced, in 1990 there were about 90 commercial agriculture farms and about 3,300 jobs in the manufacturing and services sectors, of which 47% were in the services sector. Amriswil has an area, as of 2009, of 19.02 square kilometers, of this area,12.85 km2 or 67. 6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 2.47 km2 or 13. 0% is forested
Amriswil
–
Amriswil village
Amriswil
–
Catholic Church of St. Stephen
Amriswil
–
Municipal Administration Building
Amriswil
–
Hagenwil Castle
13.
Aluminum
–
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal, Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and limited to extreme reducing environments. Instead, it is combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite, Aluminium is remarkable for the metals low density and its ability to resist corrosion through the phenomenon of passivation. Aluminium and its alloys are vital to the industry and important in transportation and structures, such as building facades. The oxides and sulfates are the most useful compounds of aluminium, despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium salts metabolically, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of these salts abundance, the potential for a role for them is of continuing interest. Aluminium is a soft, durable, lightweight, ductile. It is nonmagnetic and does not easily ignite, a fresh film of aluminium serves as a good reflector of visible light and an excellent reflector of medium and far infrared radiation. The yield strength of aluminium is 7–11 MPa, while aluminium alloys have yield strengths ranging from 200 MPa to 600 MPa. Aluminium has about one-third the density and stiffness of steel and it is easily machined, cast, drawn and extruded. Aluminium atoms are arranged in a cubic structure. Aluminium has an energy of approximately 200 mJ/m2. Aluminium is a thermal and electrical conductor, having 59% the conductivity of copper. Aluminium is capable of superconductivity, with a critical temperature of 1.2 kelvin. Aluminium is the most common material for the fabrication of superconducting qubits, the strongest aluminium alloys are less corrosion resistant due to galvanic reactions with alloyed copper. This corrosion resistance is reduced by aqueous salts, particularly in the presence of dissimilar metals. In highly acidic solutions, aluminium reacts with water to form hydrogen, primarily because it is corroded by dissolved chlorides, such as common sodium chloride, household plumbing is never made from aluminium
Aluminum
–
Aluminium, 13 Al
Aluminum
–
Spectral lines of aluminium
Aluminum
–
"
Red mud " storage facility in
Stade,
Germany. The aluminium industry generates about 70 million tons of this waste annually.
Aluminum
–
Bauxite, a major aluminium ore. The red-brown color is due to the presence of
iron minerals.
14.
Lacquer
–
The term lacquer is used for a number of hard and potentially shiny finishes applied to materials such as wood. These fall into a number of different groups. This dries to a hard and smooth surface layer which is durable, waterproof. Asian lacquer is sometimes painted with pictures, inlaid with shell and other materials, or carved, as well as dusted with gold and given other further decorative treatments. In modern techniques, lacquer means a range of clear or coloured wood finishes that dry by solvent evaporation or a process that produces a hard. The finish can be of any level from ultra matte to high gloss. It is also used for paint, which is a paint that typically dries better on a hard. Lacquer is more durable than shellac and these ultimately derive from Sanskrit lākshā, which was used for both the Lac insect and the scarlet resinous secretion it produces that was used as wood finish. Lac resin was once imported in quantity into Europe from India along with Eastern woods. Lacquer sheen is a measurement of the shine for a given lacquer, different manufacturers have their own names and standards for their sheen. The most common names from least shiny to most shiny are, flat, matte, egg shell, satin, semi-gloss, urushiol-based lacquers differ from most others, being slow-drying, and set by oxidation and polymerization, rather than by evaporation alone. In order for it to set properly it requires a humid, the phenols oxidize and polymerize under the action of an enzyme laccase, yielding a substrate that, upon proper evaporation of its water content, is hard. These lacquers produce very hard, durable finishes that are beautiful and very resistant to damage by water, acid, alkali or abrasion. The active ingredient of the resin is urushiol, a mixture of various phenols suspended in water, the resin is derived from a tree indigenous to China, species Toxicodendron vernicifluum, commonly known as the Lacquer Tree. The fresh resin from the T. vernicifluum trees causes urushiol-induced contact dermatitis, the Chinese treated the allergic reaction with crushed shellfish, which supposedly prevents lacquer from drying properly. Lacquer skills became very highly developed in Asia, and many highly decorated pieces were produced, the earliest extant lacquer object, a red wooden bowl, was unearthed at a Hemudu culture site in China. By the Han Dynasty, many centres of production became firmly established. The knowledge of the Chinese methods of the process spread from China during the Han, Tang and Song dynasties, eventually it was introduced to Korea, Japan, Southeast
Lacquer
–
Lacquer box with inlaid
mother of pearl peony decor,
Ming Dynasty, 16th century
Lacquer
–
Armorial screen
Lacquer
–
A Chinese six-pointed tray, red lacquer over wood, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279), 12th-13th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Lacquer
–
Ming Dynasty Chinese
lacquerware container, dated 16th century.
15.
Hermetic seal
–
A hermetic seal is the quality of something—a container, structure, etc. —being airtight. Used technically, it is stated in conjunction with a specific test method, the word hermetic comes from the Greek god Hermes, via the vocabulary of alchemy. The alchemists invented a process for making a glass tube. The process used a seal, whose invention was attributed to the legendary inspiration of alchemy. Some kinds of packaging must maintain a seal against flow of gases, foods, pharmaceuticals, some chemicals, the term can describe food preservation practices, such as vacuum packing and canning. Barrier packaging includes containers such as glass, aluminum cans, metal foils, buildings designed with sustainable architecture principles use airtight technologies to conserve energy. Under low energy building, passive house, low-energy house, self-sufficient homes, zero energy building, air barriers, careful sealing of construction joints and service penetrations achieve this. Airtightness minimizes the amount of air that can pass through the structure. Green buildings may include windows that combine triple-pane insulated glazing with argon or krypton gas to reduce thermal conductivity, in landscape and exterior construction projects, airtight seals protect general service and landscape lighting electrical connections and splices. Many other specific applications must meet standards to be waterproof or vapor-proof for human safety. Applications for hermetic sealing include semiconductor electronics, thermostats, optical devices, MEMS and it is used for electrical or electronic parts that must be secure against water vapor and foreign bodies to maintain proper functioning and reliability. Hermetic sealing for airtight conditions is used in archiving significant historical items, in 1951, The U. S. Constitution, U. S. Declaration of Independence, and U. S. Bill of Rights were hermetically sealed with helium gas in glass cases housed in the U. S. National Archives in Washington, in 2003, they were moved to new glass cases hermetically sealed with argon. Typical epoxy resins have pendant hydroxyl groups along their chain that can form bonds or strong polar attractions to oxide or hydroxyl surfaces, metals, minerals, glasses, ceramics—have polarity so they have high surface energy. The important factor in determining good adhesive strength is whether the energy of the substrate is close to or higher than the surface energy of the cured adhesive. When the glass and the metal being hermetically sealed have the same coefficient of thermal expansion and this type of glass-to-metal hermetic seal is the weaker of the two types and is generally used for low-intensity applications such as in light bulb bases. Compression seals occur when the glass and the metal have different coefficients of thermal expansion such that the metal compresses around the glass as it cools. Compression seals can withstand high pressure and are used in a variety of industrial applications
Hermetic seal
–
A Taper Joint Stopper with PTFE Sealing Ring. Optical transparency of the narrow sealing ring pressured by glass joint (right).
Hermetic seal
–
Grease is used to lubricate glass stopcocks and joints. Some laboratories fill them into
syringes for easy application. Two typical examples: Left –
Krytox, a fluoroether-based grease; Right – a silicone-based high vacuum grease by
Dow Corning.
16.
Pressure cooker
–
Pressure cooking is the process of cooking food, using water or other cooking liquid, in a sealed vessel, known as a pressure cooker. As pressure cooking cooks food faster than conventional cooking methods, it saves energy, Pressure is created by boiling a liquid, such as water or broth, inside the closed pressure cooker. The trapped steam increases the pressure and allows the temperature to rise. After use, the pressure is released so that the vessel can be safely opened. Pressure cooking can be used for simulation of the effects of long braising. Almost any food which can be cooked in steam or water-based liquids can be cooked in a pressure cooker, in 1679, the French physicist Denis Papin, better known for his studies on steam, invented the steam digester in an attempt to reduce the cooking time of food. His airtight cooker used steam pressure to raise the boiling point. In 1681, Papin presented his invention to the Royal Society of London and they granted him permission to become a member of the Society afterwards. In 1864, Georg Gutbrod of Stuttgart began manufacturing pressure cookers made of tinned cast iron, in 1918, Spain granted a patent for the pressure cooker to Jose Alix Martínez from Zaragoza. Martínez named it the olla exprés, literally express cooking pot, in 1938, Alfred Vischer presented his invention, the Flex-Seal Speed Cooker, in New York City. Vischers pressure cooker was the first one designed for home use, at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, National Presto Industries, which was then known as the National Pressure Cooker Company, introduced its own pressure cooker. An autoclave is a type of pressure cooker used by laboratories, large pressure cookers are often called pressure canners in the United States, because of their capacity to hold jars used in canning. Pressure fryers are used for deep fat frying under pressure, because pressure cookers are not suitable for pressure frying. g. Vegetables Pressure cookers are made of aluminum or stainless steel. Aluminum pressure cookers may be stamped, polished, or anodized and they are cheaper, but the aluminum is reactive to acidic foods, whose flavors are changed in the reactions, and less durable than stainless steel pressure cookers. Higher-quality stainless steel cookers are made with heavy, three-layer. Most modern stainless steel cookers are dishwasher safe, although some manufacturers may recommend washing by hand, some pressure cookers have a non-stick interior. A gasket or sealing ring, made from rubber or silicone
Pressure cooker
–
A pressure cooker
Pressure cooker
–
A 6 quart pressure cooker manufactured by A. Kenrick and Sons in England in about 1890
Pressure cooker
–
A pressure cooker. The regulator is a weight on a
nozzle next to the handle on the lid.
Pressure cooker
–
Super cocotte décor SEB, 1973. Aluminium body, polyamide lacquered with an embossed aluminium lid and a stainless steel stirrup. On display at the
Musée gallo-romain de Fourvière, Lyon. 18/10.
17.
North America
–
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
North America
–
Map of North America, from 1621.
North America
–
North America
North America
–
The
El Castillo pyramid, at
Chichén Itzá, Mexico.
North America
–
Benjamin West 's
The Death of General Wolfe (1771) depicting the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham.
18.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
19.
Crema (coffee)
–
Caffè crema refers to two different coffee drinks, An old name for espresso. A long espresso drink primarily served in Switzerland and Austria and northern Italy, along the Italian/Swiss, as a colorful term it generally means espresso, while in technical discussions, referring to the long drink, it may more narrowly be referred to as Swiss caffè crema. Variant terms include crema caffè and the hyperforeignism café crema – café is French, while caffè and crema are Italian, thus café crema mixes French, the term has fallen out of use in favor of espresso. As a colorful synonym for espresso, the term and variants find occasional use in branding, as in Jacobs Caffè Crema. The term caffè crema also refers to an espresso drink, popular since the 1980s in Switzerland. It is generally served as the standard café traditionnel in Belgium and it is produced by running 180–240 millilitres of water when brewing an espresso, primarily by using a coarser grind. It is similar to a caffè Americano or a black, except that these latter are diluted espresso. By contrast, a caffè crema extracts differently, and thus has a different flavor profile. As a long, brewed rather than diluted, espresso, caffè crema is the end of the ristretto – normale – lungo – caffè crema range. In terms of concentration, a caffè crema is approximately midway between a lungo and non-pressure brewed coffee, such as drip or press. The caffè crema is not a drink in the English-speaking world. Cafés instead serve Americanos or long blacks, the caffè crema was briefly used in Australia in the 1980s, but was replaced by the long black. Caffè Americano – hot water added to espresso List of coffee drinks List of hot beverages Long black – famous in Australia Lungo - a shorter version of long espresso
Crema (coffee)
–
An espresso in a classic porcelain espresso cup
Crema (coffee)
–
Espresso brewing
Crema (coffee)
–
Espresso served in Café El Gato Negro,
Buenos Aires
Crema (coffee)
–
Angelo Moriondo, inventor of an important precursor to the espresso coffee machine
20.
Portmanteau
–
In linguistics, a portmanteau is defined as a single morph that represents two or more morphemes. A portmanteau also differs from a compound, which not involve the truncation of parts of the stems of the blended words. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a portmanteau, of star and fish, whereas a hypothetical portmanteau of star and fish might be stish. Humpty Dumpty explains the practice of combining words in various ways by telling Alice, for instance, take the two words fuming and furious. Make up your mind that you will say both words, but leave it unsettled which you will say first … if you have the rarest of gifts, in then-contemporary English, a portmanteau was a suitcase that opened into two equal sections. The etymology of the word is the French porte-manteau, from porter, to carry, in modern French, a porte-manteau is a clothes valet, a coat-tree or similar article of furniture for hanging up jackets, hats, umbrellas and the like. It has also used especially in Europe as a formal description for hat racks from the French words porter. An occasional synonym for portmanteau word is frankenword, an autological word exemplifying the phenomenon it describes, blending Frankenstein, many neologisms are examples of blends, but many blends have become part of the lexicon. In Punch in 1896, the word brunch was introduced as a portmanteau word, in 1964, the newly independent African republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar chose the portmanteau word Tanzania as its name. Similarly Eurasia is a portmanteau of Europe and Asia, a scientific example is a liger, which is a cross between a male lion and a female tiger. Jeoportmanteau. is a category on the American television quiz show Jeopardy. The categorys name is itself a portmanteau of the words Jeopardy, responses in the category are portmanteaus constructed by fitting two words together. The term gerrymander has itself contributed to portmanteau terms bjelkemander and playmander, oxbridge is a common portmanteau for the UKs two oldest universities, those of Oxford and Cambridge. Many portmanteau words receive some use but do not appear in all dictionaries, for example, a spork is an eating utensil that is a combination of a spoon and a fork, and a skort is an item of clothing that is part skirt, part shorts. On the other hand, turducken, a made by inserting a chicken into a duck. Similarly, the word refudiate was first used by Sarah Palin when she misspoke, though initially a gaffe, the word was recognized as the New Oxford American Dictionarys Word of the Year in 2010. The business lexicon is replete with newly coined portmanteau words like permalance, advertainment, advertorial, infotainment, a company name may also be portmanteau as well as a product name. By contrast, the public, including the media, use portmanteaux to refer to their favorite pairings as a way to. giv people an essence of who they are within the same name and this is particularly seen in cases of fictional and real-life supercouples
Portmanteau
–
A
spork
Portmanteau
–
The original "
Gerrymander " pictured in an 1812 cartoon. The word is a portmanteau of Massachusetts Governor
Elbridge Gerry 's name with
"salamander."
21.
Centrifugal force
–
In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force directed away from the axis of rotation that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating reference frame. When they are analyzed in a coordinate system. The term has also been used for the force that is a reaction to a centripetal force. The centrifugal force is an outward force apparent in a reference frame. All measurements of position and velocity must be relative to some frame of reference. An inertial frame of reference is one that is not accelerating, the use of an inertial frame of reference, which will be the case for all elementary calculations, is often not explicitly stated but may generally be assumed unless stated otherwise. In terms of a frame of reference, the centrifugal force does not exist. All calculations can be performed using only Newtons laws of motion, in its current usage the term centrifugal force has no meaning in an inertial frame. In an inertial frame, an object that has no acting on it travels in a straight line. When measurements are made with respect to a reference frame, however. If it is desired to apply Newtons laws in the frame, it is necessary to introduce new, fictitious. Consider a stone being whirled round on a string, in a horizontal plane, the only real force acting on the stone in the horizontal plane is the tension in the string. There are no forces acting on the stone so there is a net force on the stone in the horizontal plane. In an inertial frame of reference, were it not for this net force acting on the stone, in order to keep the stone moving in a circular path, this force, known as the centripetal force, must be continuously applied to the stone. As soon as it is removed the stone moves in a straight line, in this inertial frame, the concept of centrifugal force is not required as all motion can be properly described using only real forces and Newtons laws of motion. In a frame of reference rotating with the stone around the axis as the stone. However, the tension in the string is still acting on the stone, if Newtons laws were applied in their usual form, the stone would accelerate in the direction of the net applied force, towards the axis of rotation, which it does not do. With this new the net force on the stone is zero, with the addition of this extra inertial or fictitious force Newtons laws can be applied in the rotating frame as if it were an inertial frame
Centrifugal force
–
The interface of two
immiscible liquids rotating around a vertical axis is an upward-opening circular paraboloid.
22.
Infusion
–
An infusion is also the name for the resultant liquid. The process of infusion is distinct from decoction, which involves boiling the plant material, or percolation, the first recorded use of essential oils was in the 10th or 11th century by the Persian polymath Avicenna, possibly in The Canon of Medicine. Tea is far older than this, dating back to the 10th century BC as the earliest recorded reference, an infusion is a very simple chemical process used with botanicals that are volatile and dissolve readily, or release their active ingredients easily, in water, oil or alcohol. The botanicals are typically dried herbs, flowers or berries, the liquid is typically boiled and then poured over the herb, which is then allowed to steep in the liquid for a period of time. The liquid may then be strained or the herbs otherwise removed from the liquid, unless the infusion is to be consumed immediately, it may then be bottled and refrigerated for future use. The amount of time the herbs are left in the liquid depends on the purpose for which the infusion is being prepared, usually steeping for not more than 15 to 30 minutes, or until the mix cools, will create a beverage with optimal flavor. Steeping for a longer time typically results in a somewhat bitter-tasting infusion, four hours, however, is a more appropriate length of time for achieving herbal potency if health benefits are the priority. Quantities of the herb and liquid used will vary according to the herb or how strong the infusion is required to be, a common proportion used is 28 g of herb to 0.5 L of liquid. There have been several accessories and techniques for removing the steeped or left over products that were used to infuse liquids such as water, oil, the use of a metal steeper, which looks like a metal clamp. Tea infusers work as strainers and assist in removal of used herbs, leaves, french presses are commonly used to infuse water with various teas and coffee. Lastly, and most commonly used, the tea bag, tea bags today are made with filter paper and filled with various tea flavors. A common example of an infusion is tea, most varieties of tea call for steeping the leaves in hot water, although some variants call for decoction instead. Many herbal teas are prepared by infusion, as well, lemon, chamomile, senna, apple, ginger, rooibos, herbal infusions in water and oil are both commonly used as herbal remedies. Coffee can also be made through infusion, but is often made through percolation. Plants with desirable flavors may be steeped in an oil or vinegar for an extended period, the infused oil or vinegar is often sold still containing the plant. Chiles, lemon, garlic, and many plants may be used. There can be ambiguity in the labeling of oils, for example, what is described as sesame oil may be oil extracted from sesame seeds
Infusion
–
Yerba mate,
coffee and
tea (left to right) are used to create
caffeinated infusions
Infusion
Infusion
23.
Barcode
–
A barcode is an optical, machine-readable, representation of data, the data usually describes something about the object that carries the barcode. Originally barcodes systematically represented data by varying the widths and spacings of parallel lines, later two-dimensional codes were developed, using rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions, usually called barcodes although they do not use bars as such. Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical scanners called barcode readers, later applications software became available for devices that could read images, such as smartphones with cameras. An early use of one type of barcode in a context was sponsored by the Association of American Railroads in the late 1960s. Two plates were used per car, one on side, with the arrangement of the colored stripes encoding information such as ownership, type of equipment. The plates were read by a scanner, located for instance, at the entrance to a classification yard. The project was abandoned after ten years because the system proved unreliable after long-term use. Barcodes became commercially successful when they were used to automate supermarket checkout systems and their use has spread to many other tasks that are generically referred to as automatic identification and data capture. The very first scanning of the now ubiquitous Universal Product Code barcode was on a pack of Wrigley Company chewing gum in June 1974, silver told his friend Norman Joseph Woodland about the request, and they started working on a variety of systems. Their first working system used ultraviolet ink, but the ink faded too easily and was expensive, convinced that the system was workable with further development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his fathers apartment in Florida, and continued working on the system. His next inspiration came from Morse code, and he formed his first barcode from sand on the beach, I just extended the dots and dashes downwards and made narrow lines and wide lines out of them. To read them, he adapted technology from optical soundtracks in movies and he later decided that the system would work better if it were printed as a circle instead of a line, allowing it to be scanned in any direction. The patent was issued on 7 October 1952 as US Patent 2,612,994, in 1951, Woodland moved to IBM and continually tried to interest IBM in developing the system. IBM offered to buy the patent, but its offer was not high enough, philco purchased their patent in 1962 and then sold it to RCA sometime later. During his time as an undergraduate, David Collins worked at the Pennsylvania Railroad, immediately after receiving his masters degree from MIT in 1959, he started work at GTE Sylvania and began addressing the problem. He developed a system called KarTrak using blue and red reflective stripes attached to the side of the cars, encoding a six-digit company identifier, light reflected off the stripes was fed into one of two photomultipliers, filtered for blue or red. The Boston and Maine Railroad tested the KarTrak system on their cars in 1961. The tests continued until 1967, when the Association of American Railroads selected it as a standard, Automatic Car Identification, the installations began on 10 October 1967
Barcode
–
Example of barcode on a patient identification wristband
Barcode
–
A
UPC-A barcode symbol
Barcode
–
Barcoded parcel
Barcode
–
DX film edge barcode
24.
Keurig
–
Keurig /ˈkjʊərɪɡ/ is a beverage brewing system for home and commercial use. It is manufactured by the American company Keurig Green Mountain, which is headquartered in Waterbury, the main Keurig products are, K-Cup pods, which are single-serve coffee containers, other beverage pods, and the proprietary machines that brew the beverages in these pods. Keurig beverage varieties include hot and cold coffees, teas, cocoas, dairy-based beverages, lemonades, cider, through its own brands and its partnership licensed brands, Keurig has over 400 different varieties and over 60 brands of coffee and other beverages. In addition to K-Cup pods it includes Vue, Rivo, K-Carafe, the original single-serve brewer and coffee-pod manufacturing company, Keurig, Inc. was founded in Massachusetts in 1992. It launched its first brewers and K-Cup pods in 1998, targeting the office market, as the single-cup brewing system gained popularity, brewers for home use were added in 2004. In 2006 the publicly traded Vermont-based specialty-coffee company Green Mountain Coffee Roasters acquired Keurig, in 2012 Keurigs main patent on its K-Cup pods expired, leading to new product launches, including brewer models that only accept pods from Keurig brands. From 2006 to 2014 Keurig, Inc. was a wholly owned subsidiary of Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, in 2016 Keurig Green Mountain was acquired by an investor group led by private-equity firm JAB Holding Company for nearly $14 billion. Keurig founders John Sylvan and Peter Dragone had been roommates at Colby College in Maine in the late 1970s. Living in Greater Boston, he went through extensive trial and error trying to create a pod, by 1992, to help create a business plan, he brought in Dragone, then working as director of finance for Chiquita, as a partner. They founded the company in 1992, calling it Keurig, Sylvan later said that the name came from his having looked up the word excellence in Dutch. By 1993 Sylvan and Dragone were still making the pods by hand, the prototype brewing machines were also a work in progress and unreliable, and the company needed funds for development. That year, they approached what was then Green Mountain Coffee Roasters, in 1995 Larry Kernan, a principal at MDT Advisers, became Chairman of Keurig, a position he retained through 2002. Sylvan did not work well with the new investors, and in 1997 he was forced out, Dragone left a few months later but decided to retain his stake. Sweeney stayed on as the vice president of engineering. Distribution began in New York and New England, the target market at that time was still office use, and Keurig hoped to capture some of Starbucks market. To satisfy brand loyalty and individual tastes, Keurig found and enlisted a variety of regionally known coffee brands that catered to various flavor preferences, in 2002, Keurig sold 10,000 commercial brewers. Office models were profitable because the profits came from the high-margin K-Cups, by 2004, Keurig had a prototype ready for home use, but so did large corporate competitors like Salton, Sara Lee, and Procter & Gamble, which introduced their own single-serve brewers and pods. Keurig capitalized on the awareness of the concept, and sent representatives into stores to do live demonstrations of its B100 home brewer
Keurig
–
The inside of a used K-Cup pod, with the top foil and the used coffee grounds removed, revealing the filter
Keurig
–
A Keurig coffee maker
25.
Tassimo
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The brand is owned by Jacobs Douwe Egberts. The machines were developed by Kraft Foods. The original machines were manufactured by Saeco and distributed by Braun, in early 2008, Procter & Gamble, the parent company of Braun, began phasing out sales of Braun kitchen appliances in North America. In August 2008, it was announced the new generation of Tassimo machines would be manufactured by Bosch, at the same time, Kraft announced double-digit growth for the second quarter in a row for its Tassimo coffee T-Disc sales. The Tassimo system utilizes proprietary non-reusable plastic beverage pods, called T-Discs, a bar code on top of each T-Disc instructs the machine to use the proper brewing settings. It will then change the temperature, the amount of water. This allows the Tassimo pod maker to brew a variety of hot drinks, filtered coffee, cappuccino, short espresso, tea. The brewing process takes between 30–60 seconds, discs containing milk use UHT milk, not powdered milk. Tassimo T-Discs are currently offered under brands owned by Mondelēz or Kraft Foods, including Gevalia, Maxwell House, Mastro Lorenzo, Nabob, Carte Noire, Jacobs, Suchard, not all brands are available in all markets. In some markets, Tassimo has entered into partnerships with parties to market T-Discs from non-Kraft. In the United Kingdom, T-Discs with the Costa Coffee brand have been sold since September 2012, in Canada, T-Discs are sold under the coffee shop brands Second Cup, Tim Hortons, McCafé as well as private label supermarket brands like Irresitible, Our Finest and Presidents Choice. As of April 2011, Tassimo had three models use the T-Discs, the Intermediate, the Suprema and the Premium which comes in Twilight Titanium. Tassimo offers 5 models of single cup coffee maker compatible with the home-use T-discs, however the T46 and T65 are no longer offered for sale in the US. These models are the T20, T46, T47, T55, while varying in price, color, availability of filter/display - they are functionally equivalent in that each maker will produce the same beverage from the same t-disc. There is also a Tassimo Professional model designed for office and trade use, T DISCs designed for use in this model cant be used in domestic Tassimo machines. Reports from the Consumer Product Safety Commission say that there have been 140 reports on the maker,37 of those cases involve second degree burns, the Commission has also recalled 4 million T-Discs over reports that they can burst while brewing. Customers who participate in the coffee maker recall are shipped a replacement component which will prevent the contents of a defective T-Disc from spraying if the T-Disc bursts. The component is shipped free of charge, including instructions to allow customers to insert the new component themselves, single-serve coffee containers Caffitaly Flavia Keurig Lavazza Nespresso Saeco Senseo Kenco Singles Coffee portal Official website
Tassimo
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Tassimo logo (2010-present)
Tassimo
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Tassimo T-Discs
Tassimo
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A Tassimo promotion in an American shop.
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