1.
Genie
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Jinn, also romanized as djinn or anglicized as genies, are supernatural creatures in early Arabian and later Islamic mythology and theology. An individual member of the jinn is known as a jinni, djinni and they are mentioned frequently in the Quran and other Islamic texts. The jinn, humans, and angels make up the three known sapient creations of God, like human beings, the jinn can be good, evil, or neutrally benevolent and hence have free will like humans. Jaini were among various creatures believe among pre-Zoroastrian peoples of Persia, Jinn is an Arabic collective noun deriving from the Semitic root JNN, whose primary meaning is to hide. Some authors interpret the word to mean, literally, beings that are concealed from the senses, cognates include the Arabic majnūn, jannah, and janīn. Jinn is properly treated as a plural, with the singular being jinni, the anglicized form genie is a borrowing of the French génie, from the Latin genius, a guardian spirit of people and places in Roman religion. It first appeared in 18th-century translations of the Thousand and One Nights from the French, numerous mentions of jinn in the Quran and testimony of both pre-Islamic and Islamic literature indicate that the belief in spirits was prominent in pre-Islamic Bedouin religion. Julius Wellhausen has observed that such spirits were thought to inhabit desolate, dingy, and dark places, One had to protect oneself from them, but they were not the objects of a true cult. In Islamic theology jinn are said to be creatures with free will, made from fire by God as humans were made of clay. When jinns are called fire spirits it´s does not refer to their current nature, Jinn are mentioned 29 times in the Quran, Surah 72 is named after the jinn, and has a passage about them. Another surah mentions jinn in the last verse, the Quran also mentions that Muhammad was sent as a prophet to both humanity and the jinn, and that prophets and messengers were sent to both communities. Like humans, jinn will also be judged on the Day of Judgment, the social organization of the jinn community resembles that of humans, e. g. they have kings, courts of law, weddings, mourning rituals and practise religion. One common belief in Muslim belief lists five distinct orders of jinn — the Marid, the Ifrit, the Shaitan, the Ghul, and the Jann. A few traditions, divide jinn into three classes, those who have wings and fly in the air, those who resemble snakes and dogs, described them as creatures of different forms, some resembling vultures and snakes, others tall men in white garb. They may even appear as dragons, onagers, or any number of other animals, in addition to their animal forms, the jinn occasionally assume human form to mislead and destroy their human victims. Ibn Taymiyyah, a late medieval theologian whose writings would later become the source of Wahhabism, believed the jinn to be generally ignorant, untruthful, oppressive. In Sūrat Al-Jinn, verses 8–10, Allah narrates concerning the jinn how they touched or sought the limits of the sky and found it full of guards and shooting stars. Seven kings of the Jinn are traditionally associated with days of the week, the notion of a qarin is not universally accepted among all Muslims, but it is generally accepted that Shayṭān whispers in human minds, and he is assigned to each human being
2.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
3.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
4.
Repository (version control)
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In revision control systems, a repository is an on-disk data structure which stores metadata for a set of files and/or directory structure. Some of the metadata that a repository contains includes, among other things, a set of references to commit objects, called heads. The main purpose of a repository is to store a set of files and these differences in methodology have generally led to diverse uses of revision control by different groups, depending on their needs. Software repository Codebase Forge Comparison of source code hosting facilities
5.
Roguelike
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Most roguelikes are based on a high fantasy narrative, reflecting their influence from tabletop role playing games such as Dungeons & Dragons. Some of the better-known variants include Hack, NetHack, Ancient Domains of Mystery, Moria, Angband, the Japanese series of Mystery Dungeon games by Chunsoft, inspired by Rogue, also fall within the concept of roguelike games. Indie games like Weird Worlds, Return to Infinite Space, Spelunky, The Binding of Isaac, FTL, Faster Than Light, other games, like Diablo and UnReal World, key titles in the action role-playing and the survival game genres respectively, took inspiration from roguelikes. At the start of the game, the character is placed at the top-most level of a dungeon, with equipment such as a simple weapon, armor, torches. Most combat is performed simply by attempting to move the character into the space as the monster. Other types of attacks, such as firing an arrow or performing a magic spell. Monsters may drop treasure to be looted, on the other hand, the character dies if they lose all their hit points. As most roguelikes feature the concept of permadeath, this represents the end of the game, Roguelikes are nearly always turn-based, with the game only reacting when the player makes an action with the character. This allows players to evaluate a situation, such as being cornered by several monsters, at their own pace. The player generally has to explore the dungeon to reveal its contents similar to a fog of war. Many roguelikes include factors related to light such as a torch to provide illumination to see monsters in nearby squares. Dungeons tend to be connected by stairs, lower levels generally are more difficult than higher ones. Dungeon levels and the population of monsters and treasure within them are generated randomly using procedural generation, most roguelikes have an ultimate goal of either claiming an item located at the deepest level of the dungeon, or to defeat a specific monster that lives on that level. Some of the used in this definition include, Roguelike games create random tile-based levels, monster encounters. Preferably roguelikes adhering to the Berlin Interpretation use ASCII-based graphics and they may include pre-determined levels as well, such as a town level common to the Moria family where the player can buy and sell equipment. Generated layouts typically incorporate rooms connected by corridors, some of which may be preset to some degree, open areas or natural features, such as rivers, may occur, though these are considered against the Berlin Interpretation. While early roguelikes would have levels confined to the bounds of the screen, other roguelikes enabled a much larger level size. Once a character dies, the player must begin a new game, a save game feature will only provide suspension of gameplay and not a limitlessly recoverable state, the stored session is deleted upon resumption or character death
6.
Software license
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A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in code as also object code form. The only exception is software in the public domain, most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type. Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free, unlicensed software outside the copyright protection is either public domain software or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software is copyright protected. Examples for this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the domain is problematic in some international law domains, there are also licenses granting PD-like rights. Therefore, the owner of a copy of software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, as many proprietary licenses only enumerate the rights that the user already has under 17 U. S. C. §117, and yet proclaim to take away from the user. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. The form of the relationship if it is a lease or a purchase, for example UMG v. Augusto or Vernor v. Autodesk. The ownership of goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by licensed. The Swiss based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and this feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, the most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all, one example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. The most common licensing models are per single user or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer, Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice as well as site or company licenses
7.
GNU General Public License
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The GNU General Public License is a widely used free software license, which guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share and modify the software. The license was written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project. The GPL is a license, which means that derivative work can only be distributed under the same license terms. This is in distinction to permissive free licenses, of which the BSD licenses. GPL was the first copyleft license for general use, historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain. Prominent free software licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel. In 2007, the version of the license was released to address some perceived problems with the second version that were discovered during its long-time usage. To keep the license up to date, the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause, developers can omit it when licensing their software, for instance the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause. The GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project, the original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs, the GNU Debugger and the GNU C Compiler. These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them incompatible, Stallmans goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus making it possible for many projects to share code. The second version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991, version 3 was developed to attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007. Version 1 of the GNU GPL, released on 25 February 1989, the first problem was that distributors may publish binary files only—executable, but not readable or modifiable by humans. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that any vendor distributing binaries must also make the source code available under the same licensing terms. The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions, either to the license, the union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work, thus adding unacceptable restrictions. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that modified versions, as a whole, had to be distributed under the terms in GPLv1. Therefore, software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms, according to Richard Stallman, the major change in GPLv2 was the Liberty or Death clause, as he calls it – Section 7. The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL-covered work only if they can all of the licenses obligations. In other words, the obligations of the license may not be severed due to conflicting obligations and this provision is intended to discourage any party from using a patent infringement claim or other litigation to impair users freedom under the license
8.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
9.
ASCII
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ASCII, abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices, most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters. ASCII was developed from telegraph code and its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6,1960, the first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting of lists, and added features for other than teleprinters. Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, for example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters,33 are non-printing control characters that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, of these, the IANA encourages use of the name US-ASCII for Internet uses of ASCII. The ASA became the United States of America Standards Institute and ultimately the American National Standards Institute, there was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting, the X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters, renaming some control characters and moving or removing others. ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3. 4-1967, then USAS X3. 4-1968, ANSI X3. 4-1977 and they proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats. The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems, like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols. This allows digital devices to communicate each other and to process, store. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters,10 numerical digits, ITA2 were in turn based on the 5-bit telegraph code Émile Baudot invented in 1870 and patented in 1874. The committee debated the possibility of a function, which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is reliable for data transmission. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code, the committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal
10.
1982 in video gaming
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December 27 - Starcade, a video game television game show, debuts on TBS in the United States. Electronic Games holds the third Arcade Awards, for games released during 1980-1981, Pac-Man wins the best arcade game award, Asteroids wins the best console game award, and Star Raiders wins the best computer game award. Eidansha Boshu Service Center shortens its name to Enix and in August establishes itself as a game publisher.3 billion. The US home video market is worth $3.8 billion. The Japanese home video market is approaching ¥300 billion, equivalent to $3.1 billion in 2017. Arcade January, Sega releases Zaxxon, which introduces isometric graphics, January 13, Midway releases Ms. Pac-Man, it is the sequel to Pac-Man, but was created without Namcos authorization. They also release Baby Pac-Man and Pac-Man Plus without Namcos authorization later in the year, april 19, Namco releases Dig Dug, manufactured by Atari in North America. August, Nintendo releases Donkey Kong Jr. the sequel to Donkey Kong, August, Taito releases parallax scroller Jungle Hunt. September 24, Namco releases Pole Position, one of the first games with stereophonic and quadraphonic sound, featuring a pseudo-3D, third-person, rear-view perspective, it becomes the most popular racing game of its time. September, Sega releases maze game Pengo, starring a cute penguin, october, Namco releases Super Pac-Man, the third title in the Pac-Man series. Solely as a kit, the first game in the series. November, Konami releases Time Pilot, December, Namco releases Xevious which sets the style for scrolling shooters to come, bally/Midway releases the Tron arcade game before the movie. Atari releases Gravitar which, though difficult, inspires a number of gravity-based computer games. Williams Electronics releases Joust, Robotron,2084, Sinistar, Robotron popularizes the twin-stick control scheme first used by Space Dungeon in 1981. Taito releases Front Line, which creates the blueprint for mid-80s, vertically scrolling, console March, Atari releases the Atari 2600 version of Pac-Man. 12 million cartridges are produced,7 million sold, its believed to be one of the causes of the North American video game crash of 1983, which goes on to sell 4 million copies. August, overlooked arcade games are revitalized as ColecoVision launch titles, including Cosmic Avenger, Mouse Trap, Lady Bug, october, Atari releases Swordquest, Earthworld, the first title in a planned four-game contest. December, Atari releases E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial, written in five and a half weeks, its one of the games that sparks the crash of 1983
11.
Rogue (video game)
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Rogue is a dungeon crawling video game by Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman and later contributions by Ken Arnold. Rogue was originally developed around 1980 for Unix-based mainframe systems as a freely-distributed executable and it was later included in the official Berkeley Software Distribution 4.2 operating system. Commercial ports of the game for a range of computers were made by Toy, Wichman. Design and financially supported by the Epyx software publishers, additional ports to modern systems have been made since by other parties using the games now-open source code. In Rogue, players control a character as they explore several levels of a dungeon as they seek the Amulet of Yendor located in the dungeons lowest level, the player-character must fend off from an array of monsters that roam the dungeons. Along the way, they can collect treasures that can help them offensively or defensively, such as weapons, armor, potions, scrolls, and other magical items. Rogue is turn-based taking place on a square grid represented in ASCII or other fixed character sets, the dungeon levels, monster encounters, and treasures are procedurally generated on each playthrough, so that no game is the same as a previous one. Rogue was inspired by text-based computer games such as the 1971 Star Trek game and Colossal Cave Adventure released in 1976, along with the high fantasy setting from Dungeons & Dragons. Toy later worked at University of California Berkeley where he met Arnold, Arnold helped Toy to optimize the code and incorporate additional features to the game. The commercial ports were inspired when Toy met Lane while working for the Olivetti company, Rogue became popular in the 1980s among college students and other computer-savvy users in part due to its inclusion in 4. 2BSD. In Rogue, the player assumes the role of an adventurer of early fantasy role-playing games. The game starts at the uppermost level of a dungeon with myriad monsters. The goal is to fight ones way to the level, retrieve the Amulet of Yendor. Monsters in the levels become more difficult to defeat. Until the Amulet is retrieved, the player return to earlier levels. In the original text-based versions, all aspects of the game, including the dungeon, the player character, monsters are represented by capital letters, and accordingly there are twenty-six varieties. This type of display makes it appropriate for a non-graphical terminal, later ports of Rogue apply extended character sets to the text user interface or replace it with graphical tiles. The basic movement keys are the same as the control keys in the vi editor
12.
Engadget
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Engadget is a multilingual technology blog network with daily coverage of gadgets and consumer electronics. Engadget currently operates a total of ten written in English. Engadget has in the past ranked among the top five in the Technorati top 100 and was noted in Time for being one of the best blogs of 2010 and it has been operated by AOL since October 2005. Engadget was founded by former Gizmodo technology weblog editor and co-founder, Peter Rojas, Engadget was the largest blog in Weblogs, Inc. a blog network with over 75 weblogs including Autoblog and Joystiq which formerly included Hack-A-Day. Weblogs Inc. was purchased by AOL in 2005, Engadgets editor-in-chief, Ryan Block, announced on July 22,2008, that he would be stepping down as editor-in-chief in late August, leaving the role to Joshua Topolsky. On March 12,2011, Topolsky announced that he was leaving Engadget to start The Verge, appointing Tim Stevens — profiled by Fortune on May 31, on February 13,2013, AOL acquired gdgt, a device review website that was created by Rojas and Block. Overnight on July 15,2013, Tim Stevens stepped down as the editor-in-chief, in November 2013, a major redesign was launched that merged gdgts features into Engadget, such as database of devices and aggregated reviews. The changes aimed to turn Engadget into a more consumer electronics resource, similarly to CNET and Consumer Reports. As of April 2014, Michael Gorman was tapped as the Editor-In-Chief alongside Christopher Trout as Executive Editor, Engadget operates a number of blogs spanning seven different languages including English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish, Polish, Korean and German. The English edition of Engadget operates four blogs which, like the international editions, have assimilated into a single site with a sub-domain prefix. These include Engadget Classic, Engadget Mobile, Engadget HD and Engadget Alt, as of late 2013, these editions exist but have been wrapped into Engadget Classic. In March 2014, a UK edition of Engadget also launched to target the developing European tech market, launched in March 2004, Engadget is updated multiple times a day with articles on gadgets and consumer electronics. These writers include Jason Calacanis, Paul Boutin, Phillip Torrone, Joshua Fruhlinger, Marc Perton, darren Murph, has worked on the site as Managing Editor and Editor-at-Large. He has written over 17,212 posts as of October 5,2010, industry analyst Ross Rubin has contributed a weekly column called Switched On since October 2004. Engadget uses the Blogsmith CMS to publish its content, the Engadget podcast was launched in October 2004 and was originally hosted by Phillip Torrone and Len Pryor. Torrone was the host for the first 22 episodes of the podcast at which point Eric Rice took over, the podcast was hosted by Editor-in-chief Joshua Topolsky along with editors Paul Miller and Nilay Patel with occasional special guests until their 2011 departure. The podcast was produced by Trent Wolbe under Topolskys editorship and continued to be under Tim Stevens until December 2012, the topic of discussion for the podcast is technology-related and closely linked to events that have happened during the week in the world of technology. The show generally lasts an hour or more, the show is normally weekly, however, the frequency can change, especially during special events
13.
Salon (website)
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Salon is an American news and opinion website created by David Talbot in 1995 and owned by Salon Media Group. It focuses on U. S. politics, culture, Salons headquarters is located at 870 Market Street San Francisco, California. As of June 2013, its editor-in-chief is David Daley, after previous editor-in-chief Kerry Lauerman stepped down to partner with Larer Ventures on a new startup, lauermans predecessor Joan Walsh stepped down from that position in November 2010 but remained as editor at large. Salon covers a variety of topics, according to the senior contributing writer for the American Journalism Review, Paul Farhi, Salon offers provocative political commentary and lots of sex. In 2008, Salon launched the interactive initiative Open Salon, a social content site/blog network for its readers, originally a curated site with some of its content being featured on Salon, it fell into editorial neglect and was closed in March 2015. Responding to the question, How far do you go with the sensibility to get readers. Former Salon. com editor-in-chief David Talbot said, Is Salon more tabloid-like, yeah, weve made no secret of that. Ive said all along that our formula here is that were a smart tabloid, David Talbot founded Salon and became its original editor-in-chief. He has served stints as CEO, most recently replacing Richard Gingras who left to join Google as head of news products in July 2011. As of May,2016, the companys CEO is Jordan Hoffner, the magazine was founded by the Examiners former arts and features editor David Talbot and launched in November 1995. In its early days readers noticed a specifically Northern California flavor, in an interview in 1996, Talbott agreed, We swim in the soup of San Francisco. There are a lot of odd fish weve plucked out of the Bay here, time magazine named it one of the Best Web Site of 1996. Salon purchased the virtual community The WELL in April 1999, Salon Premium, a pay-to-view content subscription was introduced on April 25,2001. The service signed over 130,000 subscribers and staved off discontinuation of services, on October 9,2003, Michael ODonnell, the chief executive and president of Salon Media Group, said he was leaving the company after seven years because it was time for a change. When he left, Salon. com had accrued $83.6 million in losses since its inception, David Talbot, Salons chairman and editor-in-chief at the time, became the new chief executive. Elizabeth Betsy Hambrecht, then Salons chief financial officer, became the president, in July 2008, Salon launched Open Salon, a social content site and curated blog network. It was nominated for a 2009 National Magazine Award. in the category best interactive feature, on March 9,2015, Salon announced it would be closing Open Salon after six years of hosting a community of writers and bloggers. On June 10,2011, Salon closed its online chat board Table Talk without stating a reason for ending that section of the site
14.
Character race
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In tabletop role-playing games, the character race represents the people to which a player character or a non-player character belongs. People is to be taken in the sense, and may encompass ethnic groups, species. In this fantasy world, the word means the same as. It can be a race from a fictional universe, or a real people, especially in case of a history-based universe. Call of Cthulhu, Boot Hill or Bushido and this notion is also present in most fantasy or science-fiction works, novels, comics, video games, board games, LARP, etc. The transmediality is obvious in case of consistent universes, e. g. the Middle Earth or the Star Wars universe, not all works use the term race, in Tunnels and Trolls 7th ed. Ken St. Andre uses the term kinship, the term is Spezies in Das Schwarze Auge 5th ed. in the heroic fantasy games, the races are usually humans, elves, dwarves, orcs, goblins, immaterial being, etc. The main influence is the work of John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, some fantasy or steampunk games also involve artificial creatures. In science-fiction games, especially space opera and cyberpunk, the races are humans, extraterrestrials, mutants, cyborgs, transhumans, robots, in some universes, it is possible to have mixed-race characters. For example, in Dungeons & Dragons, it is possible to play a half-elf or a half-orc, the first role-playing game, “original” Dungeons & Dragons, stems from the wargame Chainmail. Chainmail was especially designed to include fantasy races, the race is therefore a core notion present at the very beginning of the role-playing games. The races in Dungeons & Dragons are strongly inspired by the literature of the 1930s-1960s. In the first science-fiction role-playing game, Metamorphosis Alpha, it is possible to play humans, the 1983 game Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game also allows monsters as PCs, and these races are described in the same way as the “non-monster” races. The race is less important in a functional point of view. The “basic bricks” of the character are more flexible, the “original” Dungeons & Dragons, and the first Advanced Dungeons & Dragons manuals, do not describe any particular universe. The universe is described through the game rules, and it outlines a generic universe inspired by popular fantasy novels of the 1930s-1960s. The way the race takes place in the universe is described in optional books. The race is mainly a “functional tool”, a set of functions that the player can implement in the adventure, the elves can see in the dark
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Character class
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This glossary of video game terms lists the general video game industry terms as commonly used in Wikipedia articles. 1-up In games where players have a number of lives to complete a game or level, 1v1 Abbreviation of 1 versus 1, which means two players battling against each other. 8-bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the generation of video game consoles. 16-bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the generation of video game consoles. 2D graphics The game features 2-dimensional objects,2. 5D graphics A game consisting of 3D graphics set in a 2D plane of movement, where objects outside of this 2D plane can have an effect on the gameplay. 32-bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the generation of video game consoles. 4X A genre of video games, short for explore, expand, exploit. 64-bit A descriptor for hardware or software that arose during the generation of video game consoles. AAA A high-budget game with a development team, or game studios that make them. AAA games are usually multiplatform, have multimillion dollar marketing budgets, abandonware The idea of a game being forgotten about, or abandoned by the developers for multiple different reasons, one being copyright issues. Act See Level Action point A subunit of a players turn, for example, during each turn, a player can take a set number of actions, each costing a point. Action role-playing game A genre of role-playing video games where battle actions are performed in real-time instead of a turn-based mechanic. Actions per minute The total number of actions the player can perform in a minute, ADS Aiming Down Sights, or, Aim Down Sights. Refers to the alternate method of firing a gun in an FPS game. AFK Abbreviation of Away From Keyboard, generally said through a chat function in online multiplayer games when a player intends to be temporarily unavailable. Often used in gaming to grind, sometimes facetiously used in reference to irritated bystanders. Aimbot A first-person shooter cheat that lets players shoot other player-characters without aiming, in most cases, the reticle locks on to a target within the players line of sight and the player only has to pull the trigger. Aimbots are one of the most popular cheats in multiplayer FPS, alpha release An initial, incomplete version of a game, alpha versions are usually released early in the development process to test a games most critical functionality and prototype design concepts
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Open-source model
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Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source
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Open Source Initiative
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The Open Source Initiative is an organization dedicated to promoting open-source software. Later, in August 1998, the added a board of directors. Raymond was president from its founding until February 2005, followed briefly by Russ Nelson and then Michael Tiemann. In May 2012, the new board elected Simon Phipps as president, as a campaign of sorts, open source was launched in 1998 by Jon maddog Hall, Larry Augustin, Eric S. Raymond, Bruce Perens, and others. The group adopted the Open Source Definition for open-source software, based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines and they also established the Open Source Initiative as a steward organization for the movement. However, they were unsuccessful in their attempt to secure a trademark for open source to control the use of the term, public information indicates that the group included Bradley M. Kuhn, Karl Fogel, Jim Blandy, Chamindra da Silva, Lawrence Rosen, and David Ascher. Then-OSI Board member Danese Cooper was the moderator of osi-discuss. Kuhn later recollected that the Charter Membership was a brouhaha and took no action, in 2009, the OSI was temporarily suspended from operation as a California corporation, apparently in response to a complaint concerning tax paperwork from earlier years. In 2012, under the leadership of OSI director and then-president Simon Phipps, the OSI initiated an Affiliate Membership program for government-recognized non-profit charitable and not-for-profit industry associations and academic institutions anywhere in the world. Subsequently, the OSI announced an Individual Membership program and listed a number of Corporate Sponsors, on November 8,2013, OSI appointed Patrick Masson as its General Manager. As early as 1999, OSI co-founder Perens objected to the schism that was developing between supporters of Stallmans Free Software Foundation and the OSI because of their disparate approaches. Stallman has sharply criticized the OSI for its focus and for ignoring what he considers the central ethical imperative
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Git
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Git is a version control system for tracking changes in computer files and coordinating work on those files among multiple people. It is primarily used for development, but it can be used to keep track of changes in any files. As a distributed control system it is aimed at speed, data integrity. Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel and its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano. Like the Linux kernel, Git is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, the copyright holder of BitKeeper, Larry McVoy, had withdrawn free use of the product after claiming that Andrew Tridgell had reverse-engineered the BitKeeper protocols. Linus Torvalds wanted a system that he could use like BitKeeper. So immediately after the 2.6. 12-rc2 Linux kernel development release, Torvalds quipped about the name git, Im an egotistical bastard, and I name all my projects after myself. The man page describes Git as the stupid content tracker, the readme file of the source code elaborates further, The development of Git began on 3 April 2005. Torvalds announced the project on 6 April, it became self-hosting as of 7 April, the first merge of multiple branches took place on 18 April. Torvalds achieved his goals, on 29 April, the nascent Git was benchmarked recording patches to the Linux kernel tree at the rate of 6.7 per second. On 16 June Git managed the kernel 2.6.12 release, Torvalds turned over maintenance on 26 July 2005 to Junio Hamano, a major contributor to the project. Hamano was responsible for the 1.0 release on 21 December 2005, gits design was inspired by BitKeeper and Monotone. Git was originally designed as a version control system engine on top of which others could write front ends. The core Git project has become a complete version control system that is usable directly. While strongly influenced by BitKeeper, Torvalds deliberately avoided conventional approaches, in Git, a core assumption is that a change will be merged more often than it is written, as it is passed around to various reviewers. In Git, branches are very lightweight, a branch is only a reference to one commit, with its parental commits, the full branch structure can be constructed. These changes are imported as added development branches, and can be merged in the way as a locally developed branch. Git also has a CVS server emulation, which enables the use of extant CVS clients, Subversion and svk repositories can be used directly with git-svn
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Fantasy tropes
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Fantasy tropes are a specific type of literary tropes that occur in fantasy fiction. Worldbuilding, in particular, has many common conventions, as do plot and characterization, to a lesser extent. Many works of fantasy operate using these tropes, while others use them in a revisionist manner, making the tropes over for reasons such as for comic effect. The conflict of good against evil is a theme in the popular forms of fantasy, normally, evil characters erupt from their lands to invade. In some works, mostly notably in sword and sorcery, evil is not opposed by the unambiguously good, heroic characters are a mainstay of fantasy, particularly high fantasy and sword and sorcery. Such characters are capable of more than ordinary behavior, physically, morally, sometimes they might have to grow into the role ordained for them. This may take the form of maturation, which is often through Coming of Age, many protagonists are, unknown to themselves, of royal blood. Even in so fanciful a tale as Through the Looking-Glass, Alice is made a queen in the end, commonly, these tales revolve around the maltreated hero coming into his or her own. This can reflect a wish-fulfillment dream, or symbolically embody a profound transformation, the forces of evil are often personified in a Dark Lord. Besides possessing vast magical abilities, a Dark Lord often controls great armies, the villain of the Demon Sword video game is also literally called Dark Lord. In the Lone Wolf gamebooks, the Dark Lords are a race of powerful evil beings. The protagonists of the Overlord video game franchise are classic Dark Lords in the vein of Sauron, the Dark Lord is usually seen as unmarried, though there has been occasion when one has attempted to claim a bride. Quests, a trope in literature, are common in fantasy. They can be anything from a quest to locate the MacGuffins necessary to save the world, in fantasy, magic often has an overwhelming presence, although its precise nature is delineated in the book in which it appears. It can appear in a world, or in a fantasy land that is part of reality but insulated from the mundane lands. A common trope is that the ability to work magic is innate, as a consequence the person who uses it, usually called a magician, wizard, sorcerer, warlock, mage, or magus, is a common figure in fantasy. Another feature is the item, which can endow characters with magical abilities that are not innate. Among the most common are magic swords and magic rings, self-fulfilling prophecies are amongst the most common forms of magic because they are an often used plot device
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