1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Castello Plan
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The Castello Plan — officially entitled Afbeeldinge van de Stadt Amsterdam in Nieuw Neederlandt — is an early city map of Lower Manhattan from an original of 1660. It was created by Jacques Cortelyou, a surveyor in what was then called New Amsterdam — later renamed by Province of New York settlement as New York City. The map presently in the New York Public Library is a copy created around 1665 to 1670 by a draughtsman from a lost Cortelyou original. Around 1667, cartographer Joan Blaeu bound the existing plan, together with other hand-crafted New Amsterdam depictions, to an atlas and this transaction most likely happened in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, as it has yet to be proven that Blaeu ever set foot in New Netherland. The plan remained in Italy, where in 1900 it was discovered at the Villa di Castello near Florence and it was printed in 1916 and received the name Castello Plan at that time. It is covered extensively in Volume 2 of Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes six-volume survey, The Iconography of Manhattan Island
3.
New Netherland
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New Netherland was a 17th-century colonial province of the Seven United Netherlands that was located on the East Coast of North America. The colony was conceived as a business venture to exploit the North American fur trade. The settlement of New Sweden encroached on its flank, while its northern border was re-drawn to accommodate an expanding New England. During the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a port for trade in the North Atlantic. The surrender of Fort Amsterdam to England in 1664 was formalized in 1667, in 1673, the Dutch re-took the area but relinquished it under the Second Treaty of Westminster ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War the next year. The inhabitants of New Netherland were Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans, descendants of the original settlers played a prominent role in colonial America. For two centuries, New Netherland Dutch culture characterized the region, during the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth, known as the Dutch Golden Age in the Netherlands. Nations vied for domination of trade routes around the globe. Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles across the continent, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. He was turned back by the ice of the Arctic in his second attempt and he ended up exploring the waters off the east coast of North America aboard the vlieboot Halve Maen. His first landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod, Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay, so he sailed south to the Bay then turned northward, traveling close along the shore. He first discovered Delaware Bay and began to sail upriver looking for the passage and this effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the Halve Maen continued north. After passing Sandy Hook, Hudson and his crew entered the narrows into the Upper New York Bay, Hudson believed that he had found the continental water route, so he sailed up the major river which later bore his name, the Hudson. He found the water too shallow to proceed several days later, at the site of present-day Troy and his report was first published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren, an Antwerp émigré and the Dutch Consul at London. This stimulated interest in exploiting this new resource, and it was the catalyst for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Flemish Lutheran émigré merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the first follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610. In 1611–1612, the Admiralty of Amsterdam sent two expeditions to find a passage to China with the yachts Craen and Vos, captained by Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat. The results of explorations, surveys, and charts made from 1609 through 1614 were consolidated in Block’s map
4.
Fortifications of New Netherland
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New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th century colony of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on the northeastern coast of North America. The claimed territory included southern Cape Cod to parts of the Delmarva Peninsula, settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Its capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the tip of the island of Manhattan on Upper New York Bay. Explored in 1609 by Henry Hudson while sailing on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company, international law required not only discovery and a charter, but also the founding of forts and villages to confirm a territorial claim. Large-scale settlements were rejected by the Dutch in favor of the factorijen, a trading post with soldiers, during the first decade the New Netherland Company built Fort Nassau in Mahican/Mohawk territory on the North River. Among the places it is believed factorijen were set up are Schenectady, Schoharie, Esopus, Rodenbergh, Communipaw, Ninigret, and Manhattan. The Dutch West India Company was granted a charter by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on June 3,1621, the first settlers landed on Noten Island in 1624 and began the fortification and population of the colony. The names Fort Nassau and Fort Orange were used by the Dutch in the 17th century for several fortifications around the world in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau. New Sweden was first settled in 1637 on territory claimed by the Dutch Republic and it was brought under Dutch control in a military expedition led by Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant in 1655. In that year the government enacted regulations requiring settlers throughout the province to construct stockades to which they could withdraw if attacked, the most extensive being at Wiltwyck
5.
Fort Amsterdam
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The construction of the fort marked the official founding date of New York City as recognized by the Seal of New York City. In October 1683 what would become the first session of the New York legislature convened at the fort, guns at the fort formed the original battery, nearby Battery Park is named for this feature. The forts site is now occupied by the Alexander Hamilton U. S, custom House, which houses the George Gustav Heye Center, part of the National Museum of the American Indian. Fort Amsterdam was designed by Cryn Fredericks, chief engineer of the New Netherland colony, seventeenth-century Dutch forts all followed a similar design. Probably originally intended as a standard star-shaped fort, Fort Amsterdam had four sides with a bastion at each corner to protect the walls. The fort was built of hard-packed earth or rubble as earthworks would absorb cannon fire without collapsing as stone walls might, much of the construction was probably done by enslaved Africans held by the Dutch West India Company. The fort was constructed at the tip of Manhattan Island, at the junction of the East. Building commenced in 1625 under the direction of Willem Verhulst, the director of the New Netherland colony. The elevation of the site was somewhat higher than today. The fort stood on a hill that sloped down to Pearl Street, at the time, Manhattan was only lightly settled, as most of the Dutch West India Company operations were upriver along the Hudson in order to conduct trading operation for beaver pelts. According to John Romeyn Brodhead, while the fort was under construction, when they reached the Kolck, a pond near what is now Chinatown, they were set upon by three farmhands, and one of the two adults was killed. When the young boy who was with them grew older, he took his revenge for the murder of his uncle, which act served as a pretext for Kiefts War. The fort was the nucleus of the New Amsterdam settlement with a mission of protecting New Netherland colony operations in the Hudson River against attack from the English, although its main function was military, it also served as the center of trading activity. It contained a barracks, the church, a house for the West India Company director, troops from the fort used the triangle between the Heerestraat and what came to be known as Whitehall Street for marching drills. It is sometimes asserted that around 1620, the Dutch East India Company contacted the English architect Inigo Jones asking him to design a fortification for the harbor. Jones responded in a letter with a plan for a fortification made of stone and lime and surrounded by a moat. Jones advised the company against constructing a fort out of haste. The involvement of Jones cannot be corroborated with reliable documentary evidence, in autumn 1664, four English warships with several hundred soldiers onboard arrived in New Amsterdam’s harbor and demanded the Dutch surrender
6.
Fort Nassau (North River)
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Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, located beside the North River within present-day Albany, New York, in the United States. The factorij was a fortification which served as a trading post. Henry Hudson explored what would be known as the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609, christiaensen built on the remains of a 1540 French fur traders fort or store house. This was the first Dutch settlement in North America, jacob Eelkens became commander on Christiaensens death in 1616. In 1617 a freshet damaged the fort to such an extent that it was abandoned and this new fortification was built by Eelkens on a prominence called Tawass-gunshee by the natives. Once the new fort was completed, the Dutch completed their first treaty with natives of North America, in 1618 a freshet destroyed the new fort, and it was abandoned for good. In 1624, the Dutch built Fort Orange nearby, Fort Nassau was built on what is now called Westerlo Island and was formerly called Castle Island. The island was part of the town of Bethlehem until 1926 when it was annexed to the city of Albany and it has been part of the Port of Albany-Rensselaer since 1932. Fort Nassau was a 36-foot long by 26-foot wide building enclosed by a 58-foot square stockade surrounded by an 18-foot wide moat, the fort was defended by two large cannon and eleven swivel guns. The fort was garrisoned by 10-12 men, Fort Nassau Fortifications of New Netherland History of Albany, New York New Netherland settlements The Trading House 1615 Artist Len Tantillos vision of what Fort Nassau may have looked like
7.
Fort Orange (New Netherland)
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Fort Orange was the first permanent Dutch settlement in New Netherland, the present-day city of Albany, New York developed at this site. It was built in 1624 as a replacement for Fort Nassau, which had built on nearby Castle Island and served as a trading post until 1617 or 1618. Both forts were named in honor of the Dutch House of Orange-Nassau, after conquest of the region by the English, they soon abandoned Fort Orange in favor of a new fort, Fort Frederick, constructed in 1676. In 1624, a ship with 30 Protestant Walloons landed in New Netherland,18 of the men were sent to the location near present-day Albany, the Walloons were later recalled south to settle New Amsterdam. A1628 publication on the population of New Netherland stated that there are no families at Fort Orange and they keep five or six and twenty persons, traders, there. The Dutch party was ambushed and three men were killed approximately a mile from the fort, roughly where Lincoln Park and Delaware Avenue are sited today, whereas later settlement would be through the purchase of land from the Native Americans, the Dutch built Fort Orange without any consent. They continued to hold it only through the goodwill of the Mahican, and this land patent was interpreted by van Rensselaer as including Fort Orange and the settlement that had begun outside its walls. He began purchasing and acquiring title to the lands from the Mahican, in 1630, Gillis Hoosett purchased in van Rensselaers name the lands to the south and north of the fort from the natives. Later in 1630 the first permanent Dutch settlers and farmers came to Fort Orange and settled on the outskirts of the fort, their village was first called the Fuyck and later Beverwyck. In 1634 the commander of Fort Orange ordered Harmen Meyndertsz van den Bogaert west into the Mohawk Valley and Indian country, the trip lasted six weeks and took Bogaert and his men through a number of Mohawk villages and into Oneida villages, at least 100 miles from the fort. This journey was recorded in van den Bogaerts daily journal which is titled, A Journey into Mohawk and Oneida Country. In the 1640s a French Jesuit priest and missionary, Isaac Jogues, described Fort Orange as a little fort. built of stakes. In 1648, dispute arose between agents of the Dutch West India Company and agents of the patroon over control of Fort Orange, several confrontations arose over the status of the fort and the rights of settlers around it. Stuyvesant at first ordered all buildings within cannon shot of the fort to be destroyed, in response, the patroons agent, Commander van Schlechtenhorst, decided to expand settlement to within pistol shot of Fort Orange. After the yearly freshets had damaged much of the fort, the West India Company decided to reconstruct the fort using stone. In response, van Schlechtenhorst declared it illegal for anyone to quarry stone within Rensselaerswyck for the fort or for anyone to sell the material to the forts commander, all material for the fort had to be shipped in from outside the colony. In 1651, Stuyvesant declared the jurisdiction of the fort to extend 600 paces around the fort, thereby severing it from Rensselaerswyck, he appointed Johannes Dyckman as commissary of Fort Orange. By the end of the 1650s, the fort was in disrepair again, in 1663 smallpox raged in Fort Orange, killing one person a day, which was a large percentage given the small population in the fort
8.
Fort Nassau (South River)
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Fort Nassau was a factorij in New Netherland between 1627-1651 located at the mouth of Big Timber Creek at its confluence with the Delaware River. It was the first known permanent European-built structure in what would become the state of New Jersey, the creek name is a derived from the Dutch language Timmer Kill as recorded by David Pietersen de Vries in his memoirs of his journey of 1630–1633. The Delaware Valley and its bay was called the South River and they also wanted to retain a physical claim to the territory. While the fort is described as being at todays Gloucester City, New Jersey, analysis places it on the peninsula in the cove. Or possibly on the side of the creeks cove, at todays Westville. Initially the fort was occupied intermittently, and on occasion used by the population in seasonal migrations. In 1635, colonists from Virginia Colony occupied the fort, the governor of New Netherland at the time, Wouter van Twiller, sent a force and was successful in retaking the fort. This was the first of conflicts between the English and Dutch in the New World, while thereafter the fort was continuously manned, the location was ill-suited to trade, as the richest fur-trapping areas were on the west side of the Delaware River. From 1638-1655 the Delaware Valley was part of New Sweden and it was established by Peter Minuit, former Director of New Netherland who had purchased the island of Manhattan. In 1651, Petrus Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Netherland, had the fort partially dismantled, relocating its armaments and he wanted to menace the Swedish and re-assert jurisdiction of the region, he renamed the structure as Fort Casimir. On Trinity Sunday in 1654, Johan Risingh, Commissary and Councilor to New Sweden Governor Lt. Col. Johan Printz and he tried to expel the Dutch from the Delaware Valley and sent forces against Fort Casimir, the garrison surrendered. He renamed it as Fort Trinity, the Swedes now completely controlled their colony. On June 21,1654, local bands of the Lenape met with the Swedes to reaffirm their ownership, Peter Stuyvesant led a Dutch force which retook the fort on September 11,1655. He renamed it as New Amstel, subsequently, Fort Christina also fell to the Dutch on September 15 and all New Sweden came under their control. The Dutch appointed John Paul Jacquet as governor, and made New Amstel the capital of the Dutch-controlled colony
9.
Wall Street
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Wall Street is an eight-block-long street running roughly northwest to southeast from Broadway to South Street, at the East River, in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. Over time, the term has become a metonym for the markets of the United States as a whole. Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, there are varying accounts about how the Dutch-named de Walstraat got its name. A conflicting explanation is that Wall Street was named after Walloons— the Dutch name for a Walloon is Waal, among the first settlers that embarked on the ship Nieu Nederlandt in 1624 were 30 Walloon families. The Dutch word wal can be translated as rampart, however, even some English maps show the name as Waal Straat, and not as Wal Straat. But soon after that, the Dutch governor, Kieft, sent his men out there one night, few of them escaped, but they spread the story of what had been done, and this did much to antagonize all the remaining tribes against all the white settlers. Shortly after, Nieuw Amsterdam erected a palisade for defense against its now enraged red neighbors. The space between the walls is now called Wall Street, and its spirit is still that of a bulwark against the people. In the 1640s basic picket and plank fences denoted plots and residences in the colony, in 1685, surveyors laid out Wall Street along the lines of the original stockade. In these early days, local merchants and traders would gather at disparate spots to buy and sell shares and bonds, Wall Street was also the marketplace where owners could hire out their slaves by the day or week. The rampart was removed in 1699, the slave market operated from 1711 to 1762 at the corner of Wall and Pearl Streets. It was a structure with a roof and open sides, although walls may have been added over the years. The city directly benefited from the sale of slaves by implementing taxes on every person who was bought, in the late 18th century there was a buttonwood tree at the foot of Wall Street under which traders and speculators would gather to trade securities. The benefit was being in proximity to each other, in 1792, traders formalized their association with the Buttonwood Agreement which was the origin of the New York Stock Exchange. The idea of the agreement was to make the more structured and without the manipulative auctions. Persons signing the agreement agreed to each other a standard commission rate, persons not signing could still participate. In 1789 Wall Street was the scene of the United States first presidential inauguration when George Washington took the oath of office on the balcony of Federal Hall on April 30,1789 and this was also the location of the passing of the Bill Of Rights. Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Treasury secretary and architect of the early United States financial system, is buried in the cemetery of Trinity Church, in the first few decades, both residences and businesses occupied the area, but increasingly business predominated
10.
Fort Casimir
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Fort Casimir was a Dutch fort in the seventeenth-century colony of New Netherland. It was located on a no-longer existing barrier island at the end of Chestnut Street in what is now New Castle, Delaware. The Dutch called the Delaware River the Zuyd Rivier, or South River, and considered the lands along it banks and those of its bay to be the southern flank of its colony of New Netherland. In 1638, the Delaware Valley began to be settled by Swedes, Finns, Dutch, the fort changed hands several times. Shortly after his arrival to take up his position as up as Director-General of New Netherland in 1647, Peter Stuyvesant, attempted to control of the region. In his initial attempt at control, he effected the construction of Fort Beversreede near the terminus of the Great Minquas Path, in 1651, Stuyvesant had the fort dismantled and relocated to the western bank downstream from Fort Christina, the first and one of the larger Swedish settlements. Fort Beversreede was abandoned and the Dutch presence was consolidated, Fort Casimir surrendered to the Swedes and was renamed Fort Trinity. On June 21,1654, the native peoples met with the Swedes to reaffirm their alliance, Stuyvesant led a Dutch force which retook the fort on September 11,1655, renaming it New Amstel. Fort Christina, located 6.5 mi to the fell on September 15,1655. Fort Nya Elfsborg, on the east bank, was abandoned, New Sweden came under the control of the Dutch. John Paul Jacquet was immediately appointed director, making New Amstel a regional stronghold of the Dutch colony. It has been suggested that the Peach War attack] was a retaliation, in 1664, the Dutch surrendered control of Fort Amsterdam, and thereafter all of New Netherland fell to the English. Proceeding south the English peacefully took Fort Altena, some resistance was offered at Fort Casimir, but the fort quickly succumbed. In 1673-1674 it came under Dutch control again, but reverted to the English after the signing of the Treaty of Westminster, the fort was abandoned around 1675 and the site was used for several different commercial purposes. Low laying areas around the old site were filled with ash. It is believed that presently a parking lot and several houses are located above the remains of the fort, a preliminary archeological survey of the area was conducted in 1986. Johnson, Amandus Johan Classon Rising, The last governor of New Sweden Johnson, Amandus The Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664, Volume II Weslager, C. A
11.
Fort Christina
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Fort Christina was the first Swedish settlement in North America and the principal settlement of the New Sweden colony. They landed at a spot along the Christina River at a stone outcropping which formed a natural wharf, minuit selected the site on the Christina River near the Delaware as being optimal for trade in beaver pelts with the local Lenape. He also considered the site easily defensible, and he ordered the construction of a fort around the Rocks. At the time, the Dutch had claimed the south to the Delaware. The forts earthworks were strengthened in 1640 by Governor Peter Hollander Ridder to help defend against the possibility of Dutch or Native American attacks. As additional colonists arrived from Sweden in the following the landing, homes. The fort was entirely in 1647. The colony of New Sweden remained in constant friction with the Dutch, in 1651, the Dutch under Peter Stuyvesant established Fort Casimir at present-day New Castle, only 7 mi south of Fort Christina, in order to menace the Swedish settlement. In 1654, the Swedes captured Fort Casimir under the orders of Governor Johan Risingh, Risingh, fearing reprisals, strengthened the defenses of Fort Christina by adding a wooden palisade around the earthworks. In 1655, the Dutch under Stuyvesant returned in force and laid siege to Fort Christina, Stuyvesant renamed Fort Christina as Fort Altena. The land remained as part of New Netherland until it became part of the English possessions when an English fleet invaded the area in 1664, under English rule, the original Swedish fortifications around the Rocks fell into disrepair and eventually vanished entirely. New fortifications were built by the Americans on the site during the Revolutionary period. Men involved in the defense of the fort included Caesar Augustus Rodney and James A. Bayard, Sr. In 1938, to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Swedish colonization of the area, the state of Delaware created a park which contained the Rocks and the site of the former forts. The dedication was attended by U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Crown Prince Gustav Adolf, Crown Princess Louise, the Prince presented a gift from their homeland, a monument, topped by a replica of the Kalmar Nyckel, designed by Swedish sculptor Carl Milles. During the ceremony, the Prince spoke of the significance to both countries, The monument to be unveiled today is a gift from the people of Sweden to the people of the United States. The funds were raised through subscription, wherein several hundred thousands of our citizens took part. I believe that amongst these subscribers, many had across the Atlantic brothers and sisters, parents, near this spot, the Fort Christina State Park, was the first permanent settlement in the Delaware Valley
12.
Fort Beversreede
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Fort Beversreede was a Dutch-built palisaded factorij located near the confluence of the Schuylkill River and the Delaware River. It was an outpost of the colony of New Netherland, which was centered on its capital, New Amsterdam, the exact location of the fort is uncertain. A1655 Swedish map shows it on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, on Providence Island, scharf & Westcott put it on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, opposite Minquas Creek. A 1770s map of Philadelphias naval defenses shows a fort on the island, directly adjacent to the fort was the terminus of the Great Minquas Path, an 80-mile trail from the Susquehanna River to the Schuylkill River. This was the trade route for furs from the Susquehannock people. Though never recognized by the Dutch, the Delaware Valley region was effectively under control of the Swedish colony of New Sweden, which was first settled in 1638 at Fort Christina. Though the Swedes colony included Dutch residents, the only official Dutch presence in the area was across the Delaware River at Fort Nassau, in 1642, members of the Connecticut Colony attempted to settle in the area, but their homes were burned and the nascent colony was repelled. The Swedes had a claim for land at the mouth of the Schuylkill River. In 1648, they built a stockaded 30-by-20-foot blockhouse directly in front of it, the Swedish building was said to be only twelve feet from the gate of the Dutch fort. It was meant to intimidate the Dutch residents and intercept trade, in 1651, the Dutch abandoned Fort Beversreede and dismantled and relocated Fort Nassau to the Christina River, downstream from the Swedes Fort Christina. The Dutch consolidated their forces at the fort, renamed Fort Casimir. There is no remnant of either Fort Beversreede or Fort Nya Korsholm, nearby Mud Island became the site of Fort Mifflin in 1771. Widening of the Schuylkills channel, subsequent land reclamation, as well as other transportation, but the site of the forts is probably south of the mouth of Mingo Creek and north of the George C. Platt Bridge
13.
Fort Nya Korsholm
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New Sweden was one part of Swedish colonization efforts in the Americas. Fort Christina the first settlement, named after the reigning Swedish monarch, along with Swedes and Finns, a number of the settlers were Dutch. New Sweden was conquered by the Dutch in 1655, during the Second Northern War, by the middle of the 17th century, the Realm of Sweden had reached its greatest territorial extent and was one of the great powers of Europe. Sweden then included Finland and Estonia, along parts of modern Russia, Poland, Germany. The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural and fur-trading colony to circumvent French, the Swedish South Company was founded in 1626 with a mandate to establish colonies between Florida and Newfoundland for the purposes of trade, particularly along the Delaware River. Its charter included Swedish, Dutch, and German stockholders led by directors of the New Sweden Company, the company sponsored 11 expeditions in 14 separate voyages to Delaware between 1638 and 1655. The first Swedish expedition to North America sailed from the port of Gothenburg in late 1637 and it was organized and overseen by Clas Fleming, a Swedish Admiral from Finland. A Dutchman, Samuel Blommaert, assisted the fitting-out and appointed Peter Minuit to lead the expedition and they built a fort on the present site of Wilmington, which they named Fort Christina, after Queen Christina of Sweden. Peter Minuit was to become the first governor of the established colony of New Sweden. Having been the Director of the Dutch West India Company, and he knew that the Dutch had established deeds for the lands east of the river, but not for the lands to the west. Minuit made good on his appointment by landing on the west bank of the river, sachems of the Susquehannocks were also present. They held a conclave in his cabin on the Kalmar Nyckel, Director Willem Kieft objected to the landing of the Swedes, but Minuit ignored him, since he knew that the Dutch were militarily impotent at the moment. Minuit finished Fort Christina during 1638, then departed for Stockholm for a second group and he made a side trip to the Caribbean to pick up a shipment of tobacco for resale in Europe to make the voyage profitable. Minuit died on this voyage during a hurricane at St. Christopher in the Caribbean, the official duties of the first governor of New Sweden were carried out by Lieutenant Måns Nilsson Kling, until a new governor was chosen and brought from Sweden two years later. The Swedish colony prospered at first, in 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their victory in a war against the English in the Province of Maryland. In May 1654, the Dutch Fort Casimir was captured by soldiers from the New Sweden colony led by governor Johan Risingh, Fort Casimir was renamed Fort Trinity. The Dutch moved an army to the Delaware River in the summer of 1655, easily capturing Fort Trinity, the Swedish settlement was incorporated into Dutch New Netherland on September 15,1655. At first the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to enjoy local autonomy and they kept their own militia, religion, court, and lands
14.
The Rondout
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Rondout, is situated on the Hudson, at the mouth of Rondout Creek. Originally a maritime village serving the city of Kingston, New York. It now includes the Rondout-West Strand Historic District, the creek empties into the Hudson through a large, protected tidal area. The name derives from the fort, or redoubt, that was erected near the mouth of the creek, the Dutch equivalent of the English word redoubt, is reduyt. As late as the 1820s, Rondout was a small hamlet, after the opening of the canal in 1828, the area of Rondout rapidly transformed from farmland into a thriving maritime village. The last several miles of the canal, which linked coal mines in northeastern Pennsylvania to the Hudson River and markets beyond, Irish laborers came to dig the canal and many of them stayed to work on it after its completion. Businessmen established stores to serve the workers, steamboats, sloops, schooners, and barges loaded with passengers and cargo regularly left the port bound for New York City. New industries developed such as brick and cement manufacturing, bluestone shipping, as canal traffic increased, homes and commercial businesses were built along the slope upward from the Rondout Creek. Rondout Creek was the home of the Cornell Steamboat Company tugboat fleet, the company was started in 1847. At one time it had a fleet of as many as sixty-two tugboats towing barges of coal and many materials on the Hudson River to New York. Eventually Cornell had a monopoly of towing on the Hudson River and employed hundreds of workers on their boats. By 1872 more than thirty steamboats were based our of Rondout, many of which, as well as a large number of barges and sailing vessels, were engaged in the transportation of stone, coal, cement, brick, and ice. Steamboats such as the sidewheel Queen of the River, Kingstons Mary Powell, the little sidewheeler Norwich, was built in New York in 1836 by Lawrence & Sneeden of New York for the New York and Norwich Steamboat Co. Converted to towboat service, in which she from 1850 to 1923 and she was unexcelled as an ice-breaker, opening up the channels in the spring. The Erie Railroad paid her to clear a passage through the ice for its barge, verplanck and Collyer, in Sloops on the Hudson, write that Capt. Jacob Dubois required one week to work the Norwich 20 miles through heavy ice to New York City from Piermont. One of the steamboats, the Norwich worked the Hudson until 1917. Prior to its incorporation, Rondout was known variously as The Strand, Kingston Landing, the Strand is a Dutch derived reference to the beach once located on the north shore of the Rondout Creek. Bolton was used in honor a president of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company, incorporated on April 4,1849, Rondout served as a Hudson River port for the city of Kingston located about a mile distant
15.
New Netherland settlements
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New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on northeastern coast of North America. The claimed territory were the lands from the Delmarva Peninsula to southern Cape Cod, settled areas are now part of Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, with small out posts in Connecticut, and Pennsylvania. Its capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the tip of the island of Manhattan on the Upper New York Bay. Initially explored in 1609 by Henry Hudson, sailing on an expedition for the Dutch East India Company, the region was surveyed and charted. International law required not only discovery and charting but also settlement to perfect a territorial claim, large scale settlement was rejected in favor of formula that was working in Asia, namely establishing factorijen. Mismanagement and underfunding by the Dutch West India Company, and misunderstandings, liberalization of trade, a degree of self-rule, and the loss of Dutch Brazil led to exponential growth in the 1650s. Transfers of power from the Netherlands to England, the last formalized in 1674, were peaceful in the province. During the first decade the first of two Fort Nassaus was built in Mahican territory, and factorijen, or small trading post went up, trapper Jan Rodrigues is believed to be the first recorded non-Native American to winter on the island of Manhattan in 1611. Initially the South River, believed to have better climate, was chosen as site of the capital, but summer humidity and mosquitos, and winter freezing, made North River, more appealing. Small groups of the arrivals were dispersed upstream to Fort Orange, to the south Fort Wilhelmus, or to Kievets Hoek. Among those who made the crossing were many Walloons and 11 Africans, in 1629, the company introduced inducements known as the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, commonly known as the patroon system. A number of attempts were made, the one of substantial success being the Manor of Rensselaerswyck. Pavonia, across the river from New Amsterdam, was returned to WIC, in 1640 company policy was changed and allowed land purchases by individuals in good standing. Another patroon patent, Zwaanendael Colony, was site of first Dutch colonial settlement on the Zuyd Rivier but was plundered after its founding in 1631. After 1638, settlement was mostly by those built in officially unrecognized New Sweden and were brought under New Netherland control in 1655, in 1663, Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted to create a utopian settlement in the region but it soon expired under English rule. Shortly after constructing their first settlement on the island of Manhattan and it was soon abandoned as the Dutch began to focus more on their new trading post on the Fresh River. Fort Huis de Goed Hoop was completed in 1633, soon after, some miles upriver, a town was established by settlers from the English Massachusetts Colony who, in 1639, formed the colony of the Plantacons of the Connecticott River. The New Haven Colony soon followed, in 1650, Petrus Stuyvesant attempted to contain further incursion to the area and, in the Treaty of Hartford, agreed to a border 50 miles west of the river
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Governors Island
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It is part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The National Park Service administers a portion of the north of the island as the Governors Island National Monument. The island is accessed by ferries from Brooklyn and Manhattan, the islands current name, made official in 1784, stems from the British colonial era, when the colonial assembly reserved the island for the exclusive use of New Yorks royal governors. In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, Continental Army troops raised defensive works on the island, from 1783 to 1966, the island was a United States Army post, and from 1966 to 1996 the island served as a major United States Coast Guard installation. About 103 acres of fill was added to the island by 1912, in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano saw the island, becoming the first European to do so. It was then called Paggank by the Native Americans, in May 1624, Noten Eylandt was the landing place of the first settlers in New Netherland. In 1633, the director of New Netherland, Wouter van Twiller. Later he operated a farm on the island, New Netherland was conditionally ceded to the English in 1664, and the English renamed the settlement New York in June 1665. By 1674, the British had total control of the island. The harbor defenses on the continued to be improved over the summer. The Continental Army forces collapsed after being flanked and eventually withdrew from Brooklyn and from Governors Island as well, from September 2 to 14, the new British garrison would engage volleys with Washingtons guns on the battery in front of Fort George in Manhattan. The fort, along with the rest of New York City, was held by the British for the rest of the war until Evacuation Day at the end of the war in 1783. At the end of the Revolution, the island, as a holding of the Crown, came into ownership by the state of New York. Noten Island was renamed Governors Island in 1784 as the island, the Governors House survives as the oldest structure on the island. By the late 1790s, the Quasi-War with France prompted a national program of harbor fortifications and the state of New York began improvements as a credit for its Revolutionary War debt. The first, Fort Jay, was built in 1794 by the state of New York on the site of the earlier Revolutionary War earthworks, a sandstone and brick gate house topped with a sculpture of an eagle dates to that time and is the oldest structure on the island. The second major fortification, Castle Williams, was based on a design by Colonel Jonathan Williams, construction started in 1807 and substantially completed in November 1811. Located on a shoal extending from the northwest corner of the island, it was inspired by then-modern French thinking on fortifications
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Rensselaerswyck
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The estate was originally deeded by the Dutch West India Company in 1630 to Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a Dutch merchant and one of the companys original directors. Rensselaerswyck extended for miles on side of the Hudson River near present-day Albany. It included most of what are now the present New York counties of Albany and Rensselaer, as well as parts of Columbia, under the terms of the patroonship, the patroon had nearly total jurisdictional authority, establishing civil and criminal law, villages, a church. Tenant farmers were allowed to work on the land, but had to pay rent to the owners, in addition, the Rensselaers harvested timber from the property. The patroonship was maintained intact by Rensselaer descendants for more than two centuries and it was split up after the death of its last patroon, Stephen van Rensselaer III in 1839. At his death, van Rensselaers land holdings made him the tenth-richest American in history to date, the manor was split between Stephen IIIs sons, Stephen IV and William. Tenant farmers began protesting the feudal system and their anti-rent movement was eventually successful, Stephen IV and William sold off most of their land, ending the patroonship in the 1840s. For length of operations, it was the most successful patroonship established under the West India Company system and this established a Dutch presence in the area, formally called New Netherland. In June 1620, the Dutch West India Company was established by the States-General, in 1630, the managers of the West India Company, in order to attract capitalists to the colony, offered certain exclusive privileges to the members of the company. The only restriction was that the colony had to be outside the island of Manhattan, to meet such cases, the West India Company adopted the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions for the agricultural colonization of its American province. The chief features of this charter stated that lands for each colony could extend 16 miles in length if confined to one side of a river or 8 miles if both sides were occupied. Additionally, the lands could extend into the countryside and even be enlarged if more immigrants were to settle there, each patroon would have the chief command within their respective patroonship, having the sole rights to fish and hunt. If a city were to be founded within its boundaries, the patroon would have the power and authority to establish officers, each patroonship was free of taxes and tariffs for ten years following its founding. Colonists of a patroonship were limited by the West India Company in some instances, for example, fur trading was illegal for colonists, it was reserved as a Company monopoly. But, patroonships had the right to trade anywhere from Newfoundland to Florida, each patroon was required to satisfy the Indians of that place for the land, implying that the land must be bought from the local Indians, and not just taken. Additionally, the Company agreed to all colonists, whether free or in service, from all aggressors. For longer time than it shall see fit, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, a pearl and diamond merchant of Amsterdam, was one of the original directors of the West India Company and one of the first to take advantage of the new settlement charter. This took place even before the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions was ratified, on April 8,1630, a representative for van Rensselaer purchased a large tract of land from its American Indian owners adjacent to Fort Orange, on the west side of the Hudson River
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History of Harlem
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As many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. The first European settlement in the area was by siblings Hendrick, Isaac and Rachel de Forest, in 1639 Jochem Pietersen Kuyter established the homestead named Zedendaal, or Blessed Valley, stretched along the Harlem River from about the present 127th Street to 140th Street. The settlement was named Nieuw Haarlem, after the Dutch city of Haarlem, the Indian trail to Harlems lush bottomland meadows was rebuilt by black laborers of the Dutch West India Company, and eventually developed into the Boston Post Road. The British also tried to change the name of the community to Lancaster, but the name never stuck, the Dutch took control of the area again for one year in 1673. The village grew slowly until the middle 18th century. Only the Morris-Jumel Mansion survives from this period, Harlem played an important role in the American Revolution. The British had established their base of operations in lower Manhattan, from Harlem, he could control the land routes to the north, as well as traffic on the Harlem River. The New York Provincial Congress met in White Plains, as did the convention drafting the constitution for New York State and it was Washingtons first American victory. Later that year, the British would avenge this defeat by chasing Washington and his troops north, then turning back, rebuilding took decades, and infrastructure was improved much more slowly than was happening in New York City proper. The 1811 report that accompanied the Commissioners Plan of 1811 noted that it was improbable that the north of the Harlem Flat will be covered with houses. Though undeveloped, the area was not poor, Harlem was a synonym for elegant living through a good part of the nineteenth century. The village remained largely farmland estates, such as Van Keulens Hook, otterspoor, bordered north of the Mill Creek, which flowed into Harlem Lake, to the farm of Morris Randall, northwest on the Harlem River, and westward to the Peter Benson, or Mill Farm. This branch of the Roosevelt family subsequently moved to the town of Hyde Park, as late as 1820, the community had dwindled to 91 families, a church, a school, and a library. Wealthy farmers, known as patroons, maintained country estates largely on the heights overlooking the Hudson River. Piers were also built, enabling Harlem to become an industrial suburb serving New York City, the rapid development of infrastructure enabled some to become wealthy, and the area became important to politicians, many of whom lived in Harlem. New York mayors Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence and Daniel Tiemann both lived in Harlem in this period, for many in New York City, Harlem was at this time regarded as a sort of country retreat. The village had a population of residents as well, including blacks. Between 1850 and 1870, many estates, including Hamilton Grange
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Kingston, New York
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Kingston /ˈkɪŋstən/ is a city in and the county seat of Ulster County, New York, United States. It is 91 miles north of New York City and 59 miles south of Albany and it became New Yorks first capital in 1777, and was burned by the British on October 13,1777, after the Battles of Saratoga. In the 19th century, the city became an important transport hub after the discovery of cement in the region. As early as 1614 the Dutch had set up a factorij at Ponckhockie, at the junction of the Rondout Creek, the first recorded permanent settler in what would become the city of Kingston, was Thomas Chambers, who came from the area of Rensselaerswyck in 1653. The place was called Esopus after the local Esopus tribe, as more settlers arrived, tensions developed between the Esopus and the Dutch, in part due to the Dutch selling alcohol to the young Esopus men. In the spring of 1658 Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of New Amsterdam, arrived and advised the residents if they wished to remain they must re-locate to high ground. Tensions continued between the Esopus and the settlers, eventually leading to the Esopus Wars, in 1661 the settlement was granted a charter as a separate municipality, Stuyvesant named it Wiltwijck. It was not until 1663 that the Dutch ended the conflict with the Esopus through a coalition of Dutch settlers, Wappinger. Wiltwyck was one of three large Hudson River settlements in New Netherland, the two being Beverwyck, now Albany, and New Amsterdam, now New York City. With the English seizure of New Netherland in 1664, relations between the Dutch settlers and the English soldiers garrisoned there were often strained, in 1669 Wiltwyck was renamed Kingston, in honor of the family seat of Governor Lovelaces mother. In 1777, Kingston became the first capital of New York, during the summer of 1777, when the New York State constitution was written, New York City was occupied by British troops and Albany was under threat of attack by the British. The seat of government was moved to Kingston, which was deemed safer, however, the British never reached Albany, having been stopped at Saratoga, but they did reach Kingston. On October 13,1777, the city was burned by British troops moving up river from New York City, the denizens of Kingston knew of the oncoming fleet. By the time the British arrived, the residents and government officials had removed to Hurley, the area was a major granary for the colonies at the time, so the British burned large amounts of wheat and all but one or two of the buildings. Kingston celebrates and re-enacts the 1777 burning of the city by the British every other year, Kingston was incorporated as a village on April 6,1805. In the early 1800s four sloops plied the river from Kingston to New York, by 1829 steamers made the trip to Manhattan in a little over twelve hours, usually travelling by night. Columbus Point was the landing for Kingston and stage lines ran from the village to the Point. The Dutch cultural influence in Kingston remained strong through the end of the nineteenth century, prior to 1825 Rondout was a small farming village
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Bergen, New Netherland
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These early settlements were along the banks of the North River across from New Amsterdam, under whose jurisdiction they fell. Explored to The Narrows by Giovanni da Verrazzano, sailing on French expedition in 1524 and it was again visited in 1609 by the Englishman Henry Hudson, who had been commissioned by the Dutch East India Company to find a navigable passage to Asia. During this journey his ship, the Halve Maen, laid anchor at Sandy Hook, Harsimus Cove, and Weehawken Cove, at the time the existing population were bands of seasonally migrational Algonquian people, the Lenape. The area that would become Bergen was the territory of Unami, or Turtle Clan, called the Hackensack Indians, while the Hackensack tended to camp on the tidal lands, the Tappan moved in the highlands. Other closely related peoples circulated in the region, the Acquackanonk, the Manhattan, the Raritan, the Haverstraw, the Rockaway, some were later called Delaware Indians. Their larger communities were palisaded villages where they practiced companion planting to supplement foraging, hunting, shellfishing in the vast oyster beds spread throughout the entire estuary was essential to their diet. A basic misconception was that while Europeans thought they were buying land in perpetuity, the Lenape believed they were entering into alliances with farming, hunting. The Tappan and Hackensack had early and frequent contact with the settlers, in 1621, the Dutch West India Company was founded to exploit trade in the Western Hemisphere, and by 1625 had established a colony at New Amsterdam. In the hope of encouraging settlement the company, in 1629, started to offer vast land grants and it was given the Latinized form of his surname, Pavonia. It is said it was sold to him by the Manhattans after they had retreated there after the sale of their island to Peter Minuit some years before. In 1633, the WIC commissioned a house to be built for a superintendent, Jan Everts Bout. Another homestead was built at Ahasimus by his replacement, Hendrick Van Vorst, abraham Isaac Planck received a land patent for Paulus Hook on May 1,1638. In 1640, David Pietersen de Vries bought from the Tappan a tract of about 500 acres and established Vriessendael, in 1643, Hoebuk, was leased by Aert Van Putten, where he built North Americas first brewery. These homesteads grew into small, mostly agricultural, communities as the land around them was sold or leased, trade between the indigenous and settling populations consisted mostly of wampum, European manufactured goods, and beaver pelts. Though the settlements were small, they were trading posts with a good harbor. Place naming in 17th century Europe was frequently influenced by location in reference to places, shape, age, topography. Such was the case with Achter Kol, Achter, meaning behind, and kol, meaning ridge or pass, can be translated as the behind the ridge, in this case Bergen Neck. The river valleys to the north would allow access to the interior, the term Achter Col was used by the New Netherlanders, and later the English colonials, to describe the entire region around Newark Bay and the waters that flow in and out of it
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Pavonia, New Netherland
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The first European to record exploration of the area was Robert Juet, first mate of Henry Hudson, an English sea captain commissioned by the Dutch East India Company. Their ship, the Halve Maen, ventured in the Kill van Kull and Newark Bay and anchored at Weehawken Cove during 1609, while exploring the Upper New York Bay, by 1617 a factorij, or trading post, was established at Communipaw. Others may have established at Arresick or Hobokan Hackingh. Initially, these posts were set up for fur trade with the indigenous population, at that time the area was inhabited by bands of Algonquian language speaking peoples, known collectively as Lenni Lenape and later called the Delawares. Early maps show it to be the territory of the Sangicans, later, the group of seasonally migrational people who circulated in the region were to become known by the exonym, Hackensack. They, along with the Tappan, the Wappinger, the Raritan, the Manhattan, the Canarsee, further explorations and settlement led to the establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan in 1625. In 1629, with the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, the Dutch West India Company started to grant the title of patroon, the deeded tracts spanned 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. The title came with powerful rights and privileges, including creating civil and criminal courts, appointing local officials, in return, a patroon was expected to establish a settlement of at least fifty families within four years of the original grant. These first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, a patent for the west bank of the North River was given to Michael Pauw, a burgermeester of Amsterdam and a director of the Dutch West India Company. Pavonia is the Latinized form of Pauws surname, which means peacock, as was required, Pauw purchased the land from the indigenous population, although the concept of ownership differed significantly for the parties involved. Three Lenape sold the land for 80 fathoms of wampum,20 fathoms of cloth,12 kettles, six guns and these transactions, dated July 12,1630, and November 22,1630, represent the earliest known conveyance for the area. It is said that the three were part of the band who had sold Manhattan Island to Peter Minuit then sold this land. On August 10,1630, Pauw obtained a deed for Staten Island, the area encompassed by Pauws holdings on Bergen Neck likely included the eight miles of shore line on each of the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers from Bergen Point to todays Bergen County line. His agent set up a small factorij and ferry slip at Arresick on the island that stills bears his anglicized name. He operated an intermittent ferry and traded with the local Lenape population, by 1630 a plantation worked by African slaves had been set up. Pauw, however, failed to fulfill the condition of establishing a community of at least 50 permanent settlers and was required to re-sell his speculative acquisition back to the company and they commissioned construction of a homestead at Gemoenepaen for their representative Jan Evertsen Bout during 1633. During 1634 a homestead was built at Ahasimus for Cornelis Hendriksen Van Vorst, abraham Isaac Planck, also known as Verplank, received a land patent for Paulus Hook on May 1,1638. A small farm went up at Kewan Punt, the leasehold of Aert Van Putten at Hobuk was the site of North Americas first brewery
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Vriessendael
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Vriessendael was a patroonship on the west bank of the Hudson River in New Netherland, the seventeenth century North American colonial province of the Dutch Empire. The homestead or plantation was located on a tract of about 500 acres about an hours walk north of Communipaw at todays Edgewater. It was established in 1640 by David Pietersen de Vries, a Dutch sea captain, explorer, the name can roughly be translated as De Vries Valley. De Vries also owned flatlands along the Hackensack River, in the area named by the Dutch settlers Achter Col, parts of Vriessendael were destroyed in 1643 in reprisal for the slaughter of Tappan and Wecquaesgeek Native Americans who had taken refuge at Pavonia and Corlears Hook. The patroons relatively good relations with the Lenape prevented the murder of the residents, who were able to seek sanctuary in the main house. Achter Col English Neighborhood Communipaw Bergen, New Netherland Hackensack Indians Haverstraw Indian Harsimus Patroon Pavonia Rensselaerswyck Zwaanendael Vriessendael Marker details
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Achter Col
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At the time of their arrival, the area was inhabited by the Hackensack and Raritan groups of Lenape. Placenaming by Dutch explorers and settlers during the era referred to a location in reference to other places, its shape, its topography. Today Newark Bay is connected to Upper New York Bay by the Kill Van Kull, the names of the channels reflect the period of Dutch colonialization. The area around the bay was called Achter Kol, which translates as behind or beyond the ridge, the emergence of the Hudson Palisades begins on Bergen Neck, the peninsula between the bay and the Hudson River. Kille in Dutch means stream or channel, during the British colonial era the bay was known as Cull bay. Kill van Kull literally translates as channel from the ridge, Arthur Kill is an anglicisation of achter kill meaning back channel, which would speak to it location behind Staten Island. Achter Kol was nearby the patroonship called Pavonia, patented in 1630, homesteads of Pavonia where clustered at Communipaw and Harsimus on the North River. Other methods of hunting included lassoing and drowning deer, as well as forming a circle around prey, in 1642, Myndert Myndertsen received a patroonship for much the land north of the Newark Bay. An absentee landlord, Myndertsen hired a superintendent Johannes Winckelman to construct a farmhouse, the homestead was at present day Bogota near the Hackensack tribes encampment at Tantanqua, todays Overpeck Creek. Perceived as an act of war by the Hackensack it was plundered and destroyed. The Achter Col Colony was not replaced The area was later settled, after some time, relations with Hackensack Lenape improved. Oratam, the sachem, or sagamore, of the Hackensack engaged peacefully and shrewdly with representatives of the Dutch West India Company, both parties were helped considerably by Sarah Kiersted, who had mastered the Algonquian language and acted as translator and scribe. For her help Oratam, in 1666, gave her a large tract of at Achinigeu-hach between the Hackensack River and Overpeck Creek in gratitude for her work as emissary and interpreter. In late 1654 a series of grants were made for land achter Kol, eventually, Oratam, deeded the land to the Dutch in 1665. A representation of Chief Oratam of the Achkinhenhcky appears on the Hackensack municipal seal, by that time the lands west of the Hudson River was called Bergen. Its administrative headquarters at the village at todays Bergen Square were later established in 1660. When area was taken by the English it kept its Dutch name and in 1675, Bergen Bergen Township Elizabethtown Tract Pavonia Patroon Vriessendael English Neighborhood
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Flushing, Queens
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Flushing is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens in the United States. Flushings diversity is reflected by the ethnic groups that reside there, including people of Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, European. It is part of the Fifth Congressional District, which encompasses the northeastern shore of Queens County. Flushing is served by five stations on the Long Island Rail Road Port Washington Branch, as well as the New York City Subways IRT Flushing Line. The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue is the third busiest intersection in New York City, behind Times, ZIP codes beginning with 113 are administered from a sectional center at Flushing Post Office. The 113-prefixed area extends west into Jackson Heights, southwest into Ridgewood, south into Forest Hills, and east into Little Neck. On October 10,1645, Flushing was established by the Dutch on the bank of Flushing Creek under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was part of the New Netherland colony. The settlement was named after the city of Vlissingen, in the southwestern Netherlands, however, by 1657, the residents called the place Vlissing. Eventually, Flushing, the British name for Vlissingen was used, despite being a Dutch colony, many of the early inhabitants were British. Unlike all other towns in the region, the charter of Flushing allowed residents freedom of religion as practiced in Holland without the disturbance of any magistrate or ecclesiastical minister, however, New Amsterdam Director-General Peter Stuyvesant issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers. On December 27,1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The Flushing Remonstrance and this contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for Jews, Turks, and Egyptians, but ended with a forceful declaration that any infringement of the town charter would not be tolerated. Subsequently, a farmer named John Bowne held Quaker meetings in his home and was arrested for this, eventually he persuaded the Dutch West India Company to allow Quakers and others to worship freely. As such, Flushing is claimed to be a birthplace of freedom in the new world. Landmarks remaining from the Dutch period in Flushing include the John Bowne House on Bowne Street, in 1664, the English took control of New Amsterdam, ending Dutch control of the colony, and renamed it the Province of New York. When Queens County was established in 1683, the Town of Flushing was one of the five towns which comprised the county. The town was dissolved in 1898 when Queens became a borough of New York City, Flushing was the site of the first commercial tree nurseries in North America, the most prominent being the Prince, Bloodgood, and Parsons nurseries. Much of the section of Kissena Park, former site of the Parsons nursery. The naming of streets intersecting Kissena Boulevard on its way toward Kissena Park celebrates this fact, Flushing also supplied trees to the Greensward project, now known as Central Park in Manhattan
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Old Town, Staten Island
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Old Town is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Staten Island, located on its East Shore. Old Town was established in August 1661 as part of New Netherland, originally described as Oude Dorpe, much of its original territory makes up what is present-day South Beach, with parts of Midland Beach and Dongan Hills. The area was settled by a group of Dutch, Walloon, present-day Old Town is typically described as the neighborhood bordered by Grasmere to the north, Dongan Hills to the south, South Beach to the east, and Concord to the west. The neighborhood is served by the Old Town station of the Staten Island Railway, the neighborhood is also served by the S78 and S79 buses on Hylan Boulevard and the S74 and S76 buses on Richmond Road, and the X1, X2, X3, and X9 express buses. The New York Tattoo Museum, located on Old Town Road, the Academy of St. Dorothy, a private Roman Catholic elementary school sits on Hylan Boulevard in Old Town. Carmel Richmond Healthcare and Rehabilitation Center, a Roman Catholic nursing home sits on Old Town Road, the home was established by the sisters of the Carmelite Order in the 1970s. A Very Special Place, a school for disabled children was opened on Quintard Street in the late 1990s. James Oddo, an American politician and member of the New York City Council is a resident of Old Town. Holdens Staten Island, The History of Richmond County, Center for Migration Studies, New York
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Colen Donck
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Colendonck was the title of a large Dutch-American owned estate of 24,000 acres originally owned by Adriaen van der Donck in New Netherland, along what was then known as the North River. He became lord of much of what is today the Bronx, willem Kieft the Director of New Netherland granted Van der Donck the property in 1646. Adriaen van der Donck named his estate Colendonck and built mills along what is now called the Saw Mill River. The estate was so large that locals referred to him as the Jonkheer, the Island at the Center of the World, The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America
27.
Greenwich, Connecticut
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Greenwich /ˈɡrɛnᵻtʃ/ is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 61,171. The largest town on Connecticuts Gold Coast, it is home to many hedge funds, Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost municipality in Connecticut as well as the six-state region of New England. It takes roughly 40-50 minutes by train from Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, cNN/Money and Money magazine ranked Greenwich first on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States in 2005. The town is named after Greenwich, a borough of London in the United Kingdom, the town of Greenwich was settled in 1640. One of the founders was Elizabeth Fones Winthrop, daughter-in-law of John Winthrop, founder, Greenwich was declared a township by the General Assembly in Hartford on May 11,1665. During the American Revolution, General Israel Putnam made an escape from the British on February 26,1779. Although British forces pillaged the town, Putnam was able to warn Stamford, p1270020-300x225. jpg | Putnam Hill, where General Putnam escaped. In 1974, Gullivers Restaurant and Bar, on the border of Greenwich and Port Chester, in 1983, the Mianus River Bridge, which carries traffic on Interstate 95 over an estuary, collapsed, resulting in the death of three people. For many years, Greenwich Point, was only to town residents. However, a lawyer sued, saying his rights to freedom of assembly were threatened because he was not allowed to go there, the lower courts disagreed, but the Supreme Court of Connecticut agreed, and Greenwich was forced to amend its beach access policy to all four beaches. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.2 square miles, of which 47.8 square miles is land and 19.4 square miles. In terms of area, Greenwich is twice the size of Manhattan. The town is bordered to the west and north by Westchester County, New York, to the east by the city of Stamford, and faces the Village of Bayville to the south across the Long Island Sound. The Census Bureau recognizes seven CDPs within the town, Byram, Cos Cob, Glenville, Old Greenwich, Pemberwick, Riverside, the USPS lists separate zip codes for Greenwich, Cos Cob, Old Greenwich, and Riverside. Additionally, Greenwich is often divided into several smaller, unofficial neighborhoods. The Hispanic population is concentrated in the corner of the town. In 2011, numerous neighborhoods were voted by the Business Insider as being the richest neighborhoods in America, Byram, Cos Cob, Greenwich, Old Greenwich, and Riverside each have their own ZIP Codes and with the exception of Byram, each has a Metro North station
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Heemstede (Nieuw-Nederland)
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Hempstead is a village located in the town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 53,891 at the 2010 census, making it the most populated village in New York, hofstra University is located in Hempstead. In the fall of 1643, Robert Fordham and John Carman crossed Long Island Sound by rowboat to negotiate with the local Indians for a tract of land upon which to establish a new community or town spot. Representatives of the Marsapeague, Mericock, Matinecock and Rekowake tribes met with the two men at a slightly west of the current Denton Green in Hempstead Village. Tackapousha who was the sachem of the Marsapeague was the spokesman for the other tribes and this transaction is depicted in a mural in Hempstead Village Hall, reproduced from a poster commemorating the 300th anniversary of Hempstead. The settling of Hempstead marked the beginnings of the oldest English settlement in what is now Nassau County, subsequent trips across the Sound brought more settlers who prepared a fort here for their mutual protection. These original Hempstead settlers were Puritans in search of a place where they could freely express their particular brand of Protestantism. They established a Presbyterian church that is the oldest continually active Presbyterian congregation in the nation, in 1843, Benjamin F. Thompson wrote and published a history of the village, and an account of contemporary Hempstead Village. The village of Hempstead was incorporated on May 6,1853 and these same properties were on record continuously as being owned by Henrys descendants, through John Carman of 1606. Johns wife Florence and her father, Rev. Robert Fordham, were from the county of Surrey, several of Hempsteads original fifty patentees had Dutch surnames. In 1664, the new settlement adopted the Dukes Laws, an set of laws that became the basis upon which the laws of many colonies were to be founded. For a time, Hempstead became known as Old Blue, as a result of the Blue Laws, as the years passed, the population of Hempstead increased, as did its importance and prestige. In 1703, St. Georges Church received a silver service from Englands Queen Anne. George Washington and other prominent leaders of the Revolution often stayed in Hempstead, right after he became President, George Washington made a tour of Long Island, stopping overnight at Sammis Tavern here. Hempstead can boast of its share of celebrities, eleanor Roosevelt lived here for a time as did Lionel Barrymore. Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of former President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, spent her summers here during her teen years and her family had a summer estate in Hempstead. Peter Cooper, inventor and politician, was a Hempstead resident and he married a local girl and settled here during the mid-19th century. Cooper ran for President on the Greenback ticket, while living here, Christopher Morley was so enamored with the place that on the three hundredth anniversary of its founding he wrote a beautiful essay in tribute
29.
Jamaica, Queens
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Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, which also includes Hollis, St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Baisley Pond Park, Rochdale Village, Jamaica is patrolled by the NYPDs 103rd, 113th & 105th Precincts. It was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp, under British rule, Jamaica became the center of the Town of Jamaica. In 1814, Jamaica became the first incorporated village on Long Island, the U. S. Food and Drug Administrations Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street, is a commercial center. The New York Racing Association, based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby also use Jamaica as their address. Although many current residents of the Jamaica neighborhood are immigrants from the country of the same name, the two names have different derivations. The name of the neighborhood derives from Yameco, a corruption of a word for beaver in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch and this resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read and repeated orally. In the Caribbean, the Arawak, people of the nation of Jamaica, named their land Xaymaca, Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, coming to trade skins and furs for wampum. It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and Beaver Pond, Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp in granting the 1656 land patent. The English took over in 1664 and made it part of the county of Yorkshire, in 1683, when the British divided the Province of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York. In 1790, in William Warners tavern, Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, relocated here in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor stands on the site today. King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, by 1776, Jamaica had become a trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, the Jamaica Post Office opened September 25,1794, and was the only post office in the present-day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. Union Hall Academy for boys, and Union Hall Seminary for girls, were chartered in 1787, the Academy eventually attracted students from all over the United States and the West Indies. The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $125, by 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica
30.
Gravesend, Brooklyn
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Gravesend is a neighborhood in the south-central section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, in the U. S. state of New York. As of 2010, Gravesend had a population of 29,436, Gravesend was one of the original towns in the Dutch colony of New Netherland and became one of the six original towns of Kings County in colonial New York. It was the only English chartered town in what became Kings County and was designated the Shire Town when the English assumed control, courts were removed to Flatbush in 1685. Gravesend is notable for being founded by a woman, Lady Deborah Moody, a prominent early settler was Anthony Janszoon van Salee. When the town was first laid out, almost half were salt marsh wetlands, Gravesend was annexed by the City of Brooklyn in 1894. The derivation of the name Gravesend is unclear, some speculate that it was named after the English seaport of Gravesend, Kent. An alternative explanation suggests that it was named by Willem Kieft for the Dutch settlement of s- Gravesande, there is also a town in the Netherlands called s-Gravenzande. The modern neighborhood of Gravesend lies between Coney Island Avenue to the east, Stillwell Avenue to the west, Kings Highway to the north, to the east of Gravesend is Sheepshead Bay, to the northeast Midwood, to the northwest Bensonhurst, and to the west Bath Beach. To the south, across Coney Island Creek, lies the neighborhood of Coney Island, next to, and parallel with the van Sicklen Family Cemetery is the Old Gravesend Cemetery, where Lady Moody is purported to be interred. Gravesend Cemeterys most exotic occupant is Egyptian émigré Mohammad Ben Misoud, Gravesend is served by three lines of the New York City Subway system. The Coney Island subway yard is in the neighborhood, Gravesend is patrolled by the NYPDs 60th, 61st, and 62nd Precincts. The island and its environs were first inhabited by bands of the Lenape, the first known European to set foot in the area that would become Gravesend was Henry Hudson, whose ship, the Half Moon, landed on Coney Island in the fall of 1609. Due to clashes with the native tribes the town wasnt completed until 1645. But when the charter was finally signed and granted it became one of the first such titles to ever be awarded to a woman in the new world. The town Lady Moody established was one of the earliest planned communities in America and it consisted of a perfect square surrounded by a 20-foot-high wooden palisade. The town was bisected by two roads, Gravesend Road running from north to south, and Gravesend Neck Road. These roads divided the town into four quadrants which were subdivided into ten plots of land each, at the center of town, where the two main roads met, a town hall was constructed where town meetings were held once a month. Today, Lady Moody is believed to be buried in Old Gravesend Cemetery, in 1654 the people of Gravesend purchased Coney Island from the local natives for about $15 worth of seashells, guns, and gunpowder
31.
History of Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
32.
Flatlands, Brooklyn
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Flatlands is a neighborhood in the southeast part of the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The area is part of Brooklyn Community Board 18, originally an independent town, Flatlands became part of the City of Brooklyn in 1896. The neighborhood borders are defined by Avenue H to the north, Avenue U to the south, Ralph Avenue to the east, Flatbush Avenue to the southwest. Crops typically grown in the area were beans, corn, marsh hay, squash, potato bean, oysters and clams were also farmed and harvested from Jamaica Bay, surrounding marshes and basins. Historic homes dated to the 18th century include the Stoothoff-Baxter-Kouwenhaven House, other historic structures are the Hendrick I. Lott House, which was a stop on the Underground Railroad, the town’s growth and development came late because of a lack of a transit system or set of roads connecting it with other parts of Brooklyn. The Junction, at Flatbush Avenue and Nostrand Avenue later replaced the center. Flatlands was annexed by the city of Brooklyn in 1896, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Flatlands was 64,762, a decrease of 1,964 from the 66,726 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,249.32 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 51.8 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 18. 2% White,66. 3% African American,0. 2% Native American,4. 0% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 5% from other races, and 1. 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 9% of the population, household income is $75,949, almost $13,000 higher than the average total income for Brooklyn. The main shopping streets in Flatlands are Utica Avenue, Flatbush Avenue, Avenue N, residents also commonly shop at the nearby indoor mall, Kings Plaza, located by the borders of Flatlands and Marine Park, while being across the water to Mill Basin. No New York City Subway service runs into Flatlands, local and express buses are also used as a means of travel in and around the area. As of June 2013, the buses that serve Flatlands are the B2, B3, B6, B7, B9, B41, B44, B44 SBS, B46, B47, B82, B100, B103, BM1, BM2, Q35. Roy DeMeo, Gambino Crime Family member Chris Mullin, former NBA basketball player, was born, notes Further reading New York Times article on Flatlands History of Flatlands including early Dutch settlers Manbeck, John B. and Jackson, Kenneth T. New Haven, Yale University Press,2004
33.
Midwood, Brooklyn
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Midwood is a neighborhood in the south-central part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. It is bounded on the north by the Bay Ridge Branch tracks just above Avenue I and Brooklyn College campus of the City University of New York, and on the south by Avenue P and Kings Highway. The eastern border is Nostrand Avenue, Flatbush Avenue, or Coney Island Avenue, the name, Midwood, derives from the Middle Dutch word, Midwout, the name the settlers of New Netherland called the area of dense woodland midway between the towns of Boswyck and Breuckelen. Through Swartwouts suggestion, the settlement was named the village of Midwout or Midwolde, in April 1655, Stuyvesant and the Council of New Netherland appointed Swartwout a schepen, to serve with Snedeker and Adriaen Hegeman as the Court of Midwout. Later, it part of old Flatbush, situated between the towns of Gravesend and Flatlands. It became more developed in the 1920s when large middle class housing tracts, many Midwood residents moved to the suburbs in the 1970s, and the neighborhood and its commercial districts declined. Drawn by its quiet middle-class ambiance, new residents began pouring into Midwood during the 1980s, the usage of Flatbush to mean Midwood dates to the period when the neighborhood was first formed, and known as South Greenfield. This usage is common among Orthodox Jews. Many also consider the neighborhood of Fiske Terrace/Midwood Gardens to be part of Midwood. The main shopping streets in the area are Kings Highway, Avenue J, Avenue M, Flatbush Avenue, Nostrand Avenue, and Coney Island Avenue. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, Kings Highway had Dubrows Cafeteria, a cafeteria where holes would be punched in patrons printed tickets. It was a place to eat and socialize. In his run for the White House, Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy held a campaign rally just outside Dubrows Cafeteria. A huge crowd of people turned out to hear this popular political icon speak, years later, his brother Senator Robert F. Kennedy held a similar campaign rally there for his run for President, with a similarly large audience. The community has long known as a Democratic stronghold. Additionally, Levines was the king of the bar mitzvah suit trade, Kings Highway was home to the now famed Crazy Eddie Electronics Empire. The first Original Crazy Eddie store was located on Kings Hwy. then moved to larger quarters just south of Kings Highway on Coney Island Avenue, a branch of the Brooklyn Public Library can be found on the east side of Ocean Avenue just south of Kings Highway. There were three movie theaters on Kings Highway, the Kingsway, the Jewel and the Avalon, visitors to Kings Highway are amused by the colored holiday-style lights that are strung across above the street and feature a lighted gold Kings Crown at a few intersections.50 an hour
34.
New Utrecht, Brooklyn
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New Utrecht was established in 1652 by Dutch colonists in what is today Bensonhurst, Brooklyn, New York. It was the last of the six towns to be founded in Kings County. It was named after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands and it ran along the shore of the Bay and stood opposite Staten Island. Most of the land remained wild until, in 1652, Cornelius van Werckhoven, a born in Utrecht. Upon his death in 1655, Jacques Cortelyou, guardian for Werckhovens children, Cortelyou named the settlement Nieuw Utrecht after Werckhovens hometown. Nicasius de Sille, an attorney from Arnhem in the Netherlands, was one of the first to purchase a lot and build a house using locally available stone and red roof tiles imported from Holland. He moved to New Utrecht from his residence in New Amsterdam at near the current intersection of Broad Street. Nicasius de Sille was employed as an advisor to Petrus Stuyvesant and as a schout fiscal, in 1660, de Silles List of the Inhabitants of New Amsterdam was completed at the behest of Stuyvesant. The names and addresses on the list correspond to the houses drawn on the Castello Plan, once a palisade wall was erected, more residents came. In 1657, New Utrecht was granted status as a village, New Netherland later came under British rule in 1664 as the colony of New York. Initially, the community in New Utrecht went to Flatbush for Dutch Reformed religious services, in 1677, New Utrecht Reformed Church was chartered. In 1856, yellow fever spread from Staten Island to the inhabitants of Bay Ridge, the cemetery contains a monument, erected in 1910 to honor Dr. James E. DuBois and his assistant Dr. John L. Crane, who died fighting the outbreak. The church received landmark status in 1966, the parish house, both the church and the cemetery are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Town records were kept in the Dutch language until 1763, during the American Revolution, the British made New Utrecht their base of operations for the Battle of Long Island. The old Cortelyou mansion served as General Howes headquarters when he effected his landing on Long Island in August 1776 and it was to the Nicasius di Sille house that the British brought the mortally wounded American General Nathaniel Woodhull. The bluff on which Fort Hamilton was afterward built was occupied by the houses of Denyse Denyse, Abraham Bennett, in the bombardment from the ships, on August 26,1776, the Bennett and Denyse dwellings were struck by shots from the English guns. From 1776 to the end of the British occupation, sympathizers with the Patriot cause were forced to make nightly trips across The Narrows in fishing boats to Staten Island, Fort Lafayette was in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The fort was built upon an island known as Hendricks Reef
35.
Bushwick, Brooklyn
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Bushwick is a working-class neighborhood in the northern part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood, historically a community of Germanic immigrants and their descendants, has been predominantly Hispanic in the late 20th century, the neighborhood, formerly Brooklyns 18th Ward, is now part of Brooklyn Community Board 4. It is policed by the NYPDs 83rd Precinct and is represented in the New York City Council as part of Districts 34 and 37 and it is served by ZIP codes 11206,11207,11221, and 11237. Bushwick was once an independent town and has undergone various changes throughout its history. Neighborhoods in New York do not have official boundaries, informal boundaries are often contested, the industrial area north of Flushing Avenue, east of Bushwick Avenue, and south of Grand Street is also commonly included in Bushwick, occasionally with the modifier Industrial Bushwick. The centroid, or geographic center, of New York Citys five boroughs is in Bushwick on Stockholm Street between Wyckoff Avenue and St. Nicholas Avenue, Bushwicks population in 2010 was 129,239. 38. 9% of that population was foreign born, in 2008 the neighborhoods median household income was $28,802. 32% of the falls under the poverty line, making Bushwick the 7th most impoverished neighborhood in New York City. Over 75% of children in the neighborhood are born in poverty, only 40. 3% of students in Bushwick read at grade level, making it the 49th most literate neighborhood in the city in 2007. 58. 2% of students do math at grade level in Bushwick, in 2007, Bushwick averaged 25 felonies per 1,000 persons, making it the 25th most felonious of the citys 55 community districts. Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyns Hispanic-American community, although Sunset Park is also very large, like other neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwicks Hispanic population is mainly Puerto Rican and Dominican, with a sizable South American population as well. As nearly 70% of Bushwicks population is Hispanic, residents have created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food, the neighborhoods major commercial streets are Knickerbocker Avenue, Myrtle Avenue, Wyckoff Avenue, and Broadway. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Bushwick North was 57,138, covering an area of 570.78 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 100.1 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 10. 7% White,9. 7% African American,0. 1% Native American,6. 0% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 7% from other races, and 1. 0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 71. 8% of the population, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Bushwick South was 72,101, an increase of 7,484 from the 64,617 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 923.64 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 78.1 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 9. 5% White,28. 1% African American,0. 2% Native American,2. 4% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 58. 3% of the population, as mentioned in the section before, Bushwick as well as neighboring East New York are the center for the Hispanic community in Brooklyn
36.
Swaanendael
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Zwaanendael or Swaanendael /ˈzwɑːnəndɛl/ was a short lived Dutch colonial settlement in Delaware. The name is archaic Dutch for swan dale, the site of the settlement later became the town of Lewes, Delaware. This was in 1629, three years before the charter of Maryland, and is the oldest deed for land in Delaware and its water-front nearly coincides with the coast of Kent and Sussex Counties. The purchase was ratified in 1630 by Peter Minuit and his council at Fort Amsterdam. The estate was extended, on May 5,1630, by the purchase of a tract twelve miles square on the coast of Cape May opposite. A company was formed to colonize the tract that included Blommaert, Godyn, Kiliaen van Rensselaer, Joannes de Laet, David Pietersen de Vries and Mathijs Jansen Van Keulen. A ship of eighteen guns, The Walvis was fitted out to bring over the colonists and subsequently defend the coast, a colony of twenty-eight people was planted on Blommaerts Kill, a little north of Cape Henlopen, and its governorship was entrusted to Gillis Hosset. A palisaded fort was built, with the red lion, rampant, of Holland affixed to its gate, and the country was named Swaanendael or Zwaanendael Colony, while the water was called Godyns Bay. The existence of the colony was short, for the Indians came down upon it in revenge for an arbitrary act on the part of Hosset. One of their chiefs took this off, for the purpose of making tobacco-pipes and they went away, and the friends of the murdered chief incited their friends, as they are a people like the Indians, who are very revengeful, to set about the work of vengeance. They also relieved the sick man of life, and shot into the dog, who was chained fast, and they then proceeded towards the rest of the men, who were at work, and, going amongst them with pretensions of friendship, struck them down. Thus was our young colony destroyed, causing us serious loss, arriving December 5,1632 at the charred remains of the settlement, de Vries negotiated a treaty with the Indians and sailed up the Delaware River, attempting to trade for beans and corn. Failing his objective there, de Vries sailed to Virginia, where was successful in obtaining provisions for the new colonists in Zwaanendael, the massacre convinced the Dutch to retrench their settlements and de Vries shortly thereafter removed the new colonists to New Amsterdam. The Zwaanendael claims were then resold to the Dutch West India Company, later Blommaert assisted with the fitting out of the first Swedish expedition to New Sweden in 1637 and engaged Peter Minuit to command it. Franciscus van den Enden had drawn up charter for a utopian society (that included equal education of all classes, joint ownership of property, pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted such a settlement near the site of Zwaanendael, but it soon expired under English rule. A monument commemorating the colony named De Vries Palisade was dedicated on September 22,1909 on the site of the former settlement, the Zwaanendael Museum was opened in 1931
37.
New Castle, Delaware
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New Castle is a city in New Castle County, Delaware, six miles south of Wilmington, situated on the Delaware River. In 1900,3,380 people lived here, in 1910,3,351, according to the 2010 Census, the population of the city is 5,285. The Dutch originally named the settlement Fort Casimir, but this was changed to Fort Trinity following its seizure by the colony of New Sweden on Trinity Sunday,1654, the Dutch conquered the entire colony of New Sweden the following year and rechristened the fort Nieuw-Amstel. As the settlement grew, Dutch authorities laid out a grid of streets and established the town common, in 1664, the English seized the entire New Netherland colony in the Second Anglo-Dutch War and changed the name of the town to New Castle. The Dutch regained the town in 1673 during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, in 1680, New Castle was conveyed to William Penn by the Duke of York by livery of seisin and was Penns landing place when he first set foot on American soil on October 27,1682. This transfer to Penn was contested by Lord Baltimore and the dispute was not resolved until the survey conducted by Mason and Dixon. The spire on top of the Court House, Delawares Colonial capitol, the Delaware River within this radius to the low water mark on the opposite shore is part of Delaware. Thus the Delaware Memorial Bridge was built as an intrastate span by Delaware, prior to the establishment of Penns Philadelphia, New Castle was center of government. Delaware formally broke from Pennsylvania in 1704, New Castle again became the seat of the colonial government, thriving with the various judges and lawyers that fueled the economy. Many smaller houses were torn down and replaced in this era, in February 1777, John McKinly was elected the first President of Delaware. McKinley was captured by the British and held prisoner for several months, New Castle remained the county seat until after the Civil War, when that status was transferred to Wilmington. Three signers of the Declaration of Independence were from New Castle — Thomas McKean, George Read, the 16-mile portage between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay saved a 400-mile trip around the Delmarva Peninsula, so this brought passengers, goods, and business to New Castles port. In the years following the Revolution, a turnpike was built to travel between the two major waterways. The line traversed the Delmarva Peninsula, running to the Elk River, Maryland, from where passengers changed to packet boats for travel to Baltimore. The decline in New Castles economy had the long-range fortunate effect of preventing most residents from making any significant structural changes to their homes, so, the many buildings of historic New Castle look much as they did in the colonial and Federal periods. New Castle has a tradition, dating back to 1927, of tours of homes, churches. These tours, called A Day in Olde New Castle, are held on the third Saturday of May. Householders dress in costumes and an admittance fee is collected which is used toward the maintenance of the towns many historic buildings
38.
New Dorp, Staten Island
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New Dorp – an anglicization of Nieuw Dorp, Dutch for New Village – is a neighborhood in Staten Island, one of the five boroughs of New York City, United States. The community lies near the foot of Todt Hill, with Grant City immediately to its north, Oakwood bordering to the south, formerly one of the most important towns on the island before suburbanization, it was the center of much activity during the American Revolution. Like all of Staten Island, the area of New Dorp was populated by American Indians going back over 10,000 years. At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th Century, it was inhabited primary by the Raritans, the first recorded European settlement of the area was in 1671. The English, after having taken over the New Netherland colony from the Dutch, in the late 19th century, it became the home to members of the prominent Vanderbilt family, many of whom are buried here in the Moravian Cemetery. The Vanderbilt farm was used by the U. S. Army, as Miller Air Field. Today, the population is a majority Italian-American, Irish-American, Albanian-American, Polish-American and Russian-American ancestry. New Dorp is zoned to Public School 41, New Dorp and Intermediate School 2, other schools in the area include Saint Charles, P. S.38, and Paul Mitchells Hair Styling School. Several high schools are located in the area, including Staten Island Technical High School, New Dorp High School, private elementary schools include Our Lady Queen of Peace Parish Elementary School and New Dorp Christian Academy. One of New Dorps biggest shopping plazas is Hylan Plaza, home to a few big stores, Dugan Park is a large park in New Dorp. The park was named after Gerard P. Dugan in 1974 when it was renovated, the park is often referred to as Tysens Park since it is right off of Tysens Lane and because it is right across the street from the Tysens Apartments, a large housing complex. The park is usually crowded with people from schools as well as people from the apartments nearby. The park contains a field with 2 baseball/soft fields where leagues come play almost every weekend during the summer. There are 2 basketball courts, handball courts and jungle gyms for younger kids, New Dorp is the home of Engine Company 165 and Ladder Company 85 of the Fire Department of New York. Engine 165 is the only Engine Company in Staten Island that has clothing to deal with hazardous materials, the New York Public Library operates the New Dorp Branch at 309 New Dorp Lane. In recent years, attempts have been made to shut down this library, however the community signed petitions and wrote letters to voice their concerns with shutting down the library. New Dorp is served by the Staten Island Railways New Dorp station at New Dorp Lane, New Dorp is also served by numerous express and local bus routes. This includes the S57, S74, S76, S78, S84, S86 local buses, the S79 Select Bus Service bus, nathaniel Lord Britton - botanist and first director of the New York Botanical Garden
39.
Patroon
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In the United States, a patroon was a landholder with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland on the east coast of North America. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and these inducements to foster colonization and settlement are the basis for the patroon system. In 1775, at the outbreak of the American Revolution, primogeniture and feudal tenure were abolished and thus patroons and manors evolved into simply large estates subject to division and leases. The deeded tracts were called patroonships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, in 1640 the charter was revised to cut new plot sizes in half, and to allow any Dutch American in good standing to purchase an estate. The title of patroon came with powerful rights and privileges, a patroon could create civil and criminal courts, appoint local officials and hold land in perpetuity. As tenants working for the patroon, these first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years, a patroonship sometimes had its own village and other infrastructure, including churches. After the English takeover of New Netherland in 1664, the system continued with the granting of large tracts known as manors, the largest and most successful patroonship in New Netherland was the Manor of Rensselaerswijck, established by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Rensselaerswijck covered almost all of present-day Albany and Rensselaer counties and parts of present-day Columbia, Manor of Rensselaerswyck and Lower Manor at Claverack. Zwaanendael - Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godyn, abandoned after being decimated by indigenous population, pavonia - Michael Reyniersz Pauw, re-sold to the West India Company becoming a company-managed holding. Staaten Eylandt - Cornelis Melyn, mired in conflict with Raritan tribe, achter Col, aborted at the outset of Kiefts War. Colen Donck - Adriaen van der Donck Bronx - Jonas Bronck Vriessendael - David Pietersen de Vries Bentley Manor - Christopher Billopp, ethnic Dutch, who were still a substantial part of the population, resented the change and moved mostly toward the cause of the Independence movement. After the war, the newly recognized New York State government refused to overturn the law, Rensselaerswijck was dismantled in the early 19th century after its last sole proprietor died. Two sons split the property and, after tenant farmers gained the right to refuse to pay rent, the land was organized as different counties and towns in New Yorks Capital District
40.
Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions
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Its 31 articles establish ground rules and expectations of the patroons and inhabitants of the new colonies. It was ratified by the Dutch States-General on June 7,1629, the economic situation of the colony of New Netherland in the late 1620s could be considered a fairly good showing for a colony only newly started in a wilderness. The first settlement was built in 1613, strictly out of necessity, at the time of the charter, the oldest settlement was only 16 years old. But this slow success was hardly sufficient to create much excitement among the directors of the West India Company. Those were get rich quick days for large corporations, and the slow, the realization that greater inducements had to be offered to increase the development of the colony led the West India Company to the creation of the so-called patroon system. This land could have a frontage of 16 miles if on one side of a river, the patroon would be chief magistrate on his land, but disputes of more than 50 guilders could be appealed to the Director and his Council in New Amsterdam. The tenants would be free from all taxation for 10 years, at least one quarter of the 50 inhabitants would have to be settled within the first year of the land grant, with the rest being settled within three years following that. The patroons would have liberty to purchase goods in New Netherland, New England. But the trader would have to pay a tax of five per cent in New Amsterdam before goods could be shipped to Europe. The fur trade remained a monopoly of the Company, being the most profitable investment at the time, the weaving of cloth was also prohibited in order to supply the looms in Holland with their needed raw supplies. The patroon would be responsible for the expenses in erecting barns and other structures and preparing land for farming in addition to supplying the initial farming tools, vehicles, and livestock. However, each tenant would be due to pay a rent in addition to a percentage of that which they produced. Additionally, no farmer could sell any good without first offering it to patroon, the patroon also bore responsibility of hiring a minister and schoolmaster, as well as financing the respective structures when they became needed. Once the patroonship became an enterprise, the patroon was expected to share net profits with the tenants. For example, Article XXVI states that the patroon must satisfy the Indians of that place for the land, essentially implying that the land must be bought from the local Indians and it shall be seen later that one patroonship would last well into the 19th century. Additionally, the Company agreed to protect the patroonships from attack, for longer time than it shall see fit. This took place before the Charter was ratified, but was done in agreement with a draft of the Charter from March 28,1628. Upon ratification of the charter on June 7,1629, Michael Pauw informed the Directors of his intention to settle along the Sickenames River, a stream east of the Connecticut River
41.
Cornelius Jacobsen May
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Cornelis Jacobszoon Mey, was a Dutch explorer, captain and fur trader. Cape May, Cape May County, and the city of Cape May, New Jersey, Cornelius Jacobsen May sailed first in the Mauritius River or Hudsons river in 1614 where an agreement was made among various competing traders whereunder the explorer Adriaen Block. In 1621, he ordered the construction of factorij of Fort Nassau at the mouth of the Big Timber Creek. Two of the six business partners of the ships Blijde Boodschap and Bever which focused on exploration and trade in the Zuidt Rivier or Delaware River, were Thijmen Jacobsz Hinlopen, Cape Hinlopen, now spelled Cape Henlopen in Delaware is named after the former. Cape Hinlopen was New Netherlands most southern border on the 38th parallel, Samuel Godyn had Godyns Bay named after him, now renamed Delaware Bay. Also spelled Godijn or Godin, he was one of the first patroons in New Netherland as well as a director of the West India Company, may was unable to trade in the South River to the exclusion of competing Dutch companies. In the spring of 1624, Cornelius Jacobsen May returned to New Netherlands in command of the Nieu Nederlandt, with the first group of settlers, mostly young Walloon families. Some were sent to company lands in Connecticut, while two families and eight single males took a sloop to the Zuidt River, now the Delaware River, and established Fort Wilhelmus. Eight men were left on Nut Island to promote the fur trade. Having so transformed the New Netherland territory to a province, he was named the provinces first director, Dutch colonization of the Americas Dutch Empire List of colonial governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New York
42.
Willem Verhulst
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Willem Verhulst or Willem van Hulst was an employee of the Dutch West India Company and the second director of the New Netherland colony in 1625–26. Nothing is known about his life before and after this period, Verhulst sailed from the Netherlands in January 1625 on the ship Orangenboom as provisionally director of the colonists. In April of that year, four ships sailed out with settlers. He had received detailed instructions from the board of directors. In 1625, Verhulst oversaw the decision to locate the main fortress. The settlement, which was given the name New Amsterdam, was the first permanent European settlement in what was later called New York City, Verhulst was not popular with the Dutch colonists and was quickly replaced by Peter Minuit. He sailed back to the Dutch Republic in the Wapen van Amsterdam which left 23 September 23, Dutch colonization of the Americas Dutch Empire Fort Wilhelmus List of colonial governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New York
43.
Peter Minuit
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Peter Minuit, Pieter Minuit, Pierre Minuit or Peter Minnewit was a Walloon from Wesel, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, then part of the Duchy of Cleves. He was Director of the Dutch colony of New Netherland from 1626 until 1631 and he also founded the Delaware colony in the early 1600s. His father, Johan, died in 1609 and Peter took over management of the household, Peter Minuit had a good reputation in Wesel, attested by the fact that he was several times appointed a guardian. He also assisted the poor during the Spanish occupation of 1614–1619, Peter Minuit married Gertrude Raedts on August 20,1613. From a wealthy family, Gertrude probably helped Peter Minuit in establishing himself as a broker, what products he dealt in is not known. That it involved diamonds is derived from a document, a will, drawn up in 1615. By 1624, the city was in a decline and in 1625 he had left Wesel and like others went to Holland. He returned in the year, and in 1626 was appointed the new director of New Netherland. He sailed to North America and arrived in the colony on May 4,1626, Minuit is credited with purchasing the island of Manhattan from the Native Americans in exchange for traded goods valued at 60 guilders. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. According to researchers at the National Library of the Netherlands, The original inhabitants of the area were unfamiliar with the European notions and definitions of ownership rights, for the Indians, water, air and land could not be traded. Such exchanges would also be difficult in practical terms because many groups migrated between their summer and winter quarters and it can be concluded that both parties probably went home with totally different interpretations of the sales agreement. The calculation of $24 also fails to recognize that the concepts of property trading and ownership held by the 17th-century Dutch, comparisons to modern land dealing distort the reality of what Minuit was trying to do. Both the Dutch and the Indians undoubtedly included intangibles along with any goods in their concept of the total transactional value. For Indians and Minuit alike, both sides felt they were getting far more than a mere 60 guilders, in addition, the value of the sale to Dutch and Indians alike would have included the prospect of future trade. Minuit conducted politics in a measure of democracy in the colony during his time in New Netherland and he was highest judge in the colony but in both civil and criminal affairs he was assisted by a council of five colonists. This advisory body would advise the director, and would jointly with him develop, administer, in addition there was a schout-fiscal, half sheriff, half attorney-general, and all customs officer
44.
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol
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Bastiaen Jansz Krol, was Director of New Netherland from 1632 to 1633. When he was 10, Krols family moved from Friesland to Amsterdam, in that year he presented himself to church elders of the Dutch Reformed Church to be sent abroad as a ziekentrooster. On 25 January 1624 he sailed to New Netherland, where he arrived when Cornelius May just had become the first Director-General. In November 1624 he had returned to Amsterdam and made a report to the church elders and he probably sailed back to New Amsterdam in May or June 1625, prior to the arrival of Peter Minuit the next year. Bastiaen Krol is most frequently remembered for arranging the purchase of the domain of Rensselaerswyck in 1630, kiliaen van Rensselaer was one of the first to ask for a grant of land. By virtue of this grant and later purchases, van Rensselaer acquired a tract comprising what are now the counties of Albany, before and after his post as Director-General, Krol was commander of Fort Orange. He returned to the Netherlands at least two more times, between 1638 and 1643 he lived in New Netherland, but the last records of him are from September 1645 in Old Amsterdam. In 1615, he married Annetje Cristoffels in Amsterdam, the Dutch In America Allen Johnson, Ed. Dutch and English on the Hudson
45.
Wouter van Twiller
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Wouter van Twiller was an employee of the Dutch West India Company and the Director-General of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638. He succeeded Peter Minuit, who was recalled by the Dutch West India authorities in Amsterdam for unknown reasons, Van Twiller, who was born in Nijkerk, the son of Ryckaert and Maria Van Rensselaer Van Twiller. Kiliaen van Rensselaer was his maternal uncle and he was appointed to the position because he had made two voyages to New Netherland colony before. He was a clerk in the warehouse of the Dutch West India company, Rensselaer entrusted him with shipping cattle to Rensselaerswyck, his colonial estate on the Hudson River. Van Twiller was somewhat acquainted with the geography of New Netherlands, largely through Van Rensselaers influence the Dutch West India Company chose him as the new Director-General of New Netherlands, and he set sail for New Amsterdam in the ship De Soutberg. While in office, settlers from New England occupied the Connecticut Valley and he was able to defend the Dutch territory in the Delaware Valley, where his soldiers captured a shipload of intended settlers from Virginia and expelled soldiers who had taken Fort Nassau. To succeed van Twiller as Director-General, the Dutch West India Company sent Willem Kieft in September 1637, Van Twiller subsequently returned to the Netherlands and assumed guardianship of Johannes, eldest son of Killian van Rensselaer, following the death of that patroon in 1644. The Dutch In America Chapter VI, New Netherland, A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Johnson, Allen Dutch and English on the Hudson,1919 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Gilman, D. C. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed
46.
Willem Kieft
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For the Dutch footballer named Willem Kieft, see Wim Kieft Willem Kieft was a Dutch merchant and director from 1638 to 1647. Willem Kieft was appointed to the rank of director by the West India Company in 1638 and he formed the council of twelve men, the first representative body in New Netherland, but ignored its advice. He tried to tax, and then, drive out, local Native Americans and he ordered attacks on Pavonia and Corlears Hook on February 25,1643 in a massacre, followed by retaliations resulting in what would become known as Kiefts War. The war took a toll on both sides, and Dutch West India Company Board of Directors fired him in 1647. He was replaced with Peter Stuyvesant and he died on September 27,1647 in the Princess Amelia shipwreck near Swansea, Wales, en route to Amsterdam to defend himself, along with many of his opponents, including the Rev. Everardus Bogardus. His archive was also lost, so his exact role cannot be established apart from what his opponents wrote of him and he is in the Gods of Manhattan series by Scott Mebus. Colonial America Dutch colonization of the Americas Dutch Empire List of colonial governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New York William Elliot Griffis The Story of New Netherland, Dutch and English on the Hudson Jaap Jacobs, New Netherland, A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-12906-5, written in the Years 1641,1642,1643,1644,1645, and 1646
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