New Castle, Pennsylvania

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Not to be confused with New Castle Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania.
New Castle, Pennsylvania
City
Zambelli Plaza in Downtown recognizes the pyrotechnics industry in New Castle
Zambelli Plaza in Downtown recognizes the pyrotechnics industry in New Castle
Nickname(s): 
Fireworks Capital of America
Location of New Castle in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania.
Location of New Castle in Lawrence County, Pennsylvania.
New Castle is located in Pennsylvania
New Castle
New Castle
Location within the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and USA.
New Castle is located in the United States
New Castle
New Castle
New Castle (the United States)
Coordinates: 40°59′50″N 80°20′40″W / 40.99722°N 80.34444°W / 40.99722; -80.34444Coordinates: 40°59′50″N 80°20′40″W / 40.99722°N 80.34444°W / 40.99722; -80.34444
CountryUnited States
StatePennsylvania
CountyLawrence
Established1798
Incorporated1869 (city)
Government
 • MayorAnthony G. Mastrangelo (D)
Area
 • City8.54 sq mi (22.13 km2)
 • Land8.31 sq mi (21.52 km2)
 • Water0.24 sq mi (0.62 km2)
Elevation
[2] (middle of downtown)
805 ft (245 m)
Highest elevation
[2] (near Mahoningtown)
1,160 ft (350 m)
Lowest elevation
[2] (Beaver River (at confluence of Mahoning and Shenango Rivers))
780 ft (240 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • City23,273
 • Estimate 
(2018)[3]
21,797
 • Density2,656.68/sq mi (1,025.74/km2)
 • Urban
41,907
 • Metro
91,108
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Code
FIPS code42-53368
WebsiteCity Website

New Castle is a city in and the county seat of Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, United States, 50 miles (80 km) northwest of Pittsburgh and near the Pennsylvania–Ohio border just 18 miles (29 km) east of Youngstown, Ohio. The population was 23,128 as of the 2010 census, it is the commercial center of a fertile agricultural region.[4]

New Castle is the principal city of the New Castle, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area, which had a population of 91,108 in 2010. New Castle also anchors the northwestern part of the Pittsburgh-New Castle-Weirton, PA-WV-OH Combined Statistical Area.

History[edit]

City Rescue Mission located between Croton Avenue and Neshannock Creek.

In 1798, John Carlysle Stewart, a civil engineer, traveled to western Pennsylvania to resurvey the "donation lands," which had been reserved for veterans of the Revolutionary War, he discovered that the original survey had neglected to stake out approximately 50 acres (20 ha) at the confluence of the Shenango River and the Neshannock Creek, at that time a part of Allegheny County. The Indian town of Kuskusky was listed on early maps in this location [5]. Claiming the land for himself, he laid out what was to become the town of New Castle. Stewart laid out the town of New Castle in April 1798, it comprised approximately that same 50 acres (20 ha), in what was then part of Allegheny County.[citation needed]

In 1825, New Castle became a borough, having a population of about 300; the city later became a part of Mercer County. On April 5, 1849, the Governor of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania signed an act creating Lawrence County named in honor of U.S. Navy Captain James Lawrence. New Castle became a city in 1869 and was headed by its first Mayor, Thomas B. Morgan. At that time, the population had increased to about 6,000.[citation needed]

In 1849, a group of Old Order Amish families from Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, settled just north of New Castle in New Wilmington. Later migrations from Holmes County, Ohio would make this Amish community one of the largest in Pennsylvania. Approximately 2,000 Amish live and work presently in the townships north of New Castle.[citation needed]

Business in New Castle began to flourish in the early 19th century with the construction of the canal system, which made its way through the city. Numerous manufacturing plants became located in New Castle because of the availability of transportation facilities and ready access to raw material markets; the canal system was later supplemented and then replaced by railroads which offered greater speed and capacity for freight, as well as year round service.[citation needed]

In the 1870s, the city became a major hub of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad. New Castle's population swelled from 11,600 in 1890 to 28,339 in 1900, and to 38,280 in 1910, as immigrants, particularly from Italy, flocked to the city to work in the mills and nearby limestone quarries.[6] Italian laborers of the era were frequent victims of the Black Hand society, which employed blackmail and extortion to rob the workers of their pay. In 1907 the headquarters of the Black Hand for the entire region was discovered in the village of Hillsville a few miles west of New Castle.[6] By this time New Castle was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country, and with the construction of the largest tin plate mill in America, the city became the tin plate capital of the world; the tin plate industry marked a new increase in the city's prosperity.[citation needed]

External video
Stairs at the Lawrence County Courthouse.jpg
Portrait of an American City: 200 Years of New Castle History, Lawrence County Historical Society (2:56)

In 1908 New Castle was linked to Pittsburgh by the Pittsburgh, Harmony, Butler and New Castle Railway, an interurban trolley line. Steel and paper mills, foundries, a bronze bushing factory, and car-construction plants contributed to the economy. In addition, the Shenango China produced commercial china and created the fine Castleton china line for the White House, including dinnerware for Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Lyndon B. Johnson. Other ceramic factories produced bathroom fixtures and industrial refractory materials.[citation needed]

In the 1920s, New Castle enjoyed its greatest prosperity; the landscape of the city was transformed with the building of many beautiful structures, some of which still stand, such as The Cathedral, St. Mary's Church, and the Castleton Hotel; the city also established its identity. New Castle is known both as the "hot dog capital of the world" and the "fireworks capital of America", its chili dogs are the product of Greek immigrants who came to New Castle in the early 20th century and established restaurants along with their homes. The notoriety for fireworks is credited to two local fireworks companies of international stature, S.Vitale Pyrotechnic Industries, Inc. (Pyrotecnico) and Zambelli Internationale.[citation needed]

In the 1930s, the city, along with most cities of America, suffered during the Great Depression. During this trying time, the federal government established the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC); these programs offered jobs to many displaced workers. Many of the stone walls built by the WPA and the CCC still stand as a reminder of the historic demise of the economy.[citation needed]

In the 1940s, industry temporarily surged during wartime.[citation needed]

In 1950, the population peaked at 48,834, but became part of the rust belt, with population dwindling to 28,334 by 1990. New Castle is the County Seat of Lawrence County which has a population of approximately 100,000.[citation needed]

In 1998, the City of New Castle was a host city for the History Channel Great Race. Over 15,000 spectators gathered downtown for the festivities; the city celebrated its 200th birthday in 1998 with a downtown fireworks festival that attracted over 30,000 people.[citation needed]

The first fireworks manufacturer in New Castle was Leopold Fazzoni, who owned and operated the Fazzoni Brothers Fireworks Company. Mr. Fazzoni came to New Castle from Italy in 1886 and worked in the tin mills to earn enough money to start his own business. Mr. Fazzoni was issued the first certificate for fireworks manufacturing in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Of the people who worked with the Fazzoni family, many founded their own businesses, such as: Paul Rozzi, Jacob Conti, Constantino Vitale, and Joseph Zambelli.[citation needed]

Despite recent economic challenges, the city continues to serve as the headquarters of Pyrotecnico Fireworks, the winner of the 2008 Gold Jupiter, awarded at the world's most prestigious fireworks venue: LaRonde in Montreal, Canada. Started by Constantino Vitale in Italy in 1889, Constantino immigrated to New Castle continuing his business there in the 1920s. Five generations of the Vitale family have transformed the company. In the 1990s the company's name was changed to Pyrotecnico and has grown to be a world leader in the industry; also located in New Castle is Zambelli Fireworks, which was founded in New Castle. Zambelli Fireworks is one of the world's leading fireworks and pyrotechnics companies; these fireworks companies have been featured in venues such as presidential celebrations and Super Bowls. Pyrotecnico and Zambelli Fireworks have changed the face of the fireworks industry; this has gained the city the nickname of "Fireworks Capital of America". New Castle has recently opened Zambelli Plaza near the Cascade Center in 2007 in honor of the Zambelli family's accomplishments.[7]

The Lawrence County Courthouse, North Hill Historic District, and Scottish Rite Cathedral are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[8]

Geography[edit]

New Castle is located at 40°58′50″N 80°20′40″W / 40.98056°N 80.34444°W / 40.98056; -80.34444 (40.997325, −80.344556),[9] along the Shenango River at the mouth of Neshannock Creek.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.6 square miles (22 km2), of which, 8.5 square miles (22 km2) of it is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) of it (0.47%) is water.

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1840611—
18501,614164.2%
18601,88216.6%
18706,164227.5%
18808,41836.6%
189011,60037.8%
190028,339144.3%
191036,28028.0%
192044,93823.9%
193048,6748.3%
194047,638−2.1%
195048,8342.5%
196044,790−8.3%
197038,559−13.9%
198033,621−12.8%
199028,334−15.7%
200026,309−7.1%
201023,273−11.5%
Est. 201821,797[3]−6.3%
[10][11][12][13]

As of the census[12] of 2000, there were 26,309 people, 10,727 households, and 6,725 families residing in the city; the population density was 3,082.0 people per square mile (1,189.5/km²). There were 11,709 housing units at an average density of 1,371.6 per square mile (529.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 76.77% White, 20.79% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population. 33.4% were of Italian, 15.0% German, 8.1% Irish and 5.9% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000.

There were 10,727 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the city the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,598, and the median income for a family was $32,539. Males had a median income of $30,112 versus $20,754 for females; the per capita income for the city was $13,730. About 17.1% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.8% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy[edit]

The Pier I Complex Building in downtown New Castle

Downtown New Castle is currently undergoing a redevelopment centered around the Cascade Center; the downtown streets and sidewalks were rebuilt in the early 21st century in earlier styles. The revitalization of downtown also saw two major routes into the city, Pennsylvania Route 65 and U.S. Route 224, which have both had their terminus extended into downtown since the start of 2007.

InfoCision, a telemarketing services company, restored the former New Castle Dry Goods Co. building, into which it relocated its offices from their former location inside Cascade Galleria. The building had been vacant since the late 1980s when the Troutman's department store closed; the building is now known as the Pier I Complex Building.

The downtown area has also become the home of several bank offices, hosting the regional headquarters of Huntington, FirstMerit, and First Commonwealth (all descended from banks formerly based in the city but later acquired) as well as branches for PNC Bank and First National Bank. Mellon Bank also had offices across the street from the current Zambelli Plaza before selling off its New Castle-area branches to First National Bank, which closed the office building since it already had the aforementioned branch in downtown. Mellon's former parking lot was restored and is now the parking lot for the Cascade Center and other downtown businesses.

As of 2018, New Castle, Pennsylvania employs 8,677 people; the industries that employ the most in this area are healthcare, social assistance, utilities, transportation and warehouses. Healthcare and social assistance employs 1,724 people. Retail trade is second to them with 1,172 employees and lastly, manufacturing employs 1,012 employees; the highest paying industries in this area are utility positions that have a median income of $72,917. Professional Scientific and Tech Services with a median income of $45,125. Lastly, Educational Services average income is $40,469; the current poverty rate in this city is 27.4% with a median household income of $31,557. [14] The current unemployment rate is 8.1%, greater than the U.S. Average at 5.2%. [15] Over the past 40 years, New Castle has been transformed from industry to a well balanced economy based on manufacturing, retail, and service related businesses. Many buildings and old homes are currently being renovated by new incoming residents. [16]

Tax Rates[edit]

The current U.S. average Sales Tax Rate is 6.0%, the same as New Castle's Sales Tax Rate at 6.0%. The U.S. average Income Tax Rate is 4.6%, slightly less than New Castle's 5.2%. [17]

Income and Salaries[edit]

Per year, the average income of a New Castle resident is $18,463 and the U.S. average income per resident is $28,555 per year. Over a year, the median household income value for a New Castle resident is $29,762; this comes up short of the U.S. average at $53,482 a year. [18] The current poverty rate in New Castle is 27.4%, much higher than the average for Pennsylvania at 13.3%. [19]

Wages Based on Ethnicity[edit]

White workers made 1.66 times the amount of salary that African American workers made. African Americans make the second highest salary of any race or ethnicity in New Castle. [20]

New Castle and nearby Pittsburgh are both located in the Rust Belt

Education[edit]

Public schools[edit]

The city itself is served by the New Castle Area School District, with several townships in the county served by their respective school districts. New Castle Area also serves nearby Taylor Township, which includes West Pittsburg ; the Lawrence County Career and Technical Center is also located in the city. As of 2017 the school district consisted of Croton Pre-Kindergarten, Harry W. Lockley Early Learning Center (K-1-2), George Washington Intermediate (3-6), and the New Castle Junior-Senior High School (7-12).[21]

Private schools[edit]

New Castle and all of Lawrence County is served by the New Castle Christian Academy on Albert Street in between Sumner Avenue and Clen-Moore Boulevard, serving students from Pre-K to 9th grade, it is also served by St. Vitus Catholic School on South Jefferson Street and Home Street, serving students from Pre-K to 8th grade.

Post-secondary education[edit]

New Castle is primarily served by five post-secondary education facilities: the New Castle Beauty School for cosmetology students in downtown, the New Castle School of Trades for technical trades in Pulaski Township, the Jameson School of Nursing (owned and operated by UPMC Jameson) within the city, and the Lawrence County branch of Butler County Community College, which opened in 2008 in Union Township and serves as a primary community college to Lawrence County.

Among more traditional four-year universities within short driving distance includes Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Grove City College in Grove City, Slippery Rock University in Slippery Rock, Westminster College in New Wilmington, and Youngstown State University just outside Downtown Youngstown. Penn State also has two branches within driving distance: the Beaver campus in Monaca and the Shenango campus in Sharon.

Transportation[edit]

New Castle has public transportation in the form of the New Castle Transit Authority, which provides bus service to patrons around the city and makes three daily trips to Pittsburgh.

Among local routes, Interstate 376, Pennsylvania Route 18, and U.S. Route 422 are the major routes running through the city, while two more major routes — Pennsylvania Route 65 and U.S. Route 224 — both terminate in the city. Pennsylvania Route 108 and Pennsylvania Route 168 also run through the city. U.S. 422 Business, a former alignment of U.S. 422, runs through the city, ending on each side of the city when the main 422 leaves the New Castle Bypass. I-376 and U.S. 422 are briefly concurrent with each other on the New Castle Bypass, though south of New Castle until Chippewa Township near Beaver Falls, I-376 is tolled by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission. The area is located a short drive from Interstate 79, Interstate 80, and Interstate 76/Pennsylvania Turnpike.

The closest airport is the New Castle Municipal Airport which is a purely municipal airport with no commercial service. Most residents of New Castle use Pittsburgh International Airport which is about 42 miles (68 km) from downtown. Also, Youngstown-Warren Regional Airport, Akron-Canton Airport, Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, and Pittsburgh International Airport are all within a few hours of the city center.

Media[edit]

Newspaper[edit]

The local community is served by the New Castle News, a newspaper published in the afternoon Monday-Friday. On the weekends, the paper publishes the New Castle News Weekend, published on Saturday mornings; the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, and The Vindicator also have large distributions in the area.

Television[edit]

The area is served by both the Pittsburgh and Youngstown television stations, with regular news coverage in the area from both. Despite being considerably closer to Youngstown, New Castle is part of the Pittsburgh DMA by Nielsen Media Research, it is, however, part of the Youngstown radio market according to Arbitron ratings, even though some Pittsburgh-area radio stations can easily be heard within the area.

New Castle was home to the first ABC television affiliate in Western Pennsylvania when WKST-TV signed on in 1953, as WTAE-TV in Pittsburgh did not sign on until 1958 and WJET-TV did not sign on in Erie until 1966; the station moved its license to Youngstown in 1964, moved to channel 33, and changed its call sign to WYTV. WYTV remains an ABC affiliate today. NCTV45 is the only station that currently operates as an Internet Television Station in New Castle.

WNWW Westminster College in New Wilmington, PA operates channel 183 on Comcast cable are currently the only TV broadcast outlets in Lawrence County.[22]

Radio[edit]

New Castle is home to two commercial AM stations: talk station WKST 1200 and sports talk station WUZZ AM 1280, the latter being a Fox Sports Radio affiliate. For FM, WKPL FM 92.1, first a full-time country music station called WFEM or C92 then rebranded as Classic Gold an oldies station, was licensed in New Castle before its license was moved back to Ellwood City in 2004, though it still includes New Castle as one of its local communities as part of its FCC-mandated station identification. The AM stations are owned by Altoona-based Forever Broadcasting, LLC while classic rock station WKPL 92.1 FM is owned by Froggy parent Keymarket Communications of Pittsburgh.

NCRadio450 operates as an internet radio station from NCTV45.com. NCRadio450 is an Internet radio station focused on playing music highlighting the original songs of local/regional bands.

A local band that has original songs recorded on a CD can drop off a non-returnable copy at NCTV45 for review. Songs must be appropriate for a general audience.NCTV45.com and NCRadio450 is in downtown New Castle.

The city was the site of an important development in the history of the Warner Brothers' empire, given that the first Warner Brothers' theatre, the Cascade, opened here in 1907. (The Warners, most of whom were Polish Jewish immigrants, resided in Youngstown, Ohio.) The building was nearly condemned in 1996 after a wall fell on the sidewalk near East Washington Street (one of the city's main thoroughfares) before its historical significance was discovered, saving the building. Warner Bros. Studios in Hollywood donated $150,000, which the state of Pennsylvania matched, to restore the facade. Municipal officials have planned recent revitalization efforts around the historic site; the Cascade Center currently features two restaurants and a local stage theater, and plans are in progress to turn the complex into New Castle's version of Station Square in Pittsburgh. This revitalization plan, however, will focus on motion pictures rather than railroads.

The Cascade Center itself is named after Cascade Park, located on the outskirts of the city's East Side in Shenango Township along Pennsylvania Route 65. A former trolley park, it was restored and converted into a regular outdoor park in the 1980s with a few historical buildings as well as the park's entrance sign restored, avoiding the fate of nearby Idora Park in Youngstown; the park hosts the annual Back to the 50s Weekend classic car show, and previously hosted the similarly themed Thunder in the Cascades motorcycle show until concerns about nudity and alcohol use at the event as opposed to the more family-friendly Back to the 50's Weekend had the event moved to the Lawrence County Fairgrounds in nearby Hickory Township in the early 21st century.

The New Castle Playhouse, a community theatre, is located along Long Avenue and puts on several shows a year, and is one of the only such theatres between Youngstown and theatre-rich Pittsburgh.

The Old Princeton School, located nearby, has been the venue for rock concerts.

New Castle is also a short drive from McConnells Mill State Park in Slippery Rock Township and neighboring Moraine State Park in Muddy Creek Township in Butler County.

In the 2011 movie, Super 8, New Castle, Pennsylvania is referenced as the "fireworks capital of the world."[citation needed]

New Castle is the subject of the true crime blog 'Small Town Noir' which uses mug shots taken in New Castle between 1930 and 1960, and which were rescued when the town's police department threw them out; the information on the images comes from the New Castle News.

New Castle has a large Arab-American population whose culture is visible throughout the community. Large numbers of Lebanese and Syrian immigrants were attracted by the city's prosperity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, their culture is especially visible in the local cuisine, which makes popular use of items such as stuffed grape leaves, lamb on the rod, kibbe, and garlic sauce. Although many other Rust Belt cities contain large Arab-American populations, New Castle is unique for its large population of Alawite Muslims from Syria; the Muslim community of the city has a mosque on the East Side of town.[23]

Healthcare[edit]

New Castle is located within Lawrence County. Medicare reimbursements per enrollee were $11,153 in 2014, but $11,196 in 2013. Medicare Reimbursements per enrollee in Lawrence County, PA are $1,565 more than national average. [24]

Notable people[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Mar 24, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c "New Castle Topo Map, Lawrence County PA (New Castle North Area)". TopoZone. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved July 28, 2019.
  4. ^ "Lawrence County Historical Society - History of New Castle". lawrencechs.com.
  5. ^ McConnell, Michael (January 1992). "Kuskusky Towns and Early Western Pennsylvania Indian History, 1748-1778". Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 116 (1): 33–58. Retrieved Oct 10, 2018.
  6. ^ a b Watkins, John, The Big Stunts of Great Detectives: The Scrapbook, Vol. 4, No. 6, New York: Frank A. Munsey (December 1907), p. 1098.
  7. ^ Santangelo, Denice M. (December 30, 2003). "George R. Zambelli Known as Mr. Fireworks". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2012-10-05.
  8. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2010-07-09.
  9. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
  10. ^ "Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  11. ^ "Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  12. ^ a b "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  13. ^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
  14. ^ https://datausa.io/profile/geo/new-castle-pa/#economy. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/pennsylvania/new_castle. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ http://visitlawrencecounty.com/about-us/history-of-lawrence-county/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/pennsylvania/new_castle. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/pennsylvania/new_castle. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ^ https://www.areavibes.com/new+castle-pa/employment/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ^ https://datausa.io/profile/geo/new-castle-pa/#economy. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ^ "Directory". New Castle Area School District. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
  22. ^ TV Query Results - Video Division (FCC) USA. Fcc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
  23. ^ Toth, Anthony (1986). "The Syrian Community in New Castle and Its Unique Alawi Component, 1900-1940". Western Pennsylvania History. 69 (3): 221–240. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  24. ^ https://datausa.io/profile/geo/new-castle-pa/#economy. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ^ Reichler, Joseph L., ed. (1979) [1969]. The Baseball Encyclopedia (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan Publishing. ISBN 0-02-578970-8.
  26. ^ Horner, Scott (2017-04-27). "NFL Draft first-round live blog: Colts take safety Malik Hooker". indystar.com. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
  27. ^ Thomas, Bob (2006-06-01). "Obituary: Robert Sterling / New Castle native was cast member in TV's 'Topper'". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved 2010-02-15.

External links[edit]

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