1.
Administrative divisions of New York (state)
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The administrative divisions of New York are the various units of government that provide local government services in the state of New York. The state is divided into counties, cities, towns, and villages, each such government is granted varying home rule powers as provided by the New York Constitution. New York has various corporate entities that serve purposes that are also local governments, such as school. New York has 62 counties, which are subdivided into 932 towns and 62 cities, in total, the state has more than 3,400 active local governments and more than 4,200 taxing jurisdictions. They do so while adhering to the United States Constitution and the Constitution of the State of New York, articles VIII and IX of the state constitution establish the rights and responsibilities of the municipal governments. The New York State Constitution provides for democratically elected bodies for counties, cities, towns. These legislative bodies are granted the power to local laws as needed in order to provide services to their citizens. The county is the administrative division of New York. There are sixty-two counties in the state, five of the counties are boroughs of the city of New York and do not have functioning county governments. Such services generally include law enforcement and public safety, social and health services, every county outside of New York City has a county seat, which is the location of county government. Nineteen counties operate under county charters, while 38 operate under the provisions of the County Law. Although all counties have a certain latitude to govern themselves, charter counties are afforded greater home rule powers, sixteen counties are governed by a Board of Supervisors, composed of the supervisors of its constituent towns and cities. In most of counties, each supervisors vote is weighted in accordance with the towns population in order to abide by the U. S. Supreme Court mandate of one person. Other counties have legislative districts of equal population, which may cross municipal borders, most counties in New York do not use the term Board of Supervisors. 34 counties have a County Legislature, six counties have a Board of Legislators, the five counties, or boroughs, of New York City are governed by a 51-member City Council. In non-charter counties, the legislative body exercises executive power as well, many, but not all, charter counties have an elected executive who is independent of the legislature, the exact form of government is defined in the County Charter. In New York, each city is a highly autonomous incorporated area that, with the exceptions of New York City, cities in New York are classified by the U. S. Census Bureau as incorporated places. They provide almost all services to their residents and have the highest degree of home rule, also, villages are part of a town, with residents who pay taxes to and receive services from the town
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Nassau County, New York
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Nassau County /ˈnæsɔː/ is a suburban county on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,339,532. The county seat is in the Village of Garden City, within the boundaries of the Mineola 11501 zip code, Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two cities, three towns,64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county, there are 56 public school districts within the county. Post office districts and school use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them. In 2012, Forbes magazine, in an article based on the U. S and it also ranks as the most expensive county in America. Nassau County has a police department, fire commission. The county colors are also the colors of the House of Orange-Nassau, several alternate names had been considered for the county, including Bryant, Matinecock, Norfolk, and Sagamore. However, Nassau had the advantage of having at one time been the name of Long Island itself. In 1784, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the portions of the Town of Hempstead. When the first European settlers arrived, among the Native Americans to occupy the present area of Nassau County were the Marsapeque, Matinecoc, Dutch settlers in New Netherland predominated in the western portion of Long Island, while English settlers from Connecticut occupied the eastern portion. Until 1664, Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau and Suffolk counties, between the Dutch in the west and Connecticut claiming the east. The Dutch did grant an English settlement in Hempstead, but drove settlers from the present-day eastern Nassau hamlet of Oyster Bay as part of a boundary dispute, in 1664, all of Long Island became part of the English Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Queens and Nassau were then just part of a larger North Riding, in 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved, Suffolk County and Queens County were established, and the local seat of government was moved west from Hempstead to Jamaica. By 1700, very little of Long Island had not been purchased from the native Indians by the English colonists, the courthouse in Jamaica was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks. About 1787, a new Queens County Courthouse was erected in the new Town of North Hempstead, near present-day Mineola, the Long Island Rail Road reached as far east as Hicksville in 1837, but did not proceed to Farmingdale until 1841 due to the Panic of 1837. The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three towns that are now part of Nassau County. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola
6.
Hempstead, New York
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Hempstead is one of the three towns in Nassau County, New York, United States, occupying the southwestern part of the county, in the western half of Long Island. Twenty-two incorporated villages are completely or partially within the town, hempsteads combined population was 759,757 at the 2010 Census, the majority of the population of the county and by far the most of any town in New York. Also, a village named Hempstead is within the Town, if the town were to be incorporated as a city, it would be the second-largest city in New York behind New York City. It would be the 18th-largest city in the country, behind Charlotte, North Carolina and ahead of Seattle, hofstra Universitys campus is located in Hempstead. The town was first settled around 1644 following the establishment of a treaty between English colonists, John Carman and Robert Fordham, and the Lenape Indians in 1643. Although the settlers were from the English colony of Connecticut, a patent was issued by the government of New Netherland after the settlers had purchased land from the local natives. This transaction is depicted in a mural in the Hempstead Village Hall, in 1664, the settlement under the new Province of New York adopted the Dukes Laws, austere statutes that became the basis upon which the laws of many colonies were to be founded. For a time, Hempstead became known as Old Blue, as a result of the Blue Laws, during the American Revolution, the Loyalists in the south and the American sympathizers in the north caused a split in 1784 into North Hempstead and South Hempstead. Richard Hewlett, who was born in Hempstead, served as a Lieutenant Colonel with the British Army under General Oliver De Lancey in the American Revolution. Afterward, Hewlett departed the United States with other Loyalists and settled in the newly created Province of New Brunswick in what later became Canada, a settlement there was named Hampstead, in Queens County next to Long Island in the Saint John River. The town is headed by the Supervisor, currently Anthony J. Santino, the responsibilities of the office include presiding over meetings of the Town Council and directing the legislative and administrative function of that body. The position also entails creating and implementing the towns budget, Santino succeeds Kate Murray, who was the towns first female supervisor. One famous former supervisor was Republican Alfonse DAmato, who later represented New York in the United States Senate from 1981 to 1999. Caso and Francis T. Purcell, both of whom went on to become the county executive, and then Al DAmato. Having the Presiding Supervisor on the county board along with the Supervisor gave Hempstead—by far the most populous of the three towns and two cities—the most clout on that body. As a result of that ruling, the Board of Supervisors was replaced by a 19-member county legislature, Gregory P. Peterson served as the last Presiding Supervisor, as the position was abolished with the demise of the county board. The Town Council comprises six voting members, elected from a councilmanic district, the clerk is responsible for issuing birth, marriage, and death certificates and is considered the towns record keeper. The clerk is currently Nasrin Ahmad of Salisbury, the Receiver of Taxes is Donald X. Clavin, Jr. of Garden City, New York
7.
North Hempstead, New York
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The Town of North Hempstead is one of three towns in Nassau County, New York, USA. As of the 2010 census, the population was 226,322. The town occupies the northwest part of the county and its Supervisor is Judi Bosworth, a former Nassau County legislator, who was inaugurated on Jan. A Democrat, she succeeded Interim Supervisor John B, riordan, the former Nassau County Surrogate, who served since the resignation of Jon Kaiman on Sept.23,2013 to work for Gov. Andrew Cuomo. Bosworth is the fifth consecutive Democrat to head the former Republican stronghold since Ben Zwirn was elected in 1989, the area was first settled by Europeans around 1643 and became part of the town of Hempstead. During the American Revolution the southern part of Hempstead was primarily Tory, while the part, having been settled by Yankees. Following the war, the Town of North Hempstead was split off in 1784, the signers, passionate Patriots, declared their independence from the Town of Hempstead, which, in their opinion, had the bad habit of pledging allegiance to the king. Therefore, the northern necks declared themselves a separate and independent beat or district. The beat would officially become the Town of North Hempstead in 1784, during the Revolution, the northern Patriots had their own militia headed by Capt. John Sands of Cow Neck, which invaded South Hempstead in search of arms, the rift caused a north-south animosity that would take years to heal. The first North Hempstead Town Board, headed by Patriot Adrian Onderdonk, had to cope with an impoverished area, the councilmen met in Roslyn taverns and didnt get a permanent home until 1907, when the present town hall opened in Manhasset. North Hempstead became more affluent with the opening of the Long Island Rail Road through to Great Neck, the town of North Hempstead is made up of 30 incorporated villages that had the right to set zoning restrictions to protect their rights and resources. No new villages have been created since 1936, when a county charter denied zoning power to future villages. There are also some unincorporated areas in the town of North Hempstead that are not part of villages, the west town line is the border of Queens County, New York, part of New York City. The north town line, delineated by Long Island Sound, is the border of Bronx County, the town of Oyster Bay is the eastern neighbor. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 69.1 square miles, of which 53.6 square miles is land and 15.5 square miles. Between the 1990 census and the 2000 census, North Hempstead lost some population growth to Queens, as of the census of 2000, there were 222,611 people,76,820 households, and 58,460 families residing in the town. The population density was 4,154.9 people per square mile, there were 78,927 housing units at an average density of 1,473.1 per square mile
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Area code 516
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North American area code 516 is a telephone area code in the state of New York. 516 serves the Nassau County portion of Long Island, when the North American Numbering Plan was devised by AT&T in October 1947, Nassau and Suffolk counties, and the lower Hudson Valley, were assigned area code 914. In 1951, Nassau and Suffolk were split off as a separate numbering plan area with area code 516, despite dramatic growth of telephone service on Long Island in the second half of the 20th century, this configuration remained in place for five decades. By the late 1990s, the proliferation of phones and pagers required further division to provide more telephone numbers for Long Island. On November 1,1999, Suffolk was split off as a new numbering plan area with area code 631, permissive dialing in NPA516 continued until spring 2000. List of New York area codes List of NANP area codes NANPA Area Code Map of New York List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,516 Area Code Interactive Map of Area Code 516
13.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
14.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
15.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
16.
Long Island Rail Road
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With an average weekday ridership of 337,800 passengers in 2014, it is the busiest commuter railroad in North America. It is also one of the worlds few commuter systems that runs 24 hours a day,7 days a week and it is publicly owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, who refer to it as MTA Long Island Rail Road. The LIRR logo combines the circular MTA logo with the text Long Island Rail Road, the LIRR is one of two commuter rail systems owned by the MTA, the other being the Metro-North Railroad. Established in 1834 and having operated continuously since then, it is the second-oldest US railroad still operating under its original name and charter. There are 124 stations, and more than 700 miles of track and this service was superseded in 1849 by the land route through Connecticut that became part of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. The LIRR refocused its attentions towards serving Long Island, in competition with railroads on the island. In the 1870s, railroad president Conrad Poppenhusen and his successor Austin Corbin acquired all the railroads, the LIRR was unprofitable for much of its history. In 1900, the Pennsylvania Railroad bought a controlling interest as part of its plan for access to Manhattan which began on September 8,1910. The wealthy PRR subsidized the LIRR during the first half of the new century, after the Second World War, the railroad industrys downturn and dwindling profits caused the PRR to stop subsidizing the LIRR, and the LIRR went into receivership in 1949. The State of New York, realizing how important the railroad was to Long Islands future, in 1966, New York State bought the railroads controlling stock from the PRR and put it under the newly formed Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority. With MTA subsidies the LIRR modernized further, continuing to be the busiest commuter railroad in the United States, the LIRR is one of the few railroads that has survived as an intact company from its original charter to the present. The LIRR operates out of three terminals, in Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens. Jamaica Station in central Queens is the hub of all railroad activities, expansion of the system into Grand Central Terminal is expected over the next few years. Major stations include, Pennsylvania Station, in Midtown Manhattan, is the busiest of the western terminals and it is reached via the Amtrak-owned East River Tunnels from the Main Line in Long Island City. The New York City Subways 34th Street–Penn Station and 34th Street–Penn Station stations are next to the terminal and it also connects LIRR with Amtrak and NJ Transit trains. Atlantic Terminal, formerly Flatbush Avenue, in Downtown Brooklyn serves most other trains and it is next to the New York City Subways Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center station complex, providing easy access to Lower Manhattan. A handful of trains run to Hunterspoint Avenue or onward to the Long Island City station on the East River in Long Island City. From Hunterspoint Avenue, the Hunters Point Avenue subway station can be reached for Midtown Manhattan access, the same subway trains can also be reached from Long Island City station at the Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue subway station
17.
New York State Route 25
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New York State Route 25 is an east–west state highway in downstate New York in the United States. The route extends for just over 105 miles from east midtown Manhattan in New York City to the Cross Sound Ferry terminal at Orient Point on the end of Long Islands North Fork. NY25 is carried from Manhattan to Queens by way of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge over the East River. NY25 is unique among NYS routes on Long Island as it is the one to leave the island, albeit minimally. Both termini are without connections to other routes, several other of the regions routes have similar dead ends at one or both termini. In the borough of Queens, it is called Queens Boulevard, Hillside Avenue, Braddock Avenue ends immediately upon crossing over the Cross Island Parkway. At that point, NY25 turns east onto Jericho Turnpike, continuing east through Nassau and western Suffolk counties, NY25 retains the name Jericho Turnpike. Further east, the highway becomes Main Street in Smithtown, Middle Country Road in central Suffolk, Main Street again in Riverhead, two alternate routings exist bearing the designation NY25 Truck, both along the North Fork of Long Island. NY25 begins near Second Avenue in Manhattan, at the end of the double-decked Queensboro Bridge spanning the East River. East of the bridge NY25 becomes Queens Boulevard at the intersection with NY 25A, Queens Plaza is based around this section of the road. In Long Island City, NY25 runs southeast beneath the tracks of the IRT Flushing Line. At Thompson Avenue, the turns to run eastward as the multi-lane divided Queens Boulevard. In Woodside, NY25 meets Interstate 278 at exit 39, in Elmhurst, the road runs over the eponymous subway line starting at the intersection with Grand Boulevard and Broadway. In Corona, the road intersects I-495 and the terminus of Woodhaven Boulevard. Outside of Rego Park, NY25 turns slightly southeast towards Forest Hills, in Kew Gardens the route is connected to the westbound and eastbound roadways of Union Turnpike and passes over the Jackie Robinson Parkway without access. Near Jamaica, the road meets I-678 at exit 9, a partial interchange, three blocks southeast of I-678, NY25 turns east and is known as Hillside Avenue, a city street that begins at Jamaica Avenue in Richmond Hill near the site of the former LIRR station. This section of NY25 is undivided but has several lanes in the Jamaica-Hollis area, in Queens Village the route connects with both I-295 and NY24 at an interchange that serves as NY 24s western end and I-295s southern terminus. East of I-295, NY25 intersects the terminus of NY 25B
18.
James II of England
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James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, the second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britains Protestant political elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and he was replaced by his eldest, Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. James made one attempt to recover his crowns from William. After the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamites at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and he lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV. James, the surviving son of King Charles I and his wife. Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud and he was educated by private tutors, along with his brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral, the position was honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration. He was designated Duke of York at birth, invested with the Order of the Garter in 1642, as the Kings disputes with the English Parliament grew into the English Civil War, James stayed in Oxford, a Royalist stronghold. When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, in 1648, he escaped from the Palace, aided by Joseph Bampfield, and from there he went to The Hague in disguise. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed Jamess older brother as Charles II of England, Charles II was recognised as king by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland, and was crowned King of Scotland at Scone in 1651. Although he was proclaimed King in Jersey, Charles was unable to secure the crown of England and consequently fled to France, like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne against the Fronde, and later against their Spanish allies. In the French army James had his first true experience of battle where, according to one observer, he ventures himself, in the meantime, Charles was attempting to reclaim his throne, but France, although hosting the exiles, had allied itself with Oliver Cromwell. In 1656, Charles turned instead to Spain – an enemy of France – for support, in consequence, James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turennes army. James quarrelled with his brother over the choice of Spain over France. In 1659, the French and Spanish made peace, James, doubtful of his brothers chances of regaining the throne, considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy. Ultimately, he declined the position, by the year the situation in England had changed. After Richard Cromwells resignation as Lord Protector in 1659 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children
19.
Hyde Park, New York
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Hyde Park is a town in Dutchess County, New York, bordering the Hudson River north of Poughkeepsie. Within the town are the hamlets of Hyde Park, Staatsburg, Hyde Park is known as the hometown of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States. Hyde Parks population was 21,571 at the 2010 census, US Route 9 passes through the town near the Hudson River. Settlement of the region began around 1742, but may have begun as early as 1710. The name of the area was changed to Hyde Park around 1810, previously, it was part of the Fauconnier Patent and was named Stoutenburgh, after the towns first settler, Jacobus Stoughtenburg. Part of the town was from the Great Nine Partners Patent of 1697, Dr. John Bard had called his estate Hyde Park in honor of Edward Hyde, who was Lord Cornbury and governor of New York. In 1804 a tavern keeper named Miller, seeking new guests, renamed the tavern the Hyde Park Inn and he then applied for a post office to be located at his inn, common among tavern keepers. The request was granted as the Hyde Park post office, the settlement gradually came to be known not as Stoutenburgh but as Hyde Park, which it officially became in 1812. Hyde Park was a part of Clinton, New York until 1821, the Hyde Park Railroad Station, located at the mouth of Crum Elbow Creek along the Hudson River, was used by the towns residents, including the Roosevelts. In 1900, the population was 2,806. The town includes one of Frederick William Vanderbilts many mansions, now maintained as the Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, Hyde Park is the hometown of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd president of the United States. His estate, Springwood, is the site of the Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site maintained by the National Park Service, also on the site are his presidential library and museum. Roosevelt used this residence throughout his life, fDRs historical house is now a museum that can be visited. Val-Kill was the home of Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt and it is located about 2 miles east of the home of FDR. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt are both buried in the garden at Springwood. President Roosevelts father, James Roosevelt, Sr. served a term as supervisor of the town of Hyde Park. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Hyde Park has an area of 39.8 square miles, of which 36.7 square miles is land and 3.2 square miles. The Hudson River defines the west town line, which is the border of Ulster County, Hyde Park is bordered by the town of Poughkeepsie to the south, Rhinebeck to the north, and Clinton and Pleasant Valley to the east
20.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
21.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
22.
North New Hyde Park, New York
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North New Hyde Park is a census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, United States. Small areas are situated within Queens County, New York. The population was 14,899 at the 2010 census, north New Hyde Park is located at 40°44′44″N 73°41′17″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.0 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,542 people,5,032 households, the population density was 7,350.1 per square mile. There were 5,116 housing units at a density of 2,585. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 82. 38% White,0. 33% African American,0. 14% Native American,14. 83% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 22% from other races, and 1. 07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 86% of the population,17. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the family size was 3.28. In the CDP, the population was out with 22. 0% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.4 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $69,792, and the median income for a family was $80,688. Males had an income of $53,667 versus $42,162 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,998, about 1. 8% of families and 2. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 1% of those under age 18 and 4. 0% of those age 65 or over
23.
Floral Park, New York
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Floral Park is an incorporated village in Nassau County, New York, United States, on Long Island. The neighborhood of Floral Park in the New York City borough of Queens, is adjacent to the village. The village is at the border of Nassau County, and is located mainly in the Town of Hempstead. The population as of the US Census of 2010 is 15,863, the area that is now Floral Park once marked the western edge of the great Hempstead Plains, and by some reports was initially known as Plainfield. Farms and tiny villages dominated the area through the 1870s when the development of the Long Island Rail Road Hempstead Branch, Hinsdale had more than two dozen flower farms after the Civil War. The present-day village of Floral Park was once called East Hinsdale, in 1874 John Lewis Childs arrived in the area to work for C. L. After building his own seed and bulb business and starting Americas first seed catalog business, to promote his own business and the local horticultural industry, Childs named the local streets after flowers and renamed the area Floral Park. The expansion of the Floral Park Post Office and nearby village businesses are attributed solely to the success of Childs business. When the local Post Office took the name Floral Park, the Long Island Rail Road followed suit by changing the name of the East Hinsdale station to Floral Park in 1888. Formerly part of Queens, Floral Park became part of the new county of Nassau in 1899, Childs served as its first president starting that year. In 1903 the village boasted more than 200 acres of Childs flower beds, the massive volume of his mail order business grew the local post office to such an extent that it drew comparisons with the post offices of Chicago, Baltimore, and Boston. The western village boundary is the border of New York City, Floral Park is located at 40°43′26″N 73°42′21″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.4 square miles. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 8% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,967 people,5,770 households, and 4,258 families residing in the village. The population density was 11,635.9 people per square mile, there were 5,892 housing units at an average density of 4,293.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 93. 56% White,0. 46% African American,0. 06% Native American,3. 88% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 03% from other races, and 0. 98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 38% of the population,23. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the family size was 3.30
24.
Stewart Manor, New York
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Stewart Manor is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 1,896 at the 2010 census, the Village of Stewart Manor is within the northern part of the Town of Hempstead on Long Island and is a suburb of New York City. The Stewart Manor, located in adjacent Garden City, serves Stewart Manor, Stewart Manor is located at 40°43′14″N 73°41′07″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.2 square miles. The village is east of the Village of Floral Park, south of the Village of New Hyde Park, and west of Franklin Square, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,935 people,718 households, and 564 families residing in the village. The population density was 9,784.9 people per square mile, there were 726 housing units at an average density of 3,671.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 93. 28% White,1. 76% African American,1. 91% Asian,1. 45% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 03% of the population. 19. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.10. In the village, the population was out with 23. 2% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,28. 6% from 25 to 44,25. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 84.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.6 males, the median income for a household in the village was $84,913, and the median income for a family was $97,922. Males had an income of $67,031 versus $41,042 for females. The per capita income for the village was $35,371, about 1. 9% of families and 2. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 2% of those under age 18 and 3. 9% of those age 65 or over. Elmont Library Stewart Manor School Sewanhaka High School A nationally ranked school in the 2012 U. S. News & World Report Best Schools list, the Stewart Manor street Fernwood Terrace is split between Garden City UFSD and Sewanhaka/Franklin Square UFSD History of Stewart Manor in Newsday
25.
Garden City, New York
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Garden City is a village in the town of Hempstead in central Nassau County, New York, in the United States. It was founded by multi-millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart in 1869, and is on Long Island, the village is mostly in the Town of Hempstead with a small portion in the Town of North Hempstead. As of the 2010 census, the population of the village was 22,371. The Garden City name is applied to several other unincorporated, nearby jurisdictions, in the region, hamlets such as Garden City South, Garden City Park and East Garden City are next to the incorporated village of Garden City, but are not themselves part of it. Roosevelt Field, the center built on the former airfield from which Charles Lindbergh took off on his landmark 1927 transatlantic flight, is in East Garden City. Adelphi Universitys main campus is in Garden City, in 1869, the Irish-born millionaire Alexander Turney Stewart bought a portion of the lightly populated Hempstead Plains. In doing this I am prepared and would be willing to expend several millions of dollars, parenthetically, the name Garden City pre-dates that of the Garden City Movement which was established some years later near the end of the nineteenth century. The central attraction of the new community was the Garden City Hotel, designed by the firm of McKim. Access to Garden City was provided by the Central Railroad of Long Island, the railroads Hempstead Branch opened in 1873. Stewarts wife, Cornelia, founded the St. Pauls School for boys and this elaborate memorial was completed in 1885. Mrs. Stewart died the following year, in 2008, the Cathedral of the Incarnation underwent a multimillion-dollar renovation and rehabilitation project, which was completed in 2012. Voters selected Mineola to be the county seat for the new county of Nassau in November 1898, winning out over Hicksville and Hempstead. The Garden City Company donated four acres of land for the county buildings just south of the Mineola train station and the present-day village of Mineola, in the town of Hempstead. The land and the buildings have a Mineola postal address, but are within the village of Garden City. The early village did well due to its proximity to Hempstead, in time, thanks both to the railroad and automobiles, Garden City’s population increased. In 1910, Doubleday, Page, and Co. one of the most worlds important publishers, moved its operations to Garden City, which include its own train station. The Doubleday company purchased much of the land on the west site of Franklin Avenue, in 1916, company co-founder and Garden City resident Walter Hines Page was named Ambassador to Great Britain. In 1915, the village of Garden City merged with the village of Garden City Estates to its west and it became an incorporated village in 1919
26.
Garden City Park, New York
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Garden City Park is a hamlet and census-designated place located in the Town of North Hempstead in Nassau County on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. The population was 7,806 at the 2010 census, from about 1787 until about 1874, when the area was known as Clowesville, the county seat of Queens County was located here, along with the county courthouse and jail. Garden City Park is located at 40°44′35″N 73°39′46″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.0 square miles, all land. The southern border is the boundary of the Town of North Hempstead with the Town of Hempstead, roughly coinciding with Atlantic Avenue, the local LIRR stop is Merillon Avenue. Some local and town maps reflect that Garden City Park spills over north into Herricks, mail delivery is provided by the New Hyde Park Post Office utilizing the 11040 Zip Code. The population density was 7,759.3 per square mile, there were 2,548 housing units at an average density of 2,617. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 48. 6% Non-Hispanic White,3. 8% African American,0. 3% Native American,33. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,3. 8% from other races, and 2. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12. 1% of the population,18. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the family size was 3.43. In the CDP, the population was out with 22. 4% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $74,746, and the median income for a family was $81,580. Males had an income of $47,234 versus $38,580 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,250, about 0. 4% of families and 1. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0. 3% of those under age 18 and 2. 2% of those age 65 or over. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,554 people,2,508 households, the population density was 7,759.3 per square mile. There were 2,548 housing units at a density of 2,617. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70. 20% White,4. 21% African American,0. 28% Native American,20. 49% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,2. 13% from other races, and 2. 66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 09% of the population,18. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
27.
Herricks, New York
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Herricks is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 4,295 at the 2010 census, Herricks is a community in the southern part of Town of North Hempstead. Herricks is located at 40°45′23″N 73°39′44″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.6 square miles, all land. It is an entity, governed under the jurisdiction of the Town of North Hempstead. It is estimated to be bordered by Searingtown Road/Shelter Rock Road to the north, Hillside Avenue to the south, Herricks Road to the east, mail delivery is provided by the New Hyde Park Post Office utilizing the 11040 Zip Code. The school in Herricks was established in 1813, making it one of the oldest in Nassau County and it was named for Herricks Path, a path that existed as early as 1659. By 1898, the Herricks School was one of Nassau Countys last single-room schools, according to the 2010 census, there were 4,295 people residing in the CDP. The racial makeup of the CDP was 52. 6% White,0. 5% African American,0. 10% Native American,43. 2% Asian,0. 10% Pacific Islander,1. 1% from other races, and 2. 4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 9% of the population,23. 2% of the population are Asian Indians,9. 1% are Chinese and 1. 6% are Filipino. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,076 people,1,349 households, the population density was 7,284.4 per square mile. There were 1,371 housing units at a density of 2,450. 2/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 72. 74% White,0. 29% African American,0. 10% Native American,24. 39% Asian,0. 10% Pacific Islander,0. 93% from other races, and 1. 45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 17% of the population,14. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the family size was 3.38. In the CDP, the population was out with 23. 9% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 4% from 25 to 44,25. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $78,343, and the median income for a family was $84,451. Males had an income of $55,125 versus $40,658 for females
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Manhasset Hills, New York
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Manhasset Hills is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 3,592 at the 2010 census, manhasset Hills is an unincorporated area of the Town of North Hempstead. Neighboring communities include Herricks, North New Hyde Park, and Lake Success, manhasset Hills is located at 40°45′33″N 73°40′47″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,661 people,1,224 households, the population density was 6,175.1 per square mile. There were 1,235 housing units at a density of 2,083. 1/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70. 39% White,0. 36% African American,0. 03% Native American,27. 04% Asian,0. 66% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 31% of the population. 10. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.22. In the CDP, the population was out with 24. 2% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,20. 3% from 25 to 44,29. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $103,540, and the median income for a family was $109,613. Males had an income of $78,223 versus $48,542 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $45,009, about 2. 3% of families and 2. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 5% of those under age 18 and 3. 9% of those age 65 or over
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North Hills, New York
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North Hills is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 5,075 at the 2010 census, the Incorporated Village of North Hills is located in the Town of North Hempstead. North Hills is located at 40°46′33″N 73°40′22″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.8 square miles, all of it land. North Hills is adjacent to Interstate 495 and the Northern State Parkway, the glacial action that formed much of Long Island deposited Shelter Rock in what is now North Hills approximately 11,000 years ago. The Matinecock had a village in the area, farming developed in North Hills in mid 17th century. Around this time a fence was built along the road later known as Northern Boulevard. The lands of the Cow Neck peninsula enclosed by the fence were used for grazing, later, in the 19th century, one of the largest farms in the area was owned by I. U. The village was formed as a tax haven to prevent Manhasset from raising taxes on the property, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,301 people,1,808 households, and 1,424 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,542.5 people per square mile, there were 1,907 housing units at an average density of 683.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 81. 42% White,0. 91% African American,15. 83% Asian,0. 14% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 44% of the population. 18. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.66. In the village, the population was out with 14. 5% under the age of 18,4. 0% from 18 to 24,17. 2% from 25 to 44,36. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 54 years, for every 100 females there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males, the median income for a household in the village was $149,122, and the median income for a family was $184,223. Males had an income of $100,000 versus $60,789 for females. The per capita income for the village was $100,093, about 3. 4% of families and 6. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16. 1% of those under age 18 and 6. 0% of those age 65 or over. As the general housing situation of the village of North Hills is private, gated community style living, there is little communal activity. However, in the early first decade of the 21st century, the mayor decided that the buying of the Deepdale Golf Club would make it a better place, and raise home values
30.
Glen Oaks, Queens
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Glen Oaks is a middle class neighborhood in the easternmost portion of the New York City Borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13, Glen Oaks lies between Grand Central Parkway and Nassau County to the north, Union Turnpike to the south, the Queens/Nassau border to the east, and the Cross Island Parkway to the west. In this area, the Queens/Nassau border separates New York City from the Village of Lake Success to the north, the Queens/Nassau border is referred to locally as the city line and is so designated on New York City buses. Union Turnpike is the commercial road in the area. The northern edge of Glen Oaks is a line of hills which are part of the moraine of the last glacial period. These hills include the highest point in Queens,258.2 feet above sea level, the southern part of Glen Oaks is a glacial outwash plain. The postal ZIP code zones for this area do not follow political boundaries, the easternmost part of the neighborhood is in the 11040 zip code, addressed as New Hyde Park. The northernmost part of the neighborhood—the North Shore Towers complex—is in the 11005 zip code, the portion of the neighborhood west of Little Neck Parkway—other than the Queens County Farm Museum—is in the 11426 zip code, addressed as Bellerose. Finally, the part of the neighborhood is in the 11004 zip code. Since the zip codes cross the city line, they cannot be used as the means to determine sales tax rates. This has caused problems for area residents, North of Glen Oaks is the Little Neck neighborhood. The Queens neighborhoods of Bellerose and Floral Park lie south of Glen Oaks, the Nassau County villages of Bellerose and Floral Park lie south of the Queens neighborhoods with the same names. East of Glen Oaks is the neighborhood of North New Hyde Park. South of North New Hyde Park is the Village of New Hyde Park, so even though Glen Oaks shares various postal city names with Nassau County villages, it is not adjacent to those villages and is not politically related to them other than being in the same state. The right-of-way of the historical Long Island Motor Parkway is now the southernmost edge of the lot of Green Meadows Farm. East of Little Neck Parkway, the Motor Parkway route is now 74th Avenue, the route also defines the southern border of the North Shore Towers complex. Glen Oaks is dominated by a garden apartment complex named Glen Oaks Village built in 1950. The apartment complex has two major sections, one extends from Little Neck Parkway eastwards to 263rd Street, north to the Royal Ranch, and south to Union Turnpike
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Nassau County Police Department
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The Nassau County Police Department is the law enforcement agency of Nassau County, New York. Consisting initially of Chief of Police Abram Skidmore,55 officers and a fingerprint expert, the expansion accelerated dramatically following World War II with the rapid suburbanization of the county. It reached 1,000 officers in six precincts by 1950, a seventh precinct was opened in 1955 and an eighth followed five years later. In the early 1970s, with crime and civil disorder in neighboring New York City and other cities a major concern, since then, it has declined to around 2,600, making it still one of the largest county police agencies in the United States. Nevertheless, the reduced size has been a source of controversy, with the village of Mineola exploring the idea of seceding from the police district. On Dec. 5th,2006, however, the villages voters decisively rejected the proposal,2936 to 1288, in October 2011, the Nassau County legislature voted on a budget that will have the effect of closing three of the eight precincts. In March 2012 the Levittown station was chosen to be the first to be reduced to a Community Policing Center followed by the 5th Precinct in Elmont, the 5th Precinct has since reopened. The NCPDs guiding philosophy is that it is a police department, promoting the concept of the community as client. Sociologist James Q. Wilson used the Nassau department as the exemplar of this approach in his classic 1968 study, the department has historically been quick to embrace new technologies. The Marine Bureau began in 1933 with the gift of an 18-foot Chris Craft mahogany speedboat from the residents of Manhasset Bay, the Aviation Bureau followed a year later with the gift of a Stinson airplane from wealthy county residents. The aircraft was grounded by World War II, but the air unit was revived in 1968 with the purchase of four helicopters to assist in pursuits and medical evacuations. The Highway Patrol unit, which covers the Long Island Expressway, all police vehicles are now equipped with computer keyboards, and, since 1973, air conditioning. The department has adopted its own system for computerized tracking of crime information known as NASSTAT. Traffic safety is a major department priority, given Nassaus relative lack of transportation and its perpetually clogged roads. Managed by the departments Traffic Safety Unit, it allows the NCPD to teach traffic, also, officers are re-equipping with expandable batons to replace the straight wooden nightstick. In early 2007, the NCPD announced that 207 marked patrol vehicles would be equipped with Global Positioning System devices, the technology allows the scanning of literally thousands of plates in a single shift. Promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and police captain, are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion to the ranks of detective, detective sergeant, detective lieutenant, detective captain, deputy inspector, inspector, the Nassau County Auxiliary Police is a unit of the Nassau County Police Department
32.
New York Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
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Herricks Union Free School District
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The Herricks Union Free School District is a school district located in western Nassau County on Long Island, in New York State. The school in Herricks was established in 1813, making it one of the oldest in Nassau County and it was named for Herricks Path, a path that existed as early as 1659. By 1898, the Herricks School was one of Nassau Countys last single-room schools, the Herricks Community Center just south of the High School once also served as the Junior High school. Herricks High School stands on Watermelon Hill, the land near the area was a burial ground for the Pearsall family starting in the 17th century, but the burial grounds were later removed. The High School opened in 1958 and had its first graduating class in 1960, known as the Herricks Prayer Case, Engel v. Vitale, in 1959 the Herricks School District a. k. a. Union Free School District #9 was sued by five district property owners, almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. Was recited as a procedure on the recommendation of the NY State Board of Regents. This case was decided by the U. S. Supreme Court, Herricks High School Herricks Middle School Denton Ave. Elementary School Center Street Elementary School Searingtown Elementary School The Herricks Community Center was also part of the school district
34.
1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
36.
1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
37.
1970 United States Census
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Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
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1980 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
