1.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
2.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
3.
Music
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Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers
4.
Culture
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Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E. B, Tylor, it is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is the way of life, especially the customs and beliefs. As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a concept in anthropology. The word is used in a sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of culture that emerged in the 20th century. When used as a count noun, a culture is the set of customs, traditions, in this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes culture is used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a context, meaning something similar. His use, and that of many writers after him, refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human. To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensive to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, thus a contrast between culture and civilization is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. Cultural invention has come to any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period, driven by the expansion of commerce, the mass media, and above all. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change, Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change, for example, the U. S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors, Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices
5.
Blues
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Blues is a genre and musical form originated by African Americans in the Deep South of the United States around the end of the 19th century. The genre developed from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs, spirituals, Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts, chants, and rhymed simple narrative ballads. Blue notes, usually thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are also a part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove, Blues as a genre is also characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, and instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, Early blues frequently took the form of a loose narrative, often relating the troubles experienced in African-American society. Many elements, such as the format and the use of blue notes. The origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community. The first appearance of the blues is often dated to after the ending of slavery and, later and it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century, the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues, World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience, especially white listeners. In the 1960s and 1970s, a form called blues rock evolved. The term blues may have come from blue devils, meaning melancholy and sadness, the phrase blue devils may also have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal. As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, by the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, in lyrics the phrase is often used to describe a depressed mood. The lyrics of traditional blues verses probably often consisted of a single line repeated four times. Two of the first published songs, Dallas Blues and Saint Louis Blues, were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure. Handy wrote that he adopted this convention to avoid the monotony of lines repeated three times, the lines are often sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody
6.
R&B
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
7.
Gospel music
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Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
8.
Cajun music
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Cajun music, an emblematic music of Louisiana, is rooted in the ballads of the French-speaking Acadians of Canada. Cajun music is mentioned in tandem with the Creole-based, Creole-influenced zydeco form. These French Louisiana sounds have influenced American popular music for decades, especially country music. Cajun music is relatively harsh with a beat and a lot of forward drive. Besides the voices, only two instruments are heard, the accordion and fiddle, but usually in the background can also be heard the high. The harmonies of Cajun music are simple, basically I, IV, and V, tonic, sub-dominant, the melodic range is just one octave, rising a fifth above the tonic and descending a fourth below. Because the Cajun accordion is an instrument it can only play tunes in a few keys. For example, a C accordion is tuned such that the entire C scale is available on the ten buttons, a C accordion can also play a tune in the key of G, but one note of the G scale will be missing which is F#. So tunes played in the key of G will not have an F# note, a C accordion can also play a few Cajun songs in the key of F however the Bb note will be missing. Also it can play in the key of D with a bluesy sound since the F natural note becomes a third or minor third in the key of D. However a skilled player can play in these other keys. Since an instrument must match the range, much Cajun singing is sung in the singers upper range. The accordionist gives the vocal melody greater energy by repeating most notes and this style comprises the roots of Cajun dance music, involving only a few instruments such as the Cajun accordion, fiddle, and triangle. This form holds firm to a rhythm with staccato style notes. Each fiddle solo is composed of a major scale riff, repeated between verses and this form has existed since the early 1900s and the waltz and two-step are the most common dances of this Cajun music genre. Many songs that became standards in the Cajun music repertoire were first recorded in this period of the 1920s and 1930s, a number of the most prominent traditional Cajun musicians are featured in the 1989 documentary JAi Ete Au Bal. Amédé Ardoin, Canray Fontenot, Wade Frugé, Dewey Segura, Joe Falcon and Cléoma Falcon, and this style involves heavy elements of Texas country music influence and a move away from the traditional accordion. This music has more of a style popularized by Bob Wills
9.
Zydeco
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The origin of the word zydeco is uncertain. One theory is that it derives from the French phrase Les haricots ne sont pas salés, which and this literally translates as the snap beans arent salty but idiomatically as I have no spicy news for you signifying the speakers fatigue or lack of energy. The earliest recorded use of the term may have been the country, initially, several different spellings of the word existed, including zarico and zodico. In 1960, musicologist Robert Mack McCormick wrote liner notes for an album, A Treasury of Field Recordings. The word was used in reviews, and McCormick began publicizing it around Houston as a standard spelling, in an alternative theory the term derives from the Atakapa people, whose enslaved women were well known for forming marital unions with male African slaves in the early 1700s. The Atakapa word for dance is shi and their word for the youths is ishol, in 1528 Spanish people, the first Europeans to contact the Atakapa, translated shi ishol as zy ikol. Four hundred years later, the descendants of Atakapas and Africans would still sway in synchrony to their raucous music. Another possible root word for zydeco is as a West African term for Musicking, however recent studies based on early Louisiana recordings made by Alan and John Lomax suggests that the term, as well as the tradition, may have African origins. The languages of West African tribes affected by the slave trade provide some clues as to the origins of zydeco, in at least a dozen languages from this culture-area of Africa, the phonemes za, re, and go are frequently associated with dancing and/or playing music. As a result, the music integrated waltz, shuffles, two-steps, blues, rock and roll, and other dance music forms of the era. Today, zydeco integrates genres such as R&B, soul, brass band, reggae, hip hop, ska, rock, Afro-Caribbean and other styles, in addition to the traditional forms. The original French settlers came to Louisiana in the late 1600s, sent by the Regent of France, Philippe dOrléans, Duke of Orléans, arriving in New Orleans on seven ships, the settlers quickly moved into the bayous and swamps. There the French culture permeated those of the Irish, Spanish, for 150 years, Louisiana Creoles enjoyed an insular lifestyle, prospering, educating themselves without the government and building their invisible communities under the Code Noir. The French created the Code Noir in 1724 to establish rules for treatment of slaves, as well as restrictions and rights for gens de couleur libres and they had the right to own land, something few blacks in the American South had at that time. The disruption of the Louisiana Creole community began when the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, the new settlers typically recognized only the system of race that prevailed where they came from. When the Civil War ended and the slaves were freed. Creoles continued to press for education and advancement while negotiating the new society, zydecos rural beginnings and the prevailing economic conditions at its inception are reflected in the song titles, lyrics, and bluesy vocals. The music arose as a synthesis of traditional Creole music, some Cajun music influences, and African-American traditions, including R&B, blues, jazz and it was also often just called French music or le musique Creole known as la-la
10.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
11.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
12.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
13.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
14.
Bluegrass music
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Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and a related genre of country music. Settlers from Britain and Ireland arrived in Appalachia during the 18th century and these traditions consisted primarily of English and Scottish ballads—which were essentially unaccompanied narrative—and dance music, such as Irish reels, which were accompanied by a fiddle. Many older bluegrass songs come directly from the British Isles, several Appalachian bluegrass ballads, such as Pretty Saro, Barbara Allen, Cuckoo Bird and House Carpenter, come from England and preserve the English ballad tradition both melodically and lyrically. Others, such as The Two Sisters, also come from England, however, some bluegrass fiddle songs popular in Appalachia, such as Leather Britches, and Pretty Polly, have Scottish roots. The dance tune Cumberland Gap may be derived from the tune that accompanies the Scottish ballad Bonnie George Campbell and this is in contrast to old-time music, in which all instruments play the melody together or one instrument carries the lead throughout while the others provide accompaniment. Breakdowns are often characterized by rapid tempos and unusual instrumental dexterity, there are three major subgenres of bluegrass and one unofficial subgenre. Traditional bluegrass has musicians playing folk songs, tunes with traditional chord progressions, progressive bluegrass groups may use electric instruments and import songs from other genres, particularly rock & roll. Examples include Cadillac Sky and Bearfoot, another subgenre, Bluegrass gospel uses Christian lyrics, soulful three- or four-part harmony singing, and sometimes the playing of instrumentals. Bluegrass music has attracted a following worldwide. Bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe characterized the genre as, Scottish bagpipes and its Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. Its blues and jazz, and it has a high lonesome sound, unlike mainstream country music, bluegrass is traditionally played on acoustic stringed instruments. The fiddle, five-string banjo, guitar, mandolin, and upright bass are often joined by the resonator guitar and this instrumentation originated in rural dance bands and is the basis on which the earliest bluegrass bands were formed. The guitar is now most commonly played with a style referred to as flatpicking, unlike the style of bluegrass guitarists such as Lester Flatt. Banjo players often use the three-finger picking style made popular by such as Don Reno. Fiddlers frequently play in thirds and fifths, producing a sound that is characteristic to the bluegrass style, bassists almost always play pizzicato, occasionally adopting the slap-style to accentuate the beat. A bluegrass bass line is generally a rhythmic alternation between the tonic and dominant of each chord, with walking bass excursions. Instrumentation has been a topic of debate. Traditional bluegrass performers believe the correct instrumentation is used by Bill Monroes band
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Jazz
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Jazz is a music genre that originated amongst African Americans in New Orleans, United States, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and developed from roots in Blues and Ragtime. Since the 1920s jazz age, jazz has become recognized as a form of musical expression. Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes, call and response vocals, polyrhythms, Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime, as well as European military band music. Although the foundation of jazz is deeply rooted within the Black experience of the United States, different cultures have contributed their own experience, intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of Americas original art forms. As jazz spread around the world, it drew on different national, regional, and local musical cultures, New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s, combining earlier brass-band marches, French quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation. In the 1930s, heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands, Kansas City jazz, bebop emerged in the 1940s, shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musicians music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation. Cool jazz developed in the end of the 1940s, introducing calmer, smoother sounds and long, modal jazz developed in the late 1950s, using the mode, or musical scale, as the basis of musical structure and improvisation. Jazz-rock fusion appeared in the late 1960s and early 1970s, combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments. In the early 1980s, a form of jazz fusion called smooth jazz became successful. Other styles and genres abound in the 2000s, such as Latin, the question of the origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a term dating back to 1860 meaning pep. The use of the word in a context was documented as early as 1915 in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Its first documented use in a context in New Orleans was in a November 14,1916 Times-Picayune article about jas bands. In an interview with NPR, musician Eubie Blake offered his recollections of the slang connotations of the term, saying, When Broadway picked it up. That was dirty, and if you knew what it was, the American Dialect Society named it the Word of the Twentieth Century. Jazz has proved to be difficult to define, since it encompasses such a wide range of music spanning a period of over 100 years. Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions, in the opinion of Robert Christgau, most of us would say that inventing meaning while letting loose is the essence and promise of jazz. As Duke Ellington, one of jazzs most famous figures, said, although jazz is considered highly difficult to define, at least in part because it contains so many varied subgenres, improvisation is consistently regarded as being one of its key elements
16.
Fair Grounds Race Course
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Fair Grounds Race Course, often known as New Orleans Fair Grounds, is a thoroughbred racetrack and racino in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is operated by Churchill Downs Louisiana Horseracing Company, LLC and it began on March 20th and lasted for five days. In 1852 it was renamed the Union Race Course, in 2009, the Horseplayers Association of North America introduced a rating system for 65 Thoroughbred racetracks in North America. Of the top Fifteen, New Orleans Fair Grounds was ranked #12, behind Evangeline Downs in Opelousas, Louisiana, which was ranked #6. As early as 1839 Bernard de Marigny, Julius C Branch and Henry Augustine Tayloe, organized the first races at the Louisiana Race Course starting March 20,1839, and lasting five days. The First Day was the Creole Purse for $500, one mile heats, the day the Proprietors Purse for $250, one mile heats. Second Day-Proprietors Purse $1, 200--two mile heat, if more than two start the second best to be entitled to $200-but if two, the winner to receive $1,000. Third Day-Jockey Club Purse $1, 800--three mile heats, of which the second best will be entitled to $300, fourth Day-Jockey Club Plate value $1,500 and $500, -four mile heats-to the winner, and $500 to the second best horse, provided more than two start. The track opened again as the Union Race Course in 1852, the track closed in 1857 due to competition from the Metairie Course. In 1859 the track was renamed the Creole Race Course, in 1863, the name was changed again to the Fair Grounds and racing was conducted during the Civil War. The track then closed when the Metairie Course reopened after the war, in 1871, the younger members of the Metairie Jockey Club broke away to re-form the then defunct Louisiana Jockey Club and again hold meets at the Fair Grounds. In 1872 the first race card is held at the Fair Grounds under the auspices of the Louisiana Jockey Club, in 1907, Colonel Matt Winn arrived in New Orleans to establish racing dates and deal with other matters in the Louisiana horse industry. In 1908, racing was banned in New Orleans but returned in 1915, in 1919 a fire burned down the grandstand but the track was still able to conduct a race meeting. In 1921, a race was held at the track. In 1940, legislative sanction was given to racing in Louisiana. The track was sold to developers for construction of a subdivision. In 1941, a group of investors saved Fair Grounds from destruction, the track resumed racing after World War II. The Fair Grounds Racing Hall of Fame was established in 1971, in 1981 a turf course was installed. In 1990 the track was sold to the Krantz family, in 1993, the grandstand was completely destroyed by a seven alarm fire and racing continued with temporary facilities in place for a couple of years
17.
Horse racing
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Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport, typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys or driven over a set distance for competition. Horse races vary widely in format, often, countries have developed their own particular horse racing traditions. Variations include restricting races to particular breeds, running over obstacles, running over different distances, running on different track surfaces, Horse racing has a long and distinguished history and has been practised in civilisations across the world since ancient times. Archaeological records indicate that horse racing occurred in Ancient Greece, Babylon, Syria and it also plays an important part of myth and legend, such as the contest between the steeds of the god Odin and the giant Hrungnir in Norse mythology. Chariot racing was one of the most popular ancient Greek, Roman, both chariot and mounted horse racing were events in the ancient Greek Olympics by 648 BC and were important in the other Panhellenic Games. This was despite the fact that racing was often dangerous to both driver and horse as they frequently suffered serious injury and even death. In the Roman Empire, chariot and mounted horse racing were major industries, fifteen to 20 riderless horses, originally imported from the Barbary Coast of North Africa, ran the length of the Via del Corso, a long, straight city street, in about 2½ minutes. In later times, Thoroughbred racing became, and remains, popular with the aristocrats and royalty of British society, historically, equestrians honed their skills through games and races. Equestrian sports provided entertainment for crowds and honed the excellent horsemanship that was needed in battle, Horse racing of all types evolved from impromptu competitions between riders or drivers. The various forms of competition, requiring demanding and specialized skills from both horse and rider, resulted in the development of specialized breeds and equipment for each sport. The popularity of sports through the centuries has resulted in the preservation of skills that would otherwise have disappeared after horses stopped being used in combat. There are many different types of racing, including, Flat racing. Jump racing, or Jumps racing, also known as Steeplechasing or, in the UK and Ireland, National Hunt racing, Harness racing, where horses trot or pace while pulling a driver in a sulky. Breeds that are used for flat racing include the Thoroughbred, Quarter Horse, Arabian, Paint, Jump racing breeds include the Thoroughbred and AQPS. In harness racing, Standardbreds are used in Australia, New Zealand and North America, light cold blood horses, such as Finnhorses and Scandinavian coldblood trotter are also used in harness racing within their respective geographical areas. There also are races for ponies, both flat and jump and harness racing, Flat racing is the most common form of racing seen worldwide. Track surfaces vary, with turf most common in Europe, dirt more common in North America and Asia, individual flat races are run over distances ranging from 440 yards up to two and a half miles, with distances between five and twelve furlongs being most common. Short races are referred to as sprints, while longer races are known as routes in the United States or staying races in Europe
18.
Mid-City New Orleans
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Mid-City is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. It is a district on the National Register of Historic Places. In common usage, a larger area surrounding these borders is often also referred to as part of Mid-City. Mid-City is located at 29°58′19″N 90°05′49″W and has an elevation of 0 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 1.66 square miles. 1.66 square miles of which is land and 0.00 square miles of which is water. As such, it was not settled as early as adjacent neighborhoods and was called the back of town—the city ended at the swamp, unlike today, navarre City Park Bayou St. John, St. Louis Street, North Broad Street and the Pontchartrain Expressway. As of the census of 2000, there were 19,909 people,5,830 households, the population density was 11,993 /mi². As of the census of 2010, there were 14,633 people,5,258 households, Mid-City is the home of a number of city landmarks. Tulane Avenue, which is the terminus of U. S. Route 61, also runs just upriver from Canal Street, before the highway system. An important cross-street is Jefferson Davis Parkway, named for the president of the Confederate States of America, tulane Avenue in particular shows some remnants of the areas industrial past. However, more characteristic of Mid-City today are the many shotgun houses, Mid-City is a generally local, middle-class neighborhood in that it contains fewer tourist destinations than other parts of the city. Restaurants and bars rely heavily on local clientele, giving the area a local flavor. In the period before Hurricane Katrina on New Years Eve, residents of Mid-City placed their Christmas trees in an area in Orleans Avenue and they then threw fireworks into the bonfire. Joanna Weiss of the Boston Globe said A fire truck waited down the street, Mid-City experienced extensive flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and has been involved in an ongoing rebuilding effort. Repopulation and reconstruction are concentrated along major thoroughfares, March 2007 estimates were that 55% of the residents were living in the area. New Orleans Public Schools and Recovery School District operate the school system. Warren Easton Senior High School is in Mid-City, New Orleans Public Library operates the Mid-City Branch. Neighborhoods in New Orleans Mid-City New Orleans Neighborhood Organization Neighborhood snapshot
19.
Tourist attraction
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Factory tours, industrial heritage, creative art and crafts workshops are the object of cultural niches like industrial tourism and creative tourism. Many tourist attractions are also landmarks, tourist attractions are also created to capitalise on legends such as a supposed UFO crash site near Roswell, New Mexico and the alleged Loch Ness monster sightings in Scotland. Ghost sightings also make tourist attractions, ethnic communities may become tourist attractions, such as Chinatowns in the United States and the black British neighbourhood of Brixton in London, England. In the US, owners and marketers of attractions advertise tourist attractions on billboards along the side of highways and roadways, tourist attractions often provide free promotional brochures and flyers in information centres, fast food restaurants, hotel and motel rooms or lobbies, and rest area. Such places are known as tourist traps. Within cities such transport tourist attractions as rides by boats and buses are very popular, novelty attractions are not limited to the American Midwest, but are part of Midwestern culture. It may contain one or more tourist attractions and possibly some tourist traps, siem Reap town for example is a popular tourist destination in Cambodia, mainly owed to its proximity to Angkor temples. A tropical island resort is an island or archipelago that also depends on tourism as its source of revenue, according to the World Tourism Organization, •698 million people travelled to a foreign country in 2000, spending more US$478 billion. Lists of tourist attractions Attractions at DMOZ
20.
Mardi Gras in New Orleans
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The holiday of Mardi Gras is celebrated in Southern Louisiana. Celebrations are concentrated for about two weeks before and through Shrove Tuesday, the day before Ash Wednesday, usually there is one major parade each day, many days have several large parades. The largest and most elaborate parades take place the last five days of the Mardi Gras season, in the final week, many events occur throughout New Orleans and surrounding communities, including parades and balls. The parades in New Orleans are organized by social clubs known as krewes, most follow the parade schedule. The earliest-established krewes were the Mistick Krewe of Comus, the earliest, Rex, the Knights of Momus and the Krewe of Proteus. Float riders traditionally toss throws into the crowds, the most common throws are strings of plastic beads, doubloons, decorated plastic throw cups, Moon Pies. Major krewes follow the parade schedule and route each year. Mardi Gras day traditionally concludes with the Meeting of the Courts between Rex and Comus, the first record of Mardi Gras being celebrated in Louisiana was at the mouth of the Mississippi River in what is now lower Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, on March 2,1699. Iberville, Bienville, and their men celebrated it as part of an observance of Catholic practice, the date of the first celebration of the festivities in New Orleans is unknown. A1730 account by Marc-Antione Caillot celebrating with music and dance, an account from 1743 that the custom of Carnival balls was already established. Processions and wearing of masks in the streets on Mardi Gras took place and they were sometimes prohibited by law, and were quickly renewed whenever such restrictions were lifted or enforcement waned. In 1833 Bernard Xavier de Marigny de Mandeville, a plantation owner of French descent. All of the mischief of the city is alive and wide awake in active operation. Men and boys, women and girls, bond and free, white and black, yellow and brown, exert themselves to invent and appear in grotesque, quizzical, diabolic, horrible, strange masks, and disguises. In rich confusion, up and down the streets, wildly shouting, singing, laughing, drumming, fiddling, fifeing, in 1856 six businessmen gathered at a club room in New Orleanss French Quarter to organize a secret society to observe Mardi Gras with a formal parade. They founded New Orleans first and oldest krewe, the Mystick Krewe of Comus, according to one historian, Comus was aggressively English in its celebration of what New Orleans had always considered a French festival. To a certain extent, New Orleans creolized the Americans, thus the wonder of Anglo-Americans boasting of how their business prowess helped them construct a more elaborate version than was traditional. The lead in organized Carnival passed from Creole to American just as political, in 1875 Louisiana declared Mardi Gras a legal state holiday
21.
Crayfish
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Some species are found in brooks and streams where there is running fresh water, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and rice paddies. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although species such as Procambarus clarkii are hardier. Crayfish feed on living and dead animals and plants, the name crayfish comes from the Old French word escrevisse. The word has been modified to crayfish by association with fish, the largely American variant crawfish is similarly derived. Some kinds of crayfish are known locally as lobsters, crawdads, mudbugs, the study of crayfish is called astacology. Exceptions include western rock lobster found on the west coast of Australia, the Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish found only in Tasmania, in Singapore, the term crayfish typically refers to Thenus orientalis, a seawater crustacean from the slipper lobster family. True crayfish are not native to Singapore, but are found as pets, or as an invasive species in the many water catchment areas. The body of a crustacean, such as a crab, lobster. Each segment may possess one pair of appendages, although in various groups these may be reduced or missing, on average, crayfish grow to 17.5 centimetres in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a claw at the end. There are three families of crayfish, two in the Northern Hemisphere and one in the Southern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere family Parastacidae lives in South America, Madagascar and Australasia, and is distinguished by the lack of the first pair of pleopods. Of the other two families, members of the Astacidae live in western Eurasia and western North America and members of the family Cambaridae live in eastern Asia, Madagascar has an endemic genus, Astacoides, containing seven species. Europe is home to seven species of crayfish in the genera Astacus and Austropotamobius, cambaroides is native to Japan and eastern mainland Asia. The greatest diversity of species is found in southeastern North America, with over 330 species in nine genera. A further genus of crayfish is found in the Pacific Northwest. Many crayfish are found in lowland areas where the water is abundant in calcium. Crayfish were introduced purposely into a few Arizona reservoirs and other bodies of water decades ago and they have since dispersed beyond those original sites. Australia has over 100 species in a dozen genera, in Australia, many of the better-known crayfish are of the genus Cherax, and include the marron from Western Australia, red-claw crayfish, common yabby and western yabby
22.
Suckling pig
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A suckling pig is a piglet fed on its mothers milk. In culinary contexts, a pig is slaughtered between the ages of two and six weeks. It is traditionally cooked whole, often roasted, in various cuisines and it is usually prepared for special occasions and gatherings. The meat from suckling pig is pale and tender and the skin is crisp. The texture of the meat can be somewhat gelatinous due to the amount of collagen in a young pig, there are many ancient recipes for suckling pig from Roman and Chinese cuisine. Since the pig is one of the first animals domesticated by human beings for slaughter, the suckling pig, specifically, appears in early texts such as the sixth-century Salic law. If someone has stolen a suckling pig and this is proven against him, the words chrane calcium are written in Frankish, calcium is the gloss for suckling pig, porcellum lactantem. These glosses in Frankish, the so-called Malberg-Glossen, are considered the earliest attested words in Old Dutch, there are various preparations for suckling pig in Western and Asian cuisines. Lechón is a dish in several regions of the world, most specifically Spain. The word lechón originated from the Spanish term leche, alluding to the immaturity of the piglet. Lechón is a cuisine in Spain, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Ecuador, Perú, Costa Rica. In Spanish cuisine, cochinillo asado is common used to refer to roast piglet, in most of these regions, lechón is prepared throughout the year for special occasions, during festivals, and the holidays. After seasoning, the piglet is cooked by skewering the entire animal, entrails removed, on a large stick, the piglet is placed over the charcoal, and the stick or rod it is attached to is turned in a rotisserie action. In Asia, roast suckling pig is eaten in Chinese or Vietnamese restaurants for important parties and it is also a popular dish at wedding dinners or a party for a babys completion of its first month of life. In the former Spanish colony of the Philippines, lechón is considered a national dish, as the usage of the term has evolved over the years, lechón has now come to refer to roasted pig in general. Suckling pigs in the country are referred to as lechón de leche, there is also variant of Suckling Pork among the Indonesian non-Muslim ethnic groups, such as the Balinese, Batak, and Minahasa. Some pork dishes are influenced by ethnic Chinese. The European cuisines of Romania, Portugal, Spain, Germany, Austria, Albania, Croatia and it also accompanies goose as the traditional Christmas feast of families in Russia and Serbia
23.
Po' boy
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A po boy is a traditional sandwich from Louisiana. It almost always consists of meat, which is usually sloppy roast beef or fried seafood which includes shrimp, crawfish, oysters, the meat is served on baguette-like New Orleans French bread, known for its crisp crust and fluffy center. The traditional versions are served hot or cold and include fried shrimp. Soft shell crab, catfish, crawfish, Louisiana hot sausage, fried chicken breast, roast beef, the last two are served with gravy. A dressed po boy has romaine lettuce, tomato, pickles, fried seafood po boys are often dressed by default with melted butter and sliced pickle rounds. A Louisiana style hot sauce is optional, non-seafood po boys will also often have mustard, the customer is expected to specify hot or regular—the former being a coarse-grained Creole mustard and the latter being American yellow mustard. To make it, a cut of beef is simmered in beef stock with seasonings such as garlic, pepper, thyme. The beef can be processed into debris by cutting it to shreds when done and simmering the beef in the pot for a longer time to absorb more of the juice. Today traditional po boy shops offer gumbos, bisques, jambalaya, crawfish kickers and boudin, in the late 1800s fried oyster sandwiches on French loaves were known in New Orleans and San Francisco as oyster loaves, a term still in use in the 21st century. A sandwich containing both fried shrimp and fried oysters is often called a peacemaker or La Mediatrice, there are countless stories as to the origin of the term po boy. A popular local theory claims that po boy, as referring to a type of sandwich, was coined in a New Orleans restaurant owned by Benny and Clovis Martin. In 1929, during a strike against the streetcar company. The Martins restaurant workers jokingly referred to the strikers as poor boys, in Louisiana dialect, this is naturally shortened to po boy. One New Orleans historian finds the Martin claim, New Orleans is known for its grand restaurants, but more humble fare like the po boy is very popular. Po boys may be made at home, sold pre-packaged in convenience stores, available at deli counters and most neighborhood restaurants. One of the most basic New Orleans restaurants is the po boy shop, and these often offer seafood platters, red beans and rice, jambalaya. In 1896, George Leidenheimer founded his bakery, Leidenheimer Baking Company, in 1904, the bakery moved to Simon Bolívar Avenue where the family business still operates, and is one of the primary sources of po boy bread. Some former street car workers opened their own shop and used cut potatoes
24.
Jambalaya
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Jambalaya is a dish of Louisiana origin of Spanish and French influence. It consists of meat and vegetables mixed with rice, traditionally, the meat always includes sausage of some sort, often a smoked sausage such as andouille, along with some other meat or seafood, frequently pork, chicken, crawfish, or shrimp. After browning and sauteeing the meat and vegetables, rice, seasonings, and broth are added, Jambalaya is similar to other rice-and-meat dishes known in Louisiana cuisine. Gumbo uses similar sausages, meats, seafood, vegetables and seasonings, however gumbo includes filé powder and okra, which are not common in jambalaya. Gumbo is also served over white rice, which is prepared separate from the rest of the dish, unlike jambalaya. Étouffée is a stew which always includes shellfish such as shrimp or crayfish, also, like gumbo, étouffée is usually served over separately prepared rice. Jambalaya has its origins in several rice-based dishes well attested in the Mediterranean cuisines of Spain and France, especially in the Spanish dish paella, other seasoned rice-based dishes from other cuisines include pilaf, risotto and Hoppin John. There are two methods of making jambalaya, differentiated by the presence or absence of tomatoes. First, meat is added to the trinity of celery, peppers, and onions, next vegetables and tomatoes are added to cook, followed by seafood. Rice and stock are added in equal proportions at the very end, the mixture is brought to a boil and left to simmer for 20 to 60 minutes, depending on the recipe, with infrequent stirring. Towards the end of the process, stirring usually ceases. Some versions call for the jambalaya to be baked after the cooking of all the ingredients, the second style, more characteristic of southwestern and south-central Louisiana, is Cajun jambalaya, which contains no tomatoes. The meat is browned in a cast-iron pot, the bits of meat that stick to the bottom of the pot are what give a Cajun jambalaya its brown color. A little vegetable oil is added if there is not enough fat in the pot, the trinity is added and sautéed until soft. Stock and seasonings are added in the step, and then the meats are returned to the pot. This mixture is simmered, covered, for at least one hour. Lastly, the mixture is brought to a boil and rice is added to the pot and it is then covered and left to simmer over very low heat for at least 1/2 hour without stirring. The dish is finished when the rice has cooked, in a less common method, meat and vegetables are cooked separately from the rice
25.
Crawfish Monica
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Crawfish Monica is a Louisiana food tradition. Ingredients include pasta, crawfish tail meat, onion, garlic, creole seasoning, cream, wine, salt, pepper, the dish was created by chef Pierre Hilzim who is the head of Kajun Kettle Foods. He named it after his wife Monica Davidson, parsley can be used as a garnish. Shrimp, crabmeat and oysters can be substituted for crawfish
26.
Canarian Americans
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Canarian Americans are Americans with ancestry that can be traced back to settlers from the Canary Islands of Spain who have emigrated since the 16th century to the present-day United States. Most of them are descendants of settlers who emigrated to Spanish colonies in the Americas during the 18th century. The Canarians were among the first settlers of the modern United States, the first Canarians migrated to modern Florida in 1569, Canarian Americans today consist of several communities, formed by thousands of people. Those in San Antonio and in Louisiana are mostly of Canarian settler descent and their ancestors arrived in what is now the United States in the 18th century, while the Canarian community in Miami is made up of recent emigrants and their children. These communities are distinct within the American population, having preserved much of the culture of their ancestors to present times. Most Canarian Americans now speak only English, although some Canarian communities that speak different dialects of the Spanish language are extant in Louisiana. Canarian emigration to North America started in the 16th century, when Spain had several colonies stretching around the Gulf of Mexico. The first Canarians arrived in the region as early as 1539, between 1731 and 1783, many Canarian families emigrated to the southern colonies, establishing their own communities there. In 1731,16 Canarian families were sent to San Antonio, Texas, after arriving at Veracruz, they were forced to cross overland on foot to Texas, led by the Canarian Juan Leal Goraz, who eventually would become the first mayor of San Antonio. This community had confrontations with the resident Catholic monks of the area over property rights, between 1718 and 1734, Florida was governed by Lt. Florida was returned to Spain in 1783. When Florida was ceded to the United States in 1819, however, most of the new settlers also emigrated to Cuba, as happened in 1763, in Louisiana, the settlers eventually consolidated into three communities, St. Bernard Parish, Valenzuela, and Barataria. Other places in the southern United States had Canarian settlers during the Spanish period, a few communities were founded by Canary Island colonists in Southern California and there are records of Canary Islanders colonists and their descendants living in New Mexico in the 19th century. Many Canarians live in the United States temporarily as migrant workers, the city of Miami, Florida has a Canarian community of recent immigrants. There are also Canarians living in Boston, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Washington D. C. Canarian culture in San Antonio and Louisiana has been preserved up to the present day, although not in Florida. The majority of them descended from Canarian settlers who arrived in Louisiana between 1778 and 1783, according to Samuel G. Armistead, there are four small areas of the state where the Spanish language has been spoken since the 18th century, now in three different dialects. The main Isleño community in Louisiana is in St. Bernard Parish, recorded interviews have been conducted in these communities with the elderly residents, who still speak their dialect of the Spanish language on video and DVD. They are kept in the Museo Canario in Saint Bernard to prevent the language, before the arrival of the Canarian settlers in 1730, the San Pedro channel was built for the exclusive use of the Canary Island colonists. It was called the acequia madre, the ditch that crossed the city
27.
George Wein
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George Wein is an American jazz promoter and producer who has been called the most famous jazz impresario and the most important non-player. in jazz history. He is the founder of what is probably the best-known jazz festival in the United States, the Newport Jazz Festival and he also co-founded the Newport Folk Festival with Pete Seeger and Theodore Bikel. Wein was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1925, the son of Dr. and Mrs. Barnet M. Wein, both ethnically Jewish. A graduate of Newton High School, Wein was a jazz pianist in his youth, after serving in the army during World War II, he graduated from Boston Universitys College of Liberal Arts in 1950. That same year, he opened a club called Storyville. He also began to teach a course at Boston University on the history of jazz, in the 1960s he set up Festival Productions, a company dedicated to promoting large-scale jazz events. George Wein married Joyce Alexander in 1959, other title sponsors of Festival Productions events include Mellon Bank, Essence Magazine, Verizon, Ben & Jerrys, and Dunkin Donuts. Wein has received an array of honors for his work with jazz concerts. He received the Patron of the Arts Award from the Studio Museum of Harlem in 1995 and he was decorated with Frances Légion dhonneur and appointed a Commandeur de LOrdre des Arts et Lettres by the French government. He has been honored at the White House by two American presidents, Jimmy Carter in 1978 and Bill Clinton in 1993, in 2005 he was named a Jazz Master by the National Endowment for the Arts. His autobiography, Myself Among Others, A Life in Music was singled out as 2004s best book about jazz by the Jazz Journalists Association. Wein has received degrees from the Berklee College of Music and Rhode Island College of Music. Wein is a member of the Board of Directors Advisory committee of the Jazz Foundation of America. He has also performed and presented at the Jazz Foundations benefit concert A Great Night in Harlem
28.
Ellis Marsalis Jr.
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Ellis Louis Marsalis Jr. is an American jazz pianist. He can usually be seen performing on Fridays at Snug Harbor jazz bistro in New Orleans, Marsalis was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of Florence and Ellis Marsalis Sr. a businessman and social activist. Marsalis and wife Delores Ferdinand have six sons, Branford Marsalis, Wynton Marsalis, Ellis Marsalis III, Delfeayo Marsalis, Mboya Kinyatta Marsalis, Branford, Wynton, Delfeayo, and Jason are also jazz musicians. Ellis is a poet, photographer, and network based in Baltimore. Ellis started out as a tenor saxophonist, switching to piano while in high school, from his first professional performance with The Groovy Boys over fifty years ago, Ellis Marsalis has been a major influence in jazz. At that time, Marsalis was one of the few New Orleans musicians who did not specialize in Dixieland or rhythm and he played with fellow modernists including Cannonball Adderley, Nat Adderley, and Al Hirt, becoming one of the most respected pianists in jazz. Marsaliss didactic approach, combined with an interest in philosophy, encourages his students to make discoveries in music on their own, through experiment, nicholas Payton, as well as his four musician sons, Wynton, Branford, Delfeayo and Jason. In May,2007, Marsalis received a doctorate from Tulane University for his contributions to jazz. On December 7,2008, Ellis Marsalis was inducted into The Louisiana Music Hall of Fame, the Ellis Marsalis Center for Music at Musicians Village in New Orleans is named in honor of Ellis Marsalis. All proceeds from the sale of the album go directly to the Ellis Marsalis Center for Music, Marsalis and his sons are group recipients of the 2011 NEA Jazz Masters Award. Marsalis is a Brother of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity, initiated into Delta Epsilon Chapter in 1965,1990 Standard Time, Vol. Ellis Marsalis Trio, Ellis Marsalis, Reginald Veal, Martin Butler. Additional personnel, Germaine Bazzle, Branford Marsalis, Tom Peterson, Chuck Findley,1995 A Night At Snug Harbor, New Orleans – Ellis Marsalis, Bill Huntington, David Lee Jr. Music NAMM Oral History Interview March 21,2015
29.
Tulane University
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Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is generally considered the top university and the most selective institution of education in the state of Louisiana. From a nationwide perspective, U. S. News & World Report categorizes Tulane as most selective, the school is known to attract a geographically diverse student body, with 85% of undergraduate students coming from over 300 miles away. The school was founded as a medical college in 1834. The institution was privatized under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884, Tulane is the 9th oldest private university in the Association of American Universities, which consists of major research universities in the United States and Canada. The Tulane University Law School and Tulane University Medical School are considered the 12th oldest and 15th oldest law and medical schools, respectively, members of Congress, heads of Federal agencies, two Surgeon Generals of the United States, U. S. At least two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University, the university was founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 partly as a response to the fears of smallpox, yellow fever, and cholera in the United States. The university became only the medical school in the South. In 1847, the legislature established the school as the University of Louisiana, a public university. Subsequently, in 1851, the university established its first academic department, the first president chosen for the new university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War, after reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nations economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a dry goods and clothing business. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund and this act created the Tulane University of Louisiana. The university was privatized, and is one of only a few American universities to be converted from a public institution to a private one. In 1884, William Preston Johnston became the first president of Tulane and he had succeeded Robert E. Lee as president of Washington and Lee University after Lees death. He had moved to Louisiana and become president of Louisiana State University, in 1885, the university established its graduate division, later becoming the Graduate School. One year later, gifts from Josephine Louise Newcomb totaling over $3.6 million, Newcomb was the first coordinate college for women in the United States and became a model for such institutions as Pembroke College and Barnard College. In 1894 the College of Technology formed, which would become the School of Engineering
30.
Quint Davis
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Quint Davis is an American festival producer and director based in New Orleans. He is best known as the producer of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival founded by George Wein, Davis has been involved in the production of the event from its start in 1970. He is the CEO of Festival Productions, Inc, - New Orleans, the company that produces the Jazz Fest. Davis was born Arthur Quentin Davis, Jr. in New Orleans and he was the first of three children of the family. His father was an architect whose firm designed buildings such as Louisiana Superdome. Davis majored in drama and ethnomusicology at Tulane University, while still in college, Davis met Wein who was looking for local co-workers to produce the Jazz Fest. He dropped out of college to be involved in the Festival production with Wein, the first Festival took place at the Congo Square in Louis Armstrong Park. Davis also became a manager of Professor Longhair and road manager for Duke Ellington, McCoy Tyner, in 1989, Professor Longhairs album Houseparty New Orleans Style which was produced by Davis won the Best Traditional Blues Recording category of the Grammy Awards. In 1993, Davis produced America’s Reunion on the Mall, a festival organized as a part of President Bill Clintons inaugural events, today, Davis still plays the leading role in producing the Jazz Fest. He also acts as the spokesperson of the event and emcees at the Festival, Davis has said of his philosophy behind selecting the Jazz Fest lineup, Our bottom line is. musicianship. Whatever you do, you have to be great, apart from the Jazz Fest, Davis is also engaged in the production of Essence Music Festival, another big music event in New Orleans
31.
AEG Live
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The Anschutz Entertainment Group is an American worldwide sporting and music entertainment presenter and a subsidiary of The Anschutz Corporation. It is the worlds largest owner of sports teams and sports events, under the AEG Live brand, it is the worlds second largest presenter of live music and entertainment events after Live Nation. AEG Live was started in 2002, AEG owns and operates a variety of venues, sport teams and entertainment concerns. For venues, AEG owns and operates the Staples Center and the StubHub Center, in England, it owns the Manchester Arena, and currently operates The O2 which includes a 20,000 capacity arena. In Turkey, AEG operates 13,800 capacity Ulker Sports Arena, as part of the development of the O2, Anschutz also purchased the London river service company Thames Clipper, and supported the development of the nearby David Beckham Academy. The company has its headquarters in Downtown Los Angeles, AEG also owned Hamburg Freezers before ceasing its existence in 2016. The company also purchased the Champions on Ice figure skating tour in 2006 and it is now the second-largest event promoter in the United States. AEG Live came to public attention in 2009 when it acted as the promoter for Michael Jacksons This Is It concerts. Jackson died just three weeks before the series of 50 concerts were due to begin, on September 18,2012, The Anschutz Corporation announced its intent to sell Anschutz Entertainment Group and its holdings. The company has retained financial advisors Blackstone Advisory Partners to assist in AEGs sale process, approval to begin construction of Farmers Field in 2013 for a 2016 completion was in the process of being finalized at the time that AEGs sale was announced. On March 14,2013, Anschutz announced AEG is no longer for sale, AEG operates the Sprint Center for the city of Kansas City, Missouri, and Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Anschutz knows Prescott personally, having had him as a guest for a stay at Anschutzs ranch in 2005 and footing the bill for hospitality. In January 2007, the Super Casino license was awarded to a group in Manchester, rather than to Blackpool or London, Anschutz spent £50m on the Manchester Arena and the winner of the casino licence is a close ally of Anschutz, Sol Kerzner. The informal partnership was dissolved the following year, in October 2011, it was announced an agreement with Palmeiras and WTorre for managing the Allianz Parque, one of the most modern multipurpose spaces in the world, located in São Paulo, Brazil. With construction starting in 2010, was completed in November 2014, in September 2013, it was announced that AEG Facilities, a stand-alone affiliate of AEG, had signed a 15-year contract to operate Wembley Arena in London, UK. In 2014, the partnership of AEG Live with MGM Resorts International began construction of Las Vegas Arena located west of the Las Vegas Strip between Frank Sinatra Drive and New York-New York, the venue has been open since April 6,2016. Anschutz was one of the co-founders and one of the investors of Major League Soccer. In 1996, he became the investor/operator of the Colorado Rapids, the Rapids were then a subsidiary of the Anschutz Corporation
32.
Louis Armstrong Park (New Orleans)
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Louis Armstrong Park is a 32-acre park located in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, just across Rampart Street from the French Quarter. In the 1960s a controversial urban renewal project leveled a substantial portion of the Tremé neighborhood adjacent to Congo Square, after a decade of debate, the City created the present-day park from that land. This park was designed by New Orleans architect Robin Riley and was named after New Orleans-born Jazz legend Louis Armstrong, some elements of the parks design have been subject to critique throughout the years. The presence of these lots are often attributed to high rates of subsidence. Louis Armstrong Park was home to the first New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival in 1970 and it was named for jazz musician Louis Armstrong. Monuments include a statue of Armstrong by Elizabeth Catlett, a bust of Sidney Bechet, and a depiction of Buddy Bolden
33.
Congo Square
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Congo Square is an open space within Louis Armstrong Park, which is located in the Tremé neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana, just across Rampart Street north of the French Quarter. The Tremé neighborhood is famous for its history of African American music, in Louisianas French and Spanish colonial era of the 18th century, enslaved Africans were commonly allowed Sundays off from their work. Although Code Noir was implemented in 1724, giving enslaved Africans the day off on Sundays, despite constant threat to these congregations, they often gathered in remote and public places such as along levees, in public squares, in backyards, and anywhere they could find. On Bayou St. John at a clearing called la place congo the various ethnic or cultural groups of Colonial Louisiana traded and socialized. It was not until 1817 that the mayor of New Orleans issued a city ordinance that any kind of gathering of enslaved Africans to the one location of Congo Square. This singing, dancing and playing started as a byproduct of the market during the French reign. At the time the enslaved could purchase their freedom and could freely buy, the tradition continued after the city became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase. As African music had been suppressed in the Protestant colonies and states, in addition, because of the immigration of refugees from the Haitian Revolution, New Orleans received thousands of additional Africans and Creoles in the early years of the 19th century. They reinforced African traditions in the city, in music as in other areas, many visitors were amazed at the African-style dancing and music. Observers heard the beat of the bamboulas and wail of the banzas, there were a variety of dances that could be seen in Congo Square including the Bamboula, Calinda, Congo, Carabine and Juba. The rhythms played at Congo square can still be today in New Orleans jazz funerals, second lines. Townsfolk would gather around the square on Sunday afternoons to watch the dancing, in 1819, the architect Benjamin Latrobe, a visitor to the city, wrote about the celebrations in his journal. Although he found them savage, he was amazed at the sight of 500-600 unsupervised slaves who assembled for dancing. He described them as ornamented with a number of tails of the wild beasts, with fringes, ribbons, little bells. The women, one reported, wore, each according to her means, the newest fashions in silk, gauze, muslin. The males covered themselves in oriental and Indian dress and covered only with a sash of the same sort wrapped around the body. Except for that, they went naked, one witness noted that clusters of onlookers, musicians, and dancers represented tribal groupings, with each nation taking their place in different parts of the square. Gradually, the music in the square gained more European influence as enslaved English-speaking Africans danced to songs like “Old Virginia Never Tire. ”This mix of African and European styles helped create African American culture
34.
Municipal Auditorium (New Orleans)
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It is located in the Tremé neighborhood in Louis Armstrong Park adjacent to Congo Square. The auditorium opened on May 30,1930 and it was constructed by the contractor George A. Caldwell, who also designed nine buildings on the Louisiana State University campus in Baton Rouge and three parish courthouses. It has hosted concerts and events, perhaps being best known as the site of many of the New Orleans Mardi Gras krewe balls. It hosted the New Orleans Buccaneers of the American Basketball Association during the 1969–70 season and it also hosted the New Orleans Jazz basketball team, during its inaugural 1974–1975 season, before the team moved to the Louisiana Superdome. The arena was home ice to the minor-league hockey franchise. It has also hosted boxing and professional wrestling matches, the venue was a temporary casino before the new Harrahs New Orleans building on Canal Street was opened. In August 2005 the auditorium suffered damage from Hurricane Katrina and associated flooding, future usage of the arena is currently uncertain. List of music venues Theater in Louisiana
35.
No Doubt
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No Doubt is an American rock band from Anaheim, California, that formed in 1986. Since 1994, the group has consisted of vocalist Gwen Stefani, bassist and keyboardist Tony Kanal, guitarist and keyboardist Tom Dumont, since the mid-1990s in live performances and the studio, they have been supported by keyboardist and trombonist Gabrial McNair and keyboardist and trumpeter Stephen Bradley. The ska sound of their song Trapped in a Box that was featured on their first album No Doubt failed to make an impact. The Beacon Street Collection is a raw expression of their sound, inspired by ska punk, the album sold over 100,000 copies in 1995, over three times as many as their first album sold. Fifteen months later, the band reappeared with Rock Steady, which incorporated reggae, the album was primarily recorded in Jamaica and featured collaborations with Jamaican artists Bounty Killer, Sly and Robbie, and Lady Saw. The album produced two Grammy-winning singles, Hey Baby and Underneath It All, as well as Hella Good, after a 2004 tour the band embarked on solo projects, with Stefani releasing two successful solo albums Love. Baby. and The Sweet Escape while Tom Dumont released his own music project. In 2008, the band resumed working slowly on their effort, titled Push and Shove. They have sold over 33 million records worldwide, Eric Stefani and John Spence met at a Dairy Queen and had talked about getting a group together to play music. Eric got a keyboard and gathered some players together to practice, the practice included Eric Stefani, Gwen Stefani, John Spence, Jerry McMahon, Chris Leal, Chris Webb, Gabriel Gonzalez & Alan Meade and Tony Meade. They practiced in Erics parents garage, Tony Kanal went to one of the bands early shows and soon joined the band as its bassist. After initially rejecting her advances, he began dating Gwen, but they kept their secret for a year. Paul Caseley also joined the band in 1987, Eric Carpenter joined the horn section soon after. In December 1987, Spence committed suicide days before the band was to play a gig at The Roxy Theatre for record industry employees. No Doubt disbanded but decided to regroup after several weeks with Alan Meade taking over vocals, when Meade left the band, Gwen replaced him as lead singer, and No Doubt continued to develop a live following in California. He joined No Doubt and replaced Jerry McMahon as the bands guitarist, Adrian Young replaced Chris Webb as the drummer the following year. Caseley left No Doubt in July 1989 for the US Navy Band, No Doubts self-titled debut album was finally released in 1992, but it featured no radio singles, although a video was made for Trapped in a Box. The albums distinctly upbeat pop/cartoon sound sharply contrasted with the then-dominant grunge movement, because the music worlds focus was redirected squarely at Seattle, No Doubts album was not supported by the record label and considered a commercial failure for selling only 30,000 copies
36.
James Michalopoulos
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James Michalopoulos is an American painter, sculptor, and entrepreneur. His paintings are iconic color filled textual representations of New Orleans, Louisiana life, San Francisco and he is the owner of a liquor company called Celebration Distillation which makes Old New Orleans Rum. James Michalopoulos, born James Mitchell, was born in Pittsburgh and he lived in the Northeastern United States. He attended and graduated from Bowdoin College, after graduating, he moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. He lives and works primarily in New Orleans and he also has a home in Burgundy, France. He observed what other artists were doing in New Orleans, specifically the artists who work in Jackson Square and he took classes at the New Orleans Academy of Fine Arts and the University of New Orleans. He worked in Jackson Square as a street artist and he drew sketches of people in the square, drawing portraits of people for $2–3 each. He became tired of drawing portraits and started traveling around the city on a Vespa with an easel, painting the buildings. His early work started being exhibited at local restaurants, Michalopoulos then started selling his work in the French Quarter. He has served as the official artist of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival six times and his collectable festival posters have featured Dr. John, Louis Armstrong, Mahalia Jackson, Fats Domino, Allen Toussaint, and Aaron Neville. He is also a sculptor, with art works on display in New Orleans. He started working in sculpture in the 2000s and he first worked with wood and then proceeded to work in steel due to the ease of use compared to wood. His abstract work, Mother Cluster, from 2012, Veterans Memorial Boulevard and it sits near a 16-foot tall George Rodrigue sculpture of the Kong Dong and consists of three pieces of different sizes which are assembled to resemble a male genitalia, up to 40 feet tall. It was funded by art collectors Henry and Pat Shane, the sculptures estimated worth is $425,000. His work is held in the collections of the New Orleans Museum of Art and his oil paintings are colorful and feature exaggerated viewpoints and skewed perspectives. He uses palette knives in his work, which provide intense color. Michalopoulos can complete an oil painting within two to three days and he leaves completed paintings in his studio for weeks and continues to add to paintings as he feels is necessary. Works are then sent to art galleries, at gallery openings, he has brought his palette to touch up paintings on the spot
37.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
38.
WWOZ
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WWOZ is a non-profit community-supported radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana broadcasting at 90.7 FM. The station specializes in music from or relating to the heritage of New Orleans. WWOZ is also known for its broadcasts of live music events. The founders of WWOZ were brothers Walter and Jerry Brock, from Texas, Jerry is also the co-founder of the Louisiana Music Factory, and a record producer engaged in the works of various local artists. The Nora Blatch Educational Foundation was established as an organization to hold the station license. The station began broadcasting December 4,1980 from the transmitter building in Bridge City. Conditions at WWOZ in the early 1980s were spartan, everyone who did a show volunteered hours of time on other tasks to keep the station going, from addressing envelopes to sweeping the floor. When artists performing live downstairs at Tipitinas gave their permission, their performances were broadcast via a microphone lowered through a hole in the floor, in 1985 WWOZ moved the studio to a building in Louis Armstrong Park in the Tremé neighborhood. With the station facing financial difficulties, the license was transferred to the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation which helped subsidize the operation, the station later added an office in a small house across the St. Philip Street from the studio. In 1996, Better Than Ezra, an Alternative rock band from New Orleans, wrote a song titled WWOZ, WWOZ was also featured on the HBO series Treme. WWOZ made the decision to go off the air at midnight on August 27,2005 in anticipation of Hurricane Katrina to allow its programmers and it actually went off the air slightly earlier, just after 10pm. But the stations transmitter atop the Tidewater Building on Canal Street in downtown New Orleans was found to be intact and serviceable, within a week WWOZ initiated a webcast as WWOZ in Exile via Internet servers at WFMU in New Jersey. Many long term listeners from around the country donated tapes of WWOZ broadcasts from years gone by, on October 18,2005 WWOZ resumed limited hours of broadcasting over the air in New Orleans, via studio space provided by Louisiana Public Broadcasting in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The station returned a physical studio to New Orleans in December 2005, using temporary office, much of WWOZs programming has long been based on the large personal record collections of the various programmers, many of which were lost in the disaster. For some time after the station returned to the air, one programmer did a series of shows entirely from CDs rescued from the debris in post-Katrina muck, at first the French Quarter studio was expected to be a temporary arrangement for approximately a year. However agreements were made for WWOZ to use space in the French Market office building for studio and office space. WWOZs on-air show hosts are all volunteers, and receive no compensation for the music that play on the station. Most of them are involved in the New Orleans music community
39.
Royal Dutch Shell
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Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is a British–Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom. It is one of the six oil and gas supermajors and the sixth-largest company in the world measured by 2016 revenues. Shell was first in the 2013 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies and it also has renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. Shell has operations in over 70 countries, produces around 3.7 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide, as of 31 December 2014, Shell had total proved reserves of 13.7 billion barrels of oil equivalent. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses. Shell holds 50% of Raízen, a joint venture with Cosan, which is the third-largest Brazil-based energy company by revenues, Shell was formed in 1907 through the amalgamation of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the Shell Transport and Trading Company of the United Kingdom. Shell first entered the industry in 1929. In 1970 Shell acquired the mining company Billiton, which it sold in 1994. In recent decades gas exploration and production has become an important part of Shells business. Shell acquired BG Group in 2016, making it the worlds largest producer of liquefied natural gas, Shell has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New York Stock Exchange, as of January 2013, Shells largest shareholder was Capital Research Global Investors with 9. 85% ahead of BlackRock in second with 6. 89%. Shells logo, known as the pecten, is one of the most familiar commercial symbols in the world and it was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Shell Transport and Trading Company was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned a company in Houndsditch, London. For various reasons, the new firm operated as a company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British, national patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij at The Hague, was in charge of production, the British Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company was based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products. During the First World War, Shell was the supplier of fuel to the British Expeditionary Force
40.
Eric Lindell
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Eric Lindell is an American singer-songwriter, who came to national prominence after relocating to New Orleans in 1999. His recording career began in 1996 as a local/regional New Orleans-based artist, beginning in 2006, when he was picked up by Alligator Records, he has toured nationally and internationally. He recorded three albums for Alligator and has issued several CDs on smaller indie labels. Lindells music has been described by USA Today as “pumping soul into funk, blue, the Chicago Sun-Times called Lindell “a tremendous raw talent…with a fully realized musical vision. ”. ”Lindells musical style borrows from 1970s blues-rock, soul, and R&B. His style has also been called blue-eyed soul, a shorthand used for Anglo blues singers that has been applied to artists including Daryl Hall and Van Morrison. Lindell grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area and he began playing in bands at the age of 15. Among his early influences were Fishbone and Black Flag. Lindell started playing in Northern California bars, first with the guitar, after a few years he had decided to move to New York City briefly, then moved in 1999 to New Orleans, where his creativity was able to flourish further. Alligator’s initial release by Lindell was Change In The Weather, a compilation of tracks from his various self-produced albums and EPs, notably the self-titled album and Piety Street Sessions with Marty Joyce on drums, Cass Faulconer on bass and Marc Adams on B3 as well as others. His second Alligator release was produced for the label by Lindell, the radio single, “Lay Back Down, ” was again well received by AAA, and also appeared in the TV shows True Blood and Friday Night Lights. Gulf Coast Highway, his third Alligator release, found him accompanied by members of Galactic as well as members of Lindells touring band, “If Love Can’t Find A Way” was the featured radio track. He typically performs about 100 live performances a year and he has made recent trips to perform in Europe and made his first Australian appearance in 2007. He made his television debut on Late Night with Conan OBrien in February 2008. Lindells Change in the Weather was nominated for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Jam Album of the year
41.
Dr. John
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He performed a wildly theatrical stage show inspired by medicine shows, Mardi Gras costumes, and voodoo ceremonies. Rebennack has recorded more than 20 albums and in 1973 scored a hit with Right Place Wrong Time. The winner of six Grammy Awards, Rebennack was inducted into the Rock, in May 2013, Rebennack was the recipient of an honorary doctorate of fine arts from Tulane University. He was jokingly referred to by Tulanes president, Scott Cowen, born in New Orleans in 1940, Dr. John has said that his French lineage took root there some time in the early 1800s. Growing up in the Third Ward, he found musical inspiration in the minstrel tunes sung by his grandfather. He did not take lessons before his teens, and only endured a short stint in choir before getting kicked out. Throughout his adolescence his fathers connections enabled him access to the rooms of burgeoning rock artists such as Little Richard. From these exposures he advanced into clubs and onto the stage with varying local artists, most notably, and I thought, Wow, I never seen nobody dressed like this guy. Just everything about the man was totally hip, and he had gloves on him, too, beautiful silk gloves. At age 16 he was hired by Johnny Vincent as a producer at Ace Records, There, he worked with artists like James Booker and Earl King, his musical experience expanding notably. He struggled through intermittent years of high school, while a student at Jesuit High School, he was already playing in night clubs, something the Jesuit fathers disapproved of. They told him to stop playing in clubs or leave the school. According to lore, this was the seed of his classic, Right Place, eventually he focused entirely on music. Thereafter an entry into heavy narcotics use would fuel his desire to get out of New Orleans and move to California where his character and he had a regional hit with a Bo Diddley-influenced instrumental called Storm Warning on Rex Records in 1959. During these days he was an A&R man producing, with Charlie Miller, monophonic singles on 45s for Johnny Vincent and Joe Corona for such labels as Ace, Ron, Ric. For these sessions he oversaw A&R and the section while Miller wrote the horn arrangements. It was a team until Miller decided to move to New York. After the injury, Rebennack concentrated on guitar before making piano his main instrument
