New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures

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New World Translation
New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in various languages and versions.jpg
Full name New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
Abbreviation NWT
Language 167 languages[1]
NT published 1950
Complete Bible
published		 1961
Textual basis OT: Biblia Hebraica.
NT: Westcott & Hort.
Translation type Formal Equivalence and Dynamic Equivalence[2][3][4]
Copyright Copyright 1961, 1970, 1981, 1984, 2013 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
Copies printed 224,332,587[5]
Website www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/nwt/
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and desolate, and there was darkness upon the surface of the watery deep, and God's active force was moving about over the surface of the waters. And God said: "Let there be light." Then there was light.
Genesis 1:1 in other translations
For God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, so that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life.
John 3:16 in other translations

The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (NWT) is a translation of the Bible published by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. The New Testament portion was released in 1950, as The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, with the complete Bible released in 1961; it is used and distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses.[6] Though it is not the first Bible to be published by the group, it is their first original translation of ancient Classical Hebrew, Koine Greek, and Old Aramaic biblical texts. As of August 2018, the Watch Tower Society has published 224 million copies of the New World Translation in whole or in part in 167 languages.[1][7]

History[edit]

Until the release of the NWT, Jehovah's Witnesses in English-speaking countries primarily used the King James Version.[8][9] According to the publishers, one of the main reasons for producing a new translation was that most Bible versions in common use, including the Authorized Version (King James), employed archaic language. The stated intention was to produce a fresh translation, free of archaisms.[10] Additionally, over the centuries since the King James Version was produced, more copies of earlier manuscripts of the original texts in the Hebrew and Greek languages have become available. According to the publishers, better manuscript evidence had made it possible to determine with greater accuracy what the original writers intended, particularly in more obscure passages. They said linguists better understood certain aspects of the original Hebrew and Greek languages than previously.[11]

In October 1946, the president of the Watch Tower Society, Nathan H. Knorr, proposed a fresh translation of the New Testament, which Jehovah's Witnesses usually refer to as the Christian Greek Scriptures.[12] Work began on December 2, 1947 when the "New World Bible Translation Committee" was formed, composed of Jehovah's Witnesses who professed to be anointed.[13][14] The Watch Tower Society is said to have "become aware" of the committee's existence a year later. The committee agreed to turn over its translation to the Society for publication[15] and on September 3, 1949, Knorr convened a joint meeting of the board of directors of both the Watch Tower Society's New York and Pennsylvania corporations where he again announced to the directors the existence of the committee[16] and that it was now able to print its new modern English translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures. Several chapters of the translation were read to the directors, who then voted to accept it as a gift.[15]

The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures was released at a convention of Jehovah's Witnesses at Yankee Stadium, New York, on August 2, 1950. The translation of the Old Testament, which Jehovah's Witnesses refer to as the Hebrew Scriptures, was released in five volumes in 1953, 1955, 1957, 1958, and 1960. The complete New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures was released as a single volume in 1961, and has since undergone minor revisions.[17] Cross references which had appeared in the six separate volumes were updated and included in the complete volume in the 1984 revision.[18]

In 1961 the Watch Tower Society began to translate the New World Translation into Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish; the New Testament in these languages was released simultaneously on July 1963 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. By 1989 the New World Translation was translated into eleven languages, with more than 56,000,000 copies printed.[19]

Translators[edit]

The New World Translation was produced by the New World Bible Translation Committee, formed in 1947. This committee is said to have comprised unnamed members of multinational background.[20] The committee requested that the Watch Tower Society not publish the names of its members,[21][22] stating that they did not want to "advertise themselves but let all the glory go to the Author of the Scriptures, God,"[23] adding that the translation, "should direct the reader... to... Jehovah God".[24] The publishers believe that "the particulars of [the New World Bible Translation Committee's members] university or other educational training are not the important thing" and that "the translation testifies to their qualification".[24]

Former high-ranking Watch Tower staff have identified various members of the translation team. Former governing body member Raymond Franz listed Nathan H. Knorr, Fredrick W. Franz, Albert D. Schroeder, George D. Gangas, and Milton G. Henschel as members of the translation team, adding that only Frederick Franz had sufficient knowledge in biblical languages.[25][26] Referring to the identified members, evangelical minister Walter Ralston Martin said, "The New World Bible translation committee had no known translators with recognized degrees in Greek or Hebrew exegesis or translation... None of these men had any university education except Franz, who left school after two years, never completing even an undergraduate degree." Franz had stated that he was familiar with not only Hebrew, but with Greek, Latin, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and French for the purpose of biblical translation.[27][28]

Translation Services Department[edit]

In 1989 a Translation Services Department was established at the world headquarters of Jehovah's Witnesses, overseen by the Writing Committee of the Governing Body. The goal of the Translation Services Department was to accelerate Bible translation with the aid of computer technology. Previously, some Bible translation projects lasted twenty years or more. Under the direction of the Translation Services Department, translation of the Old Testament in a particular language may be completed in as little as two years. During the period from 1963 to 1989, the New World Translation became available in ten additional languages. Since the formation of the Translation Services Department in 1989, there has been a significant increase in the number of languages in which the New World Translation has been made available.[29][30]

2013 revision[edit]

At the Watch Tower Society's annual meeting on October 5, 2013, a significantly revised translation was released. Many outdated terms were replaced with modern English. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53 – 8:11) and the Short and Long Conclusions of Mark 16 (Mark 16:8–20)—offset from the main text in earlier editions—were removed. The new revision was also released as part of an app called JW Library.[31] In August 2018 The New World Translation has 14 complete revisions based on the 2013 edition.[1]

Translation[edit]

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Overview
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History
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According to the Watch Tower Society, the New World Translation attempts to convey the intended sense of original-language words according to the context. The New World Translation employs nearly 16,000 English expressions to translate about 5,500 biblical Greek terms, and over 27,000 English expressions to translate about 8,500 Hebrew terms. The translators state that, where possible in the target language, the New World Translation prefers literal renderings and does not paraphrase the original text.[32]

Textual basis[edit]

The master text used for translating the Old Testament into English was Kittel's Biblia Hebraica. The Hebrew texts, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and Biblia Hebraica Quinta, were used for preparing the latest version of this translation. Other works consulted in preparing the translation include Aramaic Targums, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Torah, the Greek Septuagint, the Latin Vulgate, the Masoretic Text, the Cairo Codex, the Aleppo Codex, Christian David Ginsburg's Hebrew Text, and the Leningrad Codex.[33][34]

  • Diagrammatic representation of textual basis

  • Hebrew

  • Greek

The Greek master text by the Cambridge University scholars B. F. Westcott and F. J. A. Hort (1881) was used as the basis for translating the New Testament into English. The committee also referred to the Novum Testamentum Graece (18th edition, 1948) and to works by Catholic Jesuit scholars José M. Bover (1943) and Augustinus Merk (1948). The United Bible Societies' text (1975) and the Nestle-Aland text (1979) were used to update the footnotes in the 1984 version. Additional works consulted in preparing the New World Translation include the Armenian Version, Coptic Versions, the Latin Vulgate, Sixtine and Clementine Revised Latin Texts, Textus Receptus, the Johann Jakob Griesbach's Greek text, the Emphatic Diaglott, and various papyri.[33]

Other languages[edit]

Translation into other languages is based on the English text, supplemented by comparison with the Hebrew and Greek.[35] The complete New World Translation has been published in more than one hundred languages or scripts, with the New Testament available in more than fifty additional languages.[7]

When the Writing Committee approves the translation of the Bible into a new language, it appoints a group of baptized Jehovah's Witnesses to serve as a translation team. Translators are given a list of words and expressions commonly used in the English New World Translation with related English words grouped together (e.g. atone, atonement or propitiation). A list of vernacular equivalents is then composed. A database of Greek and Hebrew terms is available where a translator has difficulty rendering a verse. The vernacular terms are then applied to the text in the target language. Further editing and translation is then performed to produce a final version.[29]

Features[edit]

The layout resembles the 1901 edition of the American Standard Version. The translators use the terms "Hebrew-Aramaic Scriptures" and "Christian Greek Scriptures" rather than "Old Testament" and "New Testament", stating that the use of "testament" was based on a misunderstanding of 2 Corinthians 3:14.[36] Headings were included at the top of each page to assist in locating texts; these have been replaced in the 2013 revision by an "Outline of Contents" introducing each Bible book. There is also an index listing scriptures by subject.

Square brackets [ ] were added around words that were inserted editorially, but were removed as of the 2006 printing. Double brackets were used to indicate text considered doubtful. The pronoun "you" was printed in small capitals (i.e., YOU) to indicate plurality, as were some verbs when plurality may be unclear. These features were discontinued in the 2013 release. The New World Translation attempts to indicate progressive rather than completed actions, such as "proceeded to rest" at Genesis 2:2 instead of "rested". The 2013 release indicates progressive verbs only where considered contextually important.

Use of Jehovah[edit]

Main article: Jehovah

The name Jehovah is a translation of the Tetragrammaton (Hebrew: יהוה‎, transliterated as YHWH), although the original pronunciation is unknown. The New World Translation uses the name Jehovah 6,979 times in the Old Testament.[37] The Watch Tower Society notes that the Tetragrammaton appears in "the oldest fragments of the Greek Septuagint".[38] In reference to the Septuagint, biblical scholar Paul E. Kahle stated, "We now know that the Greek Bible text as far as it was written by Jews for Jews did not translate the Divine name by Kyrios, but the Tetragrammaton written with Hebrew or Greek letters was retained in such MSS (manuscripts). It was the Christians who replaced the Tetragrammaton by Kyrios, when the divine name written in Hebrew letters was not understood any more."[39]

The New World Translation also uses the name Jehovah 237 times in the New Testament where the extant texts use only the Greek words kurios (Lord) and theos (God).[40] Walter Martin, an evangelical minister, wrote, "It can be shown from literally thousands of copies of the Greek New Testament that not once does the tetragrammaton appear."[41] However, the translators of the New World Translation believed that the name Jehovah was present in the original manuscripts of the New Testament when quoting from the Old Testament, but replaced with the other terms by later copyists. Based on this reasoning, the translators "restored the divine name", though it is not present in any extant manuscripts.[42][43]

The use of Jehovah in the New Testament is not unique to the NWT; translations in English with similar renderings include A Literal Translation of the New Testament ... From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript (Heinfetter, 1863)[44]; The Emphatic Diaglott (Benjamin Wilson, 1864)[45]; The Epistles of Paul in Modern English (George Stevens, 1898)[46]; St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans (Rutherford, 1900)[47]; The Christian’s Bible — New Testament (LeFevre, 1928) and The New Testament Letters (Wand, 1946).

Editions[edit]

The New World Translation is available as a standard edition, and a Reference edition.[48][49] The regular edition includes several appendices containing arguments for various translation decisions, maps, diagrams and other information; and over 125,000 cross references. The reference edition contains the cross references and adds footnotes about translation decisions and additional appendices that provide further detail relating to certain translation decisions and doctrinal views.[50]

Kingdom Interlinear[edit]

The New World Bible Translation Committee included the English text from the NWT in its 1969 and 1985 editions of the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures. It also incorporates the Greek text published by Westcott and Hort in The New Testament in the Original Greek and a literal word-for-word translation.[51][52]

Non-print editions[edit]

In 1978, the Watch Tower Society began producing recordings of the NWT on audio cassette,[53] with the New Testament released by 1981[54] and the Old Testament in three albums released by 1990.[55] In 2004, the NWT was released on compact disc in MP3 format in major languages.[56] Since 2008, audio downloads of the NWT have been made available in 18 languages in MP3 and AAC formats, including support for Podcasts.

A diskette edition of the NWT released in 1993

In 1983, the English Braille edition of the NWT's New Testament was released;[57] the complete English Braille edition was released by 1988.[58] NWT editions have since become available in several additional Braille scripts.[59] Production of the NWT in American Sign Language began in 2006, with the complete New Testament made available by 2010;[60] sign language editions are also available for download.[61]

In 1992 a digital edition of the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References was released on floppy disk. Since 1994, the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References has been included in the Watchtower Library on CD-ROM, available only to baptized Jehovah's Witnesses.[62][63] Both editions of the New World Translation are available online in various languages and digital formats.[64][65][66]

Critical review[edit]

The Bible in English
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Title page to the King James Version
Main category: Bible translations into English
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Overall review[edit]

In its review of Bible translations released from 1955 to 1985, The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary listed the New World Translation as one of the major modern translations.[67]

The New Catholic Encyclopedia says of the NWT reference edition: "[Jehovah's Witnesses]' translation of the Bible [has] an impressive critical apparatus. The work is excellent except when scientific knowledge comes into conflict with the accepted doctrines of the movement." It criticizes the NWT's rendering of Kyrios as "Jehovah" in 237 instances in the New Testament.[68]

Old Testament[edit]

Samuel Haas, in his 1955 review of the 1953 first volume of the New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, in the Journal of Biblical Literature, appreciated the effort but found that the translation was tainted by doctrinal bias: "this work indicates a great deal of effort and thought as well as considerable scholarship, it is to be regretted that religious bias was allowed to colour many passages."[69]

According to the Watch Tower Society, Hebrew scholar Benjamin Kedar-Kopfstein, a professor emeritus at University of Haifa, said in 1989: "In my linguistic research in connection with the Hebrew Bible and translations, I often refer to the English edition of what is known as the New World Translation. In so doing, I find my feeling repeatedly confirmed that this work [the Old Testament] reflects an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the text that is as accurate as possible. ... Giving evidence of a broad command of the original language, it renders the original words into a second language understandably without deviating unnecessarily from the specific structure of the Hebrew. ... Every statement of language allows for a certain latitude in interpreting or translating. So the linguistic solution in any given case may be open to debate. But I have never discovered in the New World Translation [Old Testament] any biased intent to read something into the text that it does not contain".[70][71][72]

Regarding the NWT's use of English in the 1953 first volume of the NWT (Genesis to Ruth), Baptist biblical scholar Harold Henry Rowley was critical of what he called "wooden literalism" and "harsh construction." He characterized these as "an insult to the Word of God", citing various verses of Genesis as examples. Rowley concluded, "From beginning to end this [first] volume is a shining example of how the Bible should not be translated."[73]

New Testament[edit]

Theologian and televangelist John Ankerberg accused the NWT's translators of renderings that conform "to their own preconceived and unbiblical theology."[74] John Weldon and Ankerberg cite several examples wherein they consider the NWT to support theological views overriding appropriate translation. Ankerberg and Weldon cite Julius R. Mantey, co-author of A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament and A Hellenistic Greek Reader, who also criticized the NWT, calling it "a shocking mistranslation."[74][75]

The theologian William Barclay concluded that "the deliberate distortion of truth by this sect is seen in the New Testament translation. ... It is abundantly clear that a sect which can translate the New Testament like that is intellectually dishonest."[76]

A 2003 study by Jason BeDuhn, a religious studies historian, of nine of "the Bibles most widely in use in the English-speaking world," including the New American Bible, The King James Bible and The New International Version, examined several New Testament passages in which "bias is most likely to interfere with translation."[77] For each passage, he compared the Greek text with the renderings of each English translation, and looked for biased attempts to change the meaning. BeDuhn reported that the New World Translation was "not bias free", but emerged "as the most accurate of the translations compared", and thus a "remarkably good translation", adding that "most of the differences are due to the greater accuracy of the NW as a literal, conservative translation". BeDuhn said the introduction of the name "Jehovah" into the New Testament 237 times was "not accurate translation by the most basic principle of accuracy", and that it "violate[s] accuracy in favor of denominationally preferred expressions for God", adding that for the NWT to gain wider acceptance and prove its worth its translators might have to abandon the use of "Jehovah" in the New Testament.[77] In a statement appearing in The Watchtower, BeDuhn said the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures is the "best interlinear English New Testament available" adding that it is "accurate and consistent to an extreme that forces the reader to come to terms with the linguistic, cultural, and conceptual gaps between the Greek-speaking world and our own."[78][non-primary source needed]

Edgar J. Goodspeed, translator of the New Testament in An American Translation, wrote in a letter to the Watch Tower Society: "I am interested in the mission work of your people, and its world wide scope, and much pleased with the free, frank and vigorous translation. It exhibits a vast array of sound serious learning, as I can testify."[79]

In his review in Andover Newton Quarterly Robert M. McCoy reported, "The translation of the New Testament is evidence of the presence in the movement of scholars qualified to deal intelligently with the many problems of Biblical translation. One could question why the translators have not stayed closer to the original meaning, as do most translators. ... In not a few instances the New World Translation contains passages which must be considered as 'theological translations.' This fact is particularly evident in those passages which express or imply the deity of Jesus Christ."[80][81]

Former American Bible Society board member Bruce M. Metzger concluded that "on the whole, one gains a tolerably good impression of the scholarly equipment of the translators,"[82] but identified instances where the translation has been written to support doctrine, with "several quite erroneous renderings of the Greek."[83] Metzger noted a number of "indefensible" characteristics of the translation, including its use of "Jehovah" in the New Testament.

Unitarian theologian Charles F. Potter stated about the NWT: "Apart from a few semantic peculiarities like translating the Greek word stauros, as "stake" instead of "cross", and the often startling use of the colloquial and the vernacular, the anonymous translators have certainly rendered the best manuscript texts, both Greek and Hebrew, with scholarly ability and acumen."[84]

Religion writer and editor Alexander Thomson said of the NWT: "The translation is evidently the work of skilled and clever scholars, who have sought to bring out as much of the true sense of the Greek text as the English language is capable of expressing. ... We heartily recommend the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, published in 1950 by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society."[85]

Thomas Winter, an instructor of Greek at the University of Nebraska and former president of the Unitarian Church of Lincoln, considered the Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures to be a "highly useful aid toward the mastery of koine (and classical) Greek," adding that the translation "is thoroughly up-to-date and consistently accurate."[86]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c "New World Translation Released in Baoule and Revised Edition Released in Polish". Watch Tower Society. Retrieved August 14, 2018. 
  2. ^ Jason D. Beduhn, Truth in Translation - Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament
  3. ^ All Scripture Is Inspired by God and Beneficial1990 pg. 326 pars. 32-33 Study Number 7—The Bible in Modern Times: New World Translation A Literal Translation, 1990
  4. ^ "Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT". JW.ORG. Retrieved 2017-09-04. 
  5. ^ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (2013 Revision) (PDF). Watch Tower Society. p. 4. 
  6. ^ "Are All Religions Good?", The Watchtower, August 1, 2009, page 4, "Jehovah’s Witnesses, produce a reliable Bible translation known as the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. However, if you are not one of Jehovah’s Witnesses, you may prefer to use other translations"
  7. ^ a b New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, page 4.
  8. ^ The Watchtower, 1 November 1959, p. 672: "Up until 1950 the teachings of Jehovah’s witnesses were based mainly upon the King James Version of the Bible"
  9. ^ Botting, Heather; Gary Botting (1984). The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 99. ISBN 0-8020-6545-7. The King James Bible was used by the Witnesses prior to the release of their own version, which began with the Greek Scriptures, in 1950. 
  10. ^ "Announcements", The Watchtower, August 1, 1954, page 480
  11. ^ "Bible Knowledge Made Plain Through Modern Translation", The Watchtower, October 15, 1961, page 636
  12. ^ "Part Three—How the Bible Came to Us", The Watchtower, October 15, 1997, page 11, "With this objective, associates of the Society set out in 1946 to produce a fresh translation of the Scriptures. A translation committee of experienced anointed Christians was organized to produce the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures in English."
  13. ^ "Stand Complete and With Firm Conviction—The New World Translation Appreciated by Millions Worldwide", The Watchtower, November 15, 2001, page 7.
  14. ^ "How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation:, The Watchtower, January 15, 2001, page 30.
  15. ^ a b "New Bible Translation Completed, Released", The Watchtower, October 1, 1960, page 599.
  16. ^ "New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures", The Watchtower, September 15, 1950, page 315.
  17. ^ Watchtower October 1st, 1960 p. 601 par. 13
  18. ^ Foreword, New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, 1984.
  19. ^ All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial 1990 p. 331
  20. ^ New York Times, August 3, 1950 p. 19.
  21. ^ The Watchtower, September 15, 1950, p. 320
  22. ^ Walsh vs Honorable James Latham, Court of Session Scotland, 1954, cross examination of Frederick Franz pp. 90-92
  23. ^ The Watchtower, November 15, 1950, p. 454
  24. ^ a b The Watchtower, December 15, 1974, p. 768.
  25. ^ Raymond V. Franz, Crisis of Conscience (Atlanta: Commentary Press, 1983), p. 50.
  26. ^ Tony Wills, M.A., A People For His Name—A History of Jehovah's Witnesses and An Evaluation, Lulu, 2006. Originally published in 1967 by Vantage Press. "[Frederick] Franz is a language scholar of no mean ability—he supervised the translation of the Bible from the original languages into the New World Translation, completed in 1961." (p. 253)
  27. ^ Walter Martin, Kingdom of the Cults—Expanded Anniversary Edition, October 1997, Bethany House Publishers, p. 123-124. "the New World Bible translation committee had no known translators with recognized degrees in Greek or Hebrew exegesis or translation. While the members of the [NWT] committee have never been identified officially by the Watchtower, many Witnesses who worked at the headquarters during the translation period were fully aware of who the members were. They included Nathan H. Knorr (president of the Society at the time), Frederick W. Franz (who later succeeded Knorr as president), Albert D. Schroeder, George Gangas, and Milton Henschel'."
  28. ^ Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-8020-7973-3. 
  29. ^ a b A Milestone for Lovers of God's Word (Watchtower October 15, 1999 pp. 30-31)
  30. ^ 2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, pg. 26
  31. ^ "Jehovah's Witnesses distribute free Bibles", The Daytona Beach News-Journal, October 26, 2013
  32. ^ How Can You Choose a Good Bible Translation? (Watchtower May 1, 2008 pages 18-22)
  33. ^ a b "All Scripture is Inspired of God and Beneficial" 1990 pp. 305-314
  34. ^ How the Bible Came to Us, Appendix A3 of 2013 REVISION
  35. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom (1993) Chap. 27 p. 611, subheading Translation Into Other Languages.
  36. ^ Appendix 7E in the New World Translation reference edition
  37. ^ Revised New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures. Accessed 14 October 2013.
  38. ^ Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. II pg. 9, 1988; Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania
  39. ^ The Cairo Geniza, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1959, pg. 222
  40. ^ Bowman, Robert M. Understanding Jehovah's Witnesses. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. 1991. P114
  41. ^ Walter Martin, The Kingdom of the Cults Revised, Updated, and Expanded Anniversary Edition, Bethany House Publishers, Minneapolis, Minnesota 1997, Page 125.
  42. ^ The Watchtower, August 1, 2008. Brooklyn, New York: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 2008. pp. 18–23. 
  43. ^ "Lord". Insight on the Scriptures. 2. p. 267. 
  44. ^ A Literal Translation of the New Testament ... From the Text of the Vatican Manuscript, Heinfetter, 1863)
  45. ^ The Emphatic Diaglott, Benjamin Wilson, 1864
  46. ^ The Epistles of Paul in Modern English, George Stevens, 1898
  47. ^ St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans, Rutherford, 1900
  48. ^ "Announcements", Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1988, page 4
  49. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, page 614
  50. ^ "Study—Rewarding and Enjoyable", The Watchtower, October 1, 2000, page 16
  51. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, published 1993 by Jehovah's Witnesses, "Chapter 27: Printing and Distributing God's Own Sacred Word", page 610
  52. ^ ""Between-the-Lines" Translations of the Bible", The Watchtower, November 15, 1969, page 692.
  53. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, September 1978, page 3
  54. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, October 1981, page 7
  55. ^ The Watchtower, February 15, 1990, page 32
  56. ^ Watchtower Publications Index 1986-2007, "Compact Discs"
  57. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, August 1983, pages 3-4
  58. ^ Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, published 1993 by Jehovah's Witnesses, "Chapter 27: Printing and Distributing God's Own Sacred Word", pages 614-615
  59. ^ Awake!, November, 2007 p. 30
  60. ^ 2007 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, published by Jehovah's Witnesses, pages 21-22
  61. ^ Sign Language Connection on jw.org
  62. ^ "The Compact Disc—What Is It All About?", Awake!, April 22, 1994, page 23
  63. ^ Our Kingdom Ministry, September 2007, page 3.
  64. ^ "Watch Tower Online Library". Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Retrieved 2014-11-07. 
  65. ^ "Online Bible-Jehovah's Witnesses: jw.org". Watch Tower Society. Retrieved 2012-10-27. 
  66. ^ "JW Library APP-Jehovah's Witnesses". Watch Tower Society. Retrieved 2012-10-27. 
  67. ^ Robert G. Bratcher, "English Bible, The" The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary (revised and updated edition of Harper's Bible Dictionary, 1st ed. c1985), HarperCollins Publishers/The Society of Biblical Literature, 1996, p. 292.
  68. ^ G. HÉBERT/EDS, "Jehovah's Witnesses", The New Catholic Encyclopedia, Gale, 20052, Vol. 7, p. 751.
  69. ^ Haas, Samuel S. (December 1955). "Reviewed Work: New World Translation of the Hebrew Scriptures, Vol. I by New World Bible Translation Committee". Journal of Biblical Literature. 74 (4): 283. JSTOR 3261681. 
  70. ^ All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society of Pennsylvania. 1990. p. 326. 
  71. ^ Harris, Doug (1993). Awake to the Watch Tower. Reachout Trust. pp. 347–349. ISBN 0-951-36322-0. Another source they quote both in WT and All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial is Professor Benjamin Kedar of Israel. "In fact, the New World Translation is a scholarly work. In 1989, Professor Benjamin Kedar of Israel said: 'In my linguistic research in connection with the Hebrew Bible and translation, I often refer to the English edition as what is known as the New World Translation. In doing so, I find my feeling repeatedly confirmed that this kind of work reflects an honest endeavor to achieve an understanding of the text that is as accurate as possible. Giving evidence of a broad command of the original language, it renders the original words into a second language understandably without deviating unnecessarily from the specific structure of the Hebrew....Every statement of language allows for a certain latitude in interpreting or translating. So the linguistic solution in any given case may be open to debate. But I have never discovered in the New World Translation any biased intent to read something into the text that it does not contain.'" I have two personal letters from Prof. Dr. Kedar who is a research fellow of the Hebrew University Bible Project. ... An extract reads as follows ... It is evident that I do not share the tenets of so-called Jehova's [sic] Witnesses. i.e the Watchtower people, but I have absolutely no wish to get involved in sectarian jealousies and quibbles. A quite different question is that of their Bible translation, ... I have checked hundreds of verses and have never found what one may consider a tendentious misinterpretation of Hebrew text of the Old Testament (Haifa, 1st March 1992). ... As you have correctly stated all my pronouncements on the watchtower version refer exclusively to the Hebrew portion of the Bible, i.e the Old Testament, of which I have checked hundreds of verses. I am not qualified to pass judgement on the corresponding English version of the Greek New Testament. ...(Haifa, 9th May 1992) 
  72. ^ Kedar-Kopfstein, Benjamin (January 1981). "Die Stammbildung qôṭel als Übersetzungsproblem" [The rooting qôṭel as a translation problem]. Journal of Old Testament scholarship (Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft) (in German, English, and Biblical Hebrew). 93 (2): 254–279. Retrieved December 9, 2017. p.262: In sharp contrast to this free translation [Die Heilige Schrift des Alten und Neuen Testamentes (1957)], LXX [Septuagint] and NWT are largely based on the formal structure of the source language [ancient Hebrew]. 
  73. ^ H.H. Rowley, How Not To Translate the Bible, The Expository Times, 1953; 65; 41
  74. ^ a b See Ankerberg, John and John Weldon, 2003, The New World Translation of the Jehovah's Witnesses, accessible online
  75. ^ Dr. Mantey made this comment on videotape. See the video "Witnesses of Jehovah", distributed by Impact Resources, P.O. Box 1169, Murrieta, CA, 92564
  76. ^ R. Rhodes, The Challenge of the Cults and New Religions, The Essential Guide to Their History, Their Doctrine, and Our Response, Zondervan, 2001, p. 94
  77. ^ a b Jason D. BeDuhn, Truth in Translation: Accuracy and Bias in English Translations of the New Testament, 2004, pages 163, 165, 169, 175, 176. BeDuhn compared the King James, the (New) Revised Standard, the New International, the New American Bible, the New American Standard Bible, the Amplified Bible, the Living Bible, Today's English and the NWT versions in Matthew 28:9, Philippians 2:6, Colossians 1:15-20, Titus 2:13, Hebrews 1:8, John 8:58, John 1:1.
  78. ^ "It Is the Best Interlinear New Testament Available". The Watchtower. February 1, 1998. p. 32. 
  79. ^ "Loyally advocating the Word of God," The Watchtower (15 March 1982), p. 23.
  80. ^ McCoy, Robert (January 1963). "Jehovah's Witnesses and Their New Testament". Andover Newton Quarterly. 3 (3): 15–31. 
  81. ^ MacLean, Gilmour (September 1966). "The Use and Abuse of the Book of Revelation". Andover Newton Quarterly. 7 (1): 25–26. The New World translation was made by a committee whose membership has never been revealed-a committee that possessed an unusual competence in Greek ... It is clear that doctrinal considerations influenced many turns of phrase, but the work is no crack-pot or pseudo-historical fraud.* ... *See Robert M. McCoy 'Jehovah's Witnesses and Their New Testament', Andover Newton Quarterly, Jan., 1963, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 15-31 
  82. ^ UBS Metzger, Bruce M, The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures, The Bible Translator 15/3 (July 1964), p. 151.
  83. ^ Bruce M. Metzger, "Jehovah's Witnesses and Jesus Christ," Theology Today, (April 1953 p. 74); see also Metzger, "The New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures,".
  84. ^ The faiths men live by, Kessinger Publishing, 1954, 239. ISBN 1-4254-8652-5.
  85. ^ Alexander Thomson, The Differentiator, 1952, 55,57 No. 2, 6
  86. ^ Thomas N. Winter, Review of New World Bible Translation Committee's The Kingdom Interlinear Translation of the Greek Scriptures, Classics and Religious Studies Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, April–May 1974: 376

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