1.
New York State Route 40
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New York State Route 40 is a north–south state highway in eastern New York in the United States. It is 54.67 miles long and runs from NY7 in the city of Troy north to NY22 in the town of Granville, NY40 also passes through the villages of Schaghticoke and Argyle and enters the vicinity of the village of Greenwich. It intersects three east–west highways of note, NY67 just outside Schaghticoke, NY29 west of Greenwich, incidentally, NY40 has overlaps with all three routes. NY40 originally extended south to East Greenbush and north to Comstock when it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of highways in New York. The route was truncated south to NY149 in Hartford in the early 1940s and it was re-extended northward to its current northern terminus in the 1960s, but also truncated northward to its current southern terminus in the early 1970s. In 1980, ownership and maintenance of the portion of NY40 south of NY142 and this section of the route is co-designated and co-signed as County Route 145 and has no reference markers. NY40 begins at an intersection with NY7 just east of the Collar City Bridge in the city of Troy. NY40 proceeds north along 10th Street for less than a block, turning northeast along Oakwood Avenue, a two-lane mixed commercial and residential street through the Frear Park section of Troy. Passing the campus of St. Marys Hospital, the route begins to run along the edges of the namesake park. Running along the edge of Wright Lake, the route turns northward. Now back in the North Central section of Troy, NY40 runs north through Oakwood Cemetery, soon crossing into Lansingburgh, NY40 runs northeast through the eastern end of the cemetery, passing the nearby St. Peters Cemetery as well. Just after crossing the limits of Oakwood Cemetery, the route crosses into the town of Brunswick. Continuing north through Brunswick, NY40 continues through Lansingburgh, which is where the route meets a junction with NY142, NY40 and NY142 become concurrent for one block in front of the Lansingburgh Reservoir, before NY40 turns northward once again. Now on Leversee Road, the remains a two-lane residential street. NY40 crosses into the town of Schaghticoke, where it gains the Speigletown Road moniker, through the town of Schaghitcoke, the route remains the two-lane residential road it was through Lansingburgh, reaching a junction with CR126. At the junction with CR126, NY40 turns northward, drops the moniker of Speigletown Road, passing some residences as it winds northward, the route meets the junction with CR122 as it enters the populated hamlet of Grant Hollow. Bypassing the center of Grant Hollow, NY40 soon reaches the hamlet of Melrose, continuing north through the town of Schaghticoke, NY40 returns to its rural settings north of Melrose, turning northeast at the junction with Northline Drive. Along this northeastern stretch, the passes through the rural hamlet of Schaghticoke Hill
2.
New York's 36th congressional district
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The 36th Congressional District of New York was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. It was created in 1903 as a result of the 1900 Census and it was eliminated as a result of the 1980 Census. It was last represented by John J. LaFalce who was redistricted into the 32nd District, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Election Statistics 1920-present Clerk of the House of Representatives
3.
Erie County, New York
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Erie County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 919,040, the countys name comes from Lake Erie, which in turn comes from the Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived south and east of the lake before 1654. Erie County is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the countys southern part is known as the Southtowns. When counties were established in New York State in 1683, present-day Erie County was Indian territory, at this time, all of Western New York was part of Ontario County. In 1802, Genesee County was created out of Ontario County, in 1808, Niagara County was created out of Genesee County. In 1821, Erie County was created out of Niagara County, the first towns formed in present-day Erie County were the Town of Clarence and the Town of Willink. Clarence comprised the northern portion of Erie county, and Willink the southern part, Clarence is still a town, but Willink was quickly subdivided into other towns. When Erie County was established in 1821, it consisted of the towns of Amherst, Aurora, Boston, Clarence, Collins, Concord, Eden, Evans, Hamburg, Holland, Sardinia, and Wales. The county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, the Town Line Fire Department supports the slogan Last of the Rebels due to their Confederate ties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,227 square miles. Erie County is in the portion of upstate New York. It is the most populous county in upstate New York outside of the New York City metropolitan area, the county also lies on the international border between the United States and Canada, bordering the Province of Ontario. The northern border of the county is Tonawanda Creek, part of the southern border is Cattaraugus Creek. Other major streams include Buffalo Creek, Cayuga Creek, Cazenovia Creek, Scajaquada Creek, Eighteen Mile Creek, the countys northern half, including Buffalo and its suburbs, is relatively flat and rises gently up from the lake. The southern half, known as the Southtowns, is much hillier and is the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, the highest elevation in the county is a hill in the Town of Sardinia that tops out at around 1,940 feet above sea level. The lowest ground is about 560 feet, on Grand Island at the Niagara River, the Onondaga Escarpment runs through the northern part of Erie County. The population density was 910 people per square mile, there were 415,868 housing units at an average density of 398 per square mile. 3. 27% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 6% were of German,17. 2% Polish,14. 9% Italian,11. 7% Irish and 5. 0% English ancestry according to Census 2000
4.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
5.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
6.
New York's 42nd congressional district
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The 42nd Congressional District of New York was a congressional district for the United States House of Representatives in New York. It was created in 1913 as a result of the 1910 Census and it was eliminated as a result of the 1960 Census. It was last represented by John R. Pillion, who was redistricted into the 39th District, 1953–1963, Parts of Erie 1945–1953, All of Niagara Parts of Erie 1913–1945, Parts of Erie The following chart shows historic election results. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Election Statistics 1920-present Clerk of the House of Representatives
Robert H. Gittins
S. Wallace Dempsey
Walter G. Andrews
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George F. Rogers
Kenneth B. Keating
William E. Miller
Henry P. Smith III
