1.
New York State Route 5
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New York State Route 5 is a state highway that extends for 370.80 miles across the state of New York in the United States. S. Route 9, here routed along the roads for Interstate 787. Prior to the construction of the New York State Thruway, it was one of two main east–west highways traversing upstate New York, the other being US20, West of New York, NY5 continues as Pennsylvania Route 5 to Erie. NY5 overlaps with US20 twice along its routing, the second, a 68-mile overlap through western and central New York, is the second-longest concurrency in the state, stretching from Avon east to the city of Auburn in Cayuga County. The concurrency is known locally as Routes 5 and 20, as the route proceeds across the state, it also directly or indirectly meets every major north–south highway in upstate New York, including all three north–south Interstate Highways. NY5 was assigned in 1924 as a true cross-state highway, extending from the Pennsylvania state line in the west to the Massachusetts state line in the east, at the time, modern NY5 between Buffalo and Albany was designated as New York State Route 5A. By 1926, NY5 was moved onto the routing of NY 5A while the old routing of NY5 became NY7. It was truncated in 1927 to Athol Springs in the west and Albany in the east following the assignment of US20, and again in 1930 to downtown Buffalo. NY5 was reextended to the Pennsylvania state line c. 1932 by way of its old routing to Athol Springs, an old alignment of US20, only local realignments have occurred since. Although it is no commonly used for long distance travel. NY5 is named Main Street in Buffalo, Erie Boulevard and West Genesee Street in Syracuse, State Street in Schenectady, and Central Avenue in Albany and it is a major local road in many other locations along its path. NY5 runs concurrent to US20 twice between its endpoints, for three miles between Silver Creek and Irving and for 68 miles across western and central New York. At 67.6 miles in length, the overlap between US20 and NY5 is the longest surface-road concurrency in New York state, behind only the concurrency of I-86. Maintenance of the majority of NY 5s 371 miles is performed by the New York State Department of Transportation, however, locally owned and maintained sections exist in six cities. At the New York–Pennsylvania border in Ripley, PA5 becomes NY5 upon entering New York and it very closely follows the shore of Lake Erie through all of Chautauqua County. Once reaching the village of Silver Creek it briefly overlaps US20 until entering Erie County at the Cattaraugus Reservation, once in Erie County it pulls slightly inward from the lake shore from Brant to the hamlet of Wanakah. Near the northern edge of the city, NY5 begins to ascend onto an elevated roadway as it connects to Ridge Road, here, the route becomes the Buffalo Skyway, a limited-access highway with exits for Ohio and Tifft streets and Fuhrmann Boulevard. After a quarter-mile, NY5 passes seamlessly into the city of Buffalo, a short distance past the city line, NY5 passes over the Union Ship Canal on a span of the elevated road known as the Father Baker Bridge
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Gregory Meeks
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Gregory Weldon Meeks is the U. S. Representative for New Yorks 5th congressional district, formerly in the 6th District since 1998 and he is a member of the Democratic Party. In addition, he represented much of Kew Gardens and northern Richmond Hill, born in East Harlem, New York City and raised in a housing project, Meeks attended Adelphi University and obtained a law degree from Howard University School of Law. He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and he worked as an Assistant District Attorney and Special Narcotics Prosecutor for the City of New York before joining the Investigations Commission on official misconduct and organized crime. He then was Supervising Judge for the New York State Workers Compensation System, Meeks was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1993 to 1998, sitting in the 190th, 191st, and 192nd New York State Legislatures. On the U. S. Federal Budget, Meeks supports Social Security and Medicare and wants to balance the budget, lower the debt while sending money to education, environment. He is also against the privatization of Social Security, on Homeland Security, Gregory Meeks has unwavering support of on-ground troops, and a large supporter of veterans and emergency responders. Finally, Gregory Meeks is a supporter of the Health Care plan and is currently working to promote the extension and expansion of the State’s Children’s Health Insurance Program. He has also worked hard to increase the funding to research fields to speed cures. Meeks is pro-choice on abortion, and he supported Planned Parenthood all throughout his career and his votes, such as voting against the prohibition of late-term or partial birth abortions, twice in 2003 against the Republicans, support and strengthen his position on abortion. However, in the recent 2008 election for funding money to abortions. He is supported by NARAL Pro-Choice America, National Family Planning & Reproductive Health Association and he is not supported by National Rights to Life Committee. Meeks is for animal rights, and he never supported or voted for the organizations supporting hunters and he is also a supporter of endangered species and voted to protect them. In the 2005 Endangered Species Reauthorization Bill, he voted against the Republicans in vain and he is supported by the Humane Society of the United States, Big Cats Rescue and is not supported by Sportsmen and Animal Owner’s Voting Alliance. However, this would banish Social Security, Medicare and other government-supported plans, also, the National Taxpayers Union does not support Meeks. None of these groups have overwhelmingly supported Gregory Meeks since he has been a representative of New York, Meeks has supported the Bush Administration wiretapping programs that were undertaken without the attainment of a warrant. During the 2008 electoral campaign, Meeks appeared in a television advertisement endorsing the reelection of Puerto Rico Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, on March 3,2015, Meeks participated with fellow Democrats in the boycott of the speech delivered by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to Congress. They drove to the base of the Joint Special Operation Task Force Philippines, a US-led body, the group is considered a terrorist organization by the US government and the European Union
4.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
5.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
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White people
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White people is a racial classification specifier, used for people of Europid ancestry, with the exact implications dependent on context. The contemporary usage of people or a white race as a large group of populations contrasting with black, American Indian. It is today used as a racial classifier in multiracial societies, such as North Africa, United States. The term white race or white people entered the major European languages in the later 17th century, in the context of racialized slavery, description of populations as white in reference to their skin color predates this notion and is found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient sources. Scholarship on race generally distinguishes the concept from pre-modern descriptions of collective difference. In the literature of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity and we know that Egyptians were not oblivious to skin color, however, because artists paid attention to it in works of art, to the extent the pigments at the time permitted. Classicist James Dee states the Greeks do not describe themselves as white people—or as anything else because they had no word in their color vocabulary for themselves. Peoples skin color did not carry meaning, what mattered is where they lived. Religious conversion was sometimes described figuratively as a change in skin color, similarly, the Rigveda uses krsna tvac black skin as a metaphor for irreligiosity. The Ancient Egyptian funerary text known as the Book of Gates distinguishes four groups in a procession and these are the Egyptians, the Levantine/Canaanite peoples or Asiatics, the Nubians and the fair-skinned Libyans. The Egyptians are depicted as a reddish brown, the Nubians as black skinned, the Semites from the Levant and Canaan as light skinned. Herodotus described the Scythian Budini as having blue eyes and bright red hair. And the Egyptians – quite like the Colchians – as melánchroes and he also gives the possibly first reference to the common Greek name of the tribes living south of Egypt, otherwise known as Nubians, which was Aithíopes. Later Xenophon described the Aethiopians as black and the Persian troops as white compared to the skin of Greek troops. These color adjectives are found in contrast to the standard set by the own group. According to historian Irene Silverblatt, Race thinking … made social categories into racial truths, Alastair Bonnett argues that white identity, as it is presently conceived, is an American project, reflecting American interpretations of race and history. According to Gregory Jay, a professor of English at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Before the age of exploration, group differences were based on language, religion. … the European had always reacted a bit hysterically to the differences of skin color, in the 16th and 17th centuries, East Asian peoples were almost uniformly described as white, never as yellow
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Black people
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As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, black is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, different societies apply differing criteria regarding who is classified as black, and these social constructs have also changed over time. In a number of countries, societal variables affect classification as much as skin color, in the United Kingdom, black was historically equivalent with person of color, a general term for non-European peoples. In South Africa and Latin America, mixed-race people are not classified as black. In other regions such as Australasia, settlers applied the term black or it was used by local populations with different histories and ancestral backgrounds. The Romans interacted with and later conquered parts of Mauretania, a state that covered modern Morocco, western Algeria. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as Mauri, numerous communities of dark-skinned peoples are present in North Africa, some dating from prehistoric communities. In the 18th century, the Moroccan Sultan Moulay Ismail the Bloodthirsty raised a corps of 150,000 black slaves, called his Black Guard and he claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking Latin Americans, consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat had a mother who was a dark-skinned Nubian Sudanese woman, in response to an advertisement for an acting position, as a young man he said, I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish, due to the patriarchal nature of Arab society, Arab men, including during the slave trade in North Africa, enslaved more black women than men. They used more black female slaves in domestic service and agriculture than males, the men interpreted the Quran to permit sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside of marriage, leading to many mixed-race children. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab masters child, she was considered as umm walad or mother of a child, the child was given rights of inheritance to the fathers property, so mixed-race children could share in any wealth of the father. Because the society was patrilineal, the children took their fathers social status at birth and were born free, some succeeded their fathers as rulers, such as Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur, who ruled Morocco from 1578 to 1608. He was not technically considered as a child of a slave, his mother was Fulani. Such tolerance for black persons, even when technically free, was not so common in Morocco, the long association of sub-Saharan peoples as slaves is shown in the term abd, it is still frequently used in the Arabic-speaking world as a term for black people. In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab apartheid campaign, Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudans non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of deftly manipulat Arab solidarity to carry out policies of apartheid, American University economist George Ayittey accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing acts of racism against black citizens. The Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid, many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid
8.
Asian Americans
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Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
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Hispanic
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The term Hispanic broadly refers to the people, nations, and cultures that have a historical link to Spain. It commonly applies to countries once colonized by the Spanish Empire in the Americas and Asia, particularly the countries of Latin America and the Philippines. It could be argued that the term should apply to all Spanish-speaking cultures or countries and it is difficult to label a nation or culture with one term, such as Hispanic, as the ethnicities, customs, traditions, and art forms vary greatly by country and region. The Spanish language and Spanish culture are the main traditions, the term Hispanic derives from Latin Hispanicus, the adjectival derivation of Latin Hispania and Hispanus/Hispanos, ultimately probably of Celtiberian origin. In English the word is attested from the 16th century, the words Spain, Spanish, and Spaniard are of the same etymology as Hispanus, ultimately. Hispanus was the Latin name given to a person from Hispania during Roman rule, in English, the term Hispano-Roman is sometimes used. The Hispano-Romans were composed of people from different indigenous tribes. A number of men, such as Trajan, Hadrian. Hispano-Roman is used to refer to the culture and people of Hispania, Hispanic is used to refer to modern Spain, to the Spanish language, and to the Spanish-speaking nations of the world and particularly the Americas. Spanish is used to refer to the people, nationality, culture, language, Spaniard is used to refer to the people of Spain. Hispania was the Roman name for the territory of the Iberian Peninsula. Initially, this territory was divided into two provinces, Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior, in 27 B. C, Hispania Ulterior was divided into two new provinces, Hispania Baetica and Hispania Lusitania, while Hispania Citerior was renamed Hispania Tarraconensis. This division of Hispania explains the usage of the singular and plural forms used to refer to the peninsula and this revival of the old Roman concept in the Middle Ages appears to have originated in Provençal, and was first documented at the end of the 11th century. In the Council of Constance, the four kingdoms shared one vote, the word Lusitanian, relates to Lusitania or Portugal, also in reference to the Lusitanians, possibly one of the first Indo-European tribes to settle in Europe. From this tribes name had derived the name of the Roman province of Lusitania, the terms Spain and the Spains were not interchangeable. Spain was a territory, home to several kingdoms, with separate governments, laws, languages, religions, and customs. Spain was not an entity until much later, and when referring to the Middle Ages. The term The Spains referred specifically to a collective of juridico-political units, first the Christian kingdoms, although colloquially and literally the expression King of Spain or King of the Spains was already widespread, it did not refer to a unified nation-state
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Native Americans in the United States
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In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
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Cook Partisan Voting Index
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The Cook Political Report introduced the PVI in August 1997 to better gauge the competitiveness of each district using the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections as a baseline. The index is based on analysis by the Center for Voting, the national average for 2004 and 2008 was 51. 2% Democratic to 48. 8% Republican. For example, in Alaskas at-large congressional district, the Republican candidate won 63% and 61% of the two-party share in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, respectively. Comparing the average of two results against the average national share, this district has voted 13 percentage points more Republican than the country as a whole. Prior to its April 2009 update, the PVI formula was calculated by comparing district-level results for the past two elections to nationwide results for the most recent election. David Nir of the Swing State Project advocated a change to the new formula, the most Democratic congressional district in the country is New Yorks 15th, located in the Bronx, with a PVI of D+43. The most Republican district is Texass 13th at R+32, as for states as a whole, Wyoming and Utah are the most Republican at R+22, and Hawaii is the most Democratic at D+20. The most Democratic congressional districts to be represented by a Republican are Iowas 1st, Iowas 1st is represented by Rod Blum and New Yorks 24th is represented by John Katko. The most Republican congressional district to be represented by a Democrat is Minnesotas 7th, in total there are nine Democratic-leaning House districts represented by Republicans following the 2014 elections and eight Republican-leaning House districts represented by Democrats. This represents a total of 17 out of 435 Representatives from districts with a PVI opposite to their own party, in the Senate, the most Republican-leaning state to have a Democratic senator is West Virginia, with Democrat Joe Manchin. The most Democratic-leaning state to have a Republican senator is Maine with Republican Susan Collins, the most Democratic-leaning state to have two Republican senators is Iowa, represented by Chuck Grassley and Joni Ernst. Four Republican-leaning states have governors from the Democratic Party while twelve Democratic-leaning states have governors from the Republican Party, all Republican-leaning states have a majority Republican house delegation, as well as six Democratic-leaning states and neutral Virginia. Note that the seven states with one representative must be among these. Psephology, the analysis of elections. Political party strength in U. S. states The Cook Political Report
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Congressional district
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A congressional district is an electoral constituency that elects a single member of a congress. Countries with congressional districts include the United States, the Philippines, a congressional district is based on population, which, in the United States, is taken using a census every ten years. There are 435 congressional districts in the United States House of Representatives, in addition to the 435 congressional districts, the five inhabited U. S. territories and the federal district of Washington, D. C. each send a non-voting delegate to the House of Representatives. The Census Bureau within the United States Department of Commerce conducts a decennial census whose figures are used to determine the number of districts within each state. The 2012 elections were the first to be based on the districts which were defined based on the 2010 Census data. List of electoral districts by nation House of Representatives House of Representatives of the Philippines United States House of Representatives
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United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
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Nassau County, New York
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Nassau County /ˈnæsɔː/ is a suburban county on Long Island in the U. S. state of New York. At the 2010 census, the population was 1,339,532. The county seat is in the Village of Garden City, within the boundaries of the Mineola 11501 zip code, Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two cities, three towns,64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county, there are 56 public school districts within the county. Post office districts and school use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them. In 2012, Forbes magazine, in an article based on the U. S and it also ranks as the most expensive county in America. Nassau County has a police department, fire commission. The county colors are also the colors of the House of Orange-Nassau, several alternate names had been considered for the county, including Bryant, Matinecock, Norfolk, and Sagamore. However, Nassau had the advantage of having at one time been the name of Long Island itself. In 1784, the Town of North Hempstead, was formed through secession by the portions of the Town of Hempstead. When the first European settlers arrived, among the Native Americans to occupy the present area of Nassau County were the Marsapeque, Matinecoc, Dutch settlers in New Netherland predominated in the western portion of Long Island, while English settlers from Connecticut occupied the eastern portion. Until 1664, Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau and Suffolk counties, between the Dutch in the west and Connecticut claiming the east. The Dutch did grant an English settlement in Hempstead, but drove settlers from the present-day eastern Nassau hamlet of Oyster Bay as part of a boundary dispute, in 1664, all of Long Island became part of the English Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Queens and Nassau were then just part of a larger North Riding, in 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved, Suffolk County and Queens County were established, and the local seat of government was moved west from Hempstead to Jamaica. By 1700, very little of Long Island had not been purchased from the native Indians by the English colonists, the courthouse in Jamaica was torn down by the British during the American Revolution to use the materials to build barracks. About 1787, a new Queens County Courthouse was erected in the new Town of North Hempstead, near present-day Mineola, the Long Island Rail Road reached as far east as Hicksville in 1837, but did not proceed to Farmingdale until 1841 due to the Panic of 1837. The 1850 census was the first in which the population of the three western towns exceeded that of the three towns that are now part of Nassau County. Around 1874, the seat of county government was moved to Long Island City from Mineola
15.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
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Rockaway, Queens
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The Rockaway Peninsula, commonly referred to as The Rockaways or Rockaway, is the name of a peninsula on Long Island, New York. The Rockaway Peninsula is located entirely within the New York City borough of Queens, a popular summer resort area since the 1830s, Rockaway has become a mixture of lower, middle, and upper-class neighborhoods. Its relative isolation from the areas of the city, especially Manhattan, has traditionally made it a popular summer retreat. In the 2010s, it one of the citys most quickly gentrifying neighborhoods. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14, as of January 1,2007, the peninsulas total population is estimated to be just below 130,000. Rockaway is entirely in New Yorks 5th congressional district, represented by Congressman Gregory Meeks, all ZIP codes in Rockaway begin with the three digits 116 and the central post office is in Far Rockaway. What is now known as Rockaway was inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans, but sold to the Dutch by the Mohegan tribe along with most of Long Island in 1639, finally the land was sold to Richard Cornell, who settled there. The name rockaway is the corruption of a Lenape language word that sounded phonetically something like rack-a-wak-e. It may have meant place of sands, in 1878, the eastern community of Bayswater was laid out. One of Bayswaters early developers was William Trist Bailey, who had purchased the property, in 1893, much of Hog Island, a small sandbar island off the coast of Far Rockaway washed away in a hurricane. The remainder of the island eroded away by 1902, plates, along with older artifacts, still wash up along the shore of Rockaway Beach. The Rockaway Peninsula was originally part of the Town of Hempstead, in 1897, the central peninsular towns of Hammels and Hollands merged, and were incorporated as the Village of Rockaway Beach. The entire borough of Queens was consolidated of Greater New York City in 1898, the village of Rockaway Park became incorporated into the City of Greater New York on January 1,1898. In the early 1900s, the newly built station opened up the community. The wealthy no longer had a monopoly on the peninsula, as various amusement parks, stores, much of the area was developed by James S. Remsen and William Wainwright. In this era, it known as New Yorks Playground. Around this time, Breezy Point in the Rockaways began as summer beach bungalow, even today, some of these remain, converted to provide modern amenities, although the vast majority were razed in urban renewal during the 1960s. In 1900, a New York State judge ordered that the land west of Rockaway Park be put up for auction, Belle Harbor and adjacent Neponsit was bought by Edward P. Hatch, who sold it to the West Rockaway Land Company in 1907
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Broad Channel, Queens
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Broad Channel is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It occupies the portion of Rulers Bar Hassock, which is the only inhabited island in Jamaica Bay. The area comprises several artificial canals separating dead-end residential blocks and it is connected to the rest of Queens by road and subway bridges. Prior to European settlement, the Jameco and Canarsie bands of Lenape Native Americans frequented this area, during the 17th century, Dutch settlers established a community on the island and began harvesting oysters, clams, shrimp, and fish. Broad Channel remained a parcel within the town of Jamaica until the consolidation of New York City in 1898. The northern portion of the island is part of Gateway National Recreation Area and is managed as part of the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, the waters and marsh islands of the refuge entirely surround the community. In 1915, the city leased the island to the Broad Channel Corporation, the island prospered as an exclusive retreat for city residents. After the construction of the Cross Bay Boulevard in 1923, Broad Channel underwent a surge in popularity, in 1938, Parks Commissioner Robert Moses wanted to build a park on the island. His plan was for recreation on the shore with a sanctuary on the north end of the island. In 1939 the Cross Bay Parkway Bridge opened and that same year, the Broad Channel Corporation declared bankruptcy. The city acquired the property titles but, for many years. The city made attempts to alter the islands purpose. Proposed changes included the construction of a port and the extension of John F. Kennedy International Airport. In 1982, New York City granted Broad Channel residents the right to purchase their property, in 1998, Broad Channels Labor Day parade received negative media attention after video of a float that parodied the racially motivated dragging death of an African American man was made public. The float carried white men wearing blackface and Afro wigs, and was entitled Black to the Future - Broad Channel in 2098. Three white participants on the float, two city firefighters and a city police officer, were fired from their jobs as a result of the parade incident. They sued the city for wrongful termination, and had their claims upheld in federal court in 2003. Local residents expressed support for and relief at the ruling, hoping that an end to the battle would help to rehabilitate the image of the town
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Cambria Heights, Queens
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Cambria Heights is a residential middle-class neighborhood in the southeastern portion of the New York City borough of Queens. As of 2010, Cambria Heightss population was 18,677, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13. The neighborhood derived its name from the Cambrian era because it is known for its many fossils, at an elevation of 50 feet, it is one of the highest points in the borough, together with Jackson Heights and Richmond Hill. The original population consisted primarily of Roman Catholics of Italian, German, and Irish descent, the present neighborhood has a large middle class Caribbean and African American population. The median home cost is $450,600, the public elementary schools in Cambria Heights are P. S. 147, renamed for astronaut Ronald McNair, there is only one Catholic Parish in Cambria Heights. The Parishs name is dedicated to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Parish is also affiliated with the school Sacred Heart Catholic Academy. Cambria Heights is also the location of the Ohel, the place of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson. Tens of thousands of visitors from around the flock to the site for prayer. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Cambria Heights was 18,677, covering an area of 772.01 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 24.2 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 1. 4% White,90. 3% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 3% from other races, and 1. 7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 2% of the population, notable current and former residents of Cambria Heights include, Michael Bentt, retired heavyweight boxer turned actor of Jamaican lineage. Fred Cambria, retired baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in six Major League games Bob Cousy. Chick Corea, a Miles Davis band veteran, played piano for Stan Getz. Gabe Dalmath, award-winning journalist and TV news anchor WHEC-TV, bud Harrelson, shortstop for the New York Mets championship team of 1969. Lena Horne, singer Henry Petroski, whose 2002 book Paperboy, rick Pitino, head basketball head coach at the University of Louisville. Cambria Heights, NY Home Town Locator Cambria Heights, Homebuyers, NYC Housing Preservation and Development
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Hollis, Queens
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Hollis is a residential middle-class neighborhood within the southeastern section of the New York City borough of Queens. There are small minorities of Hispanics and Indians reside in the area, boundaries are considered to be the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road to the west, Hillside Avenue to the north, Francis Lewis Boulevard to the east, and Murdock Avenue to the south. Much of this area is considered to be within the St. Albans postal district, Hollis is close to Jamaica and Queens Village. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, Hollis is patrolled by the NYPDs 113th Precinct. Public schools in the area are operated by the New York City Department of Education, the first European settlers were Dutch homesteaders in the 17th century. Woodhull Avenue in Hollis is named after him, the area remained rural until 1885, when developers turned 136 acres into houses, and the area is still developed primarily with single-family houses. In 1898, it became a part of New York City with the rest of the borough of Queens, since the end of the Korean War, the neighborhood has been settled primarily by African-American families. In recent years, the area has seen an influx of South Asians. The area has a majority of working parents with many early schools in Hollis. Hollis is mainly within zip codes 11423 and 11412, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 8. At 193rd Street is Foothill Malls, a traffic median with a memorial marking the main entrance to the upscale subdivision. A notable local facility was Holliswood Hospital, the hospital provided psychiatric care with 127 beds. On August 16,2013 the facility was closed, based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Hollis was 20,269, a decrease of 478 from the 26,061 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 525.10 acres, the neighborhood had a density of 38.6 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 64. 0% African American,10. 7% Asian,2. 3% White,0. 6% Native American,0. 1% Pacific Islander,4. 8% from other races, and 4. 3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 2% of the population, Long Island Rail Road service is available at the Hollis station, located at 193rd Street and Woodhull Avenue, The station is served mostly by the Hempstead Branch. West of Hollis station is the LIRRs Holban Yard, a yard that has been shared with St. Albans for over a century. The Q1, Q2, Q3, Q36, Q43, Q76, Q77, Q110 buses serve Hollis, as well as closed-door NICE Bus N6, the E J Z trains stop nearby at Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer
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Jamaica, Queens
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Jamaica is a middle-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, which also includes Hollis, St. Albans, Springfield Gardens, Baisley Pond Park, Rochdale Village, Jamaica is patrolled by the NYPDs 103rd, 113th & 105th Precincts. It was settled under Dutch rule in 1656 in New Netherland as Rustdorp, under British rule, Jamaica became the center of the Town of Jamaica. In 1814, Jamaica became the first incorporated village on Long Island, the U. S. Food and Drug Administrations Northeast Regional Laboratory as well as the New York District Office are also located in Jamaica. Jamaica Center, the area around Jamaica Avenue and 165th Street, is a commercial center. The New York Racing Association, based at Aqueduct Racetrack in South Ozone Park, John F. Kennedy International Airport and the hotels nearby also use Jamaica as their address. Although many current residents of the Jamaica neighborhood are immigrants from the country of the same name, the two names have different derivations. The name of the neighborhood derives from Yameco, a corruption of a word for beaver in the Lenape language spoken by the Native Americans who lived in the area at the time of first European contact. The y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch and this resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read and repeated orally. In the Caribbean, the Arawak, people of the nation of Jamaica, named their land Xaymaca, Jamaica Avenue was an ancient trail for tribes from as far away as the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, coming to trade skins and furs for wampum. It was in 1655 that the first settlers paid the Native Americans with two guns, a coat, and some powder and lead, for the land lying between the old trail and Beaver Pond, Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant dubbed the area Rustdorp in granting the 1656 land patent. The English took over in 1664 and made it part of the county of Yorkshire, in 1683, when the British divided the Province of New York into counties, Jamaica became the county seat of Queens County, one of the original counties of New York. In 1790, in William Warners tavern, Rufus King, a signer of the United States Constitution, relocated here in 1805. He added to a modest 18th-century farmhouse, creating the manor stands on the site today. King Manor was restored at the turn of the 21st century to its former glory, by 1776, Jamaica had become a trading post for farmers and their produce. For more than a century, their horse-drawn carts plodded along Jamaica Avenue, the Jamaica Post Office opened September 25,1794, and was the only post office in the present-day Boroughs of Queens or Brooklyn before 1803. Union Hall Academy for boys, and Union Hall Seminary for girls, were chartered in 1787, the Academy eventually attracted students from all over the United States and the West Indies. The public school system was started in 1813 with funds of $125, by 1834, the Brooklyn and Jamaica Railroad company had completed a line to Jamaica
21.
Laurelton, Queens
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Laurelton is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is a middle class neighborhood. Laurelton is part of the town of Jamaica. Merrick Boulevard, which bisects the community in a generally east-west direction and it is bounded by Springfield Boulevard, 130th Avenue, Laurelton Parkway, and Conduit Avenue. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13, Laurelton derives its name from the Laurelton station on the Long Island Rail Road, which was named for the laurels that grew there over 100 years ago. It was modeled after an English village, with stately Tudor-style homes, there are co-ops in converted garden apartment complexes and some new construction with more modern designs, but no high-rise buildings, which has enabled Laurelton to keep its small town feel. The area of Laurelton closest to Rosedale and Cambria Heights is mostly made up of single-family homes, the area abutting Springfield Gardens contains many two-family homes. The eastern part of Laurelton contains a series of streets with planted center malls, a vast majority of the people living in Laurelton are of African American or West Indian descent, however up until the late 1970s, Laurelton was a predominantly Jewish community. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Laurelton was 24,453, covering an area of 909.17 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 26.9 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 1. 5% White,90. 1% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 4% from other races, and 1. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 5% of the population, cariculum Academy Preschool of Southeast Queens A Community Schoolhouse The Belt Parkways exits 24 A/B, 23A, and 22 all service Laurelton. The section known as the Laurelton Parkway was the subject of a plan as part of the citys emerging system of greenways and bikeways. The restoration of this 1.5 miles link was completed in 2006, additionally, the Laurelton Long Island Rail Road station serve the area. The station is located at 225th Street and 141st Road and offers service to Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan by both the Far Rockaway and Long Beach branches, residents have access to Metropolitan Transportation Authority City buses such as the Q5, Q85, and Q77 buses. The ZIP code of Laurelton is 11413, sam DeLuca, New York Jets, right guard, 1970s. Derrick Harmon, San Francisco 49ers, running back, 1984-1986, ronnie Harmon, Buffalo Bills, running back, kick returner, 1986-1989, San Diego Chargers, running back, 1990-1995. Hettie Jones, poet/memoirist and former wife of writer Amiri Baraka, meir Kahane, rabbi of Young Israel of Laurelton, founded the JDL while rabbi. Doron Lamb, Kentucky Wildcats basketball player, neil Leifer, a photographer and filmmaker known mainly for his work in the Time Inc. family of magazines
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Queens Village, Queens
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Queens Village is a mostly residential middle class neighborhood in the eastern part of the New York City borough of Queens. The Queens Village Post Office serves the ZIP codes of 11427,11428, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13. Shopping in the community is located along Braddock Avenue, Hillside Avenue, Hempstead Avenue, located just east of Queens Village, in Nassau County, is the Belmont Park race track. Within the neighborhood are Cunningham Park and Alley Pond Park, as well as the historic Long Island Motor Parkway, home of the turn of the racing competition. Queens Village was founded as Little Plains in the 1640s, homage to this part of Queens Village history is found on the sign above the Long Island Railroad Station there. In 1824, Thomas Brush established a shop in the area. He prospered and built several shops and a factory. On March 1,1837, the railroad arrived, the first station in the area was called Flushing Avenue in 1837, Delancy Avenue by June 20,1837, and Brushville by November 27,1837, likely about a mile west of the present station. In 1856, residents voted to change the name from Brushville to Queens, the name Inglewood also was used for both the village and the train station in the 1860s and 1870s. The name Brushville was still used in an 1860 New York Times article, maps from 1873 show portions of Queens Village in the town of Hempstead, but 1891 maps show it entirely in the town of Jamaica. A1901 article in the Brooklyn Eagle already uses the full name Queens Village, in 1923, the Long Island Railroad added Village to its station’s name to avoid confusion with the county of the same name, and thus the neighborhood became known as Queens Village. Today, many of those charming and well-maintained Dutch Colonial and Tudor homes built in Queens Village during the 1920s and 1930s currently continue to attract a diverse population. Lloyd Harbor, New York, which was formerly in Queens County but now in Suffolk County, in 1885, known then as Lloyd Neck, it seceded from Queens County and became part of the town of Huntington in Suffolk County. Bellaire is in western Queens Village next to Hollis and covers the area surrounding Jamaica Avenue, Bellaire is the largest section of Queens Village. The area considered Bellaire usually falls under the title of Queens Village. There was once a Long Island Rail Road station named Bellaire, 211th Street, formerly known as Belleaire Boulevard has traffic medians on it indicating its history as the main route through this section of Queens Village. It is slightly above sea level due to a glacier from the last Ice Age. Most homes in Hollis Hills are of the Colonial, Tudor, houses here attract predominantly the upper-middle class as some houses in the area can fetch prices of $1,500,000 or higher
23.
Rosedale, Queens
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Rosedale is a neighborhood in New York City in the southeastern portion of the borough of Queens. The neighborhood is on the border of Queens and Nassau County, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13. Rosedale was originally conceived in the consolidation of the borough of Queens as a part of what is now Springfield Gardens, at the time, the Laurelton Land Company was in charge of the new Borough of Queens. It was dotted with farmland that was isolated from each other, the Southern Railroad of Long Island was built and the whole area was served by Laurelton Station. The area was connected to the Brooklyn waterworks. In the 20th century, the system was less needed. Today the ruins of the system can still be seen. After the Long Island Rail Roads construction, many new roads such as Francis Lewis, the area that is now Rosedale remained farmland until the mid-1930s. After the former period of slow growth, development rapidly turned Rosedale into a suburban community. Rosedale was originally known as Fosters Meadow, in 1976, Bill Moyers presented a documentary titled Rosedale, The Way It Is. The area is home to many Caribbean immigrants compared to the Irish, Italian and Jewish Americans of the neighboring Nassau County communities of Valley Stream and Woodmere. It is at the edge of New York City, at its border with Valley Stream forming part of the boundary between Queens and Nassau County. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 13, Warnerville and Meadowmere are small, oft-forgotten neighborhoods within Rosedale. The area is served by the 11422 ZIP Code, which also covers Rosedale, Warnerville is surrounded on three sides by Jamaica Bay just to the southeast of John F. A footbridge across Hook Creek joins Meadowmere with Meadowmere Park, a neighborhood in the village of Lawrence in Nassau County, beginning in 2007, the city began installing a sanitary sewer system in Warnerville and neighboring Meadowmere because some septic tanks had flooded into Jamaica Bay. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Rosedale was 25,063, covering an area of 1,354.44 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 18.5 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 5. 3% White,79. 9% African American,0. 3% Native American,2. 2% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,1. 0% from other races, and 1. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 3% of the population, rosedales public schools are operated by the New York City Department of Education
24.
St. Albans, Queens
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St. Albans is a residential middle class community in the New York City borough of Queens centered on the intersection of Linden Boulevard and Farmers Boulevard, about two miles north of JFK Airport. It is southeast of Jamaica, west of Cambria Heights, north of Springfield Gardens, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 12, and is served by the St. Albans Post Office, ZIP Code 11412. The population within the ZIP code, according to the 2010 census, was 34,882 – a decline of 7% from the 37,452 of 2000. The small western enclave of Addisleigh Park is a U. S. historic district where many notable African Americans have lived, including Jackie Robinson, du Bois, and many jazz musicians and entertainers including Fats Waller, Ella Fitzgerald, Lena Horne, and Count Basie. Part of a grant to Dutch settlers from New Netherland Governor Peter Stuyvesant in 1655. By the 1800s, the lands of four families—the Remsens, Everitts, Ludlums, in 1814, when the Village of Jamaica was incorporated, its boundaries extended eastward to Freemans Path, and south to Lazy Lane, thus including parts of present-day St. Albans. In 1852, the old mill pond that is now at the center of Baisley Pond Park was acquired by the Brooklyn waterworks for use as a reservoir. In 1872, the Long Island Rail Roads Cedarhurst Cut-off was built through the area, in 1892, an area called Francis Farm was surveyed and developed for housing. There were numerous Francis families farming in the portion of the Town of Jamaica in the 1880s. Francis Lewis Boulevard, which not yet appear on maps from 1909. Soon, the first street lights illuminated the crossroads that is now Linden Boulevard, New shops clustered around August Everitts lone store. By July 1,1898, the St. Albans Long Island Rail Road station opened where the tracks crossed Locust Avenue, the station was razed and replaced with the current, grade separated station on October 15,1935. The name had been in use for the area since at least 1894 for the name of the district. A1909 map also shows a St Albans Avenue and a St Albans Place in the area, the St. Albans Golf Course, built in 1915, brought rich and famous golfers, including baseball star Babe Ruth. The Depression forced the golf course owners to try to sell, the land was seized by the federal government in 1942, and construction soon began on the St. Albans Naval Hospital, which opened in 1943. After construction was completed in 1950, the hospital had 3000 beds, the hospital was turned over to the Veterans Administration in 1974 and more recently evolved into the Veterans Administration St. Albans Primary and Extended Care Facility. Within St. Albans is the western enclave of Addisleigh Park. Though originally intended as a community for white people only
25.
Springfield Gardens, Queens
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The neighborhood is served by Queens Community Board 12. The area, particularly east of Springfield Boulevard, is also referred to as Brookville. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1660, and was farmed until the mid nineteenth-century. Major residential development came in the 1920s as Long Island Rail Road service was expanded to the area at the Springfield Gardens station. Between 1920 and 1930 the population increased from 3,046 to 13,089, in 1927, the name of the community was changed to the more elegant Springfield Gardens. Farmers Boulevard, Merrick Boulevard, Springfield Boulevard, Rockaway Boulevard, today the area maintains its low-rise suburban nature, and is home to many Caribbean immigrants including Jamaicans, Haitians, and Guyanese. It also is home to a majority African-American population, many homes have been torn down and remade for more families as more people move into the neighborhood. Part is in a Registered historic District, Springfield Gardens is located within zip codes 11434 and 11413. The Springfield Park consists of 23.54 acres, including the sizable Springfield Lake at its center and it is located on the west side of Springfield Boulevard between 145th Road and 147th Avenue. Cariculum Academy Preschool of Southeast Queens A Community Schoolhouse Brookville is served by the Rosedale, service is provided by the Far Rockaway Branch and Long Beach Branch. The CityTicket program is available at these stations, the Q85 bus travels along South Conduit Boulevard towards Rosedale or Green Acres Mall, and North Conduit Boulevard towards the Jamaica Center – Parsons/Archer subway station. The Q111 travels to Rosedale and Jamaica, Queens via 147th Avenue along with the Q113 and Q114 via 147th Avenue to Jamaica, Queens, no express bus routes serve Brookville directly however the X63, provides rush hour only service to neighboring Rosedale
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Ozone Park, Queens
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Ozone Park is a urban neighborhood located in the southwestern section of the borough of Queens, in New York City, New York, United States. It borders Woodhaven, Richmond Hill, Howard Beach, and City Line, different parts of the neighborhood are covered by Queens Community Board 9 and 10. The neighborhood is located in the Sixth congressional district, and is represented by Democrat Gregory Meeks, the northern border is Atlantic Avenue, the southern border is South Conduit Avenue, and the eastern border is 108th Street. The western border is the county line with Brooklyn and it is the home of the Aqueduct Racetrack, a popular spot for Thoroughbred racing. The neighborhood is known for its large Italian-American population, the current ground level of Ozone Park is about four feet higher than the original ground level. Initially the avenues and cross streets were raised above ground level and then all of the basements were set on ground level and the land was back filled around the houses. The older houses that were at the ground level now appear sunken. An area now part of Ozone Park that pre-dated that community was called Centreville and it was founded in the 1840s and was centered around Centreville Street and the Centreville Community Church. Part of Ozone Park is still called Centreville and it was completed for Christmas 1958. The old church and the property that surrounded it were sold to Aqueduct Racetrack, the lot is still vacant as of 2013. During the 1870s, a depression caused residents of New York City to look for better housing opportunities in the suburbs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Two partners, Benjamin W. Hitchcock and Charles C, denton, first began carving farmland into building lots. They were able to do this because of their wealth and substantial capital, housing was first developed in the area after the Long Island Rail Road began service through the area in 1880 as part of its route from Long Island City to Howard Beach. Ozone Park was created and settled in 1882, before the turn of the 20th century, there was an attempt to develop up to nine neighborhoods with the park title. Ozone Park was the one of these neighborhoods that continues to exist. The name persisted because of the commuters who passed through the Ozone Park station. The final improvement to the transit system was the Fulton Street Elevated train line at Liberty Avenue in 1914. In addition to this railroad came the nickel fare, which was another major factor in the development of Ozone Park
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John F. Kennedy International Airport
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John F. Kennedy International Airport is a major international airport located near South Ozone Park in the borough of Queens in New York City, United States,12 miles southeast of Lower Manhattan. Over ninety airlines operate out of the airport, with non-stop or direct flights to destinations in all six inhabited continents, the airport features six passenger terminals and four runways. It serves as a hub for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines and is the operating base for JetBlue Airways. In the past, JFK served as a hub for Eastern, National, Pan Am, John F. Kennedy International Airport was originally Idlewild Airport after the Idlewild Beach Golf Course that it displaced. It was built to relieve LaGuardia Airport, which was overcrowded soon after opening in 1939. Construction began in 1943, and about $60 million was spent of governmental funding. In March 1948 the New York City Council changed the name to New York International Airport, Anderson Field, the Port Authority leased the JFK property from the City of New York in 1947 and maintains this lease today. The first airline flight from JFK was on July 1,1948, the Port Authority cancelled foreign airlines permits to use LaGuardia, forcing them to move to JFK during the next couple of years. JFK opened with six runways and a seventh under construction, runways 1L and 7L were held in reserve and never came into use as runways. Runway 31R is still in use, runway 31L opened soon after the rest of the airport and is still in use, runway 1R closed in 1957, runway 4 opened June 1949 and runway 4R was added ten years later. A smaller runway 14/32 was built after runway 7R closed and was used through 1990 by general aviation, STOL and smaller commuter flights. The Avro Jetliner was the first jetliner to land at JFK on April 18,1950, later in 1957 the USSR sought approval for two Tupolev Tu-104 flights carrying diplomats to JFK, the Port Authority did not allow them, saying noise tests had to be done first. The airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport on December 24,1963, then-mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. proposed the renaming. The Port of New York Authority originally planned a single 55-gate terminal, architect Wallace Harrison then designed a master plan under which each major airline at the airport would be given its own space to develop its own terminal design. This scheme made construction more practical, made terminals more navigable, the revised plan met airline approval in 1955, with seven terminals initially planned—five for individual airlines, one developed for 3 airlines and an international arrivals building. The International Arrivals Building, or IAB, was the first new terminal at the airport, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and opening in December 1957. Stretching nearly 700 meters parallel to runway 7R where Terminal 4 is now, it had finger piers at right-angles to the building allowing more aircraft to park. United Airlines opened Terminal 7, a Skidmore design similar to the IAB, Eastern Airlines opened its Chester L. Churchill-designed Terminal 1 a month later, it was demolished in 1995
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Inwood, New York
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Inwood is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 9,792 at the 2010 census, despite the name, none of the communities are towns. The towns most commonly included as constituents of the Five Towns are all within the Town of Hempstead, Inwood is represented as part of the Towns 3rd District by Councilman Bruce A. Blakeman. Inwood is located at 40°37′09″N 73°44′45″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles, of which,1.7 square miles of it is land and 0.4 square miles of it is water. Inwood also has a park located on a bay with a launching pad into Motts Basin, the park is called Inwood Park. Inwood was first settled c.1817 and was originally called North West Point, named after its position in relation to the more central part of Far Rockaway. Its original settlers were Jamaica Bay fishermen, generally lawless and troublesome to other Rockaway residents, soon after the American Civil War, the area became known as Westville. The first true road in the area, the Inwood end of Lord Avenue, was built when the village of Lawrence was developed. When the first post office in the village was established on February 25,1889, the name of the village was changed to Inwood, by the time of World War I, a large part of Inwoods population was of Italian and Albanian extraction. Inwood is home to the famous Inwood Country Club which was the site of the 1921 PGA Championship as well as the 1923 U. S. Open, Inwood was the birthplace of Nassau Countys first County Executive, J. Russell Sprague as well as Olympian Ray Barbuti. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,325 people,3,041 households, the population density was 5,488.4 per square mile. There were 3,132 housing units at a density of 1,843. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 53. 25% White,25. 87% African American,0. 42% Native American,2. 04% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,13. 01% from other races, and 5. 39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26. 32% of the population,21. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the family size was 3.55. In the CDP, the population was out with 27. 8% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,30. 7% from 25 to 44,19. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 88.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $41,334, and the median income for a family was $48,345
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Valley Stream, New York
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Valley Stream is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population in the Village of Valley Stream was 37,511 at the 2010 census, the incorporated Village of Valley Stream is inside the southwest part of the town of Hempstead, along the border with Queens. The village is served by the Long Island Rail Road at the Valley Stream station, located at Sunrise Highway and it is also served by the Gibson station at Gibson and Munro Boulevards, but only along the Far Rockaway Branch. Valley Stream is located at 40°39′53″N 73°42′12″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 3.5 square miles, of which 3.4 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. Communities bordering Valley Stream are Elmont, Lynbrook, Malverne, Franklin Square, Hewlett, Woodmere, there was no development of the woodland area for the next two centuries. The census of 1840 list about 20 families, most of whom owned large farms, at that time, the northwest section was called “Fosters Meadow”. The business section on Rockaway Avenue was called “Rum Junction” because of its lively nightlife, the racy northern section was known as “Cookie Hill”, and the section of the northeast that housed the local fertilizer plant was called “Skunks Misery”. Hungry Harbor, a section that has retained its name, was home to a squatter’s community, Robert Pagan was born in Scotland on December 3,1796. In or about the late 1830s, Robert, his wife Ellen, on the journey to America, one of their children died and was buried at sea. The 1840 U. S. Census for Queens County lists Pagans occupation as a farmer, two children were born to Robert and Ellen Pagan after they settled in the town of Hempstead. At this time, the community did not have a post office, Pagan petitioned the appropriate authorities for a post office and it was housed in his home, the Pagan-Fletcher House. He was advised that the community needed a name, Pagan chose Valley Stream based on the topographical appearance of the area. Post Office formally accepted the name of Valley Stream, as a consequence, Pagan is credited with naming the community. Pagan died on March 25,1870, mr. Pagan’s wife, Ellen, also played a significant role in village history. Tired of traveling to Lynbrook for religious services, she began holding the services in her home, a Methodist minister was hired for periodic stops in the Pagan home, and the first congregation in Valley Stream was founded. She also pushed for her husband to change the family to Payan, in 1853, Hempstead Turnpike was the only route that connected Valley Stream to Jamaica and New York City. The main streets in Valley Stream that connected the village to the turnpike were Mill Road in the west, Sand Street in the south
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Elmont, New York
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Elmont is an unincorporated census-designated place located in northwestern Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, along its border with the borough of Queens in New York City. It is a bedroom community located on Long Island. The population was 33,198 at the 2010 census, Elmont is famous for Belmont Park which hosts the Belmont Stakes, the third leg of the prestigious Triple Crown of thoroughbred racing. In 1650, Christopher and Thomas Foster purchased a plot of land. The Fosters land was controlled by Dutch settlers from the Holy Roman Empire, the Fosters were intended to raise cattle, and sheep on their newly settled land, the Hempstead Plains of Long Island. They named this place Fosters Meadow—a name which would remain for the next 200 years of the villages history, by the mid-17th century, ethnic descendents of Sephardi Jews were settling on the Hempstead Plains for Agriculture. Control of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam shifted to England in 1664 and this marked the first gradual cultural shift in Fosters Meadow with the establishment of a community of predominantly English Protestant farmers, and their families. In 1683, Long Island was divided into three counties, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk County, under this new structure, Fosters Meadow was originally part of Queens County. During 1790 George Washington passed through the town while touring to the East on Long Island. The current boundaries of Elmont were decided upon in 1898, at point, Nassau County was erected, leading to conflict over land. It was during the century, that Fosters Meadow experienced its second cultural shift. There was an influx of Roman Catholic, and Ashkenazi Jewish agricultural farmers from Brooklyn and these ethnic groups were largely of German, and Italian descent practicing both Roman Catholicism, and Judaism. Indeed, the Catholic population in Fosters Meadow grew to an extent, the Church of the Nativity of Our Lord Jesus Christ, was built during the Wittelsbach Dynasty in 1852. The Roman Catholic Church was re-dedicated Saint Boniface Roman Catholic Parish, the Parish was providing a focal point for the gradual development of a Catholic population base. Rev. Peter Hartraub was essentially the founding pastor, and appointed the first resident pastor of Fosters Meadow in 1858, rev. Peter Hartraub built a new rectory, and in 1887 a new school with four classrooms on the first floor, and an auditorium on the second. The Dominican Sisters were invited to teach in the Catholic School, the community underwent its next political reshuffling in 1882, being subdivided into districts with unique names and boundaries, it was at this time that Fosters Meadow was renamed Elmont. They found what they were looking for on the border of Queens County, Belmont Racetrack, was arguably the most significant milestone in the development of modern-day Elmont. Originally known as Fosters Meadow, the 650 acres of land included a turreted Tudor-Gothic mansion owned by William de Forest Manice, with the opening of Belmont Park in 1905, Elmont reached a turning point in its history
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Bayside, Queens
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Bayside is an upper middle class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. CNN Money ranked Bayside as one of the most expensive housing markets nationally when analyzing comparable detached homes throughout the United States, despite its large housing stock of free-standing homes, it nationally ranks high to very high in population density. These homes give the neighborhood a similar feel to other wealthy Queens neighborhoods such as Douglaston, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 11. Baysides history dates back to 2000 B. C. E, when the Matinecock Native American tribe first settled there. In the late 17th century, the area was settled by English colonists, by the middle of the 18th century, early settlers left their homes in Flushing and developed a farming community, Bay Side. During the Revolutionary War, the Bayside-Little Neck area suffered raids by whaleboatmen from the Connecticut shores. In the 19th century Bayside was still mostly farmland, middle 20th century urban sprawl in New York City, with the help of more convenient and accessible transportation, led to its development. During the 1920s, many actors and actresses, such as Rudolph Valentino, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century Bayside saw an influx of people associated with the theater and movie industries. The town was established as a colony for stage and screen stars. However, this rumored studio never materialized, when Hollywood emerged as the capital of the movie industry during the 1920s, many actors left Bayside to pursue careers in California. The so-called Regatta Murder led to a widely publicized trial at the Flushing County Courthouse, peter Hains was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to eight years at Sing Sing, while Thornton Hains was acquitted. Bayside remains one of the safest and wealthiest neighborhoods in the borough of Queens, however, Bayside has been the setting to several organized crime incidents. Michael Pappadio, of Bayside, was a mobster who worked for the Lucchese crime family in secrecy from his wife and he managed the Lucchese family’s interests in the Garment District of Manhattan. In 1989, upon a falling out with his superiors, he was murdered at a shop called the Crown Bagel. His wife subsequently reported Michael as missing, three years later the FBI presented her with information about his death and his life in organized crime. In April 2002, Gambino crime family associate Darren D’Amico was shot in the leg outside of the Café on the Green restaurant in Bayside and it is speculated that Bonanno crime family associate Randolph Pizzolo was responsible for the crime. He was subsequently murdered on a hit called by Vincent Vinny Gorgeous Basciano, Basciano is now serving life in prison without parole. Bayside is bordered by the Bronx to the north across the Long Island Sound, the eastern land border is the Cross Island Parkway and Douglaston, the western is Francis Lewis Boulevard/Utopia Parkway and Auburndale, the southern is Long Island Expressway and Oakland Gardens
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Corona, Queens
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Corona is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. It is bordered by Flushing to the east, Jackson Heights to the west, Forest Hills and Rego Park to the south, Elmhurst to the southwest, Corona has a multicultural population with a Latino majority, and is the site of historic African American and Italian American communities. After World War II, the majority of the residents were mostly Italian, German, Irish. Corona also has a significant Chinese population, Corona is bordered on the east by Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, one of the largest parks in New York City and the site of the 1939 and 1964 Worlds Fairs. Coronas main thoroughfares include Corona Avenue, Roosevelt Avenue, Northern Boulevard, Junction Boulevard, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 4, while the northernmost part is included in Community Board 3. Corona, with East Elmhurst, are referred to as one combined area. Either way, the name is a translation of the word crown. Corona was a late 19th-century residential development in the corner of the old Town of Newtown. Real estate speculators from New York started the community in 1854 and it was at the Fashion Race Course in 1858 that the first games of baseball to charge admission took place. A trophy baseball from this tournament recently sold for half a million US dollars. During the second half of the 1940s through the 1960s, many legendary African American musicians, civil rights leaders, in the last half of the 20th century, Corona saw dramatic ethnic successions. In the 1950s, what was predominantly an Italian American and African American neighborhood began to give way to an influx of Dominicans, in the late 1990s, Corona saw a new wave of immigrants from Latin America. The area north of Roosevelt Avenue contained the heart of the historic African American community, the intersection of 108th Street and Corona Avenue is the historic center of the Italian American community, sometimes referred to as Corona Heights. The majority Hispanic community now consists of Dominicans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Bolivians, Peruvians, Mexicans, Venezuelans, there are also Asian Americans as well as Italian Americans and African Americans. Corona has several schools including School of the Transfiguration. Public schools include the High School for Arts and Business and P. S, there are many churches representing diverse denominations. Antioch Baptist Church at 103rd Street and Northern Boulevard is a prominent African American congregation dating to 1936 with a membership of 700. Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church at 104th Street and 37th Avenue was built in 1899 largely out of red brick with a convent of the same period
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Douglaston, Queens
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Douglaston is an upper middle class community in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 11 and New York City school district 26, Douglaston is located on the North Shore of Long Island, bordered to the east by Little Neck, and to the west by Bayside. Douglastons two ZIP Codes are 11362 and 11363, the area is also known for its historical society and other civic groups, notably the Douglaston Civic Association and the Douglas Manor Association. The earliest known residents of the area that would become Douglaston were the Matinecock Native Americans, early Dutch settlers were drawn to the area by the rich land and abundant fishing. Thomas Hicks settled the area in 1656 on a peninsula first called Little Madnans Neck, in 1796, his estate passed to Thomas Wickes, and in 1819, to Wyant Van Zandt, a wealthy merchant, who built a large Greek Revival mansion in the area. Today, this houses the Douglaston Club, a private club with tennis courts, social activities. In 1835, George Douglas bought 240 acres of land along with Van Zandts mansion, upon Douglas death in 1862, the land was inherited by his son, William Douglas. Four years later, the North Shore Railroad extended its service to the area, William Douglas donated an outbuilding for use as the station house, and in thanks, the railroad named its new stop Douglaston, which soon was taken on as the name of the community. Douglaston Hill is the oldest area of the community, and is characterized by homes in Queen Anne. It was laid out very large lots in 1853, at the very beginning of a movement in the United States to create suburban gardens. The area was recognized as a New York City Historic District in December 2004 by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the Douglaston Hill Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. In the early 20th century, the Rickert-Finlay Realty Company of Manhattan purchased 175 acres of the Douglas family holdings, many of the houses in this area were built in architectural styles popular at the time, such as Tudor, Mediterranean, Colonial Revival, and Arts and Crafts. The Douglaston Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, other areas of Douglaston were developed during the latter half of the 20th century. Douglaston Park contains a mixture of large, older homes as well as Capes, Tudors, the areas adjacent to the Douglaston Shopping Center are occupied mainly by attached single-family homes built in the early-1970s, as well as four-story condominiums added in the mid-1980s. In addition to the Douglaston Historic District and Douglaston Hill Historic District, several parks are under the administration of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. To the west of Douglaston along the waterfront is Alley Pond Park, a 635-acre wildlife and bird sanctuary, and home to the Queens Giant, to the east along the water is Udalls Cove, a 90-acre wildlife sanctuary. Because northern Douglaston is surrounded by water, many take advantage of the waterfront. The Douglaston Yacht Squadron is the yacht club
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Flushing, Queens
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Flushing is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens in the United States. Flushings diversity is reflected by the ethnic groups that reside there, including people of Asian, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, European. It is part of the Fifth Congressional District, which encompasses the northeastern shore of Queens County. Flushing is served by five stations on the Long Island Rail Road Port Washington Branch, as well as the New York City Subways IRT Flushing Line. The intersection of Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue is the third busiest intersection in New York City, behind Times, ZIP codes beginning with 113 are administered from a sectional center at Flushing Post Office. The 113-prefixed area extends west into Jackson Heights, southwest into Ridgewood, south into Forest Hills, and east into Little Neck. On October 10,1645, Flushing was established by the Dutch on the bank of Flushing Creek under charter of the Dutch West India Company and was part of the New Netherland colony. The settlement was named after the city of Vlissingen, in the southwestern Netherlands, however, by 1657, the residents called the place Vlissing. Eventually, Flushing, the British name for Vlissingen was used, despite being a Dutch colony, many of the early inhabitants were British. Unlike all other towns in the region, the charter of Flushing allowed residents freedom of religion as practiced in Holland without the disturbance of any magistrate or ecclesiastical minister, however, New Amsterdam Director-General Peter Stuyvesant issued an edict prohibiting the harboring of Quakers. On December 27,1657, the inhabitants of Flushing approved a protest known as The Flushing Remonstrance and this contained religious arguments even mentioning freedom for Jews, Turks, and Egyptians, but ended with a forceful declaration that any infringement of the town charter would not be tolerated. Subsequently, a farmer named John Bowne held Quaker meetings in his home and was arrested for this, eventually he persuaded the Dutch West India Company to allow Quakers and others to worship freely. As such, Flushing is claimed to be a birthplace of freedom in the new world. Landmarks remaining from the Dutch period in Flushing include the John Bowne House on Bowne Street, in 1664, the English took control of New Amsterdam, ending Dutch control of the colony, and renamed it the Province of New York. When Queens County was established in 1683, the Town of Flushing was one of the five towns which comprised the county. The town was dissolved in 1898 when Queens became a borough of New York City, Flushing was the site of the first commercial tree nurseries in North America, the most prominent being the Prince, Bloodgood, and Parsons nurseries. Much of the section of Kissena Park, former site of the Parsons nursery. The naming of streets intersecting Kissena Boulevard on its way toward Kissena Park celebrates this fact, Flushing also supplied trees to the Greensward project, now known as Central Park in Manhattan
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Jamaica Estates, Queens
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Jamaica Estates is an upper middle class neighborhood located in the New York City borough of Queens. Within Queens Community District 8, Jamaica Estates is served by Queens Community Board 8 and it is bounded by Union Turnpike to the north, Hillside Avenue to the south, Utopia Parkway and Homelawn Street to the west, and 188th Street to the east. The main road through the neighborhood is Midland Parkway, the surrounding neighborhoods are Jamaica Hills to the west, Jamaica to the southwest, Hollis to the southeast, Queens Village further to the east, and Fresh Meadows and Hillcrest to the north. The area is characterized by homes and a multitude of trees. Midland Parkway, a boulevard with a wide, landscaped median strip whose renovation was completed in 2007, is the areas main artery. The neighborhood consists of mostly upper-middle-class residents, most houses are single-family detached homes in the Tudor, Craftsman, Cape Cod, or Mediterranean styles. Out of 14,000 residents, 45% are foreign-born, in the 2000 United States Census, 43% of residents were white, Bangladeshis comprise 11% of residents, while Filipinos make up 10%, Haitians 7%, Guyanese 5%, and Russians 4%. A population of over 1,000 Bukharan Jews live in the area, Jamaica Estates was created in 1907 by the Jamaica Estates Corporation, which developed the hilly terminal moraines 503 acres, while preserving many of the trees that had occupied the site. The company was founded by Ernestus Gulick and Felix Isman, both of Philadelphia, Jamaica Estates now has significant Modern Orthodox Jewish American and South Asian American populations. The latter has been affected by the wave of mortgage foreclosures that began in 2008. The only apartments and multi-family housing lie near the border within a few blocks from. The shopping corridors are along Hillside Avenue and Union Turnpike, in 2007, following the damage of the roof of the Historic Gatehouse in Hurricane Isabel, the restoration and beautification of the Gatehouse and Malls was completed. The Jamaica Estates Association, founded in 1929, continues as an active, an Historical Plaque was unveiled April 23,2010, on the Midland Mall by The Aquinas Honor Society of the Immaculate Conception School and by the sponsor of the plaque, Senator Frank Padavan. Immaculate Conception School is on the corner of Midland Parkway and Dalny Road, the Summit School has their High School campus on 188th Street and Grand Central Parkeay. The school first opened in Lake Success, but relocated in 1950 to Parkway Village, from its 1975 founding to around 1980, The Japanese School of New York was located in Jamaica Estates, at 187-30 Grand Central Parkway. The New York City Subways IND Queens Boulevard Line serves the station at the lines Jamaica–179th Street terminal station, as well as the penultimate 169th Street local station. The neighborhood is served by the Q1, Q2, Q3, Q36, Q46 local bus lines on Hillside Avenue, the Q30 and Q31 buses on Utopia Parkway. Numerous express buses to Manhattan also stop on Union Turnpike, in contrast to much of Queens, most streets in Jamaica Estates do not conform to the rectangular street grid and follow topographic lines, the most notable example being Midland Parkway
36.
Little Neck, Queens
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Little Neck is an upper middle class neighborhood of Queens, New York City, bordered on the north by Little Neck Bay and on the east by Great Neck in Nassau County. Due to this proximity to Nassau, Little Neck remains one of the most suburban-looking areas in New York City, the southern border is the Grand Central Parkway, and to the west is Douglaston. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 11, prior to the mid-1600s, the Matinecock lived in what is today considered Little Neck, sustained by the seafood in Little Neck Bay. In the 17th century, European settlers began arriving in the area for its conveniently located harbor, soon after, the British and Dutch gained control of the Matinecock lands peacefully, except for a small area known as Madnans Neck. Thomas Hicks, of the Hicks family that eventually founded Hicksville, an old Matinecock cemetery remained in Little Neck on Northern Boulevard between Cornell Lane and Jesse Court. One of the last photographs of the cemetery was taken by the Daily News in August 1931, the remains from the cemetery were moved to the Zion Episcopal Church of Douglaston and placed under a stone marker that reads Here rest the last of the Matinecoc. The settlers thrived producing produce for the Manhattan market and the area was used as a dock on Little Neck Bay, the theater was closed in 1983. From the 1860s through the 1890s, small hard clams from Little Neck Bay were served in the best restaurants of New York, eventually, the term littleneck or littleneck clam came to be used as a size category for all hard clams, regardless of origin. Little Neck is part of the New York City Department of Educations district 26, the district includes 20 elementary schools and 5 middle schools. Little Neck is home to PS94 David D. Porter, PS221 North Hills and it is also home to Louis Pasteur Middle School 67Q, which serves about 900 students. Mike Kavanagh, Minor League Hockey player, kevin Walsh, author of the book Forgotten New York and co-author of Forgotten Queens. Douglaston Little Neck Historical Society Little Neck Douglaston Community Web Site Community Board #11 Queens, NY Little Neck Pines Civic Association, Inc
37.
Whitestone, Queens
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Whitestone is an upper middle-class residential neighborhood in the northernmost part of the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood proper is located between the East River to the north and 25th Avenue to the south, Whitestone is surrounded by College Point, Flushing, Bayside, Auburndale, Linden Hill, and Murray Hill. Whitestone contains the subsection of Malba, which is bounded to the north by the East River, to the east by the Whitestone Expressway, to the south by 14th Avenue, Malba was cited in a New York Times article as one of the few elite enclaves of Queens. Dutch settlers derived the name of the town from limestone that used to lie on the shore of the according to a popular tradition. Whitestone got its name because the settlers discovered that Whitestone was built on white limestone, the neighborhood is patrolled by the NYPDs 109th Precinct, and is part of Queens Community Board 7. It is traditionally bounded by the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge on the west, the zip code of Whitestone is 11357. The area was, in part, the estate of Francis Lewis, a delegate to the Continental Congress. The estate was the site of an English raid during the Revolutionary War, Lewis was not present but his wife was taken prisoner and his house was burned to the ground. In the late 19th century, many wealthy New Yorkers began building mansions in the area, rapid development of the area ensued in the 1920s, however, as trolley and Long Island Rail Road train service on the Whitestone Branch was expanded into the neighborhood. Flushing Airport has been abandoned since 1985, further development came with the building of the Bronx-Whitestone Bridge in 1939. The bridge measures 2,300 feet and was the fourth longest bridge in the world at the time of its construction. The name of the subsection of Malba in northern Whitestone is derived from the first letters of the surnames of its five founders of the Malba Land Company, Maycock, Alling, Lewis, Bishop, and Avis. Malba is considered part of Whitestone, one of the affluent communities in Queens. Demographically, the population is white and of European descent. Most of the properties in Malba are large homes. The first known resident of the known as present-day Malba was David Roe. According to Clarence Almon Torreys book, David Roe Of Flushing And Some Of His Descendants, in 1683, Roe was taxed upon owning 35 acres and thereafter increased his holdings substantially, ultimately acquiring the upland around what was to become Malba. Roes farm was on the east side of the bay, which was known as Roes Cove
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Albertson, New York
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Albertson is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 5,182 at the 2010 census, Albertson is located south of Roslyn and east of Searingtown. The boundary between Albertson & Searingtown is ill-defined, as share the same post office and are unincorporated. In general, Searingtown refers to the area west of Searingtown Road, Searingtown School and the Searing-Roslyn United Methodist Church both use Albertson as their address. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.7 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,182 people,1,812 households, the population density was 7,866.8 per square mile. There were 1,853 housing units at a density of 2,803. 3/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70. 4% White,24. 3% Asian,0. 3% African American,0. 02% Native American,1. 27% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 50% of the population. 17. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.27. In the CDP, the population was out with 22. 5% under the age of 18,6. 4% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,24. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $66,516, and the median income for a family was $77,516. Males had an income of $55,000 versus $44,792 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,222, about 4. 5% of families and 4. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 4% of those under age 18 and 5. 5% of those age 65 or over. Politically Albertson is almost evenly split, in the 2008 presidential election Democrat Barack Obama won 51% of the vote to Republican John McCains 48%. Albertson is represented on the Town of North Hempstead Town Board by Councilman Peter J. Zuckerman Clark Botanic Garden The first European settler was John Seren who came from Connecticut in 1644, later Townsend Albertson started a farm and gristmill and the community became known as Albertson. In 1850, a road was built through Albertson on the lands of Isaac Underhill Willets, the road is still known as I U Willets Road. The Long Island Rail Road designated an Albertson train station in 1864, in 1908, the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway was built on the southern border of Albertson
39.
Great Neck, New York
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Great Neck has five ZIP Codes, and one school district. The hamlets are census-designated places that consolidate various unincorporated areas and they are statistical entities and are not recognized locally. However, there are locally recognized neighborhoods within the areas, such as, Harbor Hills, Saddle Rock Estates, University Gardens. The Manhasset neighborhood is not considered part of Great Neck, the part of the Hamlet of Manhasset that is considered part of Great Neck includes the Great Neck Manor neighborhood. Great Neck Gardens is featured on maps as a name of one such hamlet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.4 square miles, of which 0.04 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,989 people,3,645 households, the population density was 7,062.3 people per square mile. There were 3,645 housing units at a density of 2,547.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 82. 8% White,2. 0% African American,0. 20% Native American,7. 2% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander,3. 9% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 2% of the population, as of 2000 Great Neck was the second-most ethnic Iranian populated place in the United States, with 21. 1% of its population reporting Iranian ancestry. The general trend has been that the part of Great Neck has a greater number of Iranian families. The African-American population is low in all of Great Neck,20. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85, and the family size was 3.30. In the village the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,25. 3% from 25 to 44,24. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males, the westernmost portion of the Hamlet of Manhasset lies between the villages of Thomaston and Lake Success and has Great Neck postal codes. Before the Dutch and English settlers arrived on the peninsula of Great Neck in the 17th century and it was not until 1681 when the European settlers held the first town meeting. The Mattinecock or Metoac used Long Island Sound as a way to fish and trade with others
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Manhasset, New York
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Manhasset is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 8,080, as with other unincorporated communities in New York, its local affairs are administered by the town in which it is located, the Town of North Hempstead, New York. Manhasset is a Native American term that translates to the island neighborhood, in 2005, a Wall Street Journal article ranked Manhasset as the best town for raising a family in the New York metropolitan area. The Manhasset area, settled by 1680, grew quickly after it began being served by the Long Island Rail Road in 1898, the LIRR provides access to New York City via the Manhasset and Plandome stations with an approximately 40 minute commute to Penn Station. Express trains, which run during rush hour, make the trip in less than 30 minutes, the hamlet of Manhasset is located 19.5 miles away from midtown Manhattan. The Matinecock had a village on Manhasset Bay and these Native Americans called the area Sint Sink, meaning place of small stones. They made wampum from oyster shells, in 1623, the area was claimed by the Dutch West India Company and they began forcing English settlers to leave in 1640. A1643 land purchase made it possible for English settlers to return to Cow Neck, Manhasset Bay was previously known as Schouts Bay, Martin Garretsons Bay, and later Cow Bay or Cow Harbor. Cow Neck was so called because it offered good grazing land, by 1659, there were over 300 cows and 5 mi fence separating Cow Neck from the areas south of it. The settlers came to an agreement that each of them could have one cow on the neck for each section of fence the individual had constructed, the area was more formally divided among the settlers when the fence was removed in 1677. Manhasset took on the name Little Cow Neck, Port Washington was known as Upper Cow Neck, during the American Revolution, Little Cow Neck suffered at the hands of the British. Many structures and properties, such as the 1719 Quaker Meeting House were burned, seized or damaged, the Town of North Hempstead separated from the Town of Hempstead in 1784 because the South, inhabited mainly by Church of England people, was loyal to the king. The Northern communities and villages, dominated by Yankee Congregationalists supported independence, in 1801 it cost 2 cents to travel between Roslyn and Spinney Hill on North Hempstead Turnpike, the newly opened toll road. The Manhasset name was adopted in 1840 and comes from the native word Manhansett, dairy farming was still a major endeavor but the oyster industry was also on the rise. In 1898, the Long Island Railroad arrived, bringing with it wealthy New Yorkers looking for homes with easy transportation to more urban areas of New York City. Manhasset Valley and the area called Spinney Hill attracted a number of skilled workers, the North Hempstead Town Hall opened in Manhasset on Plandome Road in 1907. Town councilmen had previously been meeting in Roslyn taverns after North Hempstead split away from Hempstead in 1775 and it is still standing and is currently used as a community center. The centrally located and antiquated Plandome Road School was demolished in the 1970s and it was surprisingly well built and, even though the building sustained serious fire damage after it closed, it took significant time and effort in order to be demolished
41.
Port Washington, New York
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Port Washington is a hamlet and census-designated place in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the community population was 15,846, Port Washington is a hamlet within and directly governed by the town of North Hempstead. With rolling hills and a coastline in the northwest corner of Nassau County, Port Washington is studded with marinas, parks, yacht clubs. The Great Neck peninsula is across Manhasset Bay to the west, Manhasset and Plandome are to the south, Roslyn lies southeast. According to Forbes, Port Washington is ranked as the 348th wealthiest place in the United States as of 2015, in the 1870s, Port Washington became an important sand-mining town, it had the largest sandbank east of the Mississippi, and easy barge access to Manhattan. Some 140 million cubic yards of sand were used for concrete for New York skyscrapers like the Empire State and Chrysler buildings, according to Jon Kaiman. Fifteen years ago, the mines were redeveloped as Harbor Links. Port Washington is depicted as the area of East Egg in F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, the Knickerbocker Yacht Club is a yacht club in Port Washington for over 100 years. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 5.6 square miles. Bar Beach is a located on the North Shore, in Port Washington. It is adjacent to Hempstead Harbor beach, a fireworks display sometimes takes place at the beach on Memorial Day but not in 2007. The absence of fireworks has been blamed on the Americana Manhasset, fireworks returned to Bar Beach on Memorial Day, with the Town of North Hempstead fully sponsoring the event. In late 2007, the Town assumed management of the beach, Hempstead Harbor. After beginning renovations to this portion of the beach, the property was re-opened in the spring of 2008 as North Hempstead Beach Park. In addition to the annual Memorial Day fireworks show, the beach is host to Beachfest, Beachfest features music, games, food vendors, and attractions for all ages. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13. 4% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,215 people,5,521 households, and 4,168 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,613.7 per square mile, there were 5,662 housing units at an average density of 1,344. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 85. 97% White,2. 81% African American,0. 11% Native American,6. 07% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,3. 15% from other races, and 1. 86% from two or more races
42.
Roslyn, New York
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Roslyn is a village in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the 2010 Census, the population was 2,770. Initially Roslyn was settled in the year 1633, Roslyn was once called Hempstead Harbor, but its name changed to Roslyn on September 7,1844 due to postal confusion regarding all the other Hempsteads scattered about Long Island. The Village of Roslyn is at the edge of the Town of North Hempstead. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 0.6 square miles. As of the 2010 census the population was 86% White 76% Non-Hispanic White,2. 2% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,8. 85% Asian,2. 6% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 2% of the population, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,570 people,1,060 households, and 603 families residing in the village. The population density was 4,082.2 people per square mile, there were 1,124 housing units at an average density of 1,785.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 86. 81% White,2. 33% African American,0. 08% Native American,6. 15% Asian,2. 02% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 34% of the population. 37. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.89. In the village, the population was out with 18. 2% under the age of 18,3. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 2% from 25 to 44,25. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years, for every 100 females there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males, the median income for a household in the village was $72,404, and the median income for a family was $101,622. Males had an income of $65,156 versus $45,221 for females. The per capita income for the village was $47,166, about 1. 3% of families and 4. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 9% of those under age 18 and 2. 7% of those age 65 or over. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican John McCain 59%-40%, Roslyn High School is ranked 42nd in the state and 342nd in the nation The Roslyn mascot for their athletic teams is a Bulldog. The Heights School serves as pre-kindergarten and kindergarten for the entire district, the two elementary schools each serve half of the Roslyn school district. Harbor Hill School provides education for students in one through five
43.
Sands Point, New York
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Sands Point is a village located at the northernmost tip of the Cow Neck Peninsula on the North Shore of Long Island in Nassau County, New York, United States. The Incorporated Village of Sands Point lies within the town of North Hempstead, the population was 2,675 at the 2010 census. The village was incorporated in 1910, in 1917, the village absorbed the communities of Barkers Point and Motts Point. It was originally owned by three families, the Sands, Vanderbilts, and Cornwells, in 1917 Daniel Guggenheim bought his 216-acre Hempstead House, formerly Castle Gould. His son Harry Guggenheim, founder of Newsday, later erected his estate Falaise nearby in 1923, today, the estate belongs to the Friends of the Sands Point Preserve, which is a non for profit organization that maintains the property. In the 1960s, under less strict building codes, many homes were built on 1-acre parcels, current zoning allows subdivisions of 2 acres or more. The Sands Family Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, Sands Point is bordered almost entirely by water - Long Island Sound to the north, Manhasset Bay to the west and Hempstead Harbor on the east. It shares land borders with the villages of Port Washington, Port Washington North, Manorhaven, Sands Point is located at 40°50′55″N 73°42′42″W. Sands Point and Port Washington are located in the area known as Cow Neck Peninsula bordered by Manhasset Bay, Hempstead Bay. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 5.6 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,675 people,872 households, the population density was 636.9 people per square mile. There were 934 housing units at a density of 222.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 88. 6% White,0. 8% African American,8. 2% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 7% of the population. 10. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.21. In the village, the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,5. 6% from 18 to 24,15. 4% from 25 to 44,34. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45.4 years, for every 100 females there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males, as of 2013, the median income for a household in the village was $197,188, and the median income for a family was $218,400. Males had an income of $158,500 versus $44,943 for females
44.
United States presidential election, 2008
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The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party
45.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
46.
United States presidential election, 2012
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The United States presidential election of 2012 was the 57th quadrennial American presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6,2012, as the incumbent president, Obama secured the Democratic nomination with no serious opposition. Romney effectively secured the nomination by early May as the economy improved, the campaign was marked by a sharp rise in fundraising, including from new nominally independent Super PACs. The campaigns focused heavily on issues, debate centered largely around sound responses to the Great Recession in terms of economic recovery. Other issues included long-term federal budget issues, the future of social programs. Obama defeated Romney, winning both the popular vote and the college, with 332 electoral votes to Romneys 206. Obama carried all states and districts that he had won in the 2008 presidential election except North Carolina, Indiana, as such, his margin of victory decreased from 2008. Consequently, Obama became the first incumbent since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1944 to win reelection with fewer electoral votes, nonetheless, Obama also became the first two-term president since Ronald Reagan to win both his presidential bids with an absolute majority of the nationwide popular vote. Not since 1820 had three consecutive American presidents succeeded in securing two consecutive terms, september–October 2012, Early voting begins in some states and continue as late as November 5. November 6,2012, Election Day, at around 11,15 p. m. EST, November 7,2012, Romney concedes the election to Obama at around 1,00 a. m. November 10,2012, The electoral outcomes of all 50 states, Obama won 332 electoral votes while Romney won 206 electoral votes. December 17,2012, The Electoral College formally re-elects President Obama, January 3,2013, The 113th Congress is sworn in. January 4,2013, Electoral votes are counted before a joint session of Congress. The re-election of President Obama and Vice President Biden is certified, January 20,2013, President Obama and Vice President Biden take the oaths of office, Obamas second presidential term begins at noon. January 21,2013, The inauguration ceremonies are held, Florida, Georgia, Ohio, Tennessee, and West Virginias state legislatures approved measures to shorten early voting periods. Florida and Iowa barred all felons from voting, kansas, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Wisconsin state legislatures passed laws requiring voters to have government-issued IDs before they could cast their ballots. This meant, typically, that people without drivers licenses or passports had to gain new forms of ID, Obama, the NAACP, and the Democratic Party fought against many of the new state laws. Clinton said the moves would effectively disenfranchise core voter blocs that trend liberal, including students, Blacks
47.
United States presidential election, 2016
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The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20,2017. Concurrent with the election, Senate, House, and many gubernatorial and state. While Clinton received about 2.9 million more votes nationwide, leading up to the election, a Trump victory was considered unlikely by almost all media forecasts. In the Electoral College vote on December 19, seven electors voted against their pledged candidates, a further three electors attempted to vote against Clinton but were replaced or forced to vote again. Ultimately, Trump received 304 electoral votes and Clinton garnered 227, Trump is the fifth person in U. S. history to become president while losing the nationwide popular vote. It was also the first time since the 1828 election of Democrat Andrew Jackson that a vote split occurred in Maine. On January 6,2017, the United States governments intelligence agencies concluded that the Russian government interfered in the 2016 United States elections. A joint U. S. intelligence review stated with confidence that Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at the US presidential election. Russia’s goals were to undermine public faith in the U. S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Hillary Clinton, investigations about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials were started by the FBI, the Senate Intelligence Committee and the House Intelligence Committee. Traditionally, the elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The partys delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the partys behalf, President Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U. S. The series of primary elections and caucuses took place between February and June 2016, staggered among the 50 states, the District of Columbia. With seventeen major candidates entering the race, starting with Ted Cruz on March 23,2015, prior to the Iowa caucuses on February 1,2016, Perry, Walker, Jindal, Graham and Pataki withdrew due to low polling numbers. Despite leading many polls in Iowa, Trump came in second to Cruz, after which Huckabee, Paul, following a sizable victory for Trump in the New Hampshire primary, Christie, Fiorina and Gilmore abandoned the race. Bush followed suit after scoring fourth place to Trump, Rubio and Cruz in South Carolina. On March 1,2016, the first of four Super Tuesday primaries, Rubio won his first contest in Minnesota, Cruz won Alaska, Oklahoma and his home of Texas, failing to gain traction, Carson suspended his campaign a few days later. On March 15,2016, the second Super Tuesday, Kasich won his only contest in his state of Ohio
48.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
49.
United States presidential election, 1992
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The United States presidential election of 1992 was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 3,1992, there were three major candidates, Incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush, Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton, and independent Texas businessman Ross Perot. Bush had alienated much of his base by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes. Clinton won a plurality in the vote, and a wide Electoral College margin. The election was a significant realigning election after three consecutive Republican landslides, northeastern, Upper Midwest, and West Coast states which had previously been competitive began voting reliably Democratic. As of 2016, this is the most recent election in which an incumbent president was unseated, Perots campaign took 18. 9% of the vote, finishing second in Maine and Utah. This was noted for being the highest vote share of a third-party candidate since 1912, as of 2017, this is the last time Georgia and Montana voted for the Democratic candidate. Buchanans best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes, unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party, Bush allowed Buchanan to give the keynote address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his culture war speech alienated many moderates. After the successful performance by U. S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War and his re-election was considered very likely. As a result, several candidates, such as Mario Cuomo. In addition, Senator Al Gore refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son was struck by a car and was undergoing surgery as well as physical therapy. However, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder, Senator Tom Harkin ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Senator Paul Tsongas highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism, nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat and he was still relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed however, when a woman named Gennifer Flowers appeared in the press to reveal allegations of an affair, Clinton rebutted the story by appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton. The primary season began with U. S, Senator Tom Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected
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John H. Graham
Charles G. Bennett
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James P. Maher
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James A. Roe
Robert T. Ross
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Albert H. Bosch
Joseph P. Addabbo
Frank J. Becker
Herbert Tenzer
Allard K. Lowenstein
Norman F. Lent
John W. Wydler
Raymond J. McGrath
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