1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Government of New York City
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The government of New York City, headquartered at New York City Hall in Lower Manhattan, is organized under the New York City Charter and provides for a strong mayor-council system. The mayor is elected to a term and is responsible for the administration of city government. The New York City Council is a body consisting of 51 members, each elected from a geographic district. All elected officials are limited to a two consecutive-term limit, the court system consists of two city courts and three state courts. New York City government employs 325,000 people, more than any city in the United States and more than any U. S. state. However, each county retains its own district attorney to prosecute crimes, three main public-library systems represent the citys five boroughs, namely Brooklyn Public Library, New York Public Library, and Queens Public Library. The executive branch of New York City consists of the Mayor, the Mayor also appoints several deputy mayors to head major offices within the executive branch of the city government. The City Record is the journal published each weekday containing legal notices produced by city agencies. The mayor is elected by popular vote for a four-year term. Along with the mayor, the Public Advocate and the Comptroller are the only three directly elected officials in New York City. The Public Advocate is a member of the Council, the Public Advocate stands first in line of succession to the mayoralty. The Comptroller stands second, after the Public Advocate, in the line to succeed a mayor who has become unable to serve, legislative power in the City of New York is vested in the New York City Council. The New York State Constitution empowers local governments to local laws in addition to ordinances, resolutions, rules. The Council is a body consisting of 51 Council members. The Speaker of the Council, selected by the 51 Council members, is considered the second most powerful post in New York Citys government after the Mayor. Bills passed by a majority are sent to the mayor. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a majority vote. The codified local laws of New York City are contained in the New York City Administrative Code, the Council has several committees with oversight of various functions of the city government
3.
Boroughs of New York City
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New York City, in the U. S. state of New York, is composed of five county-level administrative entities called boroughs. They are Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, each borough is coextensive with a county of New York State. The county governments were dissolved when New York City consolidated in 1898, along all city, town. The term borough was adopted to describe a form of administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, the term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan. All of the boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the current boundaries were established. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York, the borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. The borough of Staten Island was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. Manhattan is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the citys skyscrapers. Manhattans population density of 72,033 people per mile in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States. Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world, most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions, Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a neighborhood on the United States mainland. New York Citys remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs, Brooklyn, on the western tip of Long Island, is the citys most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, downtown Brooklyn is the only central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country, marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Historically a collection of towns and villages founded by the Dutch
4.
Playground
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A playground, playpark, or play area is a place specifically designed to enable children to play there. While a playground is designed for children, some target other age groups. Berlins Preußenpark for example is designed for people aged 70 or higher, a playground might exclude children below a certain age. Common in modern playgrounds are play structures that many different pieces of equipment. Playgrounds often also have facilities for playing games of adult sports, such as a baseball diamond, a skating arena. In some parts of the United States, the term tot lot may be used, a type of playground called a playscape is designed to provide a safe environment for play in a natural setting. Through history, children played in their villages and neighbourhoods, especially in the streets, in the 19th century, developmental psychologists such as Friedrich Fröbel proposed playgrounds as a developmental aid, or to imbue children with a sense of fair play and good manners. In Germany, a few playgrounds were erected in connection to schools, the Outdoor Recreation League provided funds to erect playgrounds on parkland, especially following the 1901 publication of a report on numbers of children being run down by cars in New York City. Interventionist programs such as by the child savers sought to move children into controlled areas to limit delinquency, one of the first playgrounds in the United States was built in San Franciscos Golden Gate Park in 1887. In 1906 the Playground Association of America was founded and a year later Luther Gulick became president and it later became the National Recreation Association and then the National Recreation and Park Association. Neither do small back yards nor ornamental grass plots meet the needs of any, older children who would play vigorous games must have places especially set aside for them, and, since play is a fundamental need, playgrounds should be provided for every child as much as schools. This means that they must be distributed over the cities in such a way as to be walking distance of every boy and girl. Playgrounds were a part of urban culture in the USSR. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were playgrounds in almost every park in many Soviet cities, Playground apparatus was reasonably standard all over the country, most of them consisted of metallic bars with relatively few wooden parts, and were manufactured in state-owned factories. Some of the most common constructions were the carousel, sphere, seesaw, rocket, bridge, Playground design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience. Separate play areas might be offered to accommodate very young children, single, large, open parks tend to not to be used by older schoolgirls or less aggressive children, because there is little opportunity for them to escape more aggressive children. By contrast, a park that offers multiple play areas is used equally by boys, professionals recognize that the social skills that children develop on the playground often become lifelong skill sets that are carried forward into their adulthood. Independent research concludes that playgrounds are among the most important environments for children outside the home, most forms of play are essential for healthy development, but free, spontaneous play—the kind that occurs on playgrounds—is the most beneficial type of play
5.
Tennis court
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A tennis court is the venue where the sport of tennis is played. It is a rectangular surface with a low net stretched across the center. The same surface can be used to play doubles and singles matches. A variety of surfaces can be used to create a tennis court, Tennis is played on a rectangular flat surface, usually of grass, clay or hard material. The dimensions of a court are defined and regulated by the International Tennis Federation governing body and are written down in the annual Rules of Tennis document. The court is 78 feet long and its width is 27 feet for singles matches and 36 feet for doubles matches. The service line is 21 feet from the net, additional clear space around the court is needed in order for players to reach overrun balls for a total of 60 feet wide and 120 feet long. A net is stretched across the width of the court, parallel with the baselines. The net is 3 feet 6 inches high at the posts, the net posts are 3 feet outside the doubles court on each side or, for a singles net,3 feet outside the singles court on each side. Tennis is played on a variety of surfaces and each surface has its own characteristics which affect the style of the game. There are four types of courts depending on the materials used for the court surface, clay courts, hard courts, grass courts. The Australian Open switched to hard courts in 1988 and in its years the French championship alternated between clay and sand/rubble courts. ITF uses the classification for tennis court surface types, Clay courts are made of crushed shale, stone. The French Open is the only Grand Slam tournament to use clay courts, Clay courts slow down the ball and produce a high bounce in comparison to grass courts or hard courts. For this reason, the court takes away many of the advantages of big serves. Clay courts are cheaper to construct than other types of tennis courts, Clay courts need to be rolled to preserve flatness. The clays water content must be balanced, green courts generally require the courts to be sloped to allow water run-off, Clay courts are more common in Europe and Latin America than in North America and tend to heavily favour baseline players. Grass courts are the fastest type of courts in common use and they consist of grass grown on very hard-packed soil, which adds additional variables, bounces depend on how healthy the grass is, how recently it has been mown, and the wear and tear of recent play
6.
Golf course
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A golf course is the grounds where the game of golf is played. It comprises a series of holes, each consisting of a ground, a fairway, the rough and other hazards. A standard round of golf consists of 18 holes, most courses contain 18 holes, some share fairways or greens, and a subset has nine holes, played twice per round. Par-3 courses consist of nine or 18 holes all of which have a par of three strokes, many older courses are links, often coastal. Courses are private, public, and municipally owned, and typically feature a pro shop, many private courses are found at country clubs. Although a specialty within landscape design or landscape architecture, golf course architecture is considered a field of study. While golf courses often follow the landscape, some modification is unavoidable. This is increasingly the case as new courses are likely to be sited on less optimal land. Bunkers and sand traps are almost always artificial, although other hazards may be natural, the layout of a fairway follows certain traditional principles, such as the number of holes, their par values, and the number of holes of each par value per course. It is also preferable to arrange greens to be close to the tee box of the next hole, to minimize travel distance while playing a round. Combined with the need to all the fairways within what is frequently a compact square or rectangular plot of land. In complex areas, two holes may share the same tee box, fairway, or even green and it is also common for separate tee-off points to be positioned for men, women, and amateurs, each one respectively lying closer to the green. Eighteen-hole courses are traditionally broken down into a front 9 and a back 9. On older courses, the holes may be out in one long loop, beginning and ending at the clubhouse, and thus the front 9 is referred to on the scorecard as out. More recent courses tend to be designed with the front 9, a successful design is as visually pleasing as it is playable. Most golf courses have only par-3, -4, and -5 holes, typical distances for the various holes from standard tees are as follows. Terrain can also be a factor, so that a long downhill hole might be rated par 4 and this compensates for the generally longer distance pro players can put on tee and fairway shots as compared to the average bogey golfer. The game of golf is played in what is called a round and this consists of playing a set number of holes in an order predetermined by the course
7.
Ice rink
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An ice rink is a frozen body of water and/or hardened chemicals where people can ice skate or play winter sports. There are also synthetic ice rinks where skating surfaces are made out of plastics, Rink, a Scottish word meaning course, was used as the name of a place where curling was played. The name has retained for the construction of ice areas for other sports. Early attempts at the construction of ice rinks were first made in the rink mania of 1841–44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, the area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating. The worlds first mechanically frozen ice rink was the Glaciarium, opened by John Gamgee in a tent in a building just off the Kings Road in Chelsea. In March, it moved to a permanent venue at 379 Kings Road, the rink was based on a concrete surface, with layers of earth, cow hair and timber planks. Atop these were laid oval copper pipes carrying a solution of glycerine with ether, nitrogen peroxide, the pipes were covered by water and the solution was pumped through, freezing the water into ice. Gamgee had discovered the process while attempting to develop a method to freeze meat for import from Australia and New Zealand, Gamgee operated the rink on a membership-only basis and attempted to attract a wealthy clientele, experienced in open-air ice skating during winters in the Alps. He installed an orchestra gallery, which could also be used by spectators, the Southport Glaciarium opened in 1879, using Gamgees method. In Germany, the first ice skating rink opened in 1882 in Frankfurt during a patent exhibition and it covered 520m² and operated for two months, the refrigeration system was designed by Linde. Rinks can also be made in cold climates by enclosing an area of ground, filling it with water. Snow may even be packed to use as a containment material, the rink is prepared by lowering the canals water level and letting the canal water freeze. The rink is then resurfaced nightly by cleaning the ice of snow, the longest ice skating trail can be found in Invermere, British Columbia, Canada, on Lake Windermere Whiteway. The naturally frozen trail measures 29.98 kilometres, in any climate, an arena ice surface can be installed in a properly built space. This consists of a bed of sand or occasionally a slab of concrete, the pipes carry a chilled fluid which can lower the temperature of the slab so that water placed atop will freeze. This method is known as ice to differentiate from ice rinks made by simply freezing water in a cold climate, indoors or outdoors. A more proper term is mechanically frozen ice
8.
Stadium
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Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word stadium originated. In modern times, a stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of the capacity is an actual building. If the majority of the capacity is formed by grasshills, the venue is not officially considered a stadium. Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for football, or soccer. A large amount of sports venues are also used for concerts. Stadium is the Latin form of the Greek word stadion, a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet, as feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion =600 ft, in a historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller. The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length — about 185 m -, the English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. The stadion, a measure of length, may be related to the Stadium, Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium hosted a version of the Olympic Games in 1870,1875,1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, the first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium and Anfield stadium. In the U. S. However, many of these caught fire. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some only a few years. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world, walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators
9.
Miniature golf
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Miniature golf, also known as minigolf, or putt-putt, is an offshoot of the sport of golf focusing solely on the putting aspect of its parent game. When miniature golf retains many of these characteristics but without the use of any props or obstacles, the term Minigolf was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, SC, Branson, MO, Pigeon Forge, TN and Wisconsin Dells, geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle. Thomas McCulloch Fairbairn, a fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere, by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone and this American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s. A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, the first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The Mapes was constructed as a home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914. The popular nightspot burned in 1985, one of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, in 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded a company Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf, during the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations. Swedish minigolf courses typically had a wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand. The Swedish Minigolf Federation was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world, National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939. In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, in 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni. The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States, the first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000. Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, after the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, in 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York started building and operating their own miniature golf courses
10.
Pelham Bay Park
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Pelham Bay Park is a public park located in the northeast corner of the New York City borough of the Bronx and extending partially into Westchester County. It is, at 2,772 acres, the largest public park in New York City, the section of the park within New York Citys borders is more than three times the size of Manhattans Central Park. The park is operated by the New York City Department of Parks, Anne Hutchinsons short-lived dissident colony, along with a number of other unsuccessful settlements, was located in what is now the parks land. In 1654 an Englishman named Thomas Pell purchased 50,000 acres from the Siwanoy, during the American Revolutionary War, the land was a buffer between British-held New York City and rebel-held Westchester. As such it was the site of the Battle of Pells Point, Orchard Beach, one of the citys most popular, was created through the efforts of Robert Moses in the 1930s. In 1941, the New York City Police Department used land from the park to create the Rodmans Neck Firing Range on the Rodmans Neck section of the park. About 600 acres are tidal, and fluctuate between being walkable and underwater, due to tide changes in the salt marshes and the receding shoreline of Orchard Beach. The park includes land on both sides of the Hutchinson River, and Hunters Island, Twin Island, and Two-Trees Island, all formerly true islands in Pelham Bay and it borders the Bronx neighborhoods of Country Club, Pelham Bay, City Island, and Co-op City. Formerly an island, Hunter Island, at 40°52′30″N 73°47′25″W, has connected to the mainland by infill. It was part of the Pelham Islands, the name for a group of islands in western Long Island Sound that once belonged to Thomas Pell. It bears the name of former owner John Hunter, a businessman and politician. Hunters residence and gardens were constructed and landscaped at great cost, the Mansion was built in the English Georgian style, similar to that of the old City Hall of New York City, and was described as one of the finest mansions of the period. It held a vast art collection of art by artists such as Rembrandt, Rubens, Van Dyke. The home was situated at the highest point on the island and had wonderful views of Long Island Sound to the east, terraced gardens flanked the home and continued down to the waterfront. A stone causeway and bridge were constructed, connecting the island to the mainland. John Hunter lived in the home for more than forty years until his death in 1852, the City of New York purchased the island in 1889. In 1937, Parks Commissioner Robert Moses decided to dredge the sand of the Rockaways to fill LeRoy’s Bay during the construction of Orchard Beach, the Hunter Mansion, which had fallen into disrepair, was also destroyed during construction. When the massive project was finished, Hunter Island was connected to nearby Twin Island and Rodmans Neck, becoming part of Pelham Bay Park, originally designated parkland in 1888
11.
Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
12.
Central Park
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Central Park is an urban park in Manhattan, New York City. Central Park is the most visited park in the United States, with 40 million visitors in 2013. The park was established in 1857 on 778 acres of city-owned land, construction began the same year and the parks first area was opened to the public in the winter of 1858. Construction continued during the American Civil War farther north, and was expanded to its current size of 843 acres in 1873, Central Park was designated a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior in 1962. The Conservancy is a organization that contributes 75 percent of Central Parks $65 million annual budget and is responsible for all basic care of the 843-acre park. Between 1821 and 1855, New York City nearly quadrupled in population, as the city expanded northward up Manhattan, people were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noise and chaotic life in the city. Since Central Park was not part of the original Commissioners Plan of 1811, John Randel, Jr. surveyed the grounds. The only remaining surveying bolt from his survey is still visible, it is embedded in a rock just north of the present Dairy and the 65th Street Transverse, the bolt marks the location where West 65th Street would have intersected Sixth Avenue. The state appointed a Central Park Commission to oversee the development of the park, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux developed what came to be known as the Greensward Plan, which was selected as the winning design. The Greensward Plan called for some 36 bridges, all designed by Vaux, ranging from rugged spans of Manhattan schist or granite, to lacy Neo-Gothic cast iron, several influences came together in the design. Landscaped cemeteries, such as Mount Auburn and Green-Wood had set examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes, the most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the separate circulation systems for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crosstown commercial traffic was entirely concealed in sunken roadways, screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a rustic ambiance, before the construction of the park could start, the area had to be cleared of its inhabitants. Most lived in villages, such as Harsenville, the Piggery District, or Seneca Village, or in the school. Approximately 1,600 residents were evicted under the rule of eminent domain during 1857, Seneca Village and parts of the other communities were razed to make room for the park. During the parks construction, Olmsted fought constant battles with the park commissioners, between 1860 and 1873, most of the major hurdles to construction were overcome and the park was substantially completed. The work was documented with technical drawings and photographs. More gunpowder was used to clear the area than was used at the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War, the parks commissioners assigned a name to each of the original 18 gates in 1862. The names were chosen to represent the diversity of New York Citys trades, for example, Mariners Gate for the entrance at 85th Street
13.
Prospect Park (Brooklyn)
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Prospect Park is a 585-acre public park in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, and the largest public park in Brooklyn. The park is situated between the neighborhoods of Park Slope, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, Ditmas Park and Windsor Terrace, as well as Flatbush Avenue, Grand Army Plaza, Prospect Park is run and operated by the Prospect Park Alliance and New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Greenway, Prospect Park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux after their completion of Manhattans Central Park. There is also a private Society of Friends cemetery on Quaker Hill near the ball fields, the area was originally forested, but became open pasture after two centuries of European colonization. Significant stands of trees remained only in the peat bogs centered south of Ninth Street and Flatbush Avenues, and in a large bog north of Ninth Avenue and contained chestnut, white poplar, and oak. Some of these stands were preserved in the Parks Ravine and have been popularized as The Last Forest of Brooklyn, during the American Revolution the Park was a site of the Battle of Long Island. American forces attempted to hold Battle Pass, an opening in the terminal moraine where the old Flatbush Road passed from Brooklyn to Flatbush and it fell after some of the heaviest fighting in the engagement, and its loss contributed to George Washingtons decision to retreat. Even though the Continental Army lost the battle, they were able to hold the British back long enough for Washingtons army to escape to Manhattan, there are plaques north of the zoo that honor this event. The City of Brooklyn built a reservoir on Prospect Hill in 1856, preserving the Battle Pass area and keeping the lots around the reservoir free of buildings were two reasons for establishing a large park in the area. This was due to Brooklyn becoming the worlds first commuter suburb, during this time, concepts concerning public parks gained popularity. In 1858 Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux created Central Park in Manhattan and it became the first landscaped park in the United States. He also believed that a park would attract wealthy residents. Of the seven sites mentioned in their February,1860 proposal, by the end of 1860, land had been purchased for Vieles plan, but the Civil War stopped further activity. Vaux included a plaza at the northern end of the park. It would be incorporated as Mount Prospect Park in 1940, the change in plans was not without consequences. The lots, however, constitute just over five percent of the parks acreage, much of this very expensive acreage houses the maintenance yards and is rarely seen by the public. Despite the repercussions of Vauxs revisions, Stranahan championed the plan, Vaux recruited Olmsted and formally presented their proposal in January 1866 and it was accepted in May, with work commencing in June. The park commissioners opened the park to the public on October 19,1867, work continued for another six years until it was substantially complete in 1873, though certain facets of the original design were never undertaken
14.
Van Cortlandt Park
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Van Cortlandt Park is a 1, 146-acre park located in the borough of the Bronx in New York City. The park, which is the citys third-largest, was named for the Van Cortlandt family and it was established in 1888 and now contains facilities for sports such as golf, cross-country running, and cricket. Contained within the park is the Van Cortlandt House Museum, the oldest surviving building in the Bronx, and the Van Cortlandt Golf Course, Van Cortlandt Park is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. It is managed with assistance from the Van Cortlandt Park Conservancy, the forest in what is now Van Cortlandt Park has been around for 17,000 years, since the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. The Wiechquaskeck Lenapes were among the first recorded people to inhabit in the now referred to as Van Cortlandt Park. They settled in the area around the 14th or 15th centuries, the Lenapes used the geographic features of the area, such as Tibbetts Brook for fishing and flatland areas for farming, to support their community. The strip of land on the Hudson Rivers east bank, between the current-day Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Yonkers, was sold to the Dutch West India Company in the early 17th century, adriaen van der Donck, a Dutch settler, bought the land from the company in 1646. Van der Donck also paid the Indian chief Tacharew, whose tribe used to live on the land and he named the land Colen Donck and built a house upon the land. The house was built between current-day Van Cortlandt Lake and Broadway and it faced south, probably because this was the location of a natural marshland. What is now the ground was used by van der Donck for farming. Upon van der Doncks 1655 death, the Indians launched an attack on the colony and this forced the settlers to flee back to Manhattan, including van der Doncks widow. Following the takeover of the New Netherland colony by the British in 1664, the claim to the estate was awarded to Hugh ONeale, the new husband of van der Doncks widow. In 1668, a portion of the land was sold to William Betts, an English turner, and his son-in-law George Tippett and this property included the modern park parade grounds. Next, Doughty sold a 2, 000-acre tract of land, including the current site of the Van Cortlandt House, to Frederick Philipse, Thomas Delavall, and Thomas Lewis. Philipse bought out Delavalls and Lewiss land shares, making the part of the Philipsburg Manor. Philipses wife died, and he remarried Olof Stevense Van Cortlandts daughter, Philipses daughter Eva later married Jacobus Van Cortlandt, who was Mrs. Philipses brother. The land that Van Cortlandt Park now occupies was acquired by Van Cortlandt from Philipse in the mid-to-late 1690s, in 1699, Van Cortlandt dammed Tibbetts Brook in order to power a sawmill, creating Van Cortlandt Lake as a mill pond in the process. In 1732, Van Cortlandt acquired a parcel from the Tippett family
15.
Staten Island Greenbelt
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The Staten Island Greenbelt is a system of contiguous public parkland and natural areas in the central hills of the New York City borough of Staten Island.75 miles, at 700 Rockland Avenue. The Greenbelt Conservancy, which works in partnership with the NYC Parks Department, is an organization offering year-round nature-themed events for young people. Today the Protectors continue the tradition of organizing people concerned about the fragile and threatened wilderness via lobbying. Four hundred and ten feet above sea level, Todt Hill is the highest elevation south of Maine along the Eastern Seaboard, the Greenbelt is one of the most biologically diverse places in New York City. On occasion northern black racer and eastern milksnakes are reported here, both species are threatened elsewhere on Staten Island due to habitat destruction due to development. The Greenbelt provides year-round habitat native mammals like the gray squirrel, eastern chipmunk, eastern cottontail, raptors such as Coopers hawks, redtail hawks, and great horned owls also call the greenbelt home. Within the oak-mulch enriched soil that has laid down over millennia. In the 1800s, several centuries after European settlers had come to, named, deforested, and farmed large portions of Staten Island, travelers of a different sort arrived. Henry David Thoreau - in his furthest journey from his native Massachusetts – came for one year in 1843 in order to tutor the nephews of his friend and fellow transcendentalist, after 10 years, he and his new bride left the island only to return later in his life. After Olmsted left Tosomock Farm, farmer Erastus Winan bought it, renaming it The Woods of Arden, in 1871, in his capacity as consultant to the Staten Island Improvement Commission, Olmsted made the following proposal for Staten Island. Other proposals on behalf of preserving wilderness on Staten Island were put forward in subsequent years. William T. Davis, a naturalist born on the island, believed, The best park is certainly a piece of left as Nature arranged it. During the first half of the 20th century, several proposals for Staten Island parks and parkways were drafted first by the Borough of Staten Island and then by the City of New York. The 4. 8-mile parkway route going through the area has been de-mapped despite occasional proposals for its due to steadily increasing highway congestion on Staten Island. None of these proposals, however, have received any significant support from either the island’s elected officials or residents, the parkway ends at the Greenbelts southwestern edge, at Richmond Avenue and Arthur Kill Road, near the Fresh Kills Park. They first saved High Rock Girl Scout Camp, the acreage of which had originally been a part of Pouch Boy Scout Camp, including Orbach Lake, to the north. With a $35,000 grant from the State of New York it was bought from the Boy Scouts, for thirteen years, the camp served girl scouts from throughout the five boroughs of New York City. However, in 1964, the Girl scout Council of Greater New York secretly decided to sell the camp to a developer for $1,000,000, greene was familiar with this policy or land use designation from previous work he had been involved with in Maryland
16.
New York City Council
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The New York City Council is the lawmaking body of the City of New York. It has 51 members from 51 council districts throughout the five boroughs, the Council serves as a check against the mayor in a strong mayor-council government model. The council monitors performance of city agencies and makes land use decisions as well as legislating on a variety of other issues. The City Council also has responsibility for approving the city budget. The head of the City Council is called the Speaker, and is currently Melissa Mark-Viverito, the Speaker sets the agenda and presides at meetings of the City Council. Proposed legislation is submitted through the Speakers Office, there are 47 Democratic council members led by Majority Leader Jimmy Van Bramer. The three Republican council members are led by Minority Leader Steven Matteo, the Council has 35 committees with oversight of various functions of the city government. Each council member sits on at least three standing, select or subcommittees, the standing committees meet at least once per month. The Speaker of the Council, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader are all ex members of every committee. Council members are elected every four years, except for two consecutive two year terms every twenty years to allow for redistricting between the terms due to the national census. Council Members currently receive $148,500 a year in base salary, Members receive no additional compensation for serving as a committee chairperson or other officer under the new salary raise. The New York City Charter is the law of the government of New York City including the Council. The New York City Administrative Code is the codification of the laws promulgated by the Council and is composed of 29 titles, the regulations promulgated by city agencies pursuant to law are contained in the Rules of the City of New York in 71 titles. A local law has an equivalent with a law enacted by the Legislature. Each local government must designate a newspaper of notice to publish or describe its laws, the Secretary of State is responsible for publishing local laws as a supplement to the Laws of New York, but they have not done so in recent years. The history of the New York City Council can be traced to Dutch Colonial times when New York City was known as New Amsterdam. On February 2,1653, the town of New Amsterdam, a Council of Legislators sat as the local lawmaking body and as a court of inferior jurisdiction. During the 18th and 19th centuries the local legislature was called the Common Council, in 1898 the amalgamation charter of the City of Greater New York renamed and revamped the Council and added a New York City Board of Estimate with certain administrative and financial powers
17.
Robert Moses
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Robert Moses was a city planner who worked mainly in the New York metropolitan area. One of his contributions to urban planning was New York States large parkway network. Robert Moses simultaneously held twelve titles, but was never elected to any public office, nevertheless, he created and led numerous public authorities that gave him autonomy from the general public and elected officials. Moses projects were considered by many to be necessary for the development after the Great Depression. During the height of his powers, New York City built campuses to host two Worlds Fairs, one in 1939 and the other in 1964. Moses also helped persuade the United Nations to locate its headquarters in Manhattan, instead of Philadelphia, by helping the state secure the money, Moses was born in New Haven, Connecticut, to assimilated German Jewish parents, Bella and Emanuel Moses. He spent the first nine years of his living at 83 Dwight Street in New Haven. In 1897, the Moses family moved to New York City, Mosess father was a successful department store owner and real estate speculator in New Haven. In order for the family to move to New York City, he sold his estate holdings and store. Mosess mother was active in the settlement movement, with her own love of building, Robert Moses and his brother Paul attended several schools for their elementary and secondary education, including the Dwight School and the Mohegan Lake School, a military academy near Peekskill. After graduating from Yale University and Wadham College, Oxford, and earning a Ph. D. in political science from Columbia University, Moses became attracted to New York City reform politics. A committed idealist, he developed plans to rid New York of patronage hiring practices. None went very far, but Moses, due to his intelligence, caught the notice of Belle Moskowitz, when the state Secretary of States position became appointive rather than elective, Smith named Moses, Moses served from 1927 to 1929. Moses rose to power with Smith, who was elected as governor in 1922, during that period Moses began his first foray into large scale public work initiatives, while drawing on Smiths political power to enact legislation. This helped create the new Long Island State Park Commission and the State Council of Parks and this centralization allowed Smith to run a government later used as a model for Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal federal government. Moses also received numerous commissions that he carried out extraordinarily well, displaying a strong command of law as well as matters of engineering, Moses became known for his skill in drafting legislation, and was called the best bill drafter in Albany. At a time when the public was accustomed to Tammany Hall corruption and incompetence, shortly after President Franklin D. Roosevelts inauguration in 1933, the federal government found itself with millions of New Deal dollars to spend, yet states and cities had few projects ready. Moses was one of the few officials who had projects shovel ready
18.
New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol
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Established in 1981, NYC Parks Enforcement Patrol officers patrol on foot, bicycle, horseback, in marked sedans, vans, scooters, carts, ATVs, SUVs and trucks. Parks Enforcement officers are responsible for protecting NYC Park land, waterways under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and Recreation, city owned monuments, and public pools. PEP officers are responsible for enforcing quality of life laws, the New York City Administrative Code, New York State Penal Law, Parks’ Rules and Regulations, and acting as Parks’ ambassadors. The following year in his 1920 annual report to the mayor, on page 16 of the 1920 annual report he wrote that Vandalism is ever present. It can never be checked until the Parks Department has a force of keepers with police authority, in 1920, legislature was passed for the creation of a force of park keepers for NYC parks but the city refused to approve it and authorize funding. According to his 1919 annual report of the Department of Parks, Inspector Blackie was injured on Columbus Day 1919 while attempting to arrest two men poaching song birds in Van Cortlandt Park. As of 2016, the agency employed on estimate 300+ officers, after the end of the year 2016, there are going to be, on estimate, about 180 more officers on the field. Numbers have fallen due to constraints and personnel leavings. As of 2014, there were 280 officers with the expectancy of 400 officers by the year 2015, however, because the funding was not base-lined, it is not included in the Fiscal 2016 Preliminary Budget. New York City Park Enforcement Officers are NYC Special Patrolman/NYS Peace Officers under CPL2.10 line 27 and they can make warrantless arrests, carry and use handcuffs, batons, use physical force, and issue summonses under section 2.20. As of 2016, the 11-week Parks Enforcement Academy is held in Randalls Island at the Parks Enforcement Training Academy, at times, other locations houses recruits during training such as, FiveBoro Training Facility, Icahn Stadium, North Meadow Rec Center and High-bridge Rec Center, etc. Unlike the Parks Enforcement officers, who have a mission of law enforcement in the parks. Rangers operate out of the citys seven nature centers and lead nature-oriented programs, like PEP, they patrol in marked vehicles. Rangers are also responsible for handling injured, abandoned, or displaced wild animals found in the citys parks, begun in 1996 the NYC Parks Enforcement Patrol Mounted Auxiliary Unit is a volunteer unit within the department. This unit is made up of citizens who volunteer their time by working with officers of the Parks Enforcement Patrol. As an IRS 501C Corporation, the Auxiliary solicits funding to purchase horses, tack, since inception it has provided several hundred thousand dollars towards the operation of the Mounted Unit, including the Capital Construction of a new barn. Former Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe was quoted as saying there is doubt that the Parks Department could afford to run a mounted unit without the Mounted Auxiliary. Auxiliary officers do not have powers beyond a citizen and cannot not make arrests, for this reason a typical patrol will include a PPEP Officer and an Auxiliary Officer
19.
Consolidated Laws of New York
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The Consolidated Laws of the State of New York are the codification of the permanent laws of a general nature of New York enacted by the New York State Legislature. It is composed of chapters, or laws. New York uses a system called continuous codification whereby each session law clearly identifies the law, unlike real codes, the Consolidated Laws are systematic but neither comprehensive nor preemptive, and reference to other laws and case law is often necessary. The Consolidated Laws were printed by New York only once in 1909–1910, the Laws can be found online without commentary. There also exist unconsolidated laws, such as the court acts. Unconsolidated laws are uncodified, typically due to their local nature, Session laws are published in the Laws of New York. The Consolidated Laws were printed by New York only once in 1909–1910, McKinneys and CLS are annotated, while Goulds is not. The Legislative Retrieval System is published under statutory authority and is online but is not certified. McKinneys is online and searchable on Westlaw, while CLS is online, commercial versions of the Consolidated Laws are also available from Loislaw, Looseleaf Law Publications, VersusLaw, Lawprobe, the National Law Library, and QuickLaw. Free unannotated versions are available from FindLaw, the New York State Legislature website, Unconsolidated laws are available in print from McKinneys, McKinneys Session Laws, and the CLS Unconsolidated laws
20.
Ed Koch
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Edward Irving Ed Koch was an American lawyer, politician, political commentator, movie critic and reality television arbitrator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977, Koch was a lifelong Democrat who described himself as a liberal with sanity. The author of a public housing renewal program in his later years as mayor, he began by cutting spending and taxes. As a congressman and after his terms as mayor he was a fervent supporter of the State of Israel and he crossed party lines to endorse Rudy Giuliani for mayor in 1993, Michael Bloomberg in 2001, and President George W. Bush in 2004. A popular figure, he rode the New York City Subway and he won re-election in 1981 with 75 percent, the first New York City mayor to win endorsement on both the Democratic and Republican party tickets. He won his second re-election with 78 percent of the vote, Koch was born in Crotona Park East section of The Bronx borough of New York City, the son of Yetta and Louis Koch, immigrants from Uscieczko in Eastern Galicia. He came from a family of Conservative Jews who resided in Newark, New Jersey, as a child, he worked as a hatcheck boy in a Newark dance hall. He graduated from South Side High School in Newark in 1941 and he was drafted into the United States Army in 1943, where he served as an infantryman with the 104th Infantry Division, landing in Cherbourg, France, in September 1944. He earned a European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two stars, a World War II Victory Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge for service in the European Theater of Operations. After V-E Day, because he could speak German, Koch was sent to Bavaria to help remove Nazi public officials from their jobs and he was honorably discharged with the rank of Sergeant in 1946. Koch returned to New York City to attend City College of New York, graduating in 1945, Koch was a sole practitioner from 1949 to 1964, and a partner with Koch, Lankenau, Schwartz & Kovner from 1965 to 1968. A Democrat, he became active in New York City politics as a reformer and opponent of Carmine DeSapio, in 1962 Koch ran for office for the first time, unsuccessfully opposing incumbent William Passannante, a DeSapio ally, for the Democratic nomination for the State Assembly. In 1963, Koch defeated DeSapio for the position of Democratic Party leader for the district which included Greenwich Village, Koch served on the New York City Council from 1967 to 1969. Koch was the Democratic U. S. Koch said he began his career as just a plain liberal, with positions including opposing the Vietnam War. In April 1973, Koch coined the term Watergate Seven when, congressman Koch met with residents of the community, most of whom were against the proposal. He was convinced by their arguments, and spoke out against the plan, Koch was active in advocating for a greater U. S. role in advancing human rights, within the context of fighting a perceived threat of communism. He had particular influence in the aid budget, as he sat on the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations. In 1976, Koch proposed that the U. S. cut off military aid, after this assassination, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush informed Koch by phone of the threat
21.
New York City Police Department
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The New York City Police Department, officially the City of New York Police Department, is the largest municipal police force in the United States. Established in 1845, the agency has primary responsibilities in law enforcement, the NYPD is one of the oldest police departments established in the U. S. tracing its roots back to the nineteenth century. According to the department, its mission is to enforce the laws, preserve the peace, reduce fear, the departments regulations are compiled in title 38 of the New York City Rules. In June 2004, there were about 40,000 sworn officers plus several thousand employees, in June 2005. As of December 2011, that figure increased slightly to over 36,600, the NYPDs current authorized uniformed strength is 34,450. The Patrolmens Benevolent Association of the City of New York, the largest municipal police union in the United States, represents over 50,000 active, the NYPD Intelligence Division & Counter-Terrorism Bureau has officers stationed in 11 cities internationally. In the 1990s the department developed a CompStat system of management which has also since established in other cities. The NYPD is headquartered at 1 Police Plaza, located on Park Row in Lower Manhattan across the street from City Hall, the NYPD has extensive crime scene investigation and laboratory resources, as well as units which assist with computer crime investigations. The NYPD runs a Real Time Crime Center, essentially a search engine. A Domain Awareness System, a joint project of Microsoft and the NYPD, links 6,000 closed-circuit television cameras, license plate readers, members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians, some media and their own police cars by the nickname New Yorks Finest. The Municipal Police were established in 1845, replacing an old night watch system, in 1857, it was tumultuously replaced by a Metropolitan force, which consolidated many other local police departments in 1898. Twentieth-century trends included professionalization and struggles against corruption, Officers begin service with the rank of Probationary Police Officer, also referred to as Recruit Officer. After successful completion of six months of Police Academy training and various academic, physical, There are three career tracks in the NYPD, supervisory, investigative, and specialist. The supervisory track consists of 12 sworn titles, referred to as ranks, promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and captain are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion from the rank of police officer to detective is determined by the current police labor contract, the entry level appointment to detective is third grade or specialist. The commissioner may grant discretionary grades of first or second and these grades offer compensation roughly equivalent to that of supervisors. Specifically, a second grade detectives pay roughly corresponds to a sergeants, Detectives are police officers who have been given a more investigatory position but no official supervisory authority. A Detective First Grade still falls under the command of a sergeant or above, just like detectives, sergeants and lieutenants can receive pay grade increases within their respective ranks
22.
South Bronx
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The South Bronx is an area of the New York City borough of the Bronx. As the name implies, the area comprises neighborhoods in the part of the Bronx, such as Concourse, Mott Haven, Melrose. Formerly a deteriorating, poverty-stricken area, the South Bronx is now known for its hip hop culture, the geographic definitions of the South Bronx have evolved and are disputed but certainly include the neighborhoods of Mott Haven, Melrose and Port Morris. The neighborhoods of Belmont, Castle Hill, Crotona Park East, Highbridge, Hunts Point, Longwood, Morrisania, the South Bronx is part of New Yorks 15th Congressional District. The South Bronx is served by the NYPDs 40th, 41st, 42nd, 44th, the South Bronx was originally called the Manor of Morrisania, and later Morrisania. The Morris memorial is at St. Anns Church of Morrisania, Morris descendants own land in the South Bronx to this day. As the Morrises developed their landholdings, an influx of German, later, the Bronx was considered the Jewish Borough, and at its peak in 1930 was 49% Jewish. Jews in the South Bronx numbered 364,000 or 57. 1% of the population in the area. The term was first coined in the 1940s by a group of workers who identified the Bronxs first pocket of poverty, in the Port Morris section. Originally denoting only Mott Haven and Melrose, the South Bronx extended up to the Cross Bronx Expressway by the 1960s, encompassing Hunts Point, Morrisania, the South Bronx is a place for working-class families. Its image as an area developed in the latter part of the 20th century. There were several factors contributing to the decay of the South Bronx, white flight, landlord abandonment, economic changes, demographics, the Cross Bronx Expressway, completed in 1963, was a part of Robert Moses’ urban renewal project for New York City. The expressway is now known to have been a factor in the urban decay seen by the borough in the 1970s and 1980s. Cutting through the heart of the South Bronx, the highway displaced thousands of residents from their homes, the neighborhood of East Tremont, in particular, was completely destroyed by the Expressway. Others have argued that the construction of highways has not harmed communities. The already poor and working-class neighborhoods were further disadvantaged by the property value. Racially charged tension, during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, further contributed to middle-class flight, some neighborhoods were considered undesirable by homeowners in the late 1960s and the areas population began decreasing. In addition, post World War II, rent control policies have been proposed by one author as contributing to the decline, in either case, while desirable housing options were scarce, vacancies further increased
23.
Michael Bloomberg
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Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
24.
Tavern on the Green
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Tavern on the Green is an American cuisine restaurant located in Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, near the intersection of Central Park West at West 66th Street on the Upper West Side. It originally operated from 1934 to 2009 under various owners, from 2010 until 2012, the building was used as a public visitors center and gift shop run by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. After undergoing a renovation, Tavern on the Green reopened as a restaurant on April 24,2014. The restaurant in 2007 had gross revenues of $38 million, from more than 500,000 visitors, the building housing the restaurant was originally the sheepfold that housed the sheep that grazed Sheep Meadow, built to a design by Calvert Vaux in 1870. It became a restaurant as part of a 1934 renovation of the park under Robert Moses, from 1934, the landmark restaurant was managed by restaurateurs licensed by the City of New Yorks Park Department. In 1943 Arnold Schleifer and his nephews, Arthur Schleifer and Julius Berman, during their tenure, the dance floor was enlarged and nightly music was enjoyed. A large outdoor patio offered dining al fresco, trees were first wrapped in the well-known twinkling lights around the property, and the Elm Tree Room was built to surround one of the citys classic American elms. The menu was designed to be elegant but affordable for New Yorkers, luncheon and dinner offerings changed regularly, and Mr. Berman would often add special desserts to celebrate family events, e. g. Parfait Ruth to honor the birth of his granddaughter. The Berman-Schleifer family ran numerous restaurants they owned and other New York City concessions, in 1956, the infamous Battle of Central Park, a scandal instrumental in the eventual downfall of Robert Moses, occurred over Moses attempt to expand the Taverns parking lot by half an acre. The event is chronicled in Robert Caros The Power Broker, in 1962, Joe Baums Restaurant Associates purchased the Schleifer-Berman interest in the Taverns operation. According to city officials it was illegal but the city, wanting the restaurant expanded at a time when the city was having its own financial problems, since LeRoys death in 2001, it was managed by his daughter, Jennifer Oz LeRoy, until its renovation in 2009. Tavern on the Green was frequented by prominent actors, musicians, politicians, regular patrons have included former New York City Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, actresses Grace Kelly and Fay Wray and many others, Tavern on the Green hosted the wedding receptions of several prominent Americans, including Pulitzer Prize-winning author Robert Olen Butler and film director Walter Hill. John Lennon was a neighbor to Warner LeRoy and his son, Sean, was a playmate of Warner LeRoys son, as a result, John and Sean celebrated numerous birthdays at Tavern on the Green during the late 1970s. In July 1983, a dozen youths leaving a nearby concert robbed patrons, Tavern on the Green is next to the finish line of the New York City Marathon. The Barilla Marathon Eve Dinner, a pre-race pasta party on the eve of the marathon for 10,000 guests, took place at the Tavern in 2005. In May 2008, the restaurant and the Westfield Group announced plans to open a second,40, 000-square-foot location in the Metreon mall in downtown San Francisco, California, the plans had not materialized as of late 2009. The LeRoy management was required to operations and remove all furnishings from the location before January 1,2010
25.
Terrace on the Park
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Terrace on the Park is a banquet hall in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. The building was constructed by the Port Authority of New York and it is located to the south of the New York Hall of Science. The bulk of the building is suspended in the air by four supports and it has an excellent view of New York City including the Manhattan skyline. The outside walls of the floor are mostly accessible windows that allow guests a clear view in every direction. The building is used as a private catering hall for weddings, proms. The operation is run by Crystal Ball Group, incorporated under a concession from the parks department. The firm pays the department 20% of the gross receipts or $2.5 million a year, chief architect Allan Gordon Lorimer, engineers John Kyle and Ray Monte, and planning chief E. Donald Mills
26.
Citi Field
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Citi Field is a stadium located in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in the New York City borough of Queens. Completed in 2009, it is the baseball park of Major League Baseballs New York Mets. Citi Field was built as a replacement for the formerly adjacent Shea Stadium, Citi Field was designed by Populous, and is named after Citigroup, a New York financial services company which purchased the naming rights. The $850 million baseball park was funded with $615 million in public subsidies, the payments will offset property taxes for the lifetime of the park. The Mets are receiving $20 million annually from Citibank in exchange for naming the stadium Citi Field, the entire public cost is being borne by city and state taxpayers in New York. The first game at Citi Field was on March 29,2009, the Mets played their first two games at the ballpark on April 3 and April 4,2009 against the Boston Red Sox as charity exhibition games. The first regular home game was played on April 13,2009. Citi Field hosted the 2013 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, marking the time the Mets have hosted the event. The stadium will host the 2018 NHL Winter Classic between the New York Rangers and the Buffalo Sabres, since the 1990s, the Mets had been looking to replace Shea Stadium. It had originally built as a multi-purpose stadium in 1964. The Mets also considered moving to Mitchel Field or Belmont Park in Nassau County, Long Island, Sunnyside Yard in Queens, or the West Side Yard in Manhattan. In December 2001, shortly before leaving office, New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani announced tentative agreements for both the Mets and New York Yankees to build new stadiums. Of the $1.6 billion sought for the stadiums, city and state taxpayers would pick up half the tab for construction, $800 million, along with $390 million on extra transportation. The teams would keep 96% of ticket revenues and 100% of all revenues, not pay sales tax or property tax on the stadium. Business officials criticized the plan as giving too much money to successful teams with little reason to move to a different city, at the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Under Bloomberg, the New York City government would offer public financing for infrastructure improvements. Bloomberg called the former mayors agreements corporate welfare, the final plans for what is now Citi Field were created as part of the New York City 2012 Olympic bid. After plans for a West Side Stadium fell through, New York looked for a stadium to host the opening and closing ceremonies and track
27.
Yankee Stadium
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Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse section of the Bronx, a borough of New York City. It serves as the ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies and it is one block north of the original, on the 24-acre former site of Macombs Dam Park, the 8-acre site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field. Although Yankee Stadiums construction began in August 2006, the project spanned many years and faced many controversies, including the public cost. The overall price tag makes the new Yankee Stadium the most expensive ever built. It is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer. New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner began campaigning for a new stadium in the early 1980s, Steinbrenner at the time was reportedly considering a move to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey. Governor Thomas Kean in 1984 authorized the use of land for a new stadium in the Meadowlands. In a statewide referendum in 1987, New Jersey taxpayers rejected $185 million in financing for a baseball stadium for the Yankees. Despite the rejection from New Jersey, Steinbrenner frequently used a move there as leverage in negotiations with New York City. Steinbrenner agreed in principle, but then backed out of the deal, in 1993, Mayor David Dinkins expanded on Kochs proposal by offering his Bronx Center vision for the neighborhood, including new housing, a new courthouse, and relocating the Police Academy nearby. However, Cuomo lost his re-election bid a few months later, by 1995, Steinbrenner had rejected 13 proposals to keep the Yankees in the Bronx. That same year, Mayor Rudy Giuliani unveiled a plan to relocate the Yankees to the West Side Yard for a $1 billion stadium, however, with most of the funding coming from taxpayers, Giuliani tabled the proposal, fearing rejection in a citywide referendum. He estimated that both stadiums would cost $2 billion, with city and state taxpayers contributing $1.2 billion, at the time, Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment. Bloombergs blueprint for the stadium was unveiled in 2004, at the time as the plan for the Mets new stadium. The final cost for the two stadiums was more than $3.1 billion, taxpayer subsidies accounted for $1.8 billion, the Yankees continued to play in the previous Yankee Stadium during the 2007 and 2008 seasons while their new home stadium was built across the street. The community was left without parkland for five years, after the worker was exposed by co-workers, he was forced to help exhume the jersey. The worker has since claimed to have buried a 2004 American League Championship Series program/scorecard and these attempts didnt have much effect upon the home team, though, the Yankees went on to win the 2009 World Series at the end of their first MLB season in the new stadium. The new stadium is meant to evoke elements of the original Yankee Stadium, the exterior resembles the original look of the 1923 Yankee Stadium
28.
Central Park Conservancy
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Central Park Conservancy is a private, nonprofit organization that manages Central Park under a contract with the City of New York and NYC Parks. The Conservancy was born out of community concern during the Park’s rapid decline in the 1970s, New York City’s financial and social crisis left America’s first major urban public space virtually abandoned – a dustbowl that residents came to view as a dangerous, crime-ridden space. The Park had deteriorated so badly that some advocated handing it over to the National Park Service, many advocacy groups had been working separately to improve conditions in Central Park. Two of them – the Central Park Task Force and the Central Park Community Fund – were trying to address management concerns and improve physical conditions in the Park. The Central Park Task Force was led by Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, a planner, writer and civic activist. The Fund commissioned a management study, led by Columbia University Professor E. S and it also recommended the establishment of a private, citizen-based board that would advise the overseeing individual. The suggestions of the Savas report were supported by Mayor Edward I, kochs Parks Commissioner Gordon Davis, and in 1979 the city established the Office of Central Park Administrator and appointed Elizabeth Betsy Barlow Rogers as the first Central Park Administrator. Rogers maintained that Central Park was an institution, no different than the citys renowned museums. Backed by the suggestions made in the Savas report, she proposed following in the footsteps of those institutions by establishing a board to help support the Park. The Conservancy quickly restored many landscapes and it founded its Women’s Committee in 1983 after the success of the first Frederick Law Olmsted Awards Luncheon at Tavern on the Green, which raised $172,000 for the organization. By the following year, the Chess & Checkers House and Frisbee Hill had been restored, thousands of shrubs, to tend to those plants, more than 1,900 volunteers contributed more than 4,000 hours of work in the Park. The Conservancy launched its first fundraising campaign in 1986, mapping out a 15-year restoration plan that sought to remain true to the design by Frederick Law Olmsted. Over the next years, Campaign for the Central Park Conservancy restored landmarks in the southern part of the Park – Bethesda Terrace, Grand Army Plaza, Shakespeare Garden. By 1988, Conservancy volunteers logged more than 13,000 hours in the Park, the Conservancy’s original contract with the City was renewed in 2006. The minimum Conservancy annual expenditure – which can include maintenance, programming, the annual fee from the City depends on the Conservancy’s expenditures in the Park and the revenues generated by concessions in Central Park. Under the previous contract, the Conservancy received an amount equal to 50 percent of concession revenues beyond the first $6 million generated in the Park, not to exceed $2 million. On October 23,2012, hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy, the Conservancy has been led by four presidents over its history. Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, who helped found the Conservancy, was its first and she stepped down in 1996 after 16 years
29.
Fiorello H. La Guardia
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Fiorello Henry La Guardia was an American politician. He is best known for being the 99th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945 as a Republican, previously he had been elected to Congress in 1916 and 1918, and again from 1922 through 1930. Irascible, energetic, and charismatic, he craved publicity and is acclaimed as one of the greatest mayors in American history, only five feet, two inches tall, he was called the Little Flower. La Guardia, a Republican who appealed across party lines, was popular in New York during the 1930s. As a New Dealer, he supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, La Guardia revitalized New York City and restored public faith in City Hall. La Guardia was a leader who verged on authoritarianism but whose reform politics were carefully tailored to address the sentiments of his diverse constituency. He succeeded with the support of a sympathetic president and he secured his place in history as a tough-minded reform mayor who helped clean out corruption, bring in gifted experts, and fix upon the city a broad sense of responsibility for its own citizens. His administration engaged new groups that had kept out of the political system, gave New York its modern infrastructure. La Guardia was born in Greenwich Village in New York City and it was in Trieste that Achille La Guardia met and married Irene. Fiorello La Guardia was raised an Episcopalian and practiced that religion all his life and his middle name Enrico was anglicized to Henry when he was a child. He moved to Arizona with his family, where his father had a position at Fort Whipple in the U. S. Army. La Guardia attended public schools and high school in Prescott, Arizona, after his father was discharged from his bandmaster position in 1898, Fiorello lived in Trieste. He graduated from the Dwight School, a school on the Upper West Side of New York City. La Guardia joined the State Department and served in U. S. consulates in Budapest, Trieste and he returned to the United States to continue his education at New York University. From 1907 to 1910, he worked as an interpreter for the U. S. Bureau of Immigration at the Ellis Island immigration station. He graduated from New York University School of Law in 1910, was admitted to the bar the same year and his first wife was Thea Almerigotti, an Istrian immigrant, whom he married on March 8,1919. In June 1920 they had a daughter, Fioretta Thea, who died May 9,1921 and his first wife died of tuberculosis on November 29,1921, at the age of 26. In 1929 he married Marie Fisher who had been his secretary while in Congress, La Guardia became Deputy Attorney General of New York in January 1915
30.
William O'Dwyer
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William ODwyer was the 100th Mayor of New York City, holding that office from 1946 to 1950. ODwyer was born in Bohola, County Mayo, Ireland and studied at St. Nathys College, Ballaghaderreen and he emigrated to the United States in 1910, after abandoning studies for the priesthood. He worked as a laborer, then as a New York City police officer and he received his degree in 1923 and then built up a successful practice before serving as a Kings County Court judge. He won election as the Kings County District Attorney in November 1939 and his prosecution of the crime syndicate known as Murder. During that time, he was on leave from his position as district attorney and replaced by his chief assistant, Thomas Cradock Hughes. In 1945, ODwyer received the support of Tammany Hall leader Edward V. Loughlin, won the Democratic nomination, in 1948, ODwyer received The Hundred Year Association of New Yorks Gold Medal Award in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York. Shortly after his re-election to the mayoralty in 1949, ODwyer was confronted with a corruption scandal uncovered by the Kings County District Attorney. ODwyer resigned from office on August 31,1950, upon his resignation, he was given a ticker tape parade up Broadways Canyon of Heroes in the borough of Manhattan. President Harry Truman appointed him U. S. Ambassador to Mexico and he returned to New York City in 1951 to answer questions concerning his association with organized crime figures and the accusations followed him for the rest of his life. He resigned as ambassador on December 6,1952, but remained in Mexico until 1960 and he visited Israel for 34 days in 1951 on behalf of his Jewish constituents. He helped organize the first Israel Day Parade, along with New Yorks Jewish community and his youngest sibling, his brother Paul, was also a New York politician, serving as the then-city-wide elected position of City Council President. William ODwyer died in New York City on November 24,1964, in Beth Israel Hospital, aged 74, list of mayors of New York City
31.
Vincent R. Impellitteri
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Vincent Richard Impellitteri was an American politician, who served as the 101st Mayor of New York City, 1950-53. He was elected as a Democrat as president of the City Council in 1945, when Mayor William ODwyer resigned in 1950, he became acting mayor. He lost the Democratic primary but was selected mayor on a new ticket and he lost the Democratic primary when he ran for reelection in 1953, and became a judge in 1954. Born Vincenzo Impellitteri in Isnello, Sicily, and moved with his family to the United States as an infant in 1901 and they settled in Ansonia, Connecticut, where Impellitteri spent most of his youth. He served in the Navy during World War I, and became a U. S. citizen in 1922 and he attended Fordham Law School, where he received his law degree in 1924. He married Elizabeth Agnes McLaughlin in 1926 and he served as a state Assistant District Attorney from 1929 to 1938 before becoming a clerk to two Supreme Court Justices, first Peter Schmuck, and later Joseph A. Gavagan. He was reportedly an associate of gangster Tommy Lucchese, who helped Impellitteris rise in politics. In 1945, Mayor William ODwyer picked Impellitteri to run for President of the City Council on the Tammany Hall slate. In 1945 he ran on the Democratic and American Labor Party lines, under the City Charter of the day, when ODwyer resigned, City Council President Impellitteri became acting mayor. Impellitteri ignored the machine and ran as an independent under the banner of the new “Experience Party” and he also popularized the phrase unbought and unbossed during his 1950 campaign. Outside City Hall, he pledged to “do my level best to justify the confidence you have reposed in me and he aspired to be a new light in city politics, but his administration met with some resistance from the established order. At the time Robert Moses wielded significant influence, according to Robert Caro, Moses provided Impellitteri regular advice and guidance behind the scenes, Impellitteri ran for reelection in 1953 but was defeated in the Democratic primary by then Manhattan Borough President Robert F. Wagner, Jr. After becoming mayor, Wagner appointed Impelliteri a judge of the criminal court, Impellitteri retired from the bench in 1965. He died of Parkinsons disease on January 29,1987, at Bridgeport Hospital in Bridgeport, Impellitteri was buried at Mount Saint Peter Catholic Cemetery in Derby, Connecticut. List of mayors of New York City Notes Levi, Carlo, words are Stones, esaay Part One, moving. New York at Mid-Century, The Impellitteri Years, scholarly biography, highly favorable Moscow, Warren
32.
Robert F. Wagner Jr.
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Robert Ferdinand Wagner II, usually known as Robert F. Wagner Jr. served three terms as the mayor of New York City, from 1954 through 1965. When running for his term, he broke with the Tammany Hall leadership. Wagner was born in Manhattan, the son of Margaret Marie and he attended Taft School and graduated from Yale University in 1933, where he was on the business staff of campus humor magazine The Yale Record and became a member of Scroll and Key. He attended Harvard Business School and the Graduate School of International Studies in Geneva and he graduated from Yale Law School in 1937. In 1942, he was the Exalted Ruler of New York Lodge No.1 of the Benevolent, a residential building is named after him on the Stony Brook University campus. Wagner was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1938, 1939–40 and he resigned his seat on January 13,1942, and joined the Army Air Corps to fight in World War II. After the war he served as City Tax Commissioner, Commissioner of Housing and Buildings and he was Borough President of Manhattan from 1950 to 1953. He also served as delegate to numerous Democratic conventions, and was the Democratic nominee for the U. S. Senate in 1956 and he was the first mayor to hire significant numbers of people of color in city government. His administration also saw the development of the Lincoln Center and brought Shakespeare to Central Park, during his years in office, the city experienced the visit of a number of notables from around the world. In January,1957, President Eisenhower invited King Saud to the United States to discuss strategies for resolving the Suez crisis and he did greet Queen Elizabeth II later in 1957. S. in 1965. By his policies Mayor Wagner pushed long term City Government spending up and up - leading to the bankruptcy of New York City in the 1970s. In 1956, he ran on the Democratic and Liberal tickets for U. S, Senator from New York, but was defeated by Republican Jacob K. Javits. Like his father, Wagner was aligned with Tammany Hall for much of his career, however, when he sought a third term in 1961 Wagner broke with Carmine DeSapio and won the Democratic primary anyway, despite a challenge from Tammanys candidate Arthur Levitt Sr. A Democratic Mayor not aligned with Tammany was a new development, Wagner was mayor at the time of the controversial demolition of the original Penn Station, which began on October 28,1963. In 1965, he signed the law created the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In February 1962, Wagner quit the New York Athletic Club because it barred blacks and Jews from becoming members. By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in effect by order of Mayor Wagner. The city revoked the licenses of the bars, and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible
33.
Thomas Hoving
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Thomas Pearsall Field Hoving was an American museum executive and consultant and the director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. As recounted in his memoir, Making the Mummies Dance, these experiences would be invaluable in his later dealings with the Mets donors. After a tumultuous adolescence including schooling at Manhattans Buckley School, Eaglebrook School in Massachusetts and he received a B. A. in 1953, a M. F. A. in 1958, and a Ph. D. in 1959, all from Princeton University. As an undergraduate he majored in art and archaeology and supplemented his studies with trips to New York City to draw at the Art Students League. He went to work for the Met in 1959, serving on the staff of the department at The Cloisters until 1965. He assumed the directorship on March 17,1967 and presided over an expansion and renovation of the museum. He left the Met on June 30,1977 to start an independent consulting firm for museums, from 1978 to 1984 he was an arts correspondent for the ABC newsmagazine 20/20. Additionally, in 1999, he wrote the text for the Art For Dummies book in the. For Dummies series, Hoving appeared in Who the *$&% Is Jackson Pollock. Hoving was the subject of the profile in A Roomful of Hovings and Other Profiles. Hoving died of cancer at his home in Manhattan, New York City on December 10,2009. His tenure at the Metropolitan Museum of Art was characterized by his approach to expanding the Mets collections. The expansion of the Met during Hovings directorship was not confined to its collections, at one point, he even floated a plan to remove the Mets great staircase leading from the central lobby to the second-floor galleries. In July 1976, Hoving visited Egypt to negotiate terms of the traveling exhibition, tom Hoving, The Daily Telegraph, Friday 11 December 2009. Thomas Hoving records at the Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives, false Impressions, The Hunt for Big-Time Art Fakes. Making the Mummies Dance, Inside the Metropolitan Museum of Art, king of the Confessors, A New Appraisal. Simon & Schuster, New York,1981, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Outdoorsman of the Big City, Life, April 29,1966
34.
John Lindsay
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John Vliet Lindsay was an American politician, lawyer, and broadcaster who was a U. S. congressman, mayor of New York City, candidate for U. S. president, and regular guest host of Good Morning America. During his political career, he served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from January 1959 to December 1965 and he died from Parkinsons disease and pneumonia in Hilton Head Island, South Carolina on December 19,2000. Lindsay was born in New York City on West End Avenue, to George Nelson Lindsay and he grew up in an upper-middle-class family of English and Dutch descent. Lindsays paternal grandfather migrated to the United States in the 1880s from the Isle of Wight, Lindsays father was a successful lawyer and investment banker. Lindsay attended the Buckley School, St. Pauls School and Yale, with the outbreak of World War II, Lindsay completed his studies early and in 1943 joined the United States Navy as a gunnery officer. He obtained the rank of lieutenant, earning five battle stars through action in the invasion of Sicily, in 1949, he began his legal career at the law firm of Webster, Sheffield, Fleischmann, Hitchcock & Chrystie. Back in New York City, Lindsay met his wife, Mary Anne Harrison, at the wedding of Nancy Bush. A native of Richmond, Virginia and a resident of Greenwich, Connecticut, Harrison was a distant relative of William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison. That same year Lindsay was admitted to the bar, and rose to become a partner in his law firm four years later. Like Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who redecorated the White House, Mary Lindsay, an educator, renovated Gracie Mansion. She died of cancer at the age of seventy-seven, four years after the passing of her husband, Lindsay began gravitating toward politics as one of the founders of the Youth for Eisenhower club in 1951 and as president of the New York Young Republican club in 1952. He went on to join the United States Department of Justice in 1955 as executive assistant to Attorney General Herbert Brownell, There he worked on civil liberties cases as well as the 1957 Civil Rights Act. While in Congress, Lindsay established a voting record increasingly at odds with his party. He was a member of a group of liberal and moderate Republicans in the House who voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1965, Lindsay was elected Mayor of New York City as a Republican with the support of the Liberal Party of New York in a three-way race. He defeated Democratic mayoral candidate Abraham D. Beame, then City Comptroller, as well as National Review magazine founder William F. Buckley, the unofficial motto of the campaign, taken from a Murray Kempton column, was He is fresh and everyone else is tired. On his first day as mayor, January 1,1966, as New Yorkers endured the transit strike, Lindsay remarked, I still think its a fun city, and walked four miles from his hotel room to City Hall in a gesture to show it. Dick Schaap, then a columnist for the New York Herald Tribune, in the article, Schaap sardonically pointed out that it wasnt
35.
Abraham Beame
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Abraham David Abe Beame was the Democratic Mayor of New York City from 1974 to 1978. As mayor, he presided over the city during its crisis of the mid-1970s. Beame was born Abraham David Birnbaum in London and his parents were Esther and Philip Birnbaum, Jewish immigrants from Poland who fled Warsaw. Beame and his family left England when he was three months old and he was raised on New York Citys Lower East Side. 160, the High School of Commerce, and City College of New York, while still a student at City College of New York, he co-founded an accounting firm, Beame & Greidinger. After graduation, he also taught accounting from 1929 to 1946 at Richmond Hill High School in Queens and he was appointed New York Citys Director of the Budget, serving from 1952 to 1961. Beame was a clubhouse or machine politician, a product of the Brooklyn wing of the regular Democratic organization as opposed to the reform Democrats who entered New York City politics in the 1950s. He was a Democrat and was elected to two terms as city comptroller in 1961 and 1969, in 1965 he was the Democratic nominee for Mayor, but was defeated by the Republican candidate, John V. Lindsay. Beame defeated State Senator John Marchi in the 1973 mayoral election and he faced the worst fiscal crisis in the citys history and spent the bulk of his term attempting to ward off bankruptcy. However, he was credited with distributing the Citys dwindling resources equitably and he served during the 1977 blackout crisis. When he left office in 1977, the city budget had changed from a $1.5 billion deficit to a surplus of $200 million. After a chaotic four years as mayor, he ran for a term in 1977. Representative Ed Koch and New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo, Beame outpolled former Congresswoman Bella Abzug, Congressman Herman Badillo and Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton in the 1977 primary. Beame was succeeded by Ed Koch, who won the mayoral election on November 6,1977. Beame was the first mayor of New York City who was a practicing Jew, fiorello La Guardia, who was mayor from 1934 to 1945, was halachically Jewish because his mother was born Jewish, but raised as an Episcopalian and practiced that religion all his life. Abe Beame was the mayor when Son of Sam terrorized New York City, Abraham Beame was 5 ft 2 in tall. He was married to his sweetheart, Mary, for 67 years. They raised two sons, Edmond and Bernard, and resided in Brooklyn, first in Crown Heights, Beame died on February 10, 2001--just two months after the death of his predecessor, Lindsay-- at the age of 94 after open-heart surgery at New York University Medical Center
36.
Gordon Davis
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Mr. Davis has been a prominent leader in New York Citys public, civic, and legal affairs for four decades. He served under Mayor Ed Koch as the commissioner of parks. He was one of the first African Americans to become a partner in a major New York corporate law firm, Davis was born August 7,1941 in Chicago, Illinois to parents William Allison Davis and Elizabeth Stubbs Davis. His father was the John Dewey Distinguished Professor of Education at the University of Chicago and was the university’s first black tenured professor, the predominantly black neighborhood he grew up in fostered his interest in music, theater and poetry. Davis attended Hyde Park High School in Chicago and he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1963 from Williams College, where he spearheaded Ivy League involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1967, at Harvard he authored two articles in the earliest issues of the Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. He married his Harvard Law School colleague Peggy Cooper Davis who is now the John S. R, shad Professor of Lawyering and Ethics at the New York University School of Law. Their daughter Elizabeth Cooper Davis is an actor, scholar and social activist, after graduating from law school, Davis moved to New York City to work in city government, first as special assistant to the Budget Director and later as an Assistant to Mayor John V. Lindsay. From 1973 until 1978 he was a member of the New York City Planning Commission, in 1978 Davis became the first African American to serve as Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, an appointment he received from Mayor Ed Koch. Davis is credited with having revitalized the New York City Park system, during his time as Commissioner, Davis restored funding, accountability and citizen access to NYC parks. He co-founded the Central Park Conservancy as well as the Prospect Park Conservancy and he also established the NYC Urban Park Rangers and oversaw the restoration of Sheep Meadow. In 1983 he joined the law firm Lord, Day & Lord and he remained at the firm until it closed in 1994. In 1994 Davis joined the law firm of LeBoeuf, Lamb and he left Dewey & LeBoeuf in 2012 to become a partner in the law firm of Venable LLP. As a real estate attorney, Davis oversaw the development of the Rose Center for Earth and Space at the American Museum of Natural History and he was involved in the rebuilding of Ground Zero and the development of the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. He currently represents the United States Tennis Association in the expansion of its stadium facilities, Davis served as president of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts from 2000 until 2011. He is a trustee or director of, the New York Public Library, the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Central Park Conservancy, Davis currently serves as a director of two groups of mutual funds managed by the Dreyfus Corporation. He has also served on the boards of directors of the New York Magazine, in 2010 Davis was appointed to a six-year term on the board of directors for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts by President Barack Obama. Davis holds an Honorary Doctor of Laws from his alma mater Williams College as well as an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Bard College and he is a benefactor of The Davis Center at Williams College
37.
Henry Stern
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Henry J. Stern grew up in the Inwood neighborhood of Upper Manhattan. He attended Bronx High School of Science, graduating at 15 and he attended City College and was the youngest member of the class of 1957 at Harvard Law School, at the age of twenty-two. He began in service in 1957 as law clerk to a New York State Supreme Court Justice. In 1966, Parks Commissioner Thomas Hoving appointed him director of the agency. He later became Assistant City Administrator in the office of Deputy Mayor Timothy W. Costello, Commissioner Myerson resigned on March 9,1973 and suggested Stern succeed her, however, he continued to serve under the new Commissioner Betty Furness until the end of her tenure in 1973. Stern was re-elected in 1977, winning by 16,000 votes, in 1981, he received the Republican as well as the Liberal nomination, but the position was abolished by the Federal courts and no election was held. In February 1983, Mayor Edward I. Koch appointed him Commissioner of Parks & Recreation, he served for Kochs second and third term. The election of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1993 brought Mr. Stern back to city government, he was appointed Parks Commissioner and he was one of the few Giuliani commissioners to serve the entire eight years of his mayoralty, plus a month with Mayor Bloomberg. An eccentric aspect of his tenure as Parks Commissioner was his insistence that Parks employees and friends of parks have nicknames used for communication. During Mr. Sterns tenure as Parks Commissioner, numerous allegations of racism, lawsuits followed, leading to settlements costing NYC taxpayers millions of dollars. As reported in The Chief-Leader of March 7,2008. the city agreed to pay $21 million to the plaintiffs, in the settlement, the Parks Department admitted to no wrongdoing. While Mr. Stern was out of Parks during the Dinkins administration, he served as President of Citizens Union and his former colleague in the City Council, Robert F. Wagner Jr. was Chairman of the Board. On February 4,2002, Henry J. Stern returned to the world as founder and president of New York Civic. Over the last nine years, he has written over 750 articles on policy for the organization. He sends them to a list of people who ask for them and they are also available on New York Civics website and regularly republished by The Huffington Post, Queens Tribune, and several other publications. On September 12,1976 he was married to Dr. Margaret Lora Ewing and they have two sons, Jared, born in December 1977 and Kenan, born in June 1980. Henry J. Sterns non-profit NYCivic Article on Henry J. Stern from New York Magazine New York Times profile of Henry J. Stern
38.
David Dinkins
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David Norman Dinkins is an American politician who served as the 106th Mayor of New York City, from 1990 to 1993. He was the first and, to date, only African American to hold that office, before entering politics, Dinkins served in the U. S. Marine Corps, graduated cum laude from Howard University, and received a law degree from Brooklyn Law School. He served as Manhattan borough president before becoming mayor, under the Dinkins administration, crime in New York City decreased more dramatically and more rapidly than at any time in previous New York City history. After leaving office Dinkins was named professor of public affairs at Columbia University, Dinkins was a member of the Board of Directors of the United States Tennis Association, and a member of The Jazz Foundation of America. He serves on the boards of the New York City Global Partners, the Childrens Health Fund, the Association to Benefit Children, Dinkins was born in Trenton, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Sally Lucy and William Harvey Dinkins, Jr. His mother was a worker and his father a barber. He was raised by his father, his parents having separated when he was six years old, Dinkins moved to Harlem as a child but returned to Trenton and attended Trenton Central High School, where he graduated in 1945 in the top 10 percent of his class. After graduation, Dinkins attempted to enlist in the United States Marine Corps, after traveling the Northeastern United States, he finally found a recruiting station that had not, in his words, filled their quota for Negro Marines. He became a Marine, but World War II was over before Dinkins finished boot camp and he served in the Marine Corps from 1945 through 1946, and was among the Montford Point Marines awarded the Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Dinkins graduated cum laude from Howard University with a degree in mathematics and he received a law degree from Brooklyn Law School. Dinkins rose through the Democratic Party organization in Harlem, beginning at the Carver Democratic Club under the aegis of J, as an investor, Dinkins was one of fifty African American investors who helped Percy Sutton found Inner City Broadcasting Corporation in 1971. Dinkins was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1966 and he was nominated as a Deputy Mayor by Mayor Abraham D. Beame but was ultimately not appointed. Dinkins was President of the Board of Elections from 1972 to 1973 and he was elected Manhattan borough president in 1985 on his third run for that office. Dinkins came to visit the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, seeking his blessing, Dinkins was elected in the wake of a corruption scandal that involved several New York City Democratic leaders. Additionally, the fact that Dinkins is African American helped him to criticism that he was ignoring the black vote by campaigning to whites. While a large turnout of African American voters was important to his election, Dinkins campaign manager was noted political consultant William Lynch, Jr. who became one of his First Deputy Mayors. Dinkins entered office pledging racial healing, and famously referred to New York Citys demographic diversity as a gorgeous mosaic, despite the actual abating of crime, Dinkins was hurt by the perception that crime was out of control during his administration. Dinkins also initiated a program that expanded the police department nearly 25%
39.
Rudy Giuliani
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Rudolph William Louis Rudy Giuliani is an American lawyer, businessman, public speaker, former mayor of New York City, and an informal adviser on cybersecurity to the White House. Politically a Democrat, then an Independent in the 1970s, Giuliani prosecuted pivotal cases against the American Mafia, and against corrupt corporate financiers. Within several years, Giuliani was widely credited for major improvements in the quality of life. While still Mayor, Giuliani ran for the U. S. Senate in 2000, however, in 2002, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, acquired and later sold Giuliani Capital Advisors, and joined a Texas firm while opening a Manhattan office for the firm renamed Bracewell & Giuliani. Giuliani was considered a candidate for New York Governor in 2010. Giuliani declined all races, and instead remained in the business sector, on January 12,2017, then President-elect Trump named Giuliani his informal cybersecurity adviser. He was raised a Roman Catholic, Harold Giuliani, a plumber and a bartender, had trouble holding a job, and was convicted of felony assault and robbery, serving time in Sing Sing. After his release he worked as an enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo DAvanzo, the family lived in East Flatbush, Brooklyn until Harold died of prostate cancer in 1981, after which time Helen moved to Manhattans Upper East Side. Helen was featured in a commercial to promote her son in the 1993 Mayoral Election. In 1951, when Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South, later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961 with an 85 percent average. Giuliani attended Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in science with a minor in philosophy. There he considered becoming a priest, Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He volunteered for Robert F. Kennedys presidential campaign in 1968 and he also worked as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s, and voted for George McGovern for president in 1972. Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. His conscription was deferred while he was enrolled at Manhattan College, upon graduation from the latter in 1968, he was classified by the Selective Service System as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected, in 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number, he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A. In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorneys Office for the Southern District of New York, in 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and became executive U. S. attorney
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