1.
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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The United States dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9,1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II. The United States had dropped the bombs with the consent of the United Kingdom as outlined in the Quebec Agreement, the two bombings, which killed at least 129,000 people, remain the only use of nuclear weapons for warfare in history. In the final year of the war, the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This was preceded by a U. S. conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities, the war in Europe had concluded when Nazi Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8,1945, just after Hitler committed suicide. The Japanese, facing the fate, refused to accept the Allies demands for unconditional surrender. The Allies called for the surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945—the alternative being prompt. The Japanese response to this ultimatum was to ignore it, orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. During the following months, large numbers died from the effect of burns, radiation sickness, in both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison. Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, on September 2, the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II. The justification for the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is still debated to this day, in 1945, the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year. The Japanese fought fiercely, ensuring that U. S. victory would come at an enormous cost, December 1944 saw American battle casualties hit an all-time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive. In the Pacific, the Allies returned to the Philippines, recaptured Burma, offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville, New Guinea and the Philippines. In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, where fighting continued until June. Along the way, the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5,1 in the Philippines to 2,1 on Okinawa, although some Japanese were taken prisoner, most fought until they were killed or committed suicide. Nearly 99% of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed, of the 117,000 Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April–June 1945, 94% were killed. American military leaders used these figures to estimate high casualties among American soldiers in the invasion of Japan. As the Allies advanced towards Japan, conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people, Japans merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945, and 557,000 tons in August 1945
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
James Gordon Bennett Jr.
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James Gordon Bennett Jr. was publisher of the New York Herald, founded by his father, James Gordon Bennett Sr. who emigrated from Scotland. He was generally known as Gordon Bennett to distinguish him from his father, among his many sports-related accomplishments he organized both the first polo match and the first tennis match in the United States, and he personally won the first trans-oceanic yacht race. He sponsored explorers including Henry Morton Stanleys trip to Africa to find David Livingstone, Bennett was born on May 10,1841 in New York City to James Gordon Bennett Sr. the founder, editor and publisher of the New York Herald. He was educated primarily in France, in 1866, the elder Bennett turned control of the Herald over to him. Bennett, like many of his class, indulged in the good life, yachts, opulent private railroad cars. He was the youngest Commodore ever of the New York Yacht Club, in 1861, Bennett volunteered his newly built schooner yacht, Henrietta, for the U. S. Revenue Marine Service during the Civil War, at the same time, Bennett was commissioned as a third lieutenant in the Revenue Marine Service and assigned to the U. S. Marine Revenue schooner Henrietta beginning in June 1861. She patrolled Long Island until February 1862 when she was sent to Port Royal, on March 3,1862, Bennett commanded the Henrietta as part of the fleet which captured Fernandina, Florida. Bennett and the Henrietta returned to life in New York in May 1862. In 1866, on a bet, he won the first trans-oceanic yacht race, the race was between three American yachts, the Vesta, the Fleetwing and the Henrietta. Each yachtsman put up $30,000 in the winner-take-all wager and they started off of Sandy Hook, New Jersey, on 11 December 1866 amid high westerly winds and raced to The Needles, the furthest westerly point on the Isle of Wight, famous for its lighthouse. Bennetts Henrietta won with a time of 13 days,21 hours,55 minutes and he entertained guests aboard his steam-yacht Namouna. American expatriate artist Julius LeBlanc Stewart painted several works set on the yacht, however, he often scandalized society with his flamboyant and sometimes erratic behavior. In 1877, he left New York for Europe after an incident that ended his engagement to socialite Caroline May, according to various accounts, he arrived late and drunk to a party at the May family mansion, then urinated into a fireplace in full view of his hosts. Bennetts controversial reputation has been thought to have inspired, in the United Kingdom, settling in Paris, he launched the Paris edition of the New York Herald, named The Paris Herald, the forerunner of the International Herald Tribune. He backed George W. De Longs voyage to the North Pole on the USS Jeannette via the Bering Strait, the ill-fated expedition led to the deaths from starvation of DeLong and 19 of his crew, a tragedy that only increased the papers circulation. He was a co-founder of the Commercial Cable Company, a venture to break the Transatlantic cable monopoly held by Jay Gould. Bennett returned to the United States and organized the first polo match in the United States at Dickels Riding Academy at 39th Street and he would help found the Westchester Polo Club in 1876, the first polo club in America
4.
New York Herald
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The New York Herald was a large distribution newspaper based in New York City that existed between May 6,1835, and 1924. The first issue of the paper was published by James Gordon Bennett, by 1845, it was the most popular and profitable daily newspaper in the United States. In 1861, it circulated 84,000 copies and called itself the most largely circulated journal in the world, Bennett stated that the function of a newspaper is not to instruct but to startle and amuse. His politics tended to be anti-Catholic and he had tended to favor the Know-Nothing faction, during the American Civil War, his policy as expressed by the newspaper was to staunchly support the Democratic Party. Frederic Hudson served as managing editor of the paper from 1846–1866, Bennett turned over control of the paper to his son James Gordon Bennett, Jr. in 1866. Under Gordon Bennett Jr. the paper financed Henry Morton Stanleys expeditions into Africa to find David Livingstone, the paper also supported Stanleys trans-Africa exploration, and in 1879 supported the ill-fated expedition of George W. DeLong to the arctic region. On October 4,1887, Bennett Jr. sent Julius Chambers to Paris, Bennett himself later moved to Paris, but the New York Herald suffered from his attempt to manage its operation in New York by telegram. In 1924, after Bennett Jr. s death, the New York Herald was acquired by its rival the New York Tribune. In 1959, the New York Herald Tribune and its European edition were sold to John Hay Whitney, in 1966, the New York paper ceased publication. The Washington Post and the New York Times acquired joint control of the European edition, when the Herald was still under the authority of its original publisher Bennett, it was considered to be the most invasive and sensationalist of the leading New York papers. Its ability to entertain the public with timely daily news made it the leading circulation paper of its time, the New York Evening Telegram was founded in 1867 by the junior Bennett, and was considered by many to be an evening edition of the Herald. Frank Munsey acquired the Telegram in 1920, which ceased its connection to the Herald, New Yorks Herald Square is named after the New York Herald newspaper, in the north side of the square there is a sculpture commemorating the Bennetts. The statue of Minerva, the Bellringers, and Owls by Antonin Carles originally graced the New York Herald building and rang every hour until it was moved to Herald Square, the chorus of Give My Regards to Broadway includes the phrase, emember me to Herald Square. North of Herald Square is Times Square, which is named after rival The New York Times, New York Herald Tribune Three months with the New York Herald, or, Old news on board of a homeward. By John Henry Potter Photographs and architectural sketches of the New York Herald Building
5.
The Sun (New York City)
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The Sun was a New York newspaper that was published from 1833 until 1950. It was considered a paper, like the citys two more successful broadsheets, The New York Times and the New York Herald Tribune. The Sun was the most politically conservative of the three, in New York, The Sun began publication September 3,1833, as a morning newspaper edited by Benjamin Day with the slogan It Shines for All. This was a penny press newspaper, the Sun was groundbreaking in its content, being the first newspaper to report crimes and personal events such as suicides, deaths, and divorces. Day printed the first newspaper account of a suicide and this story was significant because it was the first about an ordinary person. It changed journalism forever, making the newspaper an integral part of the community, prior to this, all stories in newspapers were about politics or reviews of books or the theater. Day was the first to hire reporters to go out and collect stories, prior to this, newspapers relied on readers sending in items, and on making unauthorized copies of stories from other newspapers. His focus on crime is the beginning of the craft of reporting and storytelling, in addition, The Sun was aimed not at the elite but at the common masses of working people. Day and The Sun recognized that the masses were fast becoming literate, prior to The Sun, printers produced the newspapers, often at a loss, making their living selling printing services. An evening edition was introduced in 1887, Frank Munsey bought both editions in 1916 and merged the Evening Sun with his New York Press. On April 13,1844, The Sun published as factual a story by Edgar Allan Poe now known as The Balloon-Hoax, the story told of an imagined Atlantic crossing by hot-air balloon. Today, the paper is best known for the 1897 editorial Is There a Santa Claus, but if a man bites a dog, that is news. In 1926, the Sun published a review by John Grierson of Robert Flahertys film Moana, the series served as the basis for the 1954 movie On the Waterfront. The Suns first female reporter was Emily Verdery Bettey, hired in 1868. The 1952 film Deadline – U. S. A. is a story about the death of a New York newspaper called The Day, loosely based upon the old New York Sun, which closed in 1950. The original Sun newspaper was edited by Benjamin Day, making the newspaper name a play on words. The masthead of the original Sun is visible in a montage of newspaper clippings in a scene of the 1972 film The Godfather and they were recognized as a New York City landmark in 1986. In 2002, a new broadsheet was launched, styled The New York Sun and it was intended as a conservative alternative and local-news focused alternative to the more liberal/progressive The New York Times and other New York newspapers
6.
New York World
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The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a role in the history of American newspapers. It was a national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer, it became a pioneer in yellow journalism, capturing readers attention, the World was formed in 1860. From 1862 to 1876, it was edited by Manton Marble, in 1864, the World was shut down for three days after it published forged documents purportedly from Abraham Lincoln. But Scott was unable to meet the newspapers growing losses, Gould, like Scott, used the paper for his own purposes, employing it to help him take over Western Union. But Gould could not turn the state of the newspaper around. Joseph Pulitzer bought the World in 1883 and began an era of circulation building. Reporter Nellie Bly became one of Americas first investigative journalists, often working undercover, as a publicity stunt for the paper, inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days, she traveled around the planet in 72 days in 1889-1890. In 1890, Pulitzer built the New York World Building, the tallest office building in the world at the time, in 1889, Julius Chambers was appointed by Pulitzer as managing editor of the New York World, he served until 1891. In 1896, the World began using a printing press, it was the first newspaper to launch a color supplement. It joined a battle with William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal American. The World was attacked for being sensational, and its battles with Hearsts Journal American gave rise to the term yellow journalism. The charges of sensationalism were most frequently leveled at the paper by more established publishers, and while the World presented its fair share of crime stories, it also published damning exposés of tenement abuses. After a heat wave in 1883 killed a number of poor children. Its coverage spurred action in the city for reform, hearst reproduced Pulitzers approach in the San Francisco Examiner and later in the Journal American. Frank Irving Cobb was employed on a basis as the editor of the World in 1904 by publisher Pulitzer. Cobb was a fiercely independent Kansan who resisted Pulitzers attempts to run the office from his home, the elder man was so invested in the paper that he continually meddled with Cobbs work
7.
Joseph Pulitzer
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Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s and he became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. Today, he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements in the United States. The prizes are given annually to award achievements in American journalism and photography, as well as literature and history, poetry, music, Pulitzer founded the Columbia School of Journalism by his philanthropic bequest, it opened in 1912. He was born as Pulitzer József in Makó, about 200 km south-east of Budapest in Hungary, the Pulitzers were among several Jewish families living in the area, and had established a reputation as merchants and shopkeepers. Josephs father was a businessman, regarded as the second of the foremost merchants of Makó. Their ancestors emigrated from Moravia to Hungary at the end of the 18th century, in 1853, Fülöp Pulitzer was rich enough to retire. He moved his family to Pest, where he had the children educated by private tutors, in 1858, after Fülöps death, his business went bankrupt, and the family became impoverished. Joseph attempted to enlist in various European armies for work before emigrating to the United States, Pulitzer arrived in Boston in 1864 at the age of 17, his passage having been paid by Massachusetts military recruiters who were seeking soldiers for the long American Civil War. Learning that the recruiters were pocketing the lions share of his enlistment bounty, Pulitzer snuck away from the Deer Island recruiting station and he was paid $200 to enroll in the Lincoln Cavalry on September 30. He was a part of Sheridans troopers, in the First New York Lincoln Cavalry in Company L. where he served for eight months. Although he spoke three languages, German, Hungarian, and French, Pulitzer learned little English until after the war because his regiment was composed mostly of German immigrants, after the war, Pulitzer returned to New York City, where he stayed briefly. He moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts for the whaling industry and he returned to New York with little money. Flat broke, he slept in wagons on cobblestone side streets and he decided to travel by side-door Pullman to St. Louis, Missouri. He sold his one possession, a handkerchief, for 75 cents. When Pulitzer arrived at the city, he recalled, The lights of St. Louis looked like a land to me. In the city, his German was as useful as it was in Munich because of the large ethnic German population, in the Westliche Post, he saw an ad for a mule hostler at Benton Barracks
8.
E. W. Scripps Company
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The E. W. Scripps Company is an American broadcasting company founded in 1878 as a chain of daily newspapers by Edward Willis Scripps. It was also formerly a media conglomerate, the company is headquartered inside the Scripps Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Its corporate motto is Give light and the people find their own way. The E. W. Scripps Company was incorporated on December 1,1987, but it traces its history to November 2,1878, when Edward Willis Scripps published the first issue of the Cleveland Penny Press. In 1894, E. W. Scripps and his half-brother, George H. Scripps, in July 1895, it was named the Scripps-McRae League with the addition of Cincinnati Post general manager Milton A. McRae as a partner. On November 29,1921, it was renamed Scripps-Howard Newspapers, on November 23,1922, the company was placed in trust for E. W. Scripps children and grandchildren. In 1990, the company completed a new downtown Cincinnati headquarters, on October 16,2007, the company announced that it would separate into two publicly traded companies, The E. W. Scripps Company and Scripps Networks Interactive. The transaction was completed on July 1,2008, on October 3,2011, The E. W. Scripps Company announced it was purchasing the television arm of McGraw-Hill for $212 million. This purchase nearly doubles the number of Scripps stations to 19 with a reach of 13% of U. S. households. Upon the 2012 death of E. W. Scripps grandson, Robert Scripps, the E. W. Scripps Company and Journal Communications announced on July 30,2014, that the two companies would merge and spin-off their newspaper assets. The FCC approved the deal on December 12,2014, the merger and spinoff were completed on April 1,2015. Journal Media Group merged with the all-newspaper Gannett Company on April 8,2016, Gannett had also shed their television and broadcast operations into a spin-off, Tegna, months after the Scripps-Journal merger. The purchase price was to be between $605 and $775 million, depending on a federal ruling, United Feature Syndicate syndicated many notable comic strips including Peanuts, Garfield, Lil Abner, Dilbert, Nancy and Marmaduke. The distribution rights to properties syndicated by United Media was outsourced to Universal Uclick in February 2011, while United Media effectively ceased to exist, Scripps still maintains copyrights and intellectual property rights. Scripps also operated United Press International until selling it off in 1982 and it also previously owned the Scripps Howard News Service, which shut down in 2013. E. W. Scripps also previously owned the Shop at Home Network from 2000 until 2006, Shop at Home in turn owned five television stations, all as a division of its cable network division. In October 1995, Comcast announced the purchase of E. W. Scripps cable provider operation, attempts to use Shop at Home as a complementary service to Food Network and HGTV by selling products connected to personalities of those networks were middling compared to competitors QVC and HSN. On May 22,2006, Scripps announced that it was to cease operations of the network, jewelry Television eventually acquired Shop at Home, but Scripps still intended to sell its affiliated stations
9.
Heywood Broun
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Heywood Campbell Broun, Jr. was an American journalist. He worked as a sportswriter, newspaper columnist, and editor in New York City and he founded the American Newspaper Guild, now known as The Newspaper Guild. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he is best remembered for his writing on social issues and he believed that journalists could help right wrongs, especially social ills. Broun was born in Brooklyn, the third of four born to Heywood C. He attended Harvard University, but did not earn a degree and he began his professional career writing baseball stories in the sports section of the New York Morning Telegraph. Broun worked at the New York Tribune from 1912–1921, rising to drama critic before transferring to the New York World, while at the World, he started writing his syndicated column, It Seems to Me. In 1928, he moved to the Scripps-Howard newspapers, including the New York World-Telegram and his column was published there he moved it to the New York Post. His only column appeared in that paper just days before his death, as a drama critic, Broun once characterized Geoffrey Steyne as the worst actor on the American stage. Steyne sued Broun, but a judge threw the case out, the next time Broun reviewed a production with Steyne in the cast, he left the actor out of the review. His final sentence was Mr. Steynes performance was not up to its usual standard, an attributed line of lasting quotability, Posterity is as likely to be wrong as anybody else, is used widely, often in arguments about documentation and history. From 1927 to 1937, Broun wrote a column, titled It Seems to Heywood Broun. His column included criticism of another employer, the New York World, Broun later left The Nation for the rival The New Republic. In 1930, Broun unsuccessfully ran for Congress, as a Socialist, a slogan of Brouns was Id rather be right than Roosevelt. In 1933, Broun, along with New York Evening Post Editor Joseph Cookman, John Eddy of The New York Times and Allen Raymond of the New York Herald Tribune, helped to found The Newspaper Guild. The Newspaper Guild sponsors an annual Heywood Broun Award for outstanding work by a journalist, Beginning February 8,1933, Broun starred in a radio program, The Red Star of Broadway, on WOR in Newark, New Jersey. Broun was featured as The Man About Town of Broadway, sponsored by Macys, the program also included musicians and minstrels. In 1938, Broun helped found the weekly tabloid Connecticut Nutmeg, at their wedding, the columnist Franklin P. Adams characterized the usually easygoing Broun and the more strident Hale as the clinging oak and the sturdy vine. They had one son, Heywood Hale Broun and he was also close friends with the Marx Brothers, and attended their show The Cocoanuts more than 20 times
10.
Westbrook Pegler
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Francis James Westbrook Pegler was an American journalist and writer. He was a popular columnist in the 1930s and 1940s famed for his opposition to the New Deal, Pegler criticized every president from Herbert Hoover to FDR to Harry Truman to John F. Kennedy. He also criticized the Supreme Court, the tax system, in 1962, he lost his contract with King Features Syndicate, owned by the Hearst Corporation, after he started criticizing Hearst executives. His late writing appeared sporadically in publications that included the John Birch Societys American Opinion, Pegler was born August 2,1894, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Frances A. and Arthur James Pegler, a local newspaper editor. Pegler, a Roman Catholic, married Julia Harpman, a onetime New York Daily News crime reporter, later he married his secretary Maude Wettje. Westbrook Pegler was the youngest American war correspondent during World War I and he became a sports columnist after the war but soon wrote general interest articles. He moved in 1925 to the Chicago Tribune and in 1933 to the Scripps Howard syndicate, six days a week, for an estimated $65,000 a year, in 116 papers reaching nearly 6,000,000 readers, Mister Pegler is invariably irritated, inexhaustibly scornful. Unhampered by coordinated convictions of his own, Pegler applies himself to presidents and peanut vendors with equal zeal, in 1941, he won a Pulitzer Prize for exposing criminal racketeering in labor unions. The same year, he finished third for Time Magazines Man of the Year and he moved his syndicated column to the Hearst syndicate in 1944. Thereafter he rarely missed an opportunity to criticize Roosevelt, his wife Eleanor Roosevelt, the New York Times stated in his obituary that Pegler lamented the failure of would-be assassin Giuseppe Zangara, who missed FDR and killed the mayor of Chicago instead. He hit the man when gunning for Franklin Roosevelt. Peglers views became more conservative in general and he was outraged by the New Deals support for labor unions, which he considered morally and politically corrupt. At his peak in the 1930s and 1940s, Pegler was a figure in the movement against the New Deal and its allies in the labor movement. He compared union advocates of the shop to Hitlers goose-steppers. The National Maritime Union sued Hearst and Associated Press for an article by Pegler, in Peglers view, the corrupt labor boss was the greatest threat to the country. By the 1950s, he was more outspoken. His proposal for smashing the AFL and CIO was for the state to them over. Yes, that would be fascism, he wrote, but I, who detest fascism, see advantages in such fascism
11.
A. J. Liebling
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Abbott Joseph A. J. Liebling was an American journalist who was closely associated with The New Yorker from 1935 until his death. Liebling was born into a family on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. His mother, Anna Adelson Slone, was from San Francisco, after early schooling in New York, Liebling was admitted to Dartmouth College in the fall of 1920. His primary activity during his career was as a contributor to the Jack-O-Lantern. He left Dartmouth without graduating, later claiming he was out for missing compulsory chapel attendance. He then enrolled in the School of Journalism at Columbia University, after finishing there, he began his career as a journalist at the Evening Bulletin of Providence, Rhode Island. He worked briefly in the department of the New York Times. In 1926, Lieblings father asked if he would like to suspend his career as a journalist to study in Paris for a year. I sensed my fathers generous intention and, fearing that he change his mind, I told him that I didnt feel I should go. The girl is ten years older than I am, I said, and Mother might think she is kind of fast, because she is being kept by a broker from Memphis, Tennessee. But you are a man of the world, and you understand that a woman cant always help herself. Within the week, I had a letter of credit on the Irving Trust for two dollars, and a reservation on the old Caronia for late in the summer. Liebling later wrote that the proposed marriage was a fiction intended less to swindle his father than to cover his own pride at being the recipient of such generosity. Thus in summer 1926, Liebling sailed to Europe where he studied French medieval literature at the Sorbonne in Paris, by his own admission his devotion to his studies was purely nominal, he seeing the year as a chance to absorb French life and appreciate French food. Although he stayed for more than a year, this interval inspired a lifelong love for France. He returned to Providence in autumn 1927 to write for the Journal and it turned out that Barrett habitually used a different entrance on another street, and never saw the sign. He wrote for the World and the World-Telegram, Liebling joined The New Yorker in 1935. His best pieces from the thirties are collected in Back Where I Came From
12.
New York Journal-American
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The New York Journal-American was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 to 1966. Both were published by Hearst from 1895 to 1937, the American and Evening Journal merged in 1937. The Journal-American was a publication with several editions in the afternoon, Joseph Pulitzers younger brother Albert founded the New York Morning Journal in 1882. John R. McLean briefly acquired the paper in 1895, Hearst founded the Evening Journal about a year later. Hearst entered into a war with the New York World. In October 1896, Outcault defected to Hearsts New York Journal, many believed that as part of this, aside from any nationalistic sentiment, Hearst may have helped to initiate the Spanish–American War of 1898 to increase sales. A year later, on January 12,1913, McManus launched his Bringing Up Father comic strip, the comics expanded into two full pages daily and a 12-page Sunday color section with leading King Features Syndicate strips. Uncle Remus, Dinglehoofer and His Dog, Donald Duck, Tippie, Right Around Home, Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, tad Dorgan, known for his boxing and dog cartoons as well as the comic character Judge Rummy, joined the Journals staff in 1905. Rube Goldberg also became a cartoonist with the Journal-American, the Evening Journal was home to famed investigative reporter Nellie Bly, who began writing for the paper in 1914 as a war correspondent from the battlefields of World War I. Bly eventually returned to the United States and was given her own column that she wrote right up until her death in 1922, popular columnists included Westbrook Pegler, O. O. McIntyre, Benjamin De Casseres and Dorothy Kilgallen. Kilgallen also wrote articles that appeared on the days as her column on different pages, sometimes the front page. Regular Journal-American contributor Jimmy Cannon was one of the highest paid sports columnists in the United States, Society columnist Maury Henry Biddle Paul, who wrote under the pseudonym Cholly Knickerbocker, became famous and coined the term Café Society. John F. Kennedy contributed to the newspaper during a career he had as a journalist during the final months of World War II. Beginning in 1938, Max Kase was the editor until the newspaper expired in 1966. The fashion editor was Robin Chandler Duke, jack OBrian was television critic for the Journal-American and exposed the 1958 quiz-show scandal that involved cheating on the popular television program Twenty-One. Ford Frick was a sportswriter for the American before becoming president of baseballs National League, Frick was hired by Wilton S. Farnsworth, who was sports editor of the American from 1914–37 until becoming a boxing promoter. Bill Corum was a sportswriter for the Journal-American who also served nine years as president of the Churchill Downs race track, frank Graham covered sports there from 1945–65 and was inducted in the Baseball Hall of Fame, as were colleagues Charley Feeney and Sid Mercer. Before becoming a news columnist elsewhere, Jimmy Breslin was a Journal-American sportswriter in the early 1960s and he authored the book Cant Anybody Here Play This Game
13.
New York Herald Tribune
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The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald and it was widely regarded as a writers newspaper and competed with the The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won at least nine Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime, editorially, the newspaper was the voice for eastern Republicans, later referred to as Rockefeller Republicans, and espoused a pro-business, internationalist viewpoint. However, it enjoyed prosperity during World War II and by the end of the conflict had pulled close to the Times in ad revenue. A series of business decisions, combined with aggressive competition from the Times and poor leadership from the Reid family. In 1958, the Reids sold the Herald Tribune to John Hay Whitney, under his leadership, the Tribune experimented with new layouts and new approaches to reporting the news, and made important contributions to the body of New Journalism that developed in the 1960s. Combined with investments in the World Journal Tribune, Whitney spent $39.5 million in his attempts to keep the newspaper alive. After the Herald Tribune closed, the Times and The Washington Post, joined by Whitney, entered an agreement to operate the International Herald Tribune, the International Herald Tribune was renamed the International New York Times in 2013. New York magazine, created as the Herald Tribunes Sunday magazine in 1963, was revived by editor Clay Felker in 1968, the New York Herald was founded on May 6,1835 by James Gordon Bennett, a Scottish immigrant who came to the United States at age 24. The fight over access eventually overshadowed the trial itself, Bennett founded the New York Globe in 1832 to promote the re-election of Andrew Jackson to the White House, but the paper quickly folded after the election. Bennett, who wrote much of the newspaper himself, perfected the fresh, Bennett put his profits back into his newspaper, establishing a Washington bureau and recruiting correspondents in Europe to provide the first systematic foreign coverage in an American newspaper. By 1839, the Heralds circulation exceeded that of the The London Times, the New York Tribune was founded by Horace Greeley in 1841. Greeley, a native of New Hampshire, had begun publishing a paper called The New-Yorker in 1834. Joining the Whig Party, Greeley published The Jeffersonian, which helped elect William H, with Whigs in power, Greeley saw the opportunity to launch a daily penny newspaper for their constituency. The New York Tribune launched on April 10,1841, however, his moralism appealed to rural America, with six months of beginning the Tribune, Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune. The weekly version circulated nationwide, serving as a digest of news melded with agriculture tips, offering prizes like strawberry plants and gold pens to salesmen, the Weekly Tribune reached a circulation of 50,000 within 10 years, outpacing the Heralds weekly edition. The Tribunes ranks included Henry Raymond, who later founded The New York Times, and Charles Dana, Dana served as second-in-command to Greeley, but Greeley abruptly fired him in 1862, after years of personality conflicts between the two men. After the Civil War, Bennett turned over operations of the Herald to his son James Gordon Bennett, Jr
14.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
15.
New York Post
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New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
16.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
17.
Albert Einstein
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Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics, Einsteins work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led him to develop his theory of relativity during his time at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. Briefly before, he aquired the Swiss citizenship in 1901, which he kept for his whole life and he continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe. He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and, being Jewish, did not go back to Germany and he settled in the United States, becoming an American citizen in 1940. This eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project, Einstein supported defending the Allied forces, but generally denounced the idea of using the newly discovered nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto, Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works, on 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Einsteins papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents. Einsteins intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein synonymous with genius, Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879. His parents were Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer, the Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews, and Albert attended a Catholic elementary school in Munich from the age of 5 for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, the loss forced the sale of the Munich factory. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan, when the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the schools regimen. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought was lost in strict rote learning, at the end of December 1894, he travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctors note. During his time in Italy he wrote an essay with the title On the Investigation of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field
18.
Citizenship of the United States
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Citizenship in the United States is a status that entails specific rights, duties and benefits. State citizenship may affect tax decisions and eligibility for some state-provided benefits such as higher education, in Article One of the Constitution, the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization is granted explicitly to Congress. A citizen of another country naturalized as a U. S. citizen may retain their previous citizenship, a U. S. citizen retains U. S. citizenship when becoming the citizen of another country, should that countrys laws allow it. Citizenship can be renounced by American citizens who hold another citizenship via a formal procedure at a U. S. Embassy. United States citizens have the right to reside and work in the United States, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights, however, non-citizens, unlike citizens, may have the right taken away. For example, they may be deported if convicted of a serious crime, freedom to enter and leave the United States. United States citizens have the right to enter and leave the United States freely, certain non-citizens, such as permanent residents, have similar rights. Unlike permanent residents, U. S. citizens do not have an obligation to maintain residence in the U. S. – they can leave for any length of time, voting for federal office in all fifty states and the District of Columbia is restricted to citizens only. States are not required to extend the franchise to all citizens, for example, several states bar citizen felons from voting, even after they have completed any custodial sentence. The United States Constitution bars states from restricting citizens from voting on grounds of race, color, previous condition of servitude, sex, failure to pay any tax, or age. Historically, many states and local jurisdictions have allowed non-citizens to vote, however, citizens are not compelled to vote. Freedom to stand for public office, most states have similar requirements, for example California requires that legislators have been citizens for three years, and the Governor have been a citizen for five years, upon taking office. Constitution requires that one be a natural born Citizen and a U. S. resident for fourteen years in order to be President of the United States, the Constitution also stipulates that otherwise eligible citizens must meet certain age requirements for these offices. Jury duty is imposed upon citizens. Johns Hopkins University political scientist Benjamin Ginsberg writes, The professional military has limited the need for citizen soldiers, in the United States today, everyone except those whose income is derived from tax-exempt revenue is required to file a federal income tax return. American citizens are subject to income tax on worldwide income regardless of their country of residence. Consular protection outside the United States, while traveling abroad, if a person is arrested or detained by foreign authorities, the person can request to speak to somebody from the U. S. Embassy or Consulate. Consular officials can provide resources for Americans incarcerated abroad, such as a list of attorneys who speak English
19.
Louis Armstrong
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Louis Armstrong, nicknamed Satchmo or Satch, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz. His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s and he was also skilled at scat singing. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to cross over and he rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African Americans, but took a well-publicized stand for desegregation in the Little Rock crisis. His artistry and personality allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society which were restricted for black men of his era. Armstrong often stated that he was born on July 4,1900, although he died in 1971, it was not until the mid-1980s that his true birth date, August 4,1901, was discovered by the researcher Tad Jones through the examination of baptismal records. Armstrong was born into a family in New Orleans, Louisiana. He spent his youth in poverty, in a neighborhood known as the Battlefield. His father, William Armstrong, abandoned the family when Louis was an infant and his mother, Mary Mayann Albert, then left Louis and his younger sister, Beatrice Armstrong Collins, in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, and at times his uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother, her relatives and he attended the Fisk School for Boys, where he most likely had early exposure to music. He hung out in dance halls close to home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille, after dropping out of the Fisk School at age eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. He also started to get into trouble, Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong to play by ear at Dago Tonys Tonk in New Orleans, although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. It has given me something to live for and he also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk-hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him like family, knowing he lived without a father and he later wrote a memoir of his relationship with the Karnofskys, Louis Armstrong + the Jewish Family in New Orleans, La. the Year of 1907. Armstrong wore a Star of David pendant for the rest of his life and wrote about what he learned from them, how to live—real life, professor Peter Davis instilled discipline in and provided musical training to the otherwise self-taught Armstrong. Eventually, Davis made Armstrong the band leader, the home band played around New Orleans and the thirteen-year-old Louis began to draw attention by his cornet playing, starting him on a musical career. At fourteen he was released from the home, living again with his father and new stepmother, Gertrude, Armstrong got his first dance hall job at Henry Ponces, where Black Benny became his protector and guide. He hauled coal by day and played his cornet at night, later, he played in brass bands and riverboats of New Orleans, and began traveling with the well-regarded band of Fate Marable, which toured on a steamboat up and down the Mississippi River. He described his time with Marable as going to the University, in 1919, Joe Oliver decided to go north and resigned his position in Kid Orys band, Armstrong replaced him
20.
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D. C. on Wednesday, August 28,1963. The purpose of the march was to stand up for civil, at the march, Martin Luther King Jr. standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic I Have a Dream speech in which he called for an end to racism. The march was organized by A, philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations that came together under the banner of jobs and freedom. Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000, observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history, the march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. In the early 1960s, a system of discrimination, known as Jim Crow laws, were pervasive in the American South. They also experienced discrimination from businesses and governments, and in places were prevented from voting through intimidation. The impetus for a march on Washington developed over a period of time. Philip Randolph—the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, president of the Negro American Labor Council, and vice president of the AFL-CIO—was a key instigator in 1941. With Bayard Rustin, Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington, in protest of discriminatory hiring by U. S. military contractors, faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1,1941, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25. The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry, Randolph and Rustin continued to organize around the idea of a mass march on Washington. They envisioned several large marches during the 1940s, but all were called off and their Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, held at the Lincoln Memorial on May 17,1957, featured key leaders including Adam Clayton Powell, Martin Luther King Jr. and Roy Wilkins. The 1963 march was an important part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement,1963 also marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. Members of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, many whites and blacks also came together in the urgency for change in the nation. Violent confrontations broke out in the South, in Cambridge, Maryland, Pine Bluff, Arkansas, Goldsboro, North Carolina, Somerville, Tennessee, Saint Augustine, Florida, most of these incidents involved white people retaliating against nonviolent demonstrators. Many people wanted to march on Washington, but disagreed over how the march should be conducted, some called for a complete shutdown of the city through civil disobedience. Others argued that the movement should remain nationwide in scope, rather than focus its energies on the nations capital, there was a widespread perception that the Kennedy administration had not lived up to its promises in the 1960 election, and King described Kennedys race policy as tokenism. On May 24,1963, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy invited African-American novelist James Baldwin, along with a group of cultural leaders
21.
Bayard Rustin
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Bayard Rustin was an American leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights. He was born and raised in Pennsylvania, where his family was involved in civil rights work, in 1936, he moved to Harlem, New York City, where he earned a living as a nightclub and stage singer. He continued activism for civil rights, in the pacifist groups Fellowship of Reconciliation and the War Resisters League, Rustin practiced nonviolence. A member of the Communist Party before 1941, he collaborated with A, philip Randolph on the March on Washington Movement in 1941 to press for an end to discrimination in employment. He was a leading activist of the early Civil Rights Movement, helping to initiate a 1947 Freedom Ride to challenge, with civil disobedience and he recognized Martin Luther King, Jr. s leadership, and helped to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to strengthen Kings leadership. Rustin became a leading strategist of the Civil Rights Movement from 1955 to 1968 and he was the chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was headed by A. Philip Randolph, the leading African-American labor-union president and socialist, Rustin also influenced young activists, such as Tom Kahn and Stokely Carmichael, in organizations such as the Congress on Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Rustin became the head of the AFL–CIOs A, philip Randolph Institute, which promoted the integration of formerly all-white unions and promoted the unionization of African Americans. The Institute under Rustins leadership also advanced and campaigned for A Freedom Budget for All Americans, linking the concepts of racial justice with economic justice. Rustin became a chairperson of the Socialist Party of America in 1972, before it changed its name to Social Democrats, USA. During the 1970s and 1980s, Rustin served on many missions, such as aiding refugees from Communist Vietnam. At the time of his death in 1987, he was on a mission in Haiti. Rustin was a gay man who had arrested for homosexual activity in 1953. Rustins sexuality, or at least his public criminal charge, was criticized by some fellow pacifists and civil-rights leaders because it detracted from his effectiveness. Rustin was attacked as a pervert or immoral influence by political opponents from segregationists to black power militants, in addition, his pre-1941 Communist Party affiliation when he was a young man was controversial, having caused scrutiny by the FBI. To avoid such attacks, Rustin served rarely as a public spokesperson and he usually acted as an influential adviser behind the scenes to civil-rights leaders. In the 1980s, he became an advocate on behalf of gay. President Ronald Reagan issued a statement on Rustins death in 1987, praising his work for civil rights, on November 20,2013, President Barack Obama posthumously awarded Rustin the Presidential Medal of Freedom
22.
Cleveland Robinson
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Cleveland Lowellyn Cleve Robinson was an American labor organizer, and civil rights activist. He was a key figure in the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs, cleveland Robinson was born in Swabys Hope, in Manchester, Jamaica. After serving as a constable and an elementary school teacher. When he arrived he took a job in a Manhattan dry goods store, in 1947 he owned his own shop, he went on to become a steward, and then a full-time organizer for the union. He was elected vice-president in 1950 and later in 1952 became secretary-treasurer and he held that position until he retired in 1992. When District 65 was affiliated with the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Workers Union, Robinson held the positions of international vice-president, in 1981, District 65 was affiliated with the United Auto Workers. At that time the union had 33,000 members in 37 states, Canada, Robinson was a stalwart of the civil rights movement. In 1957, he participated in the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom and he was the chairman and one of the key organizers of the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. In September 1972, he helped to found the Coalition of Black Trade Unionists, successor organization to the Negro American Labor Council, Robinson suffered from glaucoma for many years, and was legally blind in 1970. His level of commitment and activity was in no way impaired by this disability and he never lost touch with his Jamaican origins and traveled to the island often, keeping up a keen interest in a number of Jamaican-American political, cultural and fraternal organizations. Robinson died of kidney failure in New York City in August 1995 and his papers are held by the Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University. His first wife was Sue Eliza Robinson, they had two sons and a daughter, when she died in 1976, he married Doreen Mcpherson Robinson. Cleveland Robinson, Coalition of Black Trade Unionists http, //findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n19_v88/ai_17445399 Alkalimat, the African American Experience in Cyberspace
23.
Media in New York City
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It is a major global center for the book and magazine publishing, music, newspaper, and television industries. New York is also the largest media market in North America, some of the citys media conglomerates include CNN, the Hearst Corporation, NBCUniversal, The New York Times Company, the News Corporation, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, Time Warner, and Viacom. Seven of the top eight global advertising agency networks are headquartered in New York. Three of the Big Four record labels are headquartered or co-headquartered in the city. One-third of all American independent films are produced in New York, more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people. Two of the three daily newspapers in the United States are The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include the Daily News, Newsday, the city also has a major ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages. El Diario La Prensa is New Yorks largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation, the New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African-American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper, the television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the citys economy. The four major American broadcast networks, ABC, CBS, Fox, many cable channels are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO and Comedy Central. In 2005 there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City, New York is also a major center for non-commercial media. The oldest public-access cable television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, WNET is the citys major public television station and a primary provider of national Public Broadcasting Service programming. WNYC, a radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States. New York City is home to a number of online media companies, including AOL and some of its major holdings, including the Huffington Post and Weblogs, Inc. as well as BuzzFeed. The book publishing industry in the United States is based in New York, New York has also been the setting for countless works of literature, many of them produced by the citys large population of writers. The New York City metro area, home to the largest number of Jews outside Israel, has also been a scene for Jewish American literature. New York is also home to PEN American Center, the largest of the 141 centers of International PEN, the world’s oldest human rights organization, author Salman Rushdie is its current president. Some of the most important literary journals in the United States are in New York and these include The Paris Review, The New York Review of Books, n+1, and New York Quarterly
24.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
25.
KFAQ
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KFAQ is a commercial AM radio station in Tulsa, Oklahoma. It is owned by E. W. Scripps Company and airs a radio format. The station carries Westwood One News along with news from its own news department. Weather is provided by sister station KJRH-TV2, KFAQ studios and offices are located on East 29th Street in Midtown Tulsa and the transmitter is located along East 11th Street in an undeveloped area of East Tulsa. KFAQ is a clear channel Class A station broadcasting at 50,000 watts, KFAQ uses a non-directional antenna by day, heard over much of Eastern Oklahoma and parts of Kansas. At night, the uses a directional antenna to protect the other Class A station on AM1170, WWVA in Wheeling. With a good radio, KFAQs nighttime signal can be heard much of the Central United States. KFAQ has a news and interview show on weekday mornings hosted by Pat Campbell. The rest of the day, it carries syndicated talk shows, including Glenn Beck, Michael Savage, Joe Pags, Mark Levin. Weekends feature shows on money, health, home repair, computers, hunting, fishing, hosts include Larry Kudlow, Leo Laporte and Gordon Deal. Some weekend hours are paid brokered programming, other Tulsa radio stations owned by Scripps include KVOO-FM, KHTT, KBEZ and KXBL. KFAQ broadcasts in the HD Radio format, founded by E. H. Rollestone, KFAQ first signed on the air on June 23,1926 as KVOO, the Voice Of Oklahoma. At the time, the 1, 000-watt transmission facility was located in Bristow, Rollestone, a young oil millionaire, had previously founded another station in Bristow known as KFRU, which had already been sold to Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri. KVOO was moved to Tulsa on September 13,1927 after being purchased by William G. Skelly. Skelly later purchased the company on June 28,1928. In 1933, radio legend Paul Harvey began his career at KVOO. From the 1970s until May 2002, the station was known for its country music heritage. KVOO hosted such musicians as Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys, Johnnie Lee Wills and Billy Parker, One of the places in Tulsa made famous by KVOO Radio was Cains Ballroom, located on Main Street
26.
KFTI
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KFTI is a radio station broadcasting a classic country music format. Licensed to Wichita, Kansas, United States, the serves the Wichita area. The station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company, the station aired music from the late 1950s through the early 1980s, with an emphasis on mid-60s through mid-70s. The station was an affiliate of Scott Shannons True Oldies Channel, the station aired broadcast old shows of the American Top 40 with Casey Kasem when it played oldies music. On September 30,2013, at Midnight, KLIO switched from True Oldies to ESPN Deportes, the transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals. The format and KFTI call letters moved back to AM after a 4½ year absence, the simulcast lasted until the sale of KFTI-FM was approved on December 12,2014. Station Website Query the FCCs AM station database for KFTI Radio-Locator Information on KFTI Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KFTI
27.
KSGF (AM)
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KSGF is a radio station licensed to serve Springfield, Missouri, United States. The station, which launched in 1926 as KGBX, is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, the station also simulcast on 104.1 FM, which is licensed to Ash Grove, Missouri, United States. KSGF broadcasts a News/Talk radio format, weekday programming includes a local morning show called, KSGF Mornings with Nick Reed, hosted by Nick Reed with executive producer Kortni Tucker. The remainder of the weekday is taken up by syndicated shows hosted by Glenn Beck, Neal Boortz, Sean Hannity, Mark Levin, Michael Savage, weekend programming is mainly brokered programming involving household topics. Local news comes from the KTTS news team and national news comes from Fox News Radio and this station first began broadcasting in 1926 as KGBX on 1040 kHz in St. Joseph, Missouri. The station was set up by entrepreneur Ralph D. Foster and partner Jerry Hall at the Foster-Hall Tire Co. to advertise their Firestone Tire dealership, by mid-1930 KGBX had changed frequencies to 1310 kHz and by mid-1931 the station had been sold to KGBX Inc. In 1932, after the partnership dissolved, KGBX relocated to Springfield, Missouri, in 1944, KGBX was acquired by the Springfield Broadcasting Company. This new company was under the ownership of the publishers of the Springfield News & Leader, after more than three decades of continuous ownership, Springfield Broadcasting Company sold KGBX to Stauffer Communications, Inc. on May 13,1977. In January 1983, Stauffer Communications, Inc. reached an agreement to sell the station to Springcom, the deal was approved by the FCC on February 25,1983, and the transaction was consummated on March 8,1983. In February 1986, Springcom, Inc. contracted to sell the station to KGBX Communications, the deal was approved by the FCC on March 18,1986, and the transaction was consummated on April 7,1986. This ownership would prove short-lived as KGBX Communications, Inc. made a deal in August 1987 to sell this station to Springfield Great Empire Broadcasting, Inc. While approval for the sale was pending, the applied to the Federal Communications Commission for a new callsign and was assigned KTTS on September 14,1987. The deal was approved by the FCC on September 29,1987, the deal was approved by the FCC on October 26,1998, and the transaction was consummated on June 30,1999. This too would prove a short-lived change, Great Empire Broadcasting, Inc. reached an agreement in July 1999 to sell this station to Journal Broadcast Corporation. The deal was approved by the FCC on July 20,1999, the new owners applied to the FCC for new call letters and the station was assigned KTTF on April 18,2001. The station was assigned the current KSGF call letters by the FCC on June 14,2002, the transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals. KSGF official website Query the FCCs AM station database for KSGF Radio-Locator Information on KSGF Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KSGF
28.
WTMJ (AM)
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WTMJ is an AM radio station in Milwaukee, Wisconsin broadcasting at 620 kHz and at 94.5 FM HD-2. The station was the radio station of the Journal Broadcast Group until April 2015. WTMJ Radio airs a format of news, talk & sports, the station broadcasts a 50, 000-watt signal during daytime hours, and 10,000 watts during nighttime hours. Due to its strength, as well as Wisconsins flat land and its location near the bottom of the AM dial. Additionally, the station provides at least grade B coverage to most of the Chicago area, as well as Grand Rapids, in May 1922, The Milwaukee Journal sponsored its first radio program on Milwaukees first radio station, WAAK, which was owned by the Gimbel Bros. The Journal bought radio station WKAF in April 1927 and built a new transmitter in Brookfield, then in June 1927, The Federal Radio Commission assigned the call letters WTMJ, to stand for The Milwaukee Journal. On July 25,1927, WTMJ Radio went on the air at 1020 AM to complement the Journal, wTMJs first broadcast featured music by the WTMJ Orchestra and included a remote broadcast featuring Bill Carlsens orchestra. Carlsen was later hired by WTMJ and went on to become Wisconsins most widely known radio, in 1928, The Federal Radio Commission reassigned WTMJ to 620 kHz. Some listeners began encountering interference from stations that shared frequencies in other parts of the country. Engineers solved the problem by developing directional radio signals, which are created by using multiple towers and this allowed stations on the same frequency to protect each other, while providing strong signals to their intended coverage areas. Directional signals for AM stations continue to be used to this day, in 1942, a new facility, the Milwaukee Journals Radio City, opened for WTMJ-AM and FM, in addition to the yet-to-come WTMJ-TV. An article in the trade magazine Broadcasting reported that the building was the first ever designed to house all three types of broadcasting, WTMJ spent much of its life operating at 5 kW from Brookfield, which was still powerful enough to cover much of eastern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. However, when the 5 kW power limit on regional channels was lifted, WTMJ was granted permission in 1995 to upgrade to 50 kW days and 10 kW nights from a new six-tower site in Union Grove, south of Milwaukee. The stations signal is directed generally north during both daytime and nighttime operation, during the day, four-towers are used. At night, all six towers are used, creating a tighter northward beam, the former transmitter site in Brookfield has since been replaced by an apartment development. WTMJ aired a full service MOR format featuring a mixture of music, news and local personalities along with sports play-by-play before switching to its current news and talk format in the early 1990s. WTMJ has long had a heavy presence, and has been the flagship station for Green Bay Packers, Milwaukee Bucks. The Packers have been on WTMJ since 1929, the longest relationship between a station and an NFL team, from 1927 to 2014, WTMJ served as the Milwaukee outlet for Wisconsin Badgers football and mens basketball
29.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
30.
KBEZ
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KBEZ is a commercial FM radio station in Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States. It is owned by E. W. Scripps Company and airs a classic hits radio format and its studios are located in Midtown Tulsa and the transmitter is in the Osage Reservation north of Sand Springs, Oklahoma, broadcasting at 100,000 watts. KBEZ first signed on the air in March of 1964 as KAKC-FM, at first it simulcast the AM stations programming but by the Summer of 1977, it was airing an easy listening format, taking the call sign KBEZ, with the last two call letters signifying Easy. Over time, the number of easy songs decreased and the soft vocals increased. At noon on June 10,2010, KBEZ dropped its adult contemporary format. Along with the flip, KBEZ also changed its moniker from 92.9 KBEZ to 92.9 BOB FM, the last song played on KBEZ before the flip was Goodbye Yellow Brick Road by Elton John. At about noon on September 9,2013, KBEZ changed from its former We Play Anything genre to Classic Hits of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, moving the station from adult hits to classic hits. The station has dropped most music from the 1960s to concentrate on 1970s, 1980s and some 1990s hits. On March 8,2012, Renda announced that it was selling KHTT, the deal closed on June 25,2012. On January 13,2010 just after 1 PM, 58-year-old Barry Styles came to KBEZs offices and studios, when the receptionist informed the man she had left for the day, he walked out of the office, then immediately returned brandishing a pistol. The receptionist escaped to the back of the office and called the Tulsa Police Department, the gunman trapped several employees inside the office and guarded the exit. After approximately ten minutes, police arrived on scene, when the gunman refused to drop his weapon, police fired shots hitting him in the waist. Shortly after, the police handcuffed the man and he was taken to a hospital where he was listed as being in serious condition, KBEZ station website Query the FCCs FM station database for KBEZ Radio-Locator information on KBEZ Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KBEZ
31.
KEZO-FM
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KEZO-FM is a commercial FM radio station in Omaha, Nebraska. It is owned by E. W. Scripps Company, KEZO airs a mainstream rock radio format. Studios and offices are on Mockingbird Drive and the transmitter is off North 72nd Street. Todd-n-Tyler host the morning show, with the program syndicated to other radio stations. KEZO broadcasts the programming from its sister station KXSP on its HD Radio digital audio subchannel. On May 15,1961, the station signed on as WOW-FM, after initially simulcasting the AM station, it switched to broadcasting beautiful music. It become a Top 40 station for a time in the early 1970s under the call letters KFMX. Then it switched back to easy listening music, and, in 1973, changed its letters to KEZO. The station flipped to rock music at 9 a. m. on September 6,1978, still keeping its KEZO call letters, notable former Z-92 announcers include Otis XII of the group Ogden Edsl and his long-time partner Diver Dan Doomey. A popular long-running feature of their show was Space Commander Wack. Other recurring characters included the Mean Farmer and Lance Stallion, Radio Detective, some notable DJs include Chuck Yates, Joe Blood, Rick Setchell, and Tim Bourke. The transaction was completed in 2015, Z-92 Todd-n-Tyler Todd and Tyler Unauthorized Query the FCCs FM station database for KEZO Radio-Locator information on KEZO Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KEZO
32.
KFXJ
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KFXJ is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format. Licensed to serve Augusta, Kansas, United States, the serves the Wichita, Kansas. The station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company and its studios are located at those of television station KWCH in Wichita and its transmitter is located in Kechi, Kansas. In early 1993, the changed to KLLS104.5 followed later that year by Variety 104.5. In 1994, the station was branded Star 104.5, in May 2000, it shifted to classic rock, branded as 104.5 The Fox. The current KFXJ calls would be adopted on May 5 of that year, on July 30,2014, it was announced that The E. W. Scripps Company would acquire Journal Communications in an all-stock transaction. The combined firm will retain their broadcast properties and spin off their print assets as Journal Media Group. KFXJ, their radio stations in the Wichita area and 2 TV stations were not included in the merge, in September. Query the FCCs FM station database for KFXJ Radio-Locator information on KFXJ Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KFXJ
33.
KHTT
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KHTT is a top 40 mainstream radio station serving the Tulsa, Oklahoma, area of the United States. The E. W. Scripps Company outlet broadcasts at 106.9 MHz with an ERP of 100 kW and is licensed to Muskogee and its studios are located in Midtown Tulsa and the transmitter is southeast of Bixby. KHTT was originally KMMM, and it was known as K-Triple M. It targeted only Muskogee and the areas at the time. Very little format history is known for KMMM, one of the known for the station is urban contemporary. The station mixed in a few top 40 songs during the daytime, in 1982, the station signed back on the air with an upgrade in its signal now allowing it to target Tulsa. It changed its format to top 40 and became known as KAYI, in the early 90s, KAYI evolved in an adult top 40 direction, but the change did not bring success. In November 1993, the changed its call letters to KHTT. It remained an adult-leaning top 40 station for a few more years, then in the summer of 1996, K-HITS shifted to a more mainstream top 40 format, which it has since used with an astounding success. On March 8,2012, Renda announced that it was selling KHTT, the deal closed on June 25,2012. The transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder, when the receptionist informed the man she had left for the day, he walked out of the office then immediately returned brandishing a pistol. The receptionist escaped to the back of the office and called the Tulsa Police Department, the gunman trapped the employees inside the office and guarded the exit. After approximately 10 minutes, the department had arrived on scene. When the gunman refused to drop his weapon, police fired shots hitting him in the waist, shortly after, the police handcuffed the man and he was taken to a hospital where he was listed as being in serious condition. Current Call Sign, KHTT Facility ID Number,55704 Call Sign, Begin Date, the New #1 Hit Music Station. Tulsas New #1 Hit Music Station, KHTT station website MySpace page Query the FCCs FM station database for KHTT Radio-Locator information on KHTT Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KHTT
34.
KICT-FM
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KICT-FM, branded as T-95, is a radio station in Wichita, Kansas. It is a rock music station operating on 95.1 FM. The station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company and its studios are located with television station KWCH in Wichita and the transmitter is located outside Colwich, Kansas. The station began as a music station in the 1970s. It would adopt its current format on January 24,1979, on July 30,2014, it was announced that The E. W. Scripps Company would acquire Journal Communications in an all-stock transaction. The combined firm will retain their broadcast properties and spin off their print assets as Journal Media Group. KICT-FM, their radio stations in the Wichita area and 2 TV stations were not included in the merge, in September. T-95 official website Query the FCCs FM station database for KICT Radio-Locator information on KICT Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KICT
35.
KJOT
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KJOT is a commercial radio station located in Boise, Idaho, broadcasting on 105.1 FM. The station for years was a heritage rock station known as J105. At midnight MST on May 14,2010 KJOT became a rock station branded as Variety Rock 105.1, on November 12,2012 KJOT began stunting with Christmas music, with a new format after the holidays. After the holidays, KJOT tweaked back to a rock station. It still uses the Variety Rock branding, the transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals. On March 27,2017 KJOT returned to its former J105 branding, Query the FCCs FM station database for KJOT Radio-Locator information on KJOT Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KJOT
36.
KKCD
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KKCD is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Omaha, Nebraska, United States, the serves the Omaha area. The station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company, kKCDs studios are located on Mockingbird Drive in South Omaha, while its transmitter is located near South 27th Street and Q Street, about three miles south of Downtown Omaha. The station went on the air on August 11,1990, calling itself The View and it had earlier sought the calls KUKF, but changed to KKVU a month before signing on. The station initially met acceptance, but soon struggled in the ratings, and on November 15,1991, the transaction was completed in 2015. Query the FCCs FM station database for KKCD Radio-Locator information on KKCD Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KKCD
37.
KQCH
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KQCH is the Top 40 radio station serving the Omaha, Nebraska metropolitan area. It is owned by E. W. Scripps Company, kQCHs studios are located on Mockingbird Drive in South Omaha, while its transmitter is located off North 72nd Avenue and Crown Point at the Omaha master antenna farm. KQCHs origins began on May 21,1999, when it flipped from Adult Contemporary to Rhythmic Contemporary as Channel 97.7, the station became a serious challenger to Top 40 Mainstream KQKQ during its three years on the 97.7 frequency. The 94.1 frequency was originally KOAD, owned by the Omaha World-Herald and this lasted until 1949, when it moved to 94.1 and went silent. In 1960, it returned to the air as KMEO, where it had a MOR format until 1968, a couple of months later, they modified the call letters and became KMXM Max Country on January 2,2001. On May 3,2002, at Noon, Journal Broadcast Group moved KQCH, the station continued in a Rhythmic direction until 2004, when it shifted to a more mainstream direction after KQKQ flipped to Adult Top 40. KQCH currently has competition with KOPW, who happens to be a Rhythmic. In early September 2012, KQCH received direct competition when iHeartMedia s KOBW flipped to Top 40, the transaction was completed in 2015. Channel 94. 1s website Sunday Night Shrink Rap with Dr. Jim Website Query the FCCs FM station database for KQCH Radio-Locator information on KQCH Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KQCH
38.
KQTH
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KQTH is a news/talk radio station in Tucson, Arizona. KQTH is owned by E. W. Scripps Company and it is based from studios co-located with television station KGUN-TV in Tucson, and a transmitter site is located in the citys northwest side. As of March 2010,104.1 was the most listened to news and talk station in Tucson. 104.1 features news from Talk Radio News Service and KGUN9,104. 1s weekday lineup includes Southern Arizonas most-listened to news/talk morning radio program, The Jon Justice Show from 6am - 10am. The show is also simulcast on Tucson CW channel 58 from 7am - 9am, Jon Justice has received numerous accolades while at 104. 104. 1s weekday lineup also includes Laura Ingraham, Rusty Humphries, James T. Harris, Jerry Doyle, Mark Levin, Roger Hedgecock, Clark Howard, weekend programs and hosts include, Clark Howard, Ben Ferguson, Real Estate Today, and Watchdog on Wall Street. Local how-to programming includes, Simmons Car Care Shop Talk, The Radio Pet Vet, throughout most of its time, it ran under the name 104-1 The Point and played a lot more 80s than most adult contemporary stations. The station was doing well, did a good job separating itself from KMXZ-FMs audience, kWMT-FM flipped from Country to AAA in December 2003 and KSZR flipped to AC / Adult Hits in November 2004, which combined to really weaken The Points audience. Some of the DJs were Darla Thomas, Angie Handa, Kathy Rivers, Greg Curtis, Sheila K, Darla Thomas was the Operations Manager for all the Tucson radio stations owned by Journal Broadcast Group until November 2010. Greg Curtis is now part of the team at sister station KMXZ. In 2006 KZPT changed their branding to Z104.1 and their playlist was still a majority of what The Point used to play, only taking out the 80s music and adding more alternative rock with the slogan Modern Hit Music. They had also added Ken Carr to their DJ line-up, who hosted afternoons on KRQQ, on April 10,2007, the station had switched to The Truth, a news/conservative talk format which it continues to broadcast to this day. On April 17,2007, KZPT changed their call letters to KQTH, on April 21,2014 KQTH dropped The Truth branding and now goes by 104.1 KQTH. The transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder, official website Query the FCCs FM station database for KQTH Radio-Locator information on KQTH Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KQTH
39.
KQXR
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KQXR is a commercial radio station licensed in Payette, Idaho, broadcasting to the Boise, Idaho metro area on 100.3 FM. The station is owned by The E. W. Scripps Company with studios located at 5257 Fairview Avenue #260, Boise, the X—as the station is commonly known, plays an active rock radio format and positions themselves as 100.3 The X. Rocks. The station was a finalist for Radio and Records magazines 2007 Industry Achievement Award for best Alternative Station for markets 100, other finalists include WKZQ-FM, WJSE, WBTZ, KXNA, and WSFM. The transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder, official Website Query the FCCs FM station database for KQXR Radio-Locator information on KQXR Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KQXR
40.
KRVI
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KRVI is a radio station broadcasting an adult hits format. It is licensed to Mount Vernon, Missouri, United States, the station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company. The station first aired in 1994 as KHTO Hot 106.7 Springfields Hottest Hits and was a Top 40 format, the station also used to be KZRQ, known as Z106.7 and had an active rock format. Prior to that, the station was KHTO106.7 The End Music For All People, the transaction is to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals. Query the FCCs FM station database for KRVI Radio-Locator information on KRVI Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KRVI
41.
KSGF-FM
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KSGF-FM is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format. Licensed to Ash Grove, Missouri, United States, it serves the Springfield, the station is currently owned by E. W. Scripps Company. The transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder, KSGF broadcasts a News/Talk radio format. Weekday programming includes a morning show from 6-9am called, KSGF Mornings with Nick Reed, hosted by Nick Reed with executive producer Kortni Tucker. Weekend programming is mainly brokered programming involving household topics, local news comes from the KTTS news team and national news comes from Fox News Radio. Query the FCCs FM station database for KSGF Radio-Locator information on KSGF Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KSGF
42.
KSPW
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KSPW is a radio station broadcasting a Top 40 format. Licensed to Sparta, Missouri, United States, it serves Springfield, the station is owned by E. W. Scripps Company. KSPW debuted on the air on February 21,1988 as KJLR, by July 1988 it adopted an AC format as KLTO, which lasted until 1999 and changed calls to KMXH. In April 2001, KMXH flipped to Rhythmic Top 40 and adopted the KSPW calls, the station patterned the format after sister station KQCH/Omaha. And like KQCH, KSPW would evolve to Top 40/CHR by 2003 and has been in this direction since then, on August 29,2012, Midwest Family Broadcasting Classic Hits “Star 92. 9” KOSP dropped to a Rhythmic CHR “92.9 The Beat“. This makes KSPW in direct competition with KOSP, the transaction is slated to be completed in 2015, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals. Known in the area as Power 96.5, KSPW is a favorite destination for many around the Ozarks. With Fotsch and Sarah in the Morning and the Old School Lunch Hour with Scott On Power, Afternoons with the Ginge, the station has branded itself into a market that traditionally favors the country music genre. In addition, the station has recently branched out in the community giving back with Request-A-Thons that benefit the Childrens Miracle Network, Power 96.5 is home to Springfields, Fotsch and Sarah in the Morning. On air for almost 2 years together, Fotsch and Sarah have become the metro areas alarm clock in the morning, who now can be found on TV with Fox 5 every weekday morning from 7-8a. Power 96.5 is known for being the source of Pop culture in the Ozarks
