1.
Echidna
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Echidnas /ᵻˈkɪdnə/, sometimes known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. The four extant species, together with the platypus, are the surviving members of the order Monotremata and are the only living mammals that lay eggs. The diet of species consists of ants and termites. Echidnas live in Australia and New Guinea, echidnas evidently evolved between 20 and 50 million years ago, descending from a platypus-like monotreme. This ancestor was aquatic, but echidnas adapted to life on land, the echidnas are named after Echidna, a creature from Greek mythology who was half-woman, half-snake, as the animal was perceived to have qualities of both mammals and reptiles. Echidnas are medium-sized, solitary mammals covered with hair and spines. Superficially, they resemble the anteaters of South America and other mammals such as hedgehogs. They are usually black or brown in colour, there have been several reports of albino echidnas, their eyes pink and their spines white. They have elongated and slender snouts that function as mouth and nose. They have very short, strong limbs with large claws, and are powerful diggers, echidnas have tiny mouths and toothless jaws. The echidna feeds by tearing open soft logs, anthills and the like, and using its long, sticky tongue, the echidnas ears are slits on the sides of their heads that are usually unseen due to the fact that they are blanketed by their spines. The external ear is created by a large funnel, deep in the muscle. The short-beaked echidnas diet consists largely of ants and termites, while the Zaglossus species typically eat worms, the tongues of long-beaked echidnas have sharp, tiny spines that help them capture their prey. They have no teeth, and break down their food by grinding it between the bottoms of their mouths and their tongues, echidnas faeces are 7 centimetres long and are cylindrical in shape, they are usually broken and unrounded, and composed largely of dirt and ant-hill material. Echidnas do not tolerate extreme temperatures, they use caves and rock crevices to shelter from weather conditions. Echidnas are found in forests and woodlands, hiding under vegetation and they sometimes use the burrows of animals such as rabbits and wombats. Individual echidnas have large, mutually overlapping territories, when swimming, they expose their snout and some of their spines. They are known to journey to water in order to groom, echidnas and the platypus are the only egg-laying mammals, known as monotremes
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Queanbeyan
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Queanbeyan /ˈkwiːnbiən/ is a city in south-eastern New South Wales, located adjacent to the Australian Capital Territory in the Southern Tablelands region. Located on the Queanbeyan River, the city is the seat of the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 37,991, Queanbeyans economy is based on light construction, manufacturing, service, retail and agriculture. Canberra, Australias capital, is located just 15 kilometres to the west, the word Queanbeyan is the anglicised form of Quinbean, an Aboriginal word meaning clear waters. The town grew from a squattage held by ex-convict and inn keeper, Timothy Beard, the town centre of Queanbeyan is located on the Queanbeyan River, a tributary of the Molonglo River and about one mile east of Oaks Estate. Queanbeyan was officially proclaimed a township in 1838 when the population was about 50, the local parish was also known by that name and later still the member for the electorate of Queanbeyan held a seat in the legislative assembly of the colony of NSW. On 28 November 1837 the Colonial Secretary announced the appointment of Captain Alured Tasker Faunce as resident police magistrate at Queanbeyan and his homestead, called Dodsworth, was situated on the banks of the Queanbeyan river opposite the town. Traces of gold were discovered in 1851 and lead and silver mines also flourished briefly, settlers were harassed by bushrangers, of which James Shaw, William Millet, and John Rueben, John Tennant, Jacky Jacky, Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall were some of the more notorious. In 1836, a Post Office was established, the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited opened in Queanbeyan on 19 September 1859. The Bank of New South Wales began service in Queanbeyan in 1878, the Golden Age was Queanbeyans first newspaper and was founded in 1860 by John Gale. In 1880 the residence of John James Wright, the first mayor of Queanbeyan, was constructed along the edge of the Queanbeyan River, in 1982 that building became the Queanbeyan Art Centre. The Salvation Army claimed an outpost in Queanbeyan in 1884, Queanbeyan, an increasingly successful primary producing district, was proclaimed a Municipality in February 1885 incorporating an area of 5,700 acres. The railway reached Queanbeyan railway station in 1887 and it became the junction for the going to Canberra. The town is served by the thrice-daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer service between Canberra and Sydney, at the height of its rural prosperity Queanbeyan boasted sixteen public houses and six flourmills powered by wind, water, horse and steam. The Royal Hotel on Monaro Street opened in 1926, in Canberra alcohol was prohibited from 1911, at the time of the territorys foundation, until 1928, when Federal Parliament had relocated from Melbourne. In that period many of the residents crossed the border to drink at one of Queanbeyans hotels. Queanbeyan was granted city status on 7 July 1972, on 21 July 1975 the Queens Bridge was opened. This bridge took pressure off the bridge in linking Monaro Street directly to the east
4.
Yass, New South Wales
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Yass /ˈjæs/ is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia in Yass Valley Council. The name appears to have derived from an Aboriginal word, Yarrh. Yass is located 280 km south-west of Sydney, on the Hume Highway, the Yass River, which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River, flows past the town. Yass is 59 km from Canberra, Yass has an impressive and historic main street, with well-preserved 19th century verandah post pubs. It is popular with tourists, some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway. The Yass Show is held in March, The Turning Wave Festival in September, the Yass area was first seen by Europeans in 1821, and by 1830 settlement had begun. It was founded where the nascent Sydney to Melbourne road crossed water in the form of the Yass River, the site for the town was gazette in 1837. Yass was incorporated as a District Council in 1843, and boasted a population of 274 by 1848, on 13 March 1873, the Municipal District of Yass was created, and James Cottrell was subsequently elected as the first Mayor of Yass. Poet and priest Patrick Hartigan was born near Yass in 1878, sir Walter Merriman established Merryville one of the countrys most famous sheep studs and arguably its leading fine-wool establishment in 1903. Yass is a prominent area for raising sheep which produce very fine wool due to the soil, Yass was one of the sites proposed for the Federal Capital after 1901. Yass was the first town in New South Wales to have a water supply in 1956. It has never explained why Yass was the home to a number of flour mills. Bayley in his history of Yass records that, in March 1842 it was reported that the Yass Steam Mill was in operation and this mill was located by the Yass River and was owned by the partnership of Hamilton Hume and John Watson. The mill was known as Watsons Mill and this mill seems to have operated until it was destroyed in a flood in 1870. At that time it was owned by Thomas Andrew Barber, Barber was the son of the George Barber and was also Humes nephew. These connections no doubt lead to the choice of the site of Barbers next mill as the land was owned by Hume. Barber constructed a new mill and, by May 1870, steam was raised. According to Armes et al. the Barber family ‘occupied surviving housing on the corner of Comur and this mill, it is argued is the existing brick structure known as Cragos Flour Mill
5.
Boorowa
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Boorowa is a farming town in the South West Slopes of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2011 census, Boorowa had a population of 1,211 people and it is located in a valley 340 kilometres west of Sydney and 487 metres above sea-level. The town is in Hilltops Council local government area, prior to European settlement the area is thought to have been occupied by the Wiradjuri or Gandangara Indigenous Australians. It is believed that the name Burrowa, the spelling, derives from the local aboriginal language. The first European to travel through what is now Boorowa Shire was surveyor George Evans, unofficial occupation of the district began in 1821 with Irishmen Rodger Corcoran and Ned Ryan, both former convicts who had received their ticket of leave from the Governor. The first land grant in the area was issued to Thomas Icely in 1829. A mill was operating on the town site of Boorowa by 1837, along with an inn. Governor Gipps proposed the creation of a village named Burrowa in 1842, however, that spot proved unsuitable and the village was established on its present site in 1843. Bushrangers roamed the surrounding unsettled wild mountainous land, making raids into the town, the district was given over to farming, although it received a push along when gold was found at Carcoar, Browns Creek and Kings Plains. Gold mines were established although copper and iron were also extracted, samuel Marsdens copper mine operated until 1900. The towns rugby team competed for the Maher Cup during the 20th century. The next best option was a line to the town. The arrival of the railway in 1874 spurred on development and Burrowas name was changed to Boorowa. Boorowa replaced Carcoar as the service centre to local farmlands. It became a municipality in 1888, by the turn of the century a butter factory and freezing works were major employers in the town. Passenger trains ceased in 1980 and the Boorowa railway line from Galong to Boorowa closed in 1987, the town is located on the Boorowa River, a tributary of the Lachlan River. The Murrumbidgee River drains the southern portion of the Boorowa district, the soil in the area is rich volcanic soil washed down over millennia from an extinct volcano known as Mount Canemumbola. October long weekend - The Running of the Sheep down the street of Boorowa during the Irish Woolfest
6.
Goulburn, New South Wales
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Goulburn /ˈɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia approximately 195 kilometres south-west of Sydney, Australia, and 90 kilometres north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed to be Australias first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863, Goulburn had an estimated population of 23,005 as at June 2015. Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council, Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line, a service centre for the surrounding pastoral industry, and also stopover for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a park and many historic buildings. It is also home to the monument the Big Merino, a sculpture that is the worlds largest concrete constructed sheep, Goulburn was named by surveyor James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. The Aboriginal peoples of this belonged to the Gundungurra Nation, and the name for Goulburn is Barbing. The colonial government made grants to free settlers such as Hamilton Hume in the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within the Nineteen Counties, including Argyle County, the process displaced the local indigenous Gandangara population and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aborigines food supply. The reduction of the supply and the introduction of exotic diseases. Some local Aborigines survived at the Tawonga Billabong Aboriginal Settlement established under the supervision of the Tarago police, in the 1930s the local billabong dried up and the Aboriginal people moved away although some have, over time, made their way back to their traditional lands. George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a figure in the towns development. He established a store with a liquor licence in 1848. By 1841 Goulburn had a population of some 1,200 – a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area. A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which there were about 1,500 residents. The town was a station for Cobb & Co by 1855. A police station opened the year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863, Goulburn holds the unique distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of Royal Letters Patent issued by Queen Victoria on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn and it was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England
7.
Shoalhaven River
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The Shoalhaven River rises on the eastern side of the Great Dividing Range, below Euranbene Mountain, about 350 kilometres southwest of Sydney. The upper reaches of the river flow northwards through a pastoral district near the town of Braidwood. The river works its way down into a remote canyon east of Goulburn and emerges into the lowlands at Nowra in the Shoalhaven district. The river is joined by tributaries, including the Mongarlowe, Corang, Endrick, and Kangaroo rivers. The estuary has two entrances, approximately 5 kilometres apart, that flow into the Shoalhaven Bight within the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, the southern entrance is located at Crookhaven Heads and is permanently open. The Shoalhaven River flows south via Berrys Canal to Greenwell Point, the construction of the canal formed Comerong Island. The canal was dug using own hand tools, and was the first land navigable canal in Australia, Berrys Canal remains one of two navigable canals in New South Wales, the other being the Alexandra Canal. The northern entrance is located south of Shoalhaven Heads, and is open intermittently, at times of peak flow, Tallowa Dam is the only major dam on the Shoalhaven, and is a part of the Shoalhaven Scheme. It impounds the lower reaches to form Lake Yarrunga and part of Sydneys water supply. Some water is pumped out of the lake and over the Southern Highlands into Lake Burragorang, proposals for a much larger water storage at Welcome Reef on the upper Shoalhaven have been shelved. The Shoalhaven River and its tributary the Kangaroo River were once renowned as an Australian bass fishery. Recent stockings of hatchery-bred Bass in Lake Yarrunga are an attempt to remediate the situation, a fishway for Tallowa Dam was completed in August 2009. This fishway is designed to allow for the movement of bass, Lake Yarrunga has also suffered the illegal introduction of highly damaging European carp, which are now present in high densities. The traditional custodians of the surrounding the Shoalhaven River, in its lower reaches, are the Aboriginal peoples of the Yuin nation. In the land north of the river, the people from the Wodi Wodi clan are the traditional custodians, while south of the river, the Wandi Wandian clan are the traditional custodians. The explorer and navigator George Bass found the entrance to the Shoalhaven River during his voyage down the south coast of New South Wales in 1797. He gave the name Shoals Haven to the river because of the shoals of mud, the river crossings, from its headwaters to its river mouth, include, Bombay Crossing Warri Bridge carries the Kings Highway, near Braidwood. A bridge at this location was first opened on 23 September 1874, Stewarts Crossing is a ford on Stewarts Crossing Road
8.
Lake George (New South Wales)
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Lake George is an endorheic lake in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 40 kilometres north-east of Canberra located adjacent to the Federal Highway en route to Goulburn, Lake George is an endorheic lake, as it has no outflow of water to rivers and oceans. The lake is believed to be more than a years old. Lake George has in previous Ice Ages been much larger and deeper, the thickness of sediment beneath the lake exceeds 250 metres, according to a Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra drilling programme in the 1982/83 summer. The oldest sediments, which lie some distance above the bedrock, were dated at 3–5 million years using spore and pollen analysis, at 25 km long and 10 km wide, Lake George is long, largely flat and extremely shallow, with a very small catchment. The lakes depth when full can range from 1. 5–4.5 metres and its deepest point has been measured as 7.5 metres. When full, the lake holds about 500,000,000 cubic metres of water, between the late 1980s and mid-1990s, the lake lapped the Federal Highway on its western edge. Lake George is the site of an experimental scientific wave behaviour platform established by researchers from the Civil Engineering department of the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra, Lake George has been a popular fishery at times, after high water levels and stockings of fish. Since the 1960s Hang gliders have been flown from the escarpment when easterly winds form standing waves, pilots can then fly along the length of the lake. Unpowered model aircraft are flown from this area, and powered models are flown from the lake floor. Wine grapes are grown along the edge of the lake. Sheep are grazed on the lake when it is dry or nearly so, in 2010, Canberra artists Alan and Julie Aston installed a herd of zebras on the lake adjacent to the highway stop commemorating Kevin Dasher Wheatley VC, used as a Driver Reviver site. They were named Stopper, Reviver, Survivor, and Dasher and they were a sensation, but the Government of New South Wales ordered that they be removed, following a complaint from the leaseholder of the land. They reappeared at Floriade in September 2010, along with a baby, the local indigenous people called the lake Werriwa, which may mean bad water, even when full, the lake is one of the saltiest bodies of water in inland NSW, almost as saline as seawater. However, the name is similar to regional indigenous word for eagle. A large and beautiful billabong existed at the end of the lake. At some time the billabong overflowed and introduced Murray cod into the lake itself and they bred rapidly, and from the 1850s to the 1890s Lake George abounded with them. The long Federation Drought commenced in the mid-1890s, and by 1902 the lake had dried out completely, in their search for water to survive in, the Murray cod flocked into the mouths of the few small creeks feeding the lake and were killed by the thousands
9.
Snowy Mountains
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The Snowy Mountains, known informally as The Snowies, is an IBRA subregion and the highest mountain range on the continent of mainland Australia. It contains the Australian mainlands highest mountain, Mount Kosciuszko, which reaches to a height of 2,228 m above sea level, the range also contains the five highest peaks on the Australian mainland, all of which are above 2,100 m. They are located in southern New South Wales and are part of the larger Australian Alps, unusual for Australia, the mountain range experiences large natural snowfalls every winter. Snow normally falls the most during June, July and early August, therefore, most of the snow usually melts by late spring. The Tasmanian highlands makes up the other alpine region present in Australia, the range is host to the mountain plum-pine, a low-lying type of conifer that is suspected of being the worlds oldest living plant. It is considered to be one of the centres of the Australian ski industry during the winter months, the Alpine Way and Snowy Mountains Highway are the major roads through the Snowy Mountains region. The mountain range is thought to have had Aboriginal occupation for 20,000 years, large scale intertribal gatherings were held in the High Country during summer for collective feasting on the Bogong moth. This practice continued until around 1865, the area was first explored by Europeans in 1835, and in 1840, Edmund Strzelecki ascended Mount Kosciuszko and named it after the Polish patriot. High country stockmen followed who used the Snowy Mountains for grazing during the summer months, banjo Patersons famous poem The Man From Snowy River recalls this era. The cattle graziers have left a legacy of mountain huts scattered across the area, today these huts are maintained by the National Parks and Wildlife Service or volunteer organisations like the Kosciuszko Huts Association. In the 19th century gold was mined on the plains near Kiandra. At its height this community had a population of about 4,000 people, since the last resident left in 1974, Kiandra has become a ghost town of ruins and abandoned diggings. The Kosciuszko National Park came into existence as the National Chase Snowy Mountains on 5 December 1906, in 1944 this became the Kosciuszko State Park, and then the Kosciuszko National Park in 1967. The discovery of gold at Kiandra, in 1859, briefly enticed a population of thousands above the snowline, the Kiandra Goldrush was short-lived, but the township remained a service centre for recreational and survival skiing for over a century. Australias first T-Bar was installed at Kiandra in 1957, but the ski facilities were shifted up the hill to Selwyn Snowfields in 1978. Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south and in the 20th Century, the Kosciuszko Chalet was built at Charlotte Pass in 1930, giving relatively comfortable access to Australias highest terrain. In 1964, Australia briefly boasted the Worlds Longest Chairlift, designed to carry skiers from the Thredbo Valley to Charlotte Pass, but technical difficulties soon closed the facility. At 1,760 m, Charlotte Pass has the highest village base elevation of any Australia ski resort, the Construction of Guthega Dam brought skiers to the isolated Guthega district and a rope tow was installed there in 1957
10.
Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
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The Blue Mountains is a mountainous region and a mountain range located in New South Wales, Australia. The region borders on Sydneys metropolitan area, its foothills starting about 50 kilometres west of the state capital, the publics understanding of the extent of the Blue Mountains is varied, as it forms only part of an extensive mountainous area associated with the Great Dividing Range. Geologically, it is situated in the parts of the Sydney Basin. For about two thirds of its length it is traversed by the Great Western Highway and the Main Western railway line, several established towns are situated on its heights, including Katoomba, Blackheath, Mount Victoria, and Springwood. The range forms the watershed between Coxs River to the south and the Grose and Wolgan rivers to the north, the range contains the Explorer Range and the Bell Range. The Blue Mountains area includes the government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury. Following European settlement of the Sydney area, the area was named the Carmarthen, the Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south. The name Blue Mountains, however, was preferred and is derived from the blue tinge the range takes on when viewed from a distance. Volatile terpenoids emitted in large quantities by the abundant eucalyptus trees in the Blue Mountains may cause Mie scattering, gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands, which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas. Examples of Aboriginal habitation can be found in many places, in the Red Hands Cave, a rock shelter near Glenbrook, the walls contain hand stencils from adults and children. On the southern side of Queen Elizabeth Drive, at Wentworth Falls, there are also carved images of animal tracks and an occupation cave. The site is known as Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site and dates back 22,000 years, Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales, first glimpsed the extent of the Blue Mountains from a ridge at the site of todays Oakhill College, Castle Hill. He named them the Carmarthen Hills, some forty to sixty miles distant, and he reckoned that the ground was most suitable for government stock. This is the location where Gidley King in 1799 established a town for political prisoners from Ireland and Scotland. The first documented use of the name Blue Mountains appears in Captain John Hunter’s account of Phillip’s 1789 expedition up the Hawkesbury River and it could be followed upstream to the open plains of the Kanimbla Valley, the type of country that farmers prize. European settlers initially considered that fertile lands lay beyond the mountains, as was China in the belief of many convicts and this idea was, to some extent, convenient for local authorities. An insurmountable barrier would deter convicts from trying to escape in that direction, a former convict, John Wilson, may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains. It is also believed that Mathew Everingham,1795, may have also been partly based on letters he wrote at the time which came to light in the late 1980s
11.
Indigenous peoples
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Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share such characteristics, Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world. Estimates put the population of indigenous peoples from 220 million to 350 million. The adjective indigenous is derived from the Latin word indigena, which is based on the root gen- to be born with a form of the prefix in in. Any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as indigenous in reference to some particular region or location that they see as their tribal land claim. Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are aboriginal, native, original, james Anaya, former Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, has defined indigenous peoples as living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire, throughout history, different states designate the groups within their boundaries that are recognized as indigenous peoples according to international or national legislation by different terms. Their ability to influence and participate in the policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands. The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the society is regulated largely by its own tradition. They may be imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction. They may have an effect, even where countered by other external influences. This definition has some limitations, because the definition applies mainly to pre-colonial populations, the primary impetus in considering indigenous identity comes from the post-colonial movements and considering the historical impacts on populations by the European imperialism. Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge the existence of indigenous people. These peoples inhabited lands surrounding the Aegean Sea before the subsequent migrations of the Hellenic ancestors claimed by these authors, the disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus give varying, partially mythological accounts. However, it is clear that cultures existed whose indigenous characteristics were distinguished by the subsequent Hellenic cultures, greco-Roman society flourished between 250 BC and 480 AD and commanded successive waves of conquests that gripped more than half of the globe. The rapid and extensive spread of the various European powers from the early 15th century onwards had an impact upon many of the indigenous cultures with whom they came into contact. The Canary Islands had an indigenous population called the Guanches whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians, the United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries worldwide
12.
Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the worlds oldest publishing house and it also holds letters patent as the Queens Printer. The Presss mission is To further the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. With a global presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries. Its publishing includes journals, monographs, reference works, textbooks. Cambridge University Press is an enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the university. Cambridge University Press is both the oldest publishing house in the world and the oldest university press and it originated from Letters Patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534, and has been producing books continuously since the first University Press book was printed. Cambridge is one of the two privileged presses, authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton, William Harvey, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, and Stephen Hawking. In 1591, Thomass successor, John Legate, printed the first Cambridge Bible, the London Stationers objected strenuously, claiming that they had the monopoly on Bible printing. The universitys response was to point out the provision in its charter to print all manner of books. In July 1697 the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university towards the house and presse and James Halman, Registrary of the University. It was in Bentleys time, in 1698, that a body of scholars was appointed to be responsible to the university for the Presss affairs. The Press Syndicates publishing committee still meets regularly, and its role still includes the review, John Baskerville became University Printer in the mid-eighteenth century. Baskervilles concern was the production of the finest possible books using his own type-design, a technological breakthrough was badly needed, and it came when Lord Stanhope perfected the making of stereotype plates. This involved making a mould of the surface of a page of type. The Press was the first to use this technique, and in 1805 produced the technically successful, under the stewardship of C. J. Clay, who was University Printer from 1854 to 1882, the Press increased the size and scale of its academic and educational publishing operation. An important factor in this increase was the inauguration of its list of schoolbooks, during Clays administration, the Press also undertook a sizable co-publishing venture with Oxford, the Revised Version of the Bible, which was begun in 1870 and completed in 1885. It was Wright who devised the plan for one of the most distinctive Cambridge contributions to publishing—the Cambridge Histories, the Cambridge Modern History was published between 1902 and 1912
