1.
Ngunnawal, Australian Capital Territory
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Ngunnawal is a suburb in the district of Gungahlin in Canberra, Australia. The suburb is named in tribute to the Ngunnawal people, the inhabitants of the area. The suburb was gazetted on 24 April 1992, Ngunnawal is adjacent to the suburbs of Nicholls, Casey and Amaroo and Taylor. It is bounded by Gungahlin Drive, Horse Park Drive, Gundaroo Drive, the suburb is located approximately 4 km from the Gungahlin Town Centre and about 13 km from the centre of Canberra. Ngunnawals place names like the name of the suburb itself is a celebration of the national and local Aboriginal heritage, Wanganeen Ave is named after Ken Wanganeen a prominent Aboriginal Affairs activist. Jabanungga Avenue, one of the suburbs connector roads, bears the name of Bobby Jabanungga, the language of the Ngunnawal people is celebrated through the naming of some of Ngunnawals streets such as Yerra Court, Bural Court, Mundawari Circuit and Bargang Crescent. A hilltop reserve, the most prominent natural feature in the suburb commands views of the Gungahlin Town Centre to the east, Gold Creek Homestead was at one time at the centre of Gold Creek a sprawling 1,594 hectare rural property, the largest in the Ginninderra district. Portions of the property are or will be also occupied by parts of the suburbs of Nicholls, Harcourt Hill, Moncrieff, Casey, Kinlyside, Jacka. The historic Tea Gardens Homestead settled by Anthony Rolfe in 1857 is also located in Ngunnawal, the thoroughfare Anthony Rolfe Drive near to the Gungahlin Town Centre is named in his honour. The land is bound by Horse Park Drive, a tributary of Ginninderra Creek, once complete, the master-planned Broadview estate is expected to support over 550 dwellings, with many smaller blocks earmarked for affordable housing. A retirement village adjacent to the Gold Creek Homestead is currently under development by Lend Lease Retirement Living, the village will comprise 161 villas and community facilities and is expected to be completed by 2019. Young families moving to Ngunnawal have a number of excellent schools to choose from, Ngunnawal Primary School is complemented by the nearby Gold Creek School and Holy Spirit Primary. There are two shopping centres in Ngunnawal. Ngunnawal Shopping Centre is located at the corner of Wanganeen Avenue and Jabanungga Avenue and provides a Spar supermarket, medical clinic with allied health facilities, an IGA store is located in the eastern area of Ngunnawal on Mirrabei Drive. The Ngunnawal suburb is sited on the Canberra Formation and bedrock laided down during the late middle Silurian age, the area was studied in more detail than many other parts of Canberra by J P Ceplecha from the ANU in 1971. Most of Ngunnawal is based on slaty shale and mudstone, in the North West corner is found dacite and quartz andesite. A layer of tuff is formed into a Vee shaped surface exposure in the half of the suburb. A smaller N shaped outcrop of tuff is found in the east corner, a crook shaped outcrop of ashstone is exposed just to the east of the Vee
2.
Echidna
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Echidnas /ᵻˈkɪdnə/, sometimes known as spiny anteaters, belong to the family Tachyglossidae in the monotreme order of egg-laying mammals. The four extant species, together with the platypus, are the surviving members of the order Monotremata and are the only living mammals that lay eggs. The diet of species consists of ants and termites. Echidnas live in Australia and New Guinea, echidnas evidently evolved between 20 and 50 million years ago, descending from a platypus-like monotreme. This ancestor was aquatic, but echidnas adapted to life on land, the echidnas are named after Echidna, a creature from Greek mythology who was half-woman, half-snake, as the animal was perceived to have qualities of both mammals and reptiles. Echidnas are medium-sized, solitary mammals covered with hair and spines. Superficially, they resemble the anteaters of South America and other mammals such as hedgehogs. They are usually black or brown in colour, there have been several reports of albino echidnas, their eyes pink and their spines white. They have elongated and slender snouts that function as mouth and nose. They have very short, strong limbs with large claws, and are powerful diggers, echidnas have tiny mouths and toothless jaws. The echidna feeds by tearing open soft logs, anthills and the like, and using its long, sticky tongue, the echidnas ears are slits on the sides of their heads that are usually unseen due to the fact that they are blanketed by their spines. The external ear is created by a large funnel, deep in the muscle. The short-beaked echidnas diet consists largely of ants and termites, while the Zaglossus species typically eat worms, the tongues of long-beaked echidnas have sharp, tiny spines that help them capture their prey. They have no teeth, and break down their food by grinding it between the bottoms of their mouths and their tongues, echidnas faeces are 7 centimetres long and are cylindrical in shape, they are usually broken and unrounded, and composed largely of dirt and ant-hill material. Echidnas do not tolerate extreme temperatures, they use caves and rock crevices to shelter from weather conditions. Echidnas are found in forests and woodlands, hiding under vegetation and they sometimes use the burrows of animals such as rabbits and wombats. Individual echidnas have large, mutually overlapping territories, when swimming, they expose their snout and some of their spines. They are known to journey to water in order to groom, echidnas and the platypus are the only egg-laying mammals, known as monotremes
3.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
4.
Norman Tindale
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Norman Barnett Tindale AO was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist, entomologist and ethnologist. The family returned to Perth, and in 1917 moved to Adelaide where Tindale took up a position as a cadet at the Adelaide Public Library. Shortly after this, Tindale lost the sight in one eye in a gas explosion which occurred while assisting his father with photographic processing. In January 1919 he secured a position at the South Australian Museum as Entomologists Assistant to Arthur Mills Lea and he had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933. Tindale is best remembered for his work mapping the various groupings of Indigenous Australians. This interest began with a trip to Groote Eylandt where an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale very detailed descriptions of which land was his. This led Tindale to question the orthodoxy of the time which was that Aboriginal people were purely nomadic and had no connection to any specific region. While Tindales methodology and his notion of the tribe have been superseded. Quite a number of now-important record films were made by Tindale, in 1942 Tindale joined the Royal Australian Air Force and was assigned the rank of Wing Commander. He had previously tried to enlist in the Australian army at the outbreak of WWII but was rejected due to his damaged eyesight, in 1967, at the age of sixty-six, he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado. He was eventually honoured with a doctorate by the Australian National University in 1980, during 1993 Tindale received unofficial confirmation of his appointment as an Officer of the Order of Australia, this was presented posthumously, to his widow Muriel. Also in 1993, the South Australian Museum Boards named a public gallery in his honour, Tindale published extensively, both as sole author and collaborator. Note that the archives contain 2,804 items related to Dr Tindale
5.
Queanbeyan
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Queanbeyan /ˈkwiːnbiən/ is a city in south-eastern New South Wales, located adjacent to the Australian Capital Territory in the Southern Tablelands region. Located on the Queanbeyan River, the city is the seat of the Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 37,991, Queanbeyans economy is based on light construction, manufacturing, service, retail and agriculture. Canberra, Australias capital, is located just 15 kilometres to the west, the word Queanbeyan is the anglicised form of Quinbean, an Aboriginal word meaning clear waters. The town grew from a squattage held by ex-convict and inn keeper, Timothy Beard, the town centre of Queanbeyan is located on the Queanbeyan River, a tributary of the Molonglo River and about one mile east of Oaks Estate. Queanbeyan was officially proclaimed a township in 1838 when the population was about 50, the local parish was also known by that name and later still the member for the electorate of Queanbeyan held a seat in the legislative assembly of the colony of NSW. On 28 November 1837 the Colonial Secretary announced the appointment of Captain Alured Tasker Faunce as resident police magistrate at Queanbeyan and his homestead, called Dodsworth, was situated on the banks of the Queanbeyan river opposite the town. Traces of gold were discovered in 1851 and lead and silver mines also flourished briefly, settlers were harassed by bushrangers, of which James Shaw, William Millet, and John Rueben, John Tennant, Jacky Jacky, Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall were some of the more notorious. In 1836, a Post Office was established, the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited opened in Queanbeyan on 19 September 1859. The Bank of New South Wales began service in Queanbeyan in 1878, the Golden Age was Queanbeyans first newspaper and was founded in 1860 by John Gale. In 1880 the residence of John James Wright, the first mayor of Queanbeyan, was constructed along the edge of the Queanbeyan River, in 1982 that building became the Queanbeyan Art Centre. The Salvation Army claimed an outpost in Queanbeyan in 1884, Queanbeyan, an increasingly successful primary producing district, was proclaimed a Municipality in February 1885 incorporating an area of 5,700 acres. The railway reached Queanbeyan railway station in 1887 and it became the junction for the going to Canberra. The town is served by the thrice-daily NSW TrainLink Xplorer service between Canberra and Sydney, at the height of its rural prosperity Queanbeyan boasted sixteen public houses and six flourmills powered by wind, water, horse and steam. The Royal Hotel on Monaro Street opened in 1926, in Canberra alcohol was prohibited from 1911, at the time of the territorys foundation, until 1928, when Federal Parliament had relocated from Melbourne. In that period many of the residents crossed the border to drink at one of Queanbeyans hotels. Queanbeyan was granted city status on 7 July 1972, on 21 July 1975 the Queens Bridge was opened. This bridge took pressure off the bridge in linking Monaro Street directly to the east
6.
Yass, New South Wales
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Yass /ˈjæs/ is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia in Yass Valley Council. The name appears to have derived from an Aboriginal word, Yarrh. Yass is located 280 km south-west of Sydney, on the Hume Highway, the Yass River, which is a tributary of the Murrumbidgee River, flows past the town. Yass is 59 km from Canberra, Yass has an impressive and historic main street, with well-preserved 19th century verandah post pubs. It is popular with tourists, some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway. The Yass Show is held in March, The Turning Wave Festival in September, the Yass area was first seen by Europeans in 1821, and by 1830 settlement had begun. It was founded where the nascent Sydney to Melbourne road crossed water in the form of the Yass River, the site for the town was gazette in 1837. Yass was incorporated as a District Council in 1843, and boasted a population of 274 by 1848, on 13 March 1873, the Municipal District of Yass was created, and James Cottrell was subsequently elected as the first Mayor of Yass. Poet and priest Patrick Hartigan was born near Yass in 1878, sir Walter Merriman established Merryville one of the countrys most famous sheep studs and arguably its leading fine-wool establishment in 1903. Yass is a prominent area for raising sheep which produce very fine wool due to the soil, Yass was one of the sites proposed for the Federal Capital after 1901. Yass was the first town in New South Wales to have a water supply in 1956. It has never explained why Yass was the home to a number of flour mills. Bayley in his history of Yass records that, in March 1842 it was reported that the Yass Steam Mill was in operation and this mill was located by the Yass River and was owned by the partnership of Hamilton Hume and John Watson. The mill was known as Watsons Mill and this mill seems to have operated until it was destroyed in a flood in 1870. At that time it was owned by Thomas Andrew Barber, Barber was the son of the George Barber and was also Humes nephew. These connections no doubt lead to the choice of the site of Barbers next mill as the land was owned by Hume. Barber constructed a new mill and, by May 1870, steam was raised. According to Armes et al. the Barber family ‘occupied surviving housing on the corner of Comur and this mill, it is argued is the existing brick structure known as Cragos Flour Mill
7.
Tumut
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Tumut /ˈtjuːmət/ or /ˈtʃuːmət/ is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia, situated on the banks of the Tumut River. The name Tumut is derived from an Indigenous name for the area a word thought to mean a quiet resting place by the river, prior to European settlement, Tumut and surrounding areas were part of the traditional lands of the Wiradjuri, Ngarigo and Ngunnawal aboriginal peoples. The areas rivers may have been the boundaries or connection-points of these three language groups, during summertime, the high country was a meeting place for tribes, with Bogong moths being an abundant food source in the warmer months. Tumut sits on the north-west foothills of the Snowy Mountains and is referred to as the gateway to the Snowy Mountains Scheme, the former Tumut Shire was administered from offices located in the town. Tumut is approximately 410 kilometres south-west of Sydney and 525 kilometres north-east of Melbourne, Tumut is home to a number of historic buildings, including an Anglican church designed by Edmund Blacket and a Courthouse designed by James Barnet. Many of the pubs in the town have been in use from the mid to late 1800s, early settlers established a large number of European deciduous trees throughout the area. The stand of Poplars, Elm and Willow, amongst others, Tumut celebrates this with the yearly Festival of the Falling Leaf. The name Tumut is derived from an Indigenous name for the area a word thought to mean a quiet resting place by the river, Tumut Post Office opened 1 January 1849. A public hospital opened in the town in 1900, after many years of lobbying by the local community, construction of the railway line from Gundagai began in 1901, reaching Tumut by 1903 with the first train arriving on 2 December that year. A further extension was built to Batlow and Kunama from a junction at Gilmore, Tumut was one of the ten areas short-listed in 1908 as a site for the Australian Capital Territory. Other locations that were short-listed include Albury, Armidale, Bombala, Dalgety, Lake George, Orange, Tooma, Lyndhurst, Tumut is the centre of a thriving softwood industry based on plantation Pinus radiata. CarterHoltHarvey Woodproducts Pty Ltd operate a sawmill on Adelong Road. 8 km further west on the Snowy Mountains Highway at Gilmore the company operates a sawlog processing plant. The Visy pulp and paper mill is located north of the Snowy Mountains Highway at Gadara, the Visy mill is the only paper mill owned by Visy that makes paper from wood, and is one of the biggest wood mills in Australia. Despite being more direct, the terrain and road conditions limit traffic via these routes and this has led to calls by the council and local businesses for funding to upgrade the Brindabella Road, as the increased traffic would provide the town greater economic opportunities. The town was served by a branch line from Cootamundra, which operated from 1903 until 1984. Although the line is not formally closed, it is unlikely to see service again with sections of track lifted during upgrades to the Hume Highway near Gundagai, Tumut Shire operates Tumut Airport, a small facility located a few kilometres out of town catering to general aviation. Currently there are no scheduled services to the airport, the Tumut Blues compete in the Group 9 Rugby League competition, winning premierships in 1949,1973,2007,2008 and 2010
8.
Boorowa
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Boorowa is a farming town in the South West Slopes of New South Wales, Australia. At the 2011 census, Boorowa had a population of 1,211 people and it is located in a valley 340 kilometres west of Sydney and 487 metres above sea-level. The town is in Hilltops Council local government area, prior to European settlement the area is thought to have been occupied by the Wiradjuri or Gandangara Indigenous Australians. It is believed that the name Burrowa, the spelling, derives from the local aboriginal language. The first European to travel through what is now Boorowa Shire was surveyor George Evans, unofficial occupation of the district began in 1821 with Irishmen Rodger Corcoran and Ned Ryan, both former convicts who had received their ticket of leave from the Governor. The first land grant in the area was issued to Thomas Icely in 1829. A mill was operating on the town site of Boorowa by 1837, along with an inn. Governor Gipps proposed the creation of a village named Burrowa in 1842, however, that spot proved unsuitable and the village was established on its present site in 1843. Bushrangers roamed the surrounding unsettled wild mountainous land, making raids into the town, the district was given over to farming, although it received a push along when gold was found at Carcoar, Browns Creek and Kings Plains. Gold mines were established although copper and iron were also extracted, samuel Marsdens copper mine operated until 1900. The towns rugby team competed for the Maher Cup during the 20th century. The next best option was a line to the town. The arrival of the railway in 1874 spurred on development and Burrowas name was changed to Boorowa. Boorowa replaced Carcoar as the service centre to local farmlands. It became a municipality in 1888, by the turn of the century a butter factory and freezing works were major employers in the town. Passenger trains ceased in 1980 and the Boorowa railway line from Galong to Boorowa closed in 1987, the town is located on the Boorowa River, a tributary of the Lachlan River. The Murrumbidgee River drains the southern portion of the Boorowa district, the soil in the area is rich volcanic soil washed down over millennia from an extinct volcano known as Mount Canemumbola. October long weekend - The Running of the Sheep down the street of Boorowa during the Irish Woolfest
9.
Goulburn, New South Wales
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Goulburn /ˈɡoʊlbərn/ is a regional city in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia approximately 195 kilometres south-west of Sydney, Australia, and 90 kilometres north-east of Canberra. It was proclaimed to be Australias first inland city through letters patent by Queen Victoria in 1863, Goulburn had an estimated population of 23,005 as at June 2015. Goulburn is the seat of Goulburn Mulwaree Council, Goulburn is a railhead on the Main Southern line, a service centre for the surrounding pastoral industry, and also stopover for those travelling on the Hume Highway. It has a park and many historic buildings. It is also home to the monument the Big Merino, a sculpture that is the worlds largest concrete constructed sheep, Goulburn was named by surveyor James Meehan after Henry Goulburn, Under-Secretary for War and the Colonies, and the name was ratified by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. The Aboriginal peoples of this belonged to the Gundungurra Nation, and the name for Goulburn is Barbing. The colonial government made grants to free settlers such as Hamilton Hume in the Goulburn area from the opening of the area to settlement in about 1820. Land was later sold to settlers within the Nineteen Counties, including Argyle County, the process displaced the local indigenous Gandangara population and the introduction of exotic livestock drove out a large part of the Aborigines food supply. The reduction of the supply and the introduction of exotic diseases. Some local Aborigines survived at the Tawonga Billabong Aboriginal Settlement established under the supervision of the Tarago police, in the 1930s the local billabong dried up and the Aboriginal people moved away although some have, over time, made their way back to their traditional lands. George Johnson purchased the first land in the area between 1839 and 1842 and became a figure in the towns development. He established a store with a liquor licence in 1848. By 1841 Goulburn had a population of some 1,200 – a courthouse, police barracks, churches, hospital and post office and was the centre of a great sheep and farming area. A telegraph station opened in 1862, by which there were about 1,500 residents. The town was a station for Cobb & Co by 1855. A police station opened the year and a school in 1858. Goulburn was proclaimed a municipal government in 1859 and was made a city in 1863, Goulburn holds the unique distinction of being proclaimed a City on two occasions. The first, unofficial, proclamation was claimed by virtue of Royal Letters Patent issued by Queen Victoria on 14 March 1863 to establish the Diocese of Goulburn and it was a claim made for ecclesiastical purposes, as it was required by the traditions of the Church of England
10.
Shoalhaven River
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The Shoalhaven River rises on the eastern side of the Great Dividing Range, below Euranbene Mountain, about 350 kilometres southwest of Sydney. The upper reaches of the river flow northwards through a pastoral district near the town of Braidwood. The river works its way down into a remote canyon east of Goulburn and emerges into the lowlands at Nowra in the Shoalhaven district. The river is joined by tributaries, including the Mongarlowe, Corang, Endrick, and Kangaroo rivers. The estuary has two entrances, approximately 5 kilometres apart, that flow into the Shoalhaven Bight within the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, the southern entrance is located at Crookhaven Heads and is permanently open. The Shoalhaven River flows south via Berrys Canal to Greenwell Point, the construction of the canal formed Comerong Island. The canal was dug using own hand tools, and was the first land navigable canal in Australia, Berrys Canal remains one of two navigable canals in New South Wales, the other being the Alexandra Canal. The northern entrance is located south of Shoalhaven Heads, and is open intermittently, at times of peak flow, Tallowa Dam is the only major dam on the Shoalhaven, and is a part of the Shoalhaven Scheme. It impounds the lower reaches to form Lake Yarrunga and part of Sydneys water supply. Some water is pumped out of the lake and over the Southern Highlands into Lake Burragorang, proposals for a much larger water storage at Welcome Reef on the upper Shoalhaven have been shelved. The Shoalhaven River and its tributary the Kangaroo River were once renowned as an Australian bass fishery. Recent stockings of hatchery-bred Bass in Lake Yarrunga are an attempt to remediate the situation, a fishway for Tallowa Dam was completed in August 2009. This fishway is designed to allow for the movement of bass, Lake Yarrunga has also suffered the illegal introduction of highly damaging European carp, which are now present in high densities. The traditional custodians of the surrounding the Shoalhaven River, in its lower reaches, are the Aboriginal peoples of the Yuin nation. In the land north of the river, the people from the Wodi Wodi clan are the traditional custodians, while south of the river, the Wandi Wandian clan are the traditional custodians. The explorer and navigator George Bass found the entrance to the Shoalhaven River during his voyage down the south coast of New South Wales in 1797. He gave the name Shoals Haven to the river because of the shoals of mud, the river crossings, from its headwaters to its river mouth, include, Bombay Crossing Warri Bridge carries the Kings Highway, near Braidwood. A bridge at this location was first opened on 23 September 1874, Stewarts Crossing is a ford on Stewarts Crossing Road
11.
Lake George (New South Wales)
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Lake George is an endorheic lake in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately 40 kilometres north-east of Canberra located adjacent to the Federal Highway en route to Goulburn, Lake George is an endorheic lake, as it has no outflow of water to rivers and oceans. The lake is believed to be more than a years old. Lake George has in previous Ice Ages been much larger and deeper, the thickness of sediment beneath the lake exceeds 250 metres, according to a Bureau of Mineral Resources Canberra drilling programme in the 1982/83 summer. The oldest sediments, which lie some distance above the bedrock, were dated at 3–5 million years using spore and pollen analysis, at 25 km long and 10 km wide, Lake George is long, largely flat and extremely shallow, with a very small catchment. The lakes depth when full can range from 1. 5–4.5 metres and its deepest point has been measured as 7.5 metres. When full, the lake holds about 500,000,000 cubic metres of water, between the late 1980s and mid-1990s, the lake lapped the Federal Highway on its western edge. Lake George is the site of an experimental scientific wave behaviour platform established by researchers from the Civil Engineering department of the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra, Lake George has been a popular fishery at times, after high water levels and stockings of fish. Since the 1960s Hang gliders have been flown from the escarpment when easterly winds form standing waves, pilots can then fly along the length of the lake. Unpowered model aircraft are flown from this area, and powered models are flown from the lake floor. Wine grapes are grown along the edge of the lake. Sheep are grazed on the lake when it is dry or nearly so, in 2010, Canberra artists Alan and Julie Aston installed a herd of zebras on the lake adjacent to the highway stop commemorating Kevin Dasher Wheatley VC, used as a Driver Reviver site. They were named Stopper, Reviver, Survivor, and Dasher and they were a sensation, but the Government of New South Wales ordered that they be removed, following a complaint from the leaseholder of the land. They reappeared at Floriade in September 2010, along with a baby, the local indigenous people called the lake Werriwa, which may mean bad water, even when full, the lake is one of the saltiest bodies of water in inland NSW, almost as saline as seawater. However, the name is similar to regional indigenous word for eagle. A large and beautiful billabong existed at the end of the lake. At some time the billabong overflowed and introduced Murray cod into the lake itself and they bred rapidly, and from the 1850s to the 1890s Lake George abounded with them. The long Federation Drought commenced in the mid-1890s, and by 1902 the lake had dried out completely, in their search for water to survive in, the Murray cod flocked into the mouths of the few small creeks feeding the lake and were killed by the thousands
12.
Goodradigbee River
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Goodradigbee River, a perennial stream that is part of the Murrumbidgee catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the Snowy Mountains district of New South Wales, Australia. The majority of the catchment is forested with the upper catchment within the Kosciuszko National Park, the catchment is 110,100 hectares in area. Some water from the reaches of the river is diverted into Tantangara Reservoir via an aqueduct. In 1968 the National Capital Development Commission considered building a dam at Brindabella Valley for the purpose of sending water into the Cotter River via a tunnel. The bridge over the Goodradigbee at Wee Jasper was completed in 1896 and is heritage-listed as being an example of an Allan type timber truss road bridge. List of rivers of New South Wales List of rivers of New South Wales Murrumbidgee and Lake George catchments
13.
Wiradjuri
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In the 21st century, major Wiradjuri groups live in Condobolin, Peak Hill, Narrandera and Griffith. There are significant populations at Wagga Wagga and Leeton and smaller groups at West Wyalong, Parkes, Dubbo, Forbes, Cootamundra, Cowra, the Wiradjuri name for themselves is Wirraaydhuurray or Wirraayjuurray. This is derived from wirraay, meaning no or not, with the suffix -dhuurray or -juuray meaning having, the Wiradjuri are the largest Aboriginal group in New South Wales. They occupy an area in central New South Wales, from the Blue Mountains in the east, to Hay in the west, north to Nyngan and south to Albury. The Wiradjuri tribal area has been described as the land of the three rivers, the Wambool later known as the Macquarie, the Kalare later known as the Lachlan, the Murray River forms the Wiradjuris southern boundary, the change from woodland to open grassland form their eastern boundary. Occupation of the land by the Wiradjuri can be seen by carved trees, carved trees are more commonly found around the Macquarie and Lachlan rivers in the north rather than the Murrumbidgee in the south. Campsites, which indicate regular seasonal occupation by small groups, have found on river flats, open land. Norman Tindale quotes Alfred Howitt as mentioning several of these groups of the tribe, for example. There were differences in dialect in areas, including around Bathurst. The Wiradjuri are identified as a coherent group as they maintained a cycle of ceremonies that moved in a ring around the tribal area. This cycle led to tribal coherence despite the large occupied area, the Wiradjuri diet included yabbies and fish such as Murray cod from the rivers. In dry seasons, they ate kangaroos, emus and food gathered from the land, including fruit, nuts, yam daisies, wattle seeds, the Wiradjuri travelled into Alpine areas in the summer to feast on Bogong moths. The Wiradjuri were also known for their handsome possum-skin cloaks stitched together from several possum furs, governor Macquarie was presented with one of these cloaks by a Wiradjuri man when he visited Bathurst in 1815. D. Who has previously studied Australian Aboriginal languages in Arnhem Land and it is a member of the small Wiradhuric branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. It is now taught in primary schools and can be studied at TAFE. One student says I love singing the songs like Heads, shoulders, the copyright for A First Wiradjuri Dictionary is held by the Wiradjuri Council of Elders. The name of the town of Wagga Wagga comes from the Wiradjuri word wagga, meaning crow, to create the plural, thus, the name translates as the place of many crows. Clashes between European settlers and the Aboriginal Peoples were very violent from 1821 to 1827, particularly around Bathurst, the loss of fishing grounds and significant sites was retaliated through attacks with spears on cattle and stockmen
14.
Snowy Mountains
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The Snowy Mountains, known informally as The Snowies, is an IBRA subregion and the highest mountain range on the continent of mainland Australia. It contains the Australian mainlands highest mountain, Mount Kosciuszko, which reaches to a height of 2,228 m above sea level, the range also contains the five highest peaks on the Australian mainland, all of which are above 2,100 m. They are located in southern New South Wales and are part of the larger Australian Alps, unusual for Australia, the mountain range experiences large natural snowfalls every winter. Snow normally falls the most during June, July and early August, therefore, most of the snow usually melts by late spring. The Tasmanian highlands makes up the other alpine region present in Australia, the range is host to the mountain plum-pine, a low-lying type of conifer that is suspected of being the worlds oldest living plant. It is considered to be one of the centres of the Australian ski industry during the winter months, the Alpine Way and Snowy Mountains Highway are the major roads through the Snowy Mountains region. The mountain range is thought to have had Aboriginal occupation for 20,000 years, large scale intertribal gatherings were held in the High Country during summer for collective feasting on the Bogong moth. This practice continued until around 1865, the area was first explored by Europeans in 1835, and in 1840, Edmund Strzelecki ascended Mount Kosciuszko and named it after the Polish patriot. High country stockmen followed who used the Snowy Mountains for grazing during the summer months, banjo Patersons famous poem The Man From Snowy River recalls this era. The cattle graziers have left a legacy of mountain huts scattered across the area, today these huts are maintained by the National Parks and Wildlife Service or volunteer organisations like the Kosciuszko Huts Association. In the 19th century gold was mined on the plains near Kiandra. At its height this community had a population of about 4,000 people, since the last resident left in 1974, Kiandra has become a ghost town of ruins and abandoned diggings. The Kosciuszko National Park came into existence as the National Chase Snowy Mountains on 5 December 1906, in 1944 this became the Kosciuszko State Park, and then the Kosciuszko National Park in 1967. The discovery of gold at Kiandra, in 1859, briefly enticed a population of thousands above the snowline, the Kiandra Goldrush was short-lived, but the township remained a service centre for recreational and survival skiing for over a century. Australias first T-Bar was installed at Kiandra in 1957, but the ski facilities were shifted up the hill to Selwyn Snowfields in 1978. Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south and in the 20th Century, the Kosciuszko Chalet was built at Charlotte Pass in 1930, giving relatively comfortable access to Australias highest terrain. In 1964, Australia briefly boasted the Worlds Longest Chairlift, designed to carry skiers from the Thredbo Valley to Charlotte Pass, but technical difficulties soon closed the facility. At 1,760 m, Charlotte Pass has the highest village base elevation of any Australia ski resort, the Construction of Guthega Dam brought skiers to the isolated Guthega district and a rope tow was installed there in 1957
15.
Blue Mountains (New South Wales)
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The Blue Mountains is a mountainous region and a mountain range located in New South Wales, Australia. The region borders on Sydneys metropolitan area, its foothills starting about 50 kilometres west of the state capital, the publics understanding of the extent of the Blue Mountains is varied, as it forms only part of an extensive mountainous area associated with the Great Dividing Range. Geologically, it is situated in the parts of the Sydney Basin. For about two thirds of its length it is traversed by the Great Western Highway and the Main Western railway line, several established towns are situated on its heights, including Katoomba, Blackheath, Mount Victoria, and Springwood. The range forms the watershed between Coxs River to the south and the Grose and Wolgan rivers to the north, the range contains the Explorer Range and the Bell Range. The Blue Mountains area includes the government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury. Following European settlement of the Sydney area, the area was named the Carmarthen, the Carmarthen Hills were in the north of the region and the Lansdowne Hills were in the south. The name Blue Mountains, however, was preferred and is derived from the blue tinge the range takes on when viewed from a distance. Volatile terpenoids emitted in large quantities by the abundant eucalyptus trees in the Blue Mountains may cause Mie scattering, gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands, which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas. Examples of Aboriginal habitation can be found in many places, in the Red Hands Cave, a rock shelter near Glenbrook, the walls contain hand stencils from adults and children. On the southern side of Queen Elizabeth Drive, at Wentworth Falls, there are also carved images of animal tracks and an occupation cave. The site is known as Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site and dates back 22,000 years, Arthur Phillip, the first governor of New South Wales, first glimpsed the extent of the Blue Mountains from a ridge at the site of todays Oakhill College, Castle Hill. He named them the Carmarthen Hills, some forty to sixty miles distant, and he reckoned that the ground was most suitable for government stock. This is the location where Gidley King in 1799 established a town for political prisoners from Ireland and Scotland. The first documented use of the name Blue Mountains appears in Captain John Hunter’s account of Phillip’s 1789 expedition up the Hawkesbury River and it could be followed upstream to the open plains of the Kanimbla Valley, the type of country that farmers prize. European settlers initially considered that fertile lands lay beyond the mountains, as was China in the belief of many convicts and this idea was, to some extent, convenient for local authorities. An insurmountable barrier would deter convicts from trying to escape in that direction, a former convict, John Wilson, may have been the first European to cross the Blue Mountains. It is also believed that Mathew Everingham,1795, may have also been partly based on letters he wrote at the time which came to light in the late 1980s
16.
Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
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The Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly is the unicameral legislature of the Australian Capital Territory. It sits in the Legislative Assembly Building located on Civic Square, the Assembly was created by four acts of the Commonwealth Parliament in 1988, including the Australian Capital Territory Act 1988. The first election was held on 4 March 1989 and the assembly first sat on 11 May that year, until this point, the ACT had been directly administered by the Commonwealth Government. It replaced the House of Assembly, which existed from 1976 to 1986, since October 2016, the Legislative Assembly has had five members elected from each of five electorates, Brindabella, Ginninderra, Kurrajong, Murrumbidgee and Yerrabi. Members are elected for four-year terms by the Hare-Clark system, a variation of the Single Transferable Vote form of proportional representation, previously the Legislative Assembly had 17 members elected from three electorates—Brindabella and Ginninderra, which each had five members, and Molonglo, which had seven members. In 2014 the Assembly voted to expand the number of members, the Assembly was originally elected by a modified dHondt system, but a 1992 referendum supported the Hare-Clark method, and this was introduced in the 1995 election. Members of the Legislative Assembly vote to elect a Chief Minister—in practice, the Chief Minister, in turn, selects up to seven ministers to form a cabinet. The leader of the second-largest party in the Assembly usually becomes the Leader of the Opposition, election dates for the Assembly are fixed in legislation, with elections held on the third Saturday in October every four years. The term of the Assembly was increased in 2004 from three to four years, the next election is due on 17 October 2020. Unlike the legislatures of the mainland states and territories, the Assembly also has the functions of a local council. The ACT is unique among Australian states and territories, as it has no vice-regal post exercising authority as the representative of the Head of State, the Governor-General of Australia serves as the representative of the Crown in the ACT. However, the functions of the head of the Executive—commissioning government, proroguing parliament and enacting legislation—are exercised by the Assembly itself and by the Chief Minister. Instead of vice-regal or regal assent, a Bill passed by the ACT Legislative Assembly is enacted on notification—publication in the Government Gazette of a notice authorised by the Chief Minister. As with the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, the ACT Legislative Assembly lacks the full powers of a state legislature, for example, legislation passed by the Assembly can still be overridden by Australian Commonwealth legislation under the Territories Self-Government Legislation Amendment Act 2011. Although this is rare in practice, the Civil Unions Act 2006, in July 2006, the Federal Government again threatened to overrule the ACT Stanhope Governments anti-terror legislation, which was not consistent with other state laws. The Commonwealth also retained control of the Territorys justice system until handing it over to the Assembly in 1992. Australian Capital Territory general election,2016 In this diagram, the red, blue and green squares indicate assembly members who belong to the ALP, the Liberal Party,13 votes as a majority are required to pass legislation. Human Rights Act 2004 Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly Parliaments of the Australian states and territories Legislative Assembly for the Australian Capital Territory
17.
Jon Stanhope
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Jonathan Donald Jon Stanhope, AO is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011 and he is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly. From 2012 to 2014 Stanhope was Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, Stanhope was born in Gundagai, New South Wales. He was one of nine children of parents who had emigrated from England. At age 5 he injured his knee, which developed into osteomyelitis and he walked with a pronounced limp until the issue was corrected surgically at age 16. Much of his education was spent at one-teacher schools in country NSW. He attended Mullumbimby Public School and Bega High School before coming to Canberra to undertake studies at the Australian National University, Stanhope was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly representing the Ginninderra electorate at the 1998 ACT general election and was immediately elected Opposition Leader by the Labor caucus. At the 2001 ACT general election, Stanhope defeated the Liberal government of Gary Humphries, although with a hung parliament, and was elected Chief Minister. In the lead-up to the election, Stanhope played a role in the Bruce Stadium affair that led to the resignation of the former Chief Minister. On 13 January 2003, Stanhope helped rescue a pilot who had crashed in a dam during a firefighting operation. Stanhope, who was in a helicopter with crew and the ACT head of the bushfire services. The man had suffered head injuries and was taken to the Canberra Hospital in a critical condition. Canberra was hit by bushfires in January 2003, four people died and 500 houses were destroyed. Stanhope faced a motion in the Assembly from the Liberal opposition. Instead, the motion was downgraded to a motion by the combined vote of the ALP. At the 2004 ACT general election, Stanhope led the Labor Party to win sufficient seats to form a majority government, as Chief Minister, he introduced a Human Rights Act, in 2004, the first jurisdiction in Australia to do so. In 2005, Stanhope published the draft of the Federal Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 on his website. Citing concerns about the removal of human rights, Stanhope later refused to sign a revised version of the legislation
18.
Black Mountain (Australian Capital Territory)
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Black Mountain is protected from development by the Canberra Nature Park and is predominantly covered in native bushland and is a haven to native wildlife. The mountain is located west of the campus of the Australian National University and, together with the Bruce ridge, forms a natural west. Black Mountain rises 256 metres above the level of Lake Burley Griffin that lies at its base. Situated close to the highest point on the mountain is Black Mountain Tower, the Australian National Botanic Gardens and the CSIRO share the eastern base of Black Mountain, next to the Australian National University. Black Mountain was originally named Black Hill at the time as the naming of nearby Red Hill. The original name explains why the mountain is not now known as Mount Black like nearby Mount Majura, the early European settlers referred to the mountain formation as the Canberry Ranges. The bulk of Black Mountain consists of the white quartz Black Mountain Sandstone and this was deposited in the late early Silurian age. On the south east slopes and north west there are exposures of State Circle shale, the Black Mountain Peninsula contains mudstone in the north and greywacke from the Ordovician age Pittman Formation in the south. Media related to Black Mountain at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Indigenous peoples
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Groups are usually described as indigenous when they maintain traditions or other aspects of an early culture that is associated with a given region. Not all indigenous peoples share such characteristics, Indigenous societies are found in every inhabited climate zone and continent of the world. Estimates put the population of indigenous peoples from 220 million to 350 million. The adjective indigenous is derived from the Latin word indigena, which is based on the root gen- to be born with a form of the prefix in in. Any given people, ethnic group or community may be described as indigenous in reference to some particular region or location that they see as their tribal land claim. Other terms used to refer to indigenous populations are aboriginal, native, original, james Anaya, former Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, has defined indigenous peoples as living descendants of pre-invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others. They are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire, throughout history, different states designate the groups within their boundaries that are recognized as indigenous peoples according to international or national legislation by different terms. Their ability to influence and participate in the policies that may exercise jurisdiction over their traditional lands. The presence of external laws, claims and cultural mores either potentially or actually act to constrain the practices and observances of an indigenous society. These constraints can be observed even when the society is regulated largely by its own tradition. They may be imposed, or arise as unintended consequence of trans-cultural interaction. They may have an effect, even where countered by other external influences. This definition has some limitations, because the definition applies mainly to pre-colonial populations, the primary impetus in considering indigenous identity comes from the post-colonial movements and considering the historical impacts on populations by the European imperialism. Greek sources of the Classical period acknowledge the existence of indigenous people. These peoples inhabited lands surrounding the Aegean Sea before the subsequent migrations of the Hellenic ancestors claimed by these authors, the disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive, and sources such as Homer, Hesiod and Herodotus give varying, partially mythological accounts. However, it is clear that cultures existed whose indigenous characteristics were distinguished by the subsequent Hellenic cultures, greco-Roman society flourished between 250 BC and 480 AD and commanded successive waves of conquests that gripped more than half of the globe. The rapid and extensive spread of the various European powers from the early 15th century onwards had an impact upon many of the indigenous cultures with whom they came into contact. The Canary Islands had an indigenous population called the Guanches whose origin is still the subject of discussion among historians, the United Nations estimates that there are over 370 million indigenous people living in over 70 countries worldwide
20.
Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory
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Tharwa is a small village within the Australian Capital Territory,35 kilometres south of Canberra, the capital city of Australia. At the 2006 census, Tharwa had a population of 109, the village is located on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River and at the junction of Tidbinbilla and Naas Roads, and Tharwa Drive. The main public buildings are a store, a preschool and primary school, Saint Edmunds Anglican Church, a cemetery. The annual Tharwa Fair was hosted by the school, and was held in May until 2006, the Tharwa Fair is now organised by Tharwa Preschool. Tharwa is the oldest official settlement in the Australian Capital Territory, Tharwa was named after the Aboriginal word for Mount Tennent, a nearby mountain peak which is part of Namadgi National Park. Mount Tennent was named after John Tennant, who was one of the earliest, Tennant lived in a hideout on the mountain behind Tharwa from which he raided local homesteads 1827–1828, before being arrested and transported to Norfolk Island. Tharwa Bridge, opened on 27 March 1895, crosses the Murrumbidgee River, Tharwa Primary School was opened soon after, in 1899. The Tharwa township narrowly avoided being burnt in the 2003 Canberra bushfires, Tharwa Bridge was reopened for light traffic in August 2008. Tharwa Bridge was reopened for use on Friday 24 June 2011 following the completion of the restoration works. Restoration works took two years and involved removal of the old bridge deck and barrier railings as well as installation of new cross girders, Tharwa is in a different geological structural unit than the rest of Canberra, being on the Cotter Horst. The village itself is built on Tharwa Adamellite and this adamellite is coarsely foliated and contains biotite mica. It has been dated at 423 ±6 million years old and this places it in the upper Silurian age. The outcrop area is extended to the north west to Freshford. It goes as far to the west as Sawyers Gully, to the south it goes close to Angle Crossing, and on the east side is bounded by the Murrumbidgee Fault. The Tharwa Adamellite is part of the Murrumbidgee Batholith, the latitude and longitude of Tharwa is 35°3100S 149°0400E. The geoid is 19.356 meters above the theoretical shape of the earth at Tharwa. The astronomical measurement of the position on the Earths surface is very slightly distorted by a non vertical gravitational field 0.3 to north and 0.6 to the west. Magnetic declination at Tharwa is 11.817 deg east, total strength is 43108 nT and magnetic inclination is -66.031 degrees
21.
Cambridge University Press
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Cambridge University Press is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII in 1534, it is the worlds oldest publishing house and it also holds letters patent as the Queens Printer. The Presss mission is To further the Universitys mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, Cambridge University Press is a department of the University of Cambridge and is both an academic and educational publisher. With a global presence, publishing hubs, and offices in more than 40 countries. Its publishing includes journals, monographs, reference works, textbooks. Cambridge University Press is an enterprise that transfers part of its annual surplus back to the university. Cambridge University Press is both the oldest publishing house in the world and the oldest university press and it originated from Letters Patent granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry VIII in 1534, and has been producing books continuously since the first University Press book was printed. Cambridge is one of the two privileged presses, authors published by Cambridge have included John Milton, William Harvey, Isaac Newton, Bertrand Russell, and Stephen Hawking. In 1591, Thomass successor, John Legate, printed the first Cambridge Bible, the London Stationers objected strenuously, claiming that they had the monopoly on Bible printing. The universitys response was to point out the provision in its charter to print all manner of books. In July 1697 the Duke of Somerset made a loan of £200 to the university towards the house and presse and James Halman, Registrary of the University. It was in Bentleys time, in 1698, that a body of scholars was appointed to be responsible to the university for the Presss affairs. The Press Syndicates publishing committee still meets regularly, and its role still includes the review, John Baskerville became University Printer in the mid-eighteenth century. Baskervilles concern was the production of the finest possible books using his own type-design, a technological breakthrough was badly needed, and it came when Lord Stanhope perfected the making of stereotype plates. This involved making a mould of the surface of a page of type. The Press was the first to use this technique, and in 1805 produced the technically successful, under the stewardship of C. J. Clay, who was University Printer from 1854 to 1882, the Press increased the size and scale of its academic and educational publishing operation. An important factor in this increase was the inauguration of its list of schoolbooks, during Clays administration, the Press also undertook a sizable co-publishing venture with Oxford, the Revised Version of the Bible, which was begun in 1870 and completed in 1885. It was Wright who devised the plan for one of the most distinctive Cambridge contributions to publishing—the Cambridge Histories, the Cambridge Modern History was published between 1902 and 1912
22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
23.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
24.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
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The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually
25.
Australian National University
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The Australian National University is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, founded in 1946, it is the only university to have been created by the Parliament of Australia. ANU enrolls 10,052 undergraduate and 10,840 postgraduate students, the universitys endowment stood at A$1.13 billion in 2012. ANU is ranked 22nd in the world by the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings, ANU was named the worlds 7th most international university in a 2017 study by Times Higher Education. In the 2016 Times Higher Education Global Employability University Ranking, a ranking of university graduates employability. ANU is ranked 100th in the CWTS Leiden ranking, ANU counts six Nobel laureates and 49 Rhodes scholars among its faculty and alumni. The university has educated two prime ministers,30 current Australian ambassadors and more than a dozen current heads of Government departments of Australia, calls for the establishment of a national university in Australia began as early as 1900. After the location of the capital, Canberra, was determined in 1908. A group of eminent Australian scholars returned from overseas to join the university, including Sir Howard Florey, Sir Mark Oliphant, Sir Keith Hancock, economist Sir Douglas Copland was appointed as ANUs first Vice-Chancellor and former Prime Minister Stanley Bruce served as the first Chancellor. ANU was originally organised into four centres—the Research Schools of Physical Sciences, Social Sciences and Pacific Studies, the first residents’ hall, University House, was opened in 1954 for faculty members and postgraduate students. Mount Stromlo Observatory, established by the government in 1924. The first locations of the ANU Library, the Menzies and Chifley buildings, the Australian Forestry School, located in Canberra since 1927, was amalgamated by ANU in 1965. Canberra University College was the first institution of education in the national capital, having been established in 1929. Its founding was led by Sir Robert Garran, one of the drafters of the Australian Constitution, CUC was affiliated with the University of Melbourne and its degrees were granted by that university. Academic leaders at CUC included historian Manning Clark, political scientist Finlay Crisp, in 1960, CUC was integrated into ANU as the School of General Studies, initially with faculties in arts, economics, law and science. Faculties in Oriental studies and engineering were introduced later, Bruce Hall, the first residential college for undergraduates, opened in 1961. The Canberra School of Music and the Canberra School of Art were amalgamated by ANU in 1992, ANU established its Medical School in 2002, after obtaining federal government approval in 2000. On 18 January 2003, the Canberra bushfires largely destroyed the Mount Stromlo Observatory, ANU astronomers now conduct research from the Siding Spring Observatory, which contains 10 telescopes including the Anglo-Australian Telescope
26.
Aboriginal Australians
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Aboriginal Australians are legally defined as people who are members of the Aboriginal race of Australia. Until the 1980s, the legal and administrative criterion for inclusion in this category was race. In the era of colonial and post-colonial government, access to human rights depended upon your race. If you were a full blooded Aboriginal native, the Constitution of Australia, in its original form as of 1901, referred to Aboriginals twice, but without definition. Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament power to legislate with respect to the people of any throughout the Commonwealth. The purpose of this provision was to give the Commonwealth power to regulate non-white immigrant workers, the only other reference, Section 127, provided simply that aboriginal natives shall not be counted in reckoning the size of the population of the Commonwealth or any part of it. The purpose of section 127 was to prevent the inclusion of Aboriginal people in section 24 determinations of the distribution of House of Representatives seats amongst the states and territories, after both of these references were removed by the 1967 referendum, the Australian Constitution had no references to Aboriginals. Since that time, there have been a number of proposals to amend the constitution to specifically mention Indigenous Australians, the change to Section 51 gave the Commonwealth parliament the power to make laws specifically with respect to Aboriginal peoples as a race. The case concerned an application of legislation that would preserve cultural heritage of Aboriginal Tasmanians and it was held that Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, together or separately, and any part of either, could be regarded as a race for this purpose. As to the criteria for identifying a person as a member of such a race, Deane said, It is unnecessary, for the purposes of the present case, to consider the meaning to be given to the phrase people of any race in s.51. Plainly, the words have a wide and non-technical meaning, the phrase is, in my view, apposite to refer to all Australian Aboriginals collectively. Any doubt, which might otherwise exist in regard, is removed by reference to the wording of par. The phrase is also apposite to refer to any identifiable racial sub-group among Australian Aboriginals, while Deanes three-part definition reaches beyond the biological criterion to individuals self-identification, it has been criticised as continuing to accept the biological criterion as primary. It has been difficult to apply, both in each of its parts and as to the relations among the parts, biological descent has been a fall-back criterion. If it is to be used to refer to us as a group of people. This has just really crept up on us and we are very happy with our involvement with indigenous people around the world, on the international forum because theyre our brothers and sisters. But we do object to it being used here in Australia and her lecture offered a new perspective on the terms urban, traditional and of Indigenous descent as used to define and categorise Aboriginal Australians. She said, Not only are these categories inappropriate, they serve to divide us, governments insistence on categorising us with modern words like urban, traditional and of Aboriginal descent are really only replacing old terms half-caste and full-blood – based on our colouring
27.
Koori
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The Koori People are Indigenous Australians of New South Wales and Victoria. This is their preferred term, expressing pride in their heritage, the word Koori is from Awabakal language gurri, It is an Indigenous Australian language that was spoken in the area of what is today Newcastle. A Koori Court is a division of the Magistrates court in Victoria, Koori Radio is a community radio station based in Redfern broadcasting to Sydney on a city-wide licence. It is part of the Gadigal Information Service and is the radio station in Sydney providing full-time broadcasting to the Aboriginal. Koori Mail is a national Indigenous newspaper based in Lismore, New South Wales, the NSW Koori Rugby League Knockout is one of the largest gatherings of Indigenous people in Australia. A modern-day corroboree for the Koori people of NSW, it has been held annually over the October long weekend since 1971
28.
Kuringgai
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The indigenous people identify themselves as Guringai. Their taurai is known to extend north to the Macleay River, Fraser came up with the name Kuringgai being a conjunction of the native words Koori/Guri to mean black man and Ngai, meaning black woman, or belonging to. According to Fraser, the Kuringgai were bordered by the Wachigari and the Paikalyung to the north, the Kamalarai to the northwest, the Wiradhari to the west and the Murrinjari to the south. However, Norman Tindale would later say in 1974 that the Awabakal are the one of a series of tribes to which the arbitrary term Kuringgai has been applied by Fraser. He divided the area Fraser labelled Kuringgai into several tribes, including the Tharawal, Eora, Dharuk, Darkinjang, Awabakal, Worimi, Birpai, Ngamba, the clan groups are the Garigal, Cammeragal, Borregegal, Awaba, Walkeloa with hundreds more. They were hunters and gatherers within their land, the Guringai lives were dictated by the seasons and the seasonal travels throughout their lands, with great ceremony. The Guringai still live in their traditional homelands, the Aborigines of New South Wales. Sauchie House, West Maitland, University of Newcastle, bibliography of Ku-ring-gai people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
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Awabakal
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Their traditional territory spreads from Wollombi in the south, to the Lower Hunter River near Newcastle and Lake Macquarie in the north. In the traditional language, Awaba is the word for Lake Macquarie, meaning flat or plain surface, hence, the Awabakal were bounded to the north–west by the Wonnarua, the Worimi to the north–east, and the Darkinjung peoples to the west and south. The Awabakal people, like most of the Aboriginal Australian tribes in Australia, awabagal is a common alternate name for the Awabakal people. Awaba is now the name of a town in the region. Tindale claims that the Ninyowa clan were from the Newcastle area, the Awabakal language was used by the Awabakal people and also by the Wonnarua people. Oral historians and linguists are reviewing the language in order to develop a dictionary of the language of the Hunter River. The eaglehawk or wedge-tailed eagle has special significance for the Awabakal people, koun, their celestial entity, looks like an Aboriginal man, but in flight resembles an eagle-hawk. The Awabakal people played a significant part in shaping the environment of their region and they practised fire-stick farming extensively, which helped them to hunt and to navigate through dense prickly scrub along the coast. Tracks and paths were also maintained, including a path from the shore to the top of a hill which later became Watt Street in Newcastle, fishing, particularly for shellfish, was a significant part of the Awabakal peoples diet and culture pre-colonisation. Academic research by Webb indicates east coast Australia tribes were violent, the Awabakal Newcastle Aboriginal Cooperative Limited is a not-for-profit community controlled organisation operating in the Newcastle, Lake Macquarie and Hunter Region with 195 members. In 2014 financial year, Awabakal had income of $10. 7million, approximately half of the income is used on employee benefits expenses, being $5. 87million in 2014. Total assets for both 2013 and 2014 were ca, also in 1976, the Awabakal Environmental Education Centre began operating. It is a NSW Department of Education and Communities facility, the centre provides opportunities for teachers and students in the Hunter Region to learn about the environment and human interactions with the natural world. The Centre contains examples of habitats including perched lagoons, creek catchments, dry and wet sclerophyll forest. Being located on Awabakal land, the centre provides the opportunity for students to learn about Aboriginal perspectives, issues, knowledge. There is also a significant Awabakal presence at the Wollotuka Institute at the University of Newcastle, Wollotuka is an Awabakal word meaning eating and meeting place. Attempts by the Awabakal Local Aboriginal Land Council to claim native title over land within Newcastle, biraban – a recognised headman of the Awaba clan who assisted the Rev Lancelot Threlkeld compile the first grammar of an Aboriginal language in Australia
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Bundjalung
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Bundjalung people all share in common descent from ancestors who once spoke as their first, preferred language, one or more of the dialects of the Bandjalang language. The Arakwal people are a sub-group or tribe of the Bundjalung people of Byron Bay, wollumbin itself is the site at which one of the chief warriors lies, and it is said his face can still be seen in the mountains rocks when viewed from the north. Much of the Bundjalung peoples culture and heritage continues to be celebrated, nowadays people gather annually in the Bundjalung national park as a community to celebrate as a Bundjalung Peoples Gathering. We want to celebrate our Aboriginal traditions and customs, in November 2007 the Federal Court made a positive determination regarding the existence of native title within Githabul country. Throughout Australia, Aborigines believe that illness and death is caused by spirits or persons who intentionally and deliberately cause or inflict harm towards others. Even trivial ailments, or accidents such as falling from a tree, are attributed to malevolence. These spiritual doctors ware men and women of great wisdom and stature with immense power, trained from an early age by their elders and initiated into the deepest of tribal secrets, they are the supreme authorities on spiritual matters. They can visit the skies, witness events from afar, only they can pronounce the cause of serious illness or death, and only they, by performing sacred rites, can effect a cure. Medicine men and women usually employ plants and herbs in their rites, the healing of trivial non-spiritual complaints, using herbs and other remedies, is still practiced by most Aboriginal People, although older women were usually the experts. To ensure success, plants and magic were often prescribed side-by-side, plants ware prepared as remedies in a number of ways. Leafy branches are placed over a fire while the patient squats on top. Sprigs of aromatic leaves might be crushed and inhaled, inserted into the nasal septum, to make an infusion, leaves or bark are crushed and soaked in water, which is then drunk, or washed over the body. Ointment is prepared by mixing crushed leaves with animal fat, other external treatment includes rubbing down the patient with crushed seed paste, fruit pulp or animal oil, or dripping milky sap or a gummy solution over them. Most plant medicines are externally applied, medicine plants are always common plants. Aboriginal People carried no medicine kits and have remedies that grow at hand when needed, if a preferred herb is unavailable, there is usually a local substitute. Except for ointments, which were made by mixing crushed leaves with animal fat, very occasionally two plants are used together. Aboriginal medicines are never quantified, — there are no measured doses or specific times of treatment, since most remedies are applied externally, there is little risk of overdosing. Some medicines are known to vary in strength with the seasons, one area of Aboriginal medicine with no obvious Western parallel was baby medicine
