1.
Congregation of the Mission
–
Congregation of the Mission is a vowed Roman Catholic society of apostolic life of priests and brothers founded by St. Vincent de Paul. It is associated with the Vincentian Family, a federation of organizations who claim St. Vincent de Paul as their founder or Patron. They are popularly known as Vincentians, or Paules, Lazarites, Lazarists, the Congregation has its origin in the successful mission to the common people conducted by Saint Vincent de Paul and five other priests on the estates of the Gondi family. More immediately it dates from 1624, when the community acquired a permanent settlement in the Collège des Bons Enfants in Paris. Archiepiscopal recognition was obtained in 1626, by a papal bull — on January 12,1633 — the society was constituted a congregation, with St. Vincent de Paul as its head. About the same time the regular of St. Victor handed over to the congregation the priory of St. Lazarus in Paris. A fresh bull of Alexander VII in April 1655 further confirmed the society, the rules then adopted, which were framed on the model of those of the Jesuits, were published at Paris in 1668 under the title Regulae seu constitutiones communes congregationis missionis. The special objects contemplated were the religious instruction of the poor, on the eve of the French Revolution, St. The Lazarists were expelled from Italy in 1871 and from Germany in 1873, the Lazarite province of Poland was singularly prosperous, at the date of its suppression in 1796 it possessed thirty-five establishments. The religious institute was permitted to return in 1816, where it is very active, in Madagascar it had a mission from 1648 until 1674. In 1783 Lazarists were appointed to take the place of the Jesuits in the Levantine and Chinese missions, in addition, they established branches in Persia, Abyssinia, Mexico, the South American republics, Portugal, Spain and Russia, some of which have been suppressed. In the same year they had fourteen establishments in the United States of America, in the early 21st century, the Lazarites numbered some 4000 worldwide, with a presence in 86 different countries. Bebot Carcellar, C. M. of the Vincentian Missionaries Social Development Foundation, on November 8,2007, Rev. David M. O’Connell, CM, president of Catholic University personally bestowed these Opus Prizes at the universitys Edward J. Pryzbyla University Center. On 2008, the Vincentian family marks its 150 years in the Philippines, bienvenido M. Disu, CM, Provincial, Fr. Gregorio L. Bañaga, Jr, CM, Ph. D. President of Adamson University and Ozamiz, Mindanao Archbishop Jesus A. Dosado and it has a deacon,5 incorporated brothers and 97 priests. Its most impressive work in its history is the program for hundreds of families specially those affected by demolitions and relocations in the Philippine North and South Railways tracks. The CBCP Newsletter announced on July 10,2008, the appointment of Fr Marcelo Manimtim, Manimtim is the first Asian to hold the office. Carcellar, C. M, was assigned to Payatas, with his Planning for a new homeSystemic Change Strategy, he organized Philippines massive home constructions, which he began by the savings program in Payatas dumpsite
Congregation of the Mission
–
Congregation of the Mission
2.
Financial endowment
–
A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
Financial endowment
–
Basic investment types
3.
United States dollar
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States dollar
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
United States dollar
–
Federal Reserve Notes
United States dollar
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
United States dollar
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
4.
Lewiston (town), New York
–
Lewiston is a town in Niagara County, New York United States. The population was 16,262 at the 2010 census, the town and its contained village are named after Morgan Lewis, a governor of New York. The Town of Lewiston is on the border of the county. The Village of Lewiston is within the town, the Town of Lewiston was formed in 1818. The Town Supervisor is Steve Broderick and the Chief of Police is Frank Previte, the Town Supervisor is considered the Chief Fiscal Officer for the Town. The Supervisor also serves as a board member on various community organizations. Five volunteer fire companies protect the Town of Lewiston, the Lewiston #1 and #2 fire companies, the Pekin Volunteer Fire Company, the Sanborn Volunteer Fire Company, and the Upper Mountain Fire Company. Several federal, state, county and local law enforcement agencies protect the town, the United States Border Patrol is the federal agency. The New York State agencies are the New York State Police, the Niagara County Sheriffs Department assists the Lewiston Police Department which is the local authority. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 41.0 square miles. The Niagara River forms the boundary of the town, which is an international border with Canada. The Town of Lewistons southern border is with the City of Niagara Falls, NY, the Town of Niagara, NY, the southern portion of the town also is on the top of the Niagara Escarpment. The eastern border of the town is at Townline Road which separates the Towns of Cambria, the northern border of the town is with the Towns of Porter and Wilson. New York State Route 104 passes across the town as Lewiston Road on top of the Niagara Escarpment, there are three exits of Interstate 190 in Lewiston. Exit 24 at Witmer Road New York State Route 31, Exit 25A at Military Road New York State Route 265, and Exit 25B for Route 104, bonds Lake County Park – a park in the northeast corner of the town. Colonial Village – a hamlet by the town line on Route 31. Devils Hole State Park – in the southwest corner of the town, dickersonville – a hamlet in the northeastern part of the town on Route 104. Earl W. Brydges Artpark State Park – a New York State Park on the edge of the town
Lewiston (town), New York
–
Frontier House
Lewiston (town), New York
–
Location in
Niagara County and the state of
New York.
5.
New York (state)
–
New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
6.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
7.
Suburban area
–
A suburb is a residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and a few U. S. states, new suburbs are routinely annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Arabia, Canada, France, and much of the United States, Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land, the English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, which is in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs. The first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, in Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities, the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density suburbs in proximity to the city center, and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term middle suburbs is also used, Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London, suburbs include formerly separate towns and villages that have been gradually absorbed during a growth and expansion. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city. The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements, large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town. The word suburbani was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas, as populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest, by the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst in suburban growth came from the opening of the Metropolitan Railway in the 1860s, the line joined the capitals financial heart in the City to what were to become the suburbs of Middlesex. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire, more than 50 miles from Baker Street. Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, in 1912, it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway. However, World War I delayed these plans and it was only in 1919, with expectation of a housing boom. The term Metro-land was coined by the Mets marketing department in 1915 when the Guide to the Extension Line became the Metro-land guide and this promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter
Suburban area
–
Nassau County,
Long Island is emblematic of continuous
sprawl in an
inner suburb of
New York City, United States.
Suburban area
–
Tract housing in
Colorado Springs,
Colorado.
Cul-de-sacs are hallmarks of suburban planning.
Suburban area
–
High-rise social housing in
Clichy-sous-Bois, a
banlieue of
Paris
Suburban area
–
Row houses in
Upper Darby, an inner-ring suburb of
Philadelphia
8.
NCAA Division I
–
Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
NCAA Division I
–
Main logo used by the NCAA in Divisions I, II, and III.
9.
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
–
The conference headquarters is located in Edison, New Jersey. The Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference sponsors 22 sports and has many member institutions. Richard J. Ensor is the commissioner of the MAAC, a post he has held since 1988, the conference was founded in 1980 by six charter members, the U. S. Military Academy, Fairfield University, Fordham University, Iona College, Manhattan College, competition officially began the next year, in the sports of men’s cross-country and men’s soccer. Competition in mens and womens basketball began in the 1981-1982 season, in 1984, the MAAC received an automatic bid to the NCAA Mens Basketball Tournament, where Iona was the first team to represent the MAAC on the mens side. In 1982, Saint Peters was the first womens team to represent the MAAC in the NCAA Womens Basketball Tournament. The conference currently possesses 15 automatic bids to NCAA Championships, in 2012–13, the MAAC became eligible for its 15th NCAA Championship when Womens Rowing fulfilled qualifying requirements. The league added football in 1993, discontinuing it following the 2007 season, from 1997 to 2003, the MAAC sponsored ice hockey. At that time, the league split from the MAAC. In September 2011, the announced the launch of MAAC. TV. The MAAC is also in the midst of an agreement to have their March mens and womens basketball conference tournaments held at the MassMutual Center in Springfield. In July 2013 Quinnipiac University and Monmouth University joined the MAAC to replace Loyola University Maryland, also in 2013 the MAAC announced that it would add field hockey as its 25th sport with league play beginning in the 2013-14 academic year. Over the conferences history MAAC teams have achieved national and international acclaim in many sports, in the summer of 2002 the Marist mens varsity eight boat advanced to the semifinals of the Temple Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta. In 2007, the Marist womens basketball team advanced to the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Womens Division I Basketball Championship, the Red Foxes have recorded five NCAA wins since their run in 2007. In the fall of 2011, the Iona mens cross country team finished tied for place at the NCAA Championship race. In basketball MAAC teams have made a total of 80 NIT appearances and 50 NCAA basketball tournament appearances, the MAAC currently has 11 member institutions. For former associates in mens ice hockey, see Atlantic Hockey Notes - Robert Morris remains an affiliate in womens rowing, - Rider is now a full member of the MAAC. - Jacksonville remains an affiliate in mens and womens rowing, - Marist is now a full member of the MAAC
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
–
Marist vs Fairfield at
Webster Bank Arena
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
–
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC)
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
–
Alumni Baseball Diamond Fairfield Stags
Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference
–
Webster Bank Arena Fairfield Stags
10.
Atlantic Hockey
–
The Atlantic Hockey Conference is a NCAA Mens Division I Ice Hockey conference which operates primarily in the northeastern United States. It participates in the NCAAs Division I as an ice hockey-only conference, unlike several other college athletic conferences, Atlantic Hockey has no womens division, though it shares some organizational and administrative roles with the womens-only College Hockey America. From 1997 to 2003, Atlantic Hockey was part of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference before the league broke away to stand independently. Iona College,2003 Fairfield University,2003 Quinnipiac University,2005 University of Connecticut,2014 From 1999 to 2003, since 2007, the tournament has been held at the Blue Cross Arena in Rochester, New York. Additionally they vote to award 7 of the 9 individual trophies to a player and 1 team award at the same time. All individual and team awards have been awarded since Atlantic Hockeys inaugural season in 2003-04
Atlantic Hockey
11.
Niagara Purple Eagles
–
The Niagara Purple Eagles are athletics teams that represent Niagara University in college sports. Part of the NCAAs Division I, the Purple Eagles field 18 varsity level teams, the Purple Eagles are members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference and Atlantic Hockey. Between 1946 and 1958, Niagara was a member of the Western New York Little Three Conference, in 2012, the womens ice hockey program was replaced by womens track and field. Niagara also runs a non-varsity ice hockey program at the American Collegiate Hockey Association, Niagara first played football in 1897 and continued until suspending operations after the 1909 season. The Purple Eagles returned for the 1914 season and kept playing football until World War II made the 1941 season Niagaras last until 1946. For the third time, the Purple Eagles suspended their team after the 1950 season, after 20 seasons of play that had seven winless seasons with six occurring in a span of seven years, the Purple Eagles dropped football for the fourth and final time after the 1987 season. Over the span of 67 seasons, the team went won 182 games, lost 205 games and they never played in a bowl game. The most wins they had in a season was 1902, in which they went 9–3–1, while the most losses they had in a season was 1922, tom Cahill Dan DeSantis Bob Stefik Niagaras fiercest rivals include, St
Niagara Purple Eagles
Niagara Purple Eagles
–
Niagara Purple Eagles
Niagara Purple Eagles
Niagara Purple Eagles
12.
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
–
The Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities or ACCU is a voluntary association of delegates from Catholic institutions of higher learning. It was founded in 1899 by fifty-three delegates from Catholic colleges across the United States, currently the association includes more than 90% of accredited Catholic institutions of higher learning in the United States as well as over twenty international universities. The president or rector of each participating institution serves as voting representative to the ACCU, there is also collaboration with the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the National Catholic Educational Association and various other agencies
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
–
Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities
13.
Catholic university
–
A Catholic university is a private university run by the Roman Catholic Church or by Roman Catholic organizations such as religious institutes. Those with closer ties to the Holy See are specifically called pontifical universities, according to the census of the Vaticans Congregation for Catholic Education, the total number of Catholic universities and higher education institutions around the world is 1,358. The Catholic religious order with the highest number of universities around the world today is the Society of Jesus with 114. Patricks, Carlow College, Carlow St Patricks College, Maynooth St. Patricks College, Thurles European University of Rome, Roma, there is so far no list of academic rankings of Catholic universities
Catholic university
–
Main building of the
Catholic University in Ružomberok,
Slovakia.
Catholic university
–
Catholic University of Toulouse,
Toulouse,
France.
Catholic university
–
Chapel of the faculty of medicine of
Saint Joseph University,
Beirut,
Lebanon.
14.
Lazarists
–
Congregation of the Mission is a vowed Roman Catholic society of apostolic life of priests and brothers founded by St. Vincent de Paul. It is associated with the Vincentian Family, a federation of organizations who claim St. Vincent de Paul as their founder or Patron. They are popularly known as Vincentians, or Paules, Lazarites, Lazarists, the Congregation has its origin in the successful mission to the common people conducted by Saint Vincent de Paul and five other priests on the estates of the Gondi family. More immediately it dates from 1624, when the community acquired a permanent settlement in the Collège des Bons Enfants in Paris. Archiepiscopal recognition was obtained in 1626, by a papal bull — on January 12,1633 — the society was constituted a congregation, with St. Vincent de Paul as its head. About the same time the regular of St. Victor handed over to the congregation the priory of St. Lazarus in Paris. A fresh bull of Alexander VII in April 1655 further confirmed the society, the rules then adopted, which were framed on the model of those of the Jesuits, were published at Paris in 1668 under the title Regulae seu constitutiones communes congregationis missionis. The special objects contemplated were the religious instruction of the poor, on the eve of the French Revolution, St. The Lazarists were expelled from Italy in 1871 and from Germany in 1873, the Lazarite province of Poland was singularly prosperous, at the date of its suppression in 1796 it possessed thirty-five establishments. The religious institute was permitted to return in 1816, where it is very active, in Madagascar it had a mission from 1648 until 1674. In 1783 Lazarists were appointed to take the place of the Jesuits in the Levantine and Chinese missions, in addition, they established branches in Persia, Abyssinia, Mexico, the South American republics, Portugal, Spain and Russia, some of which have been suppressed. In the same year they had fourteen establishments in the United States of America, in the early 21st century, the Lazarites numbered some 4000 worldwide, with a presence in 86 different countries. Bebot Carcellar, C. M. of the Vincentian Missionaries Social Development Foundation, on November 8,2007, Rev. David M. O’Connell, CM, president of Catholic University personally bestowed these Opus Prizes at the universitys Edward J. Pryzbyla University Center. On 2008, the Vincentian family marks its 150 years in the Philippines, bienvenido M. Disu, CM, Provincial, Fr. Gregorio L. Bañaga, Jr, CM, Ph. D. President of Adamson University and Ozamiz, Mindanao Archbishop Jesus A. Dosado and it has a deacon,5 incorporated brothers and 97 priests. Its most impressive work in its history is the program for hundreds of families specially those affected by demolitions and relocations in the Philippine North and South Railways tracks. The CBCP Newsletter announced on July 10,2008, the appointment of Fr Marcelo Manimtim, Manimtim is the first Asian to hold the office. Carcellar, C. M, was assigned to Payatas, with his Planning for a new homeSystemic Change Strategy, he organized Philippines massive home constructions, which he began by the savings program in Payatas dumpsite
Lazarists
–
Congregation of the Mission
15.
Niagara County, New York
–
Niagara County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 216,469, the county name is from the Iroquois word Onguiaahra, meaning the strait or thunder of waters. Niagara County is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, and it is the location of Niagara Falls and Fort Niagara, and has many parks and lake shore recreation communities. In the summer of 2008, Niagara County celebrated its 200th birthday with the first town of the county, when counties were established in the New York colony in 1683, the present Niagara County was part of Albany County. This was a county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory. This county was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State, the county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada, in 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. In turn, Genesee County was created from Ontario County in 1802, Niagara County was created from Genesee County in 1808. It was, however, larger than the present Niagara County even though it consisted of only the Town of Cambria, from 1814 to 1817, records of Cattaraugus County were divided between Belmont and Buffalo. In 1821, Erie County was created from Niagara County, the county has a number of properties on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,140 square miles. Niagara County is in the western part of New York State, just north of Buffalo and adjacent to Lake Ontario on its northern border. The countys primary geographic feature is Niagara Falls, the riverbed of which has eroded seven miles south over the past 12,000 years since the last Ice Age. The Niagara River and Niagara Falls, are in effect, the ditch for four of the Great Lakes which constitute the worlds largest supply of fresh water. Today, tourists and visitors to the Falls see a flow of water over the Falls. Both the American and Canadian side of the Niagara River have massive electrical power plants, the spectacular Niagara Gorge is the path Niagara Falls has taken over thousands of years as it continues to erode
Niagara County, New York
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Niagara County Clerks Office
16.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo
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The Diocese of Buffalo is a Roman Catholic diocese headquartered in Buffalo, New York, United States. It is included in the province of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, the Buffalo Diocese includes eight counties in Western New York State. The Catholic population is nearly 700,000, the Diocese is divided into more than 150 parishes, which also include churches, schools, convents, seminaries, hospitals, and colleges. The Buffalo Diocese was established in 1847, from the Buffalo Diocese, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester was created in 1868. The Most Reverend Richard Joseph Malone became the 14th bishop of the Buffalo Diocese, the Diocese covers 6,455 square miles throughout the eight counties of Western New York, and has a Catholic population of 690,000. In the Diocese are 166 parishes,15 high schools,52 elementary schools, seven colleges and universities, one seminary, convents, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo was established April 23,1847. It was set apart from the great Diocese of New York and the See located at Buffalo on Lake Erie, in 1868, the Diocese of Rochester was formed from the eastern counties of the territory of the Diocese of Buffalo. †, Died Stephen Michael Vincent Ryan, C. M. S. C, in 2007,14 Catholic elementary schools in the Diocese closed. The school closures caused job losses to 158 full-time and 49 part-time employees, more than 1,410 students were negatively affected by the school closures in 2007, and were required to enroll in other educational programs outside of these schools. While the average cost of teaching one student in the 14 schools in 2007 was $4,738, therefore, the debt of those schools parishes averaged $224,160, and totaled more than $3.3 million altogether. The Diocese of Buffalo contributed millions of dollars to schools whose parishes used up monies to subsidize their schools. In early 2007 alone, the Diocese was operating with a $2.1 million deficit, in part, due to the subsidies provided to schools, cheektowaga, the area hardest-hit by the school closures with five schools lost in 2007, experienced great demographic changes in recent years. The area was once heavily Catholic, though the majority of the population of adults has been replaced by those who are younger. The dramatic change has resulted in drastically reduced enrollments, for example in the Infant of Prague School in 1960 that had 1,120 students, and had only 117 enrolled students in 2007. St. Barnabas School in Depew – one of the schools closed in 2007 – had only 57 students enrolled that year. Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo Official Site Herbermann, Charles, ed. Buffalo
Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo
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St. Joseph Cathedral, Buffalo, New York
Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo
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Diocese of Buffalo Dioecesis Buffalensis
Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo
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St. Joseph Church, Gowanda, New York, 2007
Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo
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Religious Artifact, St. Columban Retreat Center, Derby, New York, 1998
17.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
18.
B. Thomas Golisano
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Blase Thomas Tom Golisano is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is the founder of Paychex, which offers payroll and human services to businesses. He sold the Sabres and its assets to multi-billionaire Terrence Pegula in February 2011, Golisano made a bid for the bankrupt Los Angeles Dodgers franchise in early 2012, but his group was eventually outbid by a consortium led by Magic Johnson and the Guggenheim Partners. In order to keep the team in western NY, he also made a bid for the Buffalo Bills when that franchise came up for sale in 2014. Golisano has a degree from Alfred State College. He is a member of the Independence Party of New York. Although he was never elected, his percentage of the vote increased with each election and he spent a combined $93 million on the three campaigns. By receiving more than 50,000 votes each time, Golisano brought the Independence Party an automatic ballot line for the four years. There was speculation that he would run for governor again on the Republican ticket, but it was announced, on May 15,2009, that he was moving to Florida. After New Yorks Republican governor, George Pataki announced he would not run again in the 2006 election and he changed his party affiliation to Republican, with the Independence Partys chairmans blessing, in October 2005, apparently in preparation for another gubernatorial run. On February 1,2006, however, Golisano announced that he would not run for the governorship, in August 2008, Golisano contributed $1 million to the Democratic National Convention. In July 2008, Golisano formed a PAC called Responsible New York, the PAC gives money to candidates for the New York state legislature, regardless of party. The PAC is aiming to support candidates for property tax cuts, in October 2008, Golisano voiced his opinion in favor of term limits for public offices in the New York City. Golisano vowed to fight Mayor Michael Bloombergs proposal to extend term limits, in June 2009, Golisano took partial credit for creating the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis in which Republican seized control of a body that still retained a Democratic majority. He orchestrated the defection of Democratic senators Pedro Espada Jr. and Hiram Monserrate, Thomas Golisano Foundation in 1985 with an initial gift of $90,000. The Foundation awards grants to organizations dedicated to providing opportunities for those with intellectual and developmental disabilities, the Foundation has assets exceeding $32 million and awards about $2 million in grants annually to organizations primarily in western and upstate New York and Florida. Golisanos personal and Foundation philanthropy to health care, education and other organizations now totals more than $267 million, there are three childrens hospitals named for him. In September 2016, Golisano gave $7.5 million to Nazareth College for a new Athletic Training Center that will be a model of inclusion and it is expected to open in 2018
B. Thomas Golisano
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Tom Golisano
19.
Paychex
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Paychex, Inc. is an American provider of payroll, human resource, and benefits outsourcing services for small- to medium-sized businesses. With headquarters in Penfield, New York, the company has more than 100 offices serving approximately 580,000 payroll clients as of May 31,2014, Paychex was founded by Tom Golisano in 1971. Golisano started the company with $3,000, the operation grew to include 18 franchises and partnerships, which were eventually consolidated into one private company in 1979. In 1983, Paychex went public and began trading on the NASDAQ Stock Market, in fiscal 2013, Paychex revenues exceeded $2.3 billion. On February 9,2011, Paychex acquired SurePayroll for $115 million cash, official Site Business data Wolfram Alpha Fundamentals & Financials SEC Filings
Paychex
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Headquarters in Penfield, New York
Paychex
20.
Buffalo Sabres
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The Buffalo Sabres are a professional ice hockey team based in Buffalo, New York. They are members of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League, the team was established in 1970, along with the Vancouver Canucks, when the league expanded to 14 teams. They have played at KeyBank Center since 1996, prior to that, the Buffalo Sabres played at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium from the start of the franchise in 1970. The Sabres are owned by Terry Pegula and coached by Dan Bylsma, the team has twice advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, losing to the Philadelphia Flyers in 1975 and to the Dallas Stars in 1999. The best known line in history is The French Connection. All three players have had their numbers retired and a statue erected in their honor at KeyBank Center in 2012. Tim Horton, Pat LaFontaine, Danny Gare and Dominik Hasek have also had their numbers retired. The Sabres, along with the Vancouver Canucks, joined the NHL in the 1970–71 season, wanting a name other than bison, the Knoxes commissioned a name-the-team contest. The Knoxes tried twice before to get an NHL team, first when the NHL expanded in 1967, at the time of their creation, the Sabres exercised their option to create their own AHL farm team, the Cincinnati Swords. Former Toronto Maple Leafs general manager and head coach Punch Imlach was hired in the capacity with the Sabres. The year the Sabres debuted was an important year for major sports in Buffalo. The city of Buffalo went from having no teams in the major professional sports leagues to three in one off-season, a situation that proved to be unsustainable. Between the Braves and the Sabres, the Sabres would prove to be, by far, the Braves left Buffalo in 1978, and its remains are now the Los Angeles Clippers. The consensus was that first pick in the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft would be junior phenomenon Gilbert Perreault, either the Sabres or the Canucks would get the first pick, to be determined with the spin of a roulette wheel. Perreault was available to the Sabres and Canucks as this was the first year that the Montreal Canadiens did not have a priority right to draft Quebec-born junior players, the Canucks were allocated numbers 1–10 on the wheel, while the Sabres had 11–20. When league president Clarence Campbell spun the wheel, he thought the pointer landed on 1. While Campbell was congratulating the Vancouver delegation, Imlach asked Campbell to check again, as it turned out, the pointer was on 11—effectively handing Perreault to the Sabres. Perreault scored 38 goals in his season of 1970–71, at the time a record for most goals scored by a NHL rookie
Buffalo Sabres
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Full house at then-Marine Midland Arena for Sabres game, 1999
Buffalo Sabres
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Buffalo Sabres
Buffalo Sabres
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Baseball
Buffalo Sabres
21.
Cusco, Peru
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Cuzco, often spelled Cusco, is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region as well as the Cusco Province, in 2013, the city had a population of 435,114. Located on the end of the Knot of Cuzco, its elevation is around 3,400 m. The site was the capital of the Inca Empire from the 13th until the 16th-century Spanish conquest. In 1983 Cusco was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and it has become a major tourist destination, hosting nearly 2 million visitors a year. The Constitution of Peru designates it as the Historical Capital of Peru, the indigenous name of this city is Qusqu. Although the name was used in Quechua, its origin is found in the Aymara language, the word is derived from the phrase qusqu wanka, related to the citys foundation myth of the Ayar Siblings. According to this legend, Ayar Awqa acquired wings and flew to the site of the future city, there he was transformed into a rock to mark the possession of the land by his ayllu. Then Ayar Oche stood up, displayed a pair of large wings, then they went up on top of the hill. Now at the site where he was to remain as an idol and he returned and told Ayar Manco that from then on he was to be named Manco Capac. Ayar Oche came from where the Sun was and the Sun had ordered that Ayar Manco take that name, after this had been stated by the idol, Ayar Oche turned into a stone, just as he was, with his wings. Later Manco Capac went down with Ayar Auca to their settlement. he liked the place now occupied in this city Cuzco, Manco Capac and his companion, with the help of the four women, made a house. Having done this, Manco Capac and his companion, with the four women and it is said that they took the maize from the cave, which this lord Manco Capac named Pacaritambo, which means those of origin because. they came out of that cave. The Spanish conquistadors adopted the name, transliterating it into Spanish phonetics as Cuzco or, less often. Cuzco was the spelling on official documents and chronicles in colonial times. Cuzco, pronounced as in 16th-century Spanish, seems to have been an approximation to the Cusco Quechua pronunciation of the name at the time. As both Spanish and Quechuan pronunciation have evolved since then, the Spanish pronunciation of z is no longer close to the Quechuan pronunciation of the consonant represented by z in Cuzco. In 1976, the city signed an ordinance banning the traditional spelling and ordering the use of a new one, Cusco
Cusco, Peru
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The first image of Cuzco in Europe.
Pedro Cieza de León. Cronica del Peru, 1553.
Cusco, Peru
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Top: Plaza de Armas, Middle left:
Qurikancha, Middle right: Aerial view of Cusco, Bottom left:
Saksaywaman, Bottom right: Cathedral of Cusco
Cusco, Peru
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Cristo Blanco in the surrounding mountains of Cusco
Cusco, Peru
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Night view of Plaza Regocijo, Cusco
22.
The Leading Hotels of the World
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Leading Hotels of the World, Ltd. is a global hospitality consortium of more than 375 hotels and resorts in over 75 countries. It is headquartered in New York City, and maintains offices in 25 cities worldwide, the consortium is owned by Swiss based Hotel Representative, A. G. The company was established in 1928 under the name Luxury Hotels of Europe and it initially had 38 member hotels, including Hotel Negresco in Nice, the Mena House in Cairo and King David Hotel in Jerusalem. The company does not own hotels, most member hotels are independent, as of 2011 Andrea Kracht, proprietor of Baur au Lac in Zürich, Switzerland, was the chairman of Hotel Representative, A. G. and Theodore Teng was the president and chief executive officer. The company had 24 offices around the world, the company restricts membership to hotels considered to be in the luxury category, which are inspected and voted on by the companys Executive Committee
The Leading Hotels of the World
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La Mamounia in
Morocco, a member hotel of The Leading Hotels of the World.
The Leading Hotels of the World
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The
Montreux Palace,
Montreux (
Switzerland).
23.
Vincent de Paul
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St. Vincent de Paul was a French Roman Catholic priest who dedicated himself to serving the poor. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion and he was renowned for his compassion, humility and generosity and is known as the Great Apostle of Charity. Vincent was born in 1581 in the village of Pouy in Gascony, in the Province of Guyenne and Gascony, there was in the vicinity, a stream named the Paul and it is believed that this might have been the derivation of the family name. He wrote the name as one word – Depaul, possibly to avoid the inference that he was of noble birth and he had three brothers – Jean, Bernard and Gayon, and two sisters – Marie and Marie-Claudine. At an early age, he showed a talent for reading and writing but during his childhood, at 15, his father sent him to seminary, managing to pay for it by selling the family’s oxen. Vincents interest in the priesthood at that time was largely with the intent to establish a career and obtain a benefice, with which he could retire early. For two years, Vincent received his education at a college in Dax, France adjoining a monastery of the Friars Minor where he, in 1597, he began his studies in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Toulouse. The atmosphere at the university was anything but pious or conducive to spiritual contemplation, fights broke out between various factions of students which escalated into many armed battles. During the course of the unrest, an official was murdered by two students, nevertheless, he continued his studies and was finally able to help pay for his education by tutoring others. He was ordained on 23 September 1600 at the age of nineteen in Château-lÉvêque, rather than respond to a lawsuit in which he would probably not have prevailed, he resigned from the position and continued his studies. On 12 October 1604 he received his Bachelor of Theology from the University of Toulouse, later he received a Licentiate in Canon Law from the University of Paris. De Paul was auctioned off as a slave to the highest bidder and his first master was a fisherman, but Vincent was unsuitable for this line of work due to sea-sickness and was soon sold. His next master was a physician, alchemist and inventor. He became fascinated by his arts and was taught how to prepare, the fame of Vincents master became so great that it attracted the attention of men who summoned him to Istanbul. During the passage, the old man died and Vincent was sold once again and his new master was a former priest and Franciscan from Nice, named Guillaume Gautier. He had converted to Islam in order to gain his freedom from slavery and was living in the mountains with three wives, the second wife, a Muslim by birth, was drawn to and visited Vincent in the fields to question him about his faith. She became convinced that his faith was true and admonished her husband for renouncing his Christianity and her husband became remorseful and decided to escape back to France with his slave. They had to wait ten months, but finally they secretly boarded a boat and crossed the Mediterranean
Vincent de Paul
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Ranquines, birthplace of Vincent
Vincent de Paul
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A portrait of St. Vincent de Paul by
Simon François de Tours (17th century)
Vincent de Paul
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The waxen mask and hands encasing Vincent's bones
Vincent de Paul
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St. Vincent de Paul
Roman Catholic Church in
New York City
24.
Reserve Officers Training Corps
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The Reserve Officers Training Corps are a group of college-based officer training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces. ROTC officers serve in all branches of the U. S. armed forces, under ROTC, a student may receive a competitive, merit-based scholarship, covering all or part of college tuition, in return for an obligation of active military service after graduation. The U. S. Coast Guard offers a program to ROTC under a different name. The students participate in regular drills during the year. Some of the training that is offered to cadets in the Army ROTC program are, Airborne, Air Assault, Mountain Warfare, WHINSEC. Army ROTC units are organized as brigades, battalions, and companies, Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons, and flights. Army and Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets, Navy ROTC units are organized as battalions, and also include NROTC students under Marine Option who will eventually be commissioned as officers in the Marine Corps. Marine NROTC students may be formed in a company when the program includes sufficient numbers. All Navy ROTC students are referred to as midshipmen, the term of obligatory service varies based on the type of commission the cadet or midshipman receives, as well as any scholarship contract signed. They can serve as duty or in a reserve status. Additionally, a cadet on active duty can receive either a regular appointment or a reserve appointment and this affects the required years, as well as how many must be completed on active duty, in an active reserve capacity, or in the Individual Ready Reserve. Under federal law, graduates of an ROTC scholarship program incur an active duty service obligation. Recipients incur an eight-year MSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component, finally, recipients incur at least a six-year MSO and up to an eight-year ADSO if they accept a commission and serve in a reserve component with at least two years of active duty. Army ROTC students who receive an Army ROTC scholarship or enter the Army ROTC Advanced Course must agree to complete a period of service. This can include three active duty, with the balance in the IRR. The service obligation for a Navy ROTC student is five years in the Navy, the active-duty service obligation for an Air Force ROTC student is four years, or eight years for Combat Systems Officers, or six years Air Battle Management officers, or ten years for pilots. The concept of ROTC in the United States began with the Morrill Act of 1862 which established the land-grant colleges, part of the federal governments requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum, forming what became known as ROTC. The college from which ROTC originated is Norwich University in Northfield, Norwich was founded in 1819 at Norwich, Vermont, as the American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy
Reserve Officers Training Corps
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Newly graduated and commissioned officers of the
Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) Unit Hampton Roads stand at attention as they are applauded during the spring Commissioning Ceremony in May 2004.
Reserve Officers Training Corps
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ROTC at the University of Florida during the 1920s
Reserve Officers Training Corps
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An Army ROTC unit practicing
rapelling from a
parking garage in September 2010.
Reserve Officers Training Corps
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Army ROTC cadets on a
field training exercise in March 2005.
25.
Army
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An army or ground force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the military branch. It may also include other branches of the such as the air force via means of aviation corps. Within a national force, the word army may also mean a field army. They differ from army reserves who are activated only during such times as war or natural disasters, in several countries, the army is officially called the Land Army to differentiate it from an air force called the Air Army, notably France. In such countries, the army on its own retains its connotation of a land force in common usage. By convention, irregular military is understood in contrast to regular armies which grew slowly from personal bodyguards or elite militia, regular in this case refers to standardized doctrines, uniforms, organizations, etc. Regular military can also refer to full-time status, versus reserve or part-time personnel, other distinctions may separate statutory forces, from de facto non-statutory forces such as some guerrilla and revolutionary armies. Armies may also be expeditionary or fencible, india has had some of the earliest armies in the world. During the Indus Valley Civilization however, there was just a small force as they didnt fear invasion at the time. After the Aryan invasion, kingdoms and city-states started forming armies to protect their cities, one of the first known recorded battles, the Battle of the Ten Kings, happened when a Hindu king defeated an alliance of ten kings. During the Iron Age, the Maurya and Nanda Empires had large armies, in the Gupta age, large armies of longbowmen were recruited to fight off invading horse archer armies. Elephants, pikemen and cavalry were other featured troops, in Rajput times, the main piece of equipment was iron or chain-mail armour, a round shield, either a curved blade or a straight-sword, a chakra disc and a katar dagger. China has existed as a culture for thousands of years, the states of China raised armies for at least 1000 years before the Spring and Autumn Annals. By the Warring States period, the crossbow had been perfected enough to become a military secret, thus any political power of a state rested on the armies and their organization. China underwent political consolidation of the states of Han, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi, until by 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang, sun Tzus The Art of War remains one of Chinas Seven Military Classics, even though it is two thousand years old. Since no political figure could exist without an army, measures were taken to only the most capable leaders could control the armies. Civil bureaucracies arose to control the power of the states
Army
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A bronze crossbow trigger mechanism and butt plate that were mass-produced in the
Warring States period (475-221 BCE)
Army
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Countries by number of active soldiers (2009)
Army
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A 2nd-century depiction of Roman soldiers on
Trajan's column
Army
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Armies of the Middle Ages consisted of noble knights, rendering service to their
suzerain, and hired footsoldiers
26.
Tau Kappa Epsilon
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Tau Kappa Epsilon is an international all-male secret and social college fraternity founded on January 10,1899, at Illinois Wesleyan University. The organization has chapters in the United States, Canada, as of Fall 2016 there were 243 active TKE chapters and colonies throughout the United States and Canada. In 1928, TKE became one of the first fraternities to abolish hell week, the purpose of the new organization was to be an aid to college men in mental, moral and social development. Mental development would be emphasized by the study of literature at weekly meetings. The first public announcement of the Knights of Classic Lore appeared in the February 1,1899 issue of the Argus, during formation of the Knights of Classic Lore were trying to get the Illinois Epsilon chapter of Phi Delta Theta restored. Prominent PhiDelt alumnus Richard Henry Little became a persistent sponsor for the Knights to petition Phi Delta Theta for charter, the Knights first petitioned Phi Delta Theta at its 1902 convention in New York, but efforts were unsuccessful. After renting rooms at several locations beginning in the spring of 1899, simultaneously with the acquisition of the new house, the Knights also adopted the name Tau Kappa Epsilon. The change in name was expected to create an impression in future petitions to Phi Delta Theta. If this support was achieved, then charter would be granted to the group without any action from the convention, the Knights of Classic Lore gained the support of all Phi Delta Theta groups in the province, except for Wisconsin Alpha, Illinois Beta, and Missouri Alpha. The Knights in turn presented the petition at the 1906 convention in Washington. During the continuing struggle for acceptance from Phi Delta Theta, TKE continued to grow stronger in its own existence. In late 1907, TKE was preparing to petition Phi Delta Theta once again at the 1908 convention, at the annual initiation banquet on October 19,1907, speeches were made that both advocated and questioned the continued petitioning of Phi Delta Theta. At the banquet, Wallace G. McCauley delivered a speech known as Opportunity Out of Defeat. The powerful address called for an abandonment of the petitioning initiative, while there was some opposition at the time, the movement ultimately took hold, and by 1908, TKE was well on its way to becoming a national fraternity in its own right. The speech was published in the first issue of The Teke, in January 1908, at the chapter meeting held on Monday, February 15,1909, the new constitution became official. The first Conclave of the Grand Chapter of the new national fraternity of Tau Kappa Epsilon convened on February 17,1909, in 1909, TKE approached the Chi Rho Sigma Fraternity at Millikin University. There were no national fraternities at Millikin at this time, representatives from TKE presented their case, and after thorough consideration, Chi Rho Sigma voted to accept TKEs offer. On April 17,1909, Chi Rho Sigma was installed as the Beta Chapter of TKE, in November 1911, the Beta Rho Delta Fraternity was founded at the University of Illinois
Tau Kappa Epsilon
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The five founders of Tau Kappa Epsilon. Clockwise from top left: James Carson McNutt, Owen Ison Truitt, Clarence Arthur Mayer, Joseph Lorenzo Settles, Charles Roy Atkinson
Tau Kappa Epsilon
27.
Alpha Sigma Alpha
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Alpha Sigma Alpha is a United States National Panhellenic sorority founded on November 15,1901 at the Virginia State Female Normal School in Farmville, Virginia. The purpose of the association is to cultivate the relationship among members, Alpha Sigma Alpha promotes high ideal and standards for its members throughout their lives by emphasizing balance among four aims of intellectual, physical, social and spiritual development. With the effort of each member, Alpha Sigma Alpha became a member of National Panhellenic Conference in 1951. The insignia of Alpha Sigma Alpha are the star, crown, palm tree, the star represents the aspirations of Alpha Sigma Alphas to live up to the values of the Sorority. The crown represents leadership attained and the name of recognition given to our alumnae, the palm tree represents an emblem of sturdy development. The phoenix, the symbol in our coat-of-arms, openly represents the reorganization of the Sorority that occurred in 1914. There are currently over 175 chapters of Alpha Sigma Alpha nationwide with more than 120,000 members, however, rather than accepting bids that would separate the group, they decided to form their own sorority. On November 15,1901 Alpha Sigma Alpha was named and chartered. ”In the year after the charter was signed the founders announced the Sorority’s first hymn, “Blest Be the Tie that Binds, ” and first open motto, “to one another ever faithful. ”The first colors were crimson and silver, the flower was the white carnation, and the jewel was the emerald. The first membership badge of the Sorority was a topped with a jewel set crown. The first initiation was held In Jan 1903, on Feb.13,1903, Alpha Sigma Alpha was chartered in the Circuit Court of Prince Edward County, VA, by Judge George Jefferson Hundley, Juliette Jefferson Hundley-Gilliam’s father. The Sorority was chartered to legalize its existence and to begin the first of many steps toward expanding the sisterhood and making Alpha Sigma Alpha a national sorority. Alpha Sigma Alpha expanded quickly then began having issues due to the anti-sorority sentiment of the time, despite the anti-sorority attitude Alpha Sigma Alpha held the first National Convention at the Hotel Richmond in Richmond, VA over the Thanksgiving weekend 1905. During the convention the first Nation Council were elected and the Alpha Sigma Alpha Magazine was created, after only ten years Alpha Sigma Alpha fell on hard times again, of the 13 chapters established in those years only four where left in 1912. By 1913 only one chapter was left, the original alpha chapter. At the end of 1921 the sorority turned to Ida Shaw Martin, author of the Sorority Handbook, with her help Alpha Sigma Alpha began on focusing on local sororities at teachers colleges and colleges of education within bigger universities. In 1947 the seven sororities of the association voted to dissolve it, on November 27,1951 Alpha Sigma Alpha was officially welcomed as a full member of the NPC, from that point on Alpha Sigma Alpha could establish a chapter at any university. In 1903 the Membership badge changed to the shape it has today. ”DOT Days, A program inspired by the Philanthropic Statement. Days take place during the first week of October every year, “Established in 2012, this week is set aside for all members across the country to focus on service to their communities
Alpha Sigma Alpha
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Alpha Sigma Alpha
28.
Phi Sigma Sigma
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Phi Sigma Sigma, colloquially known as Phi Sig, was the first collegiate nonsectarian sorority, to allow membership of women of all faiths and backgrounds. The sorority was founded on November 26,1913, and lists 60,000 initiated members,115 collegiate chapters and more than 100 alumnae chapters, clubs and associations in the United States and Canada. Phi Sigma Sigma was founded to establish to the ideals of promoting the brotherhood of man. Phi Sigma Sigma was founded by ten women on November 26,1913 at Hunter College, the original name for the fraternity was Phi Sigma Omega, but they later learned this name was already in use by another organization. The sorority held its first national convention that year in New York City, where the constitution was adopted, Phi Sigma Sigma became an associate member of National Panhellenic Conference in 1947, and a full member in 1951. In 1968, the separation of Hunter Colleges two campuses prompted the original Alpha chapter to divide, Alpha Alpha was installed at the new Herbert Lehman College in the Bronx, while Alpha chapter remained on Hunter Colleges Park Avenue campus. In November 2009, the Delta chapter, at the University at Buffalo, was reinstalled, the second oldest active chapter is the Epsilon chapter at Adelphi University, in Garden City, New York, which was recolonized December 6,2008. While other chapters were founded earlier and have been recolonized, the Xi Chapter at Temple University is the oldest chapter in continuous existence, the Upsilon chapter at the University of Manitoba was the first chapter established in Canada. The official publication of Phi Sigma Sigma is The Sphinx, which first appeared in 1923, the open motto is Diokete Hupsala. The maxim is Once a Phi Sigma Sigma, always a Phi Sigma Sigma, Phi Sigma Sigmas colors are king blue and gold. The official symbol is the Sphinx, while the official jewel is the sapphire, the American Beauty Rose is the official flower. The sororitys first song, The Hymn, was written in 1921 by Pearl Lippman of the Alpha chapter and her husband, to facilitate philanthropic activities, the Phi Sigma Sigma Foundation was created in 1969 by Jeanine Jacobs Goldberg, who was the foundations first president. The Phi Sigma Sigma Foundation provides scholarships and educational grants, as well as leadership programming to collegiate, the National Kidney Foundation was Phi Sigma Sigmas primary philanthropic endeavor from 1971 until 2013. Since then, Phi Sigma Sigma has worked to educate people about kidney disease, as well as organ, the Phi Sigma Sigma Foundation was a major sponsor of the National Kidney Foundation U. S. Transplant Games, a national Olympics-style event where organ-donor recipients competed in athletic competitions. Following the September 11 attacks, the Phi Sigma Sigma Foundation established the Twin Ideals Fund to provide assistance to disaster victims, a three year process began in 2011 to identify a new premier philanthropic partner. The first step was to define the organizations philanthropic focus, through a member survey and focus groups, the committee settled on school/college readiness as its philanthropic focus. The next step was to create and disseminate an RFP to philanthropic groups, applications were submitted and the committee interviewed ideal candidates
Phi Sigma Sigma
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Epsilon Psi Chapter house at
Western Illinois University
29.
Division I (NCAA)
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
Division I (NCAA)
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Main logo used by the NCAA in Divisions I, II, and III.
30.
College hockey
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College ice hockey is played in Canada and the United States, though leagues outside of North America exist. University hockey is the used for hockey primarily played at four-year institutions. The National Collegiate Athletic Association has conducted national championships for mens ice hockey since 1948, U. S. college hockey players must be deemed eligible for NCAA competition by the NCAA Eligibility Center, a process that examines a student-athletes academic qualifications and amateur status. Players who have participated in the Canadian Hockey League or any professional league are considered ineligible. Mens U. S. college hockey is a system to the National Hockey League. As of the 2010–11 season,30 percent of NHL players had U. S. college hockey experience prior to turning professional and that percentage has been maintained the past three seasons, with a record 301 NHL players coming from college hockey in 2011–12. One hundred thirty-eight colleges and universities sponsor mens ice hockey in the NCAAs three divisions, the NCAA Division I has 60 ice hockey teams as of the 2015–16 season. The NCAA Division I Championship is a 16-team, single-elimination tournament, divided into four, the winner of each regional advances to the Frozen Four to compete for the national championship. For many years,5 teams earned automatic bids through winning conference tournament championships, with the addition of the Big Ten Hockey Conference for the 2013–14 season, the tournament now features 6 automatic qualifiers, and 10 at-large bids. In 2015–16, there were 60 schools competing in Division I, with 59 of them organized into six conferences, the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference sponsored D-I mens hockey, but dropped the sport in 2003. The Hobey Baker Memorial Award honors the top player in mens Division I hockey, the Mike Richter Award honors the top goaltender in Division I. The NCAA does not currently sponsor a championship in Division II, as there is only one conference that currently sponsors hockey, several other schools that normally compete in Division II play up to the Division I level in hockey. The NCAA conducted a Division II national championship from 1978 to 1984, the current championship format is an 12-team, single-elimination bracket. Eighty-eight colleges and universities sponsor womens ice hockey in two divisions, National Collegiate and Division III, there are 36 teams in the National Collegiate division. The Patty Kazmaier Memorial Award is awarded annually by USA Hockey to the top player in womens Division I hockey. The most recent school to add varsity womens hockey was Merrimack, University hockey teams in Canada compete in leagues as part of U Sports, the national governing body for Canadian university athletics. U Sports sponsors both mens and womens hockey, like in the United States, teams compete in athletic conferences based on geographical locations of the schools. Unlike the NCAA, U Sports does not award players with athletic scholarships, individual conferences hold postseason tournaments, followed by the round-robin U Sports championship tournament in late March
College hockey
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The
Northeastern Huskies, a
Hockey East member team, take on the
Massachusetts Minutemen at
Matthews Arena in
Boston, Massachusetts
College hockey
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Bowling Green vs.
Michigan hockey game
College hockey
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Windsor Lancers and
Western Mustangs during 2013 CIS playoffs.
College hockey
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Lindenwood University vs.
University of Illinois
Media related to Niagara University at Wikimedia Commons
