1.
Rochester, Kent
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Rochester is a town and historic city in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, England. It is situated at the lowest bridging point of the River Medway about 30 miles from London, Rochester was for many years a favourite of Charles Dickens, who owned nearby Gads Hill Place, Higham, basing many of his novels on the area. Rochester and its neighbours, Chatham and Gillingham, Strood and a number of outlying villages form a large urban area known as the Medway Towns with a population of about 250,000. These places nowadays make up the Medway Unitary Authority area and it was, until 1998, under the control of Kent County Council and is still part of the ceremonial county of Kent, under the latest Lieutenancies Act. The Romano-British name for Rochester was Durobrivae, later Durobrivis c.730, the two commonly cited origins of this name are that it either came from stronghold by the bridge, or is the latinisation of the British word Dourbruf meaning swiftstream. In later times, the word cæster was added to the name, bede mentions the city in ca.730 and calls it Hrofes cæster, mistaking its meaning as Hrofis fortified camp. From this we get c.730 Hrofæscæstre,811 Hrofescester,1086 Rovescester,1610 Rochester, the Latinised adjective Roffensis refers to Rochester. Neolithic remains have been found in the vicinity of Rochester, over time it has been occupied by Celts, Romans. During the Celtic period it was one of the two centres of the Cantiaci tribe. During the Roman conquest of Britain a decisive battle was fought at the Medway somewhere near Rochester, the first bridge was subsequently constructed early in the Roman period. During the later Roman period the settlement was walled in stone, King Ethelbert of Kent established a legal system which has been preserved in the 12th century Textus Roffensis. In AD604 the bishopric and cathedral were founded, during this period, from the recall of the legions until the Norman conquest, Rochester was sacked at least twice and besieged on another occasion. The medieval period saw the building of the current cathedral, the building of two castles and the establishment of a significant town, Rochester Castle saw action in the sieges of 1215 and 1264. Its basic street plan was set out, constrained by the river, Watling Street, Rochester Priory, the city was raided by the Dutch as part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch, commanded by Admiral de Ruijter, broke through the chain at Upnor and sailed to Rochester Bridge capturing part of the English fleet, Rochester has for centuries been of great strategic importance through its position near the confluence of the Thames and the Medway. Rochester Castle was built to guard the crossing, and the Royal Dockyards establishment at Chatham witnessed the beginning of the Royal Navys long period of supremacy. The town, as part of Medway, is surrounded by two circles of fortresses, the line built during the Napoleonic wars consists of Fort Clarence, Fort Pitt, Fort Amherst. During the Second World War, Shorts also designed and manufactured the first four-engined bomber, Rochester and its neighbouring communities were hit hard by this and have experienced a painful adjustment to a post-industrial economy, with much social deprivation and unemployment resulting
2.
Electronic dance music
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Electronic dance music is a broad range of percussive electronic music genres made largely for nightclubs, raves, and festivals. EDM is generally produced for playback by disc jockeys who create seamless selections of tracks, called a mix, EDM producers also perform their music live in a concert or festival setting in what is sometimes called a live PA. In the United Kingdom and in continental Europe, EDM is more commonly called dance music or simply dance. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, following the emergence of raving, pirate radio, at this time a perceived association between EDM and drug culture led governments at state and city level to enact laws and policies intended to halt the spread of rave culture. By the early 2010s the term dance music and the initialism EDM was being pushed by the US music industry. Early examples of dance music include the disco music of Giorgio Moroder. During the early 1980s, the popularity of disco music declined in the United States, abandoned by major US record labels. European disco continued evolving within the mainstream pop music scene. European acts Silver Convention, Love and Kisses, Munich Machine, and American acts Donna Summer, in 1977, Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte produced I Feel Love for Donna Summer. It became the first well-known disco hit to have a completely synthesised backing track, other disco producers, most famously American producer Tom Moulton, grabbed ideas and techniques from dub music to provide alternatives to the four on the floor style that dominated. The sound that originated from P-Funk the electronic side of disco, dub music. Much of the music produced during this time was, like disco, at this time creative control started shifting to independent record companies, less established producers, and club DJs. Other dance styles that began to become popular during the era include dance-pop, boogie, electro, Italo disco, house. In the early 1980s, electro emerged as a fusion of funk, also called electro-boogie, but later shortened to electro, cited pioneers include Zapp, D. Train, Sinnamon. Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk, as the electronic sound developed, instruments such as the bass guitar and drums were replaced by synthesizers and most notably by iconic drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808. Early uses of the TR-808 include several Yellow Magic Orchestra tracks in 1980-1981, the 1982 track Planet Rock by Afrikaa Bambaataa, and the 1982 song Sexual Healing by Marvin Gaye. In 1982, producer Arthur Baker with Afrika Bambaataa released the seminal Planet Rock which was influenced by the Yellow Magic Orchestra using Kraftwerk samples, Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, Nunk by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro funk sound which influenced Herbie Hancock, the early 1980s were electros mainstream peak
3.
Trance music
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Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that developed during the 1990s in Germany. Although trance is a genre of its own, it incorporates influences from other musical styles such as techno, house, pop, chill-out, classical music, tech house, ambient. A trance refers to a state of hypnotism and heightened consciousness and this is portrayed in trance music by the mixing of layers with distinctly foreshadowed build-up and release. Trance tracks are often lengthy to allow for such progression and commonly have sufficiently sparse opening and closing sections to facilitate mixing by DJs, Trance can be purely instrumental, although vocals are also a common feature. Typically they are performed by mezzo-soprano to soprano female soloists, often without verse/chorus structure, structured vocal form in trance music forms the basis of the vocal trance subgenre, which has been described as grand, soaring, and operatic and ethereal female leads floating amongst the synths. It was promoted by the well-known UK club-night megatripolis whose scene catapulted it to international fame, One writer traces the roots of trance to Paul van Dyks 1993 remix of Humates Love Stimulation. However, van Dyks trance origins can be traced back to his work with Visions Of Shiva. With film music also being influential, Trance was arguably at its commercial peak in the second part of 1990s and early 2000s. Classic trance employs a 4/4 time signature, a tempo of 125 to 150 BPM, a kick drum is usually placed on every downbeat and a regular open hi-hat is often placed on the upbeat or every 1/8th division of the bar. Rapid arpeggios and minor keys are common features of Trance, the latter being almost universal, instruments are added or removed every 4,8,16, or 32 bars. In the section before the breakdown, the motif is often introduced in a sliced up and simplified form. Then later, the climax is usually a culmination of the first part of the track mixed with the main melodic reprise. As is the case with many music tracks, trance tracks are usually built with sparser intros and outros in order to enable DJs to blend them together immediately. As trance is more melodic and harmonic than other dance music. More recent forms of trance music incorporate other styles and elements of music such as electro. It emphasizes harsher basslines and drum beats which decrease the importance of offbeats, the bpm of more recent styles tends to be on par with house music at 120 -135 beats per minute. However, unlike house music, recent forms of trance stay true to their melodic breakdowns, Trance music is broken into a large number of subgenres. Chronologically, the major subgenres are classic trance, acid trance, progressive trance, uplifting trance, closely related to Uplifting Trance is Euro-trance, which has become a general term for a wide variety of highly commercialized European dance music
4.
World music
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The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
5.
Instrumental
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An instrumental is a musical composition or recording without lyrics, or singing, although it might include some inarticulate vocals, such as shouted backup vocals in a Big Band setting. The music is primarily or exclusively produced by musical instruments, if the instrumental section highlights the skill, musicality, and often the virtuosity of a particular performer, the section may be called a solo. If the instruments are percussion instruments, the interlude can be called a percussion interlude or percussion break and these interludes are a form of break in the song. One example of a genre in which both vocal/instrumental and solely instrumental songs are produced is blues, another example of a genre in popular culture is Hip Hop, Pop, and R&B. Many upcoming or rising artists in Hip Hop, Pop, and R&B will find an instrumental online on a website, like www. beatsbytoon. com, an instrumental version of a song which otherwise features vocals is also known as a -1. The opposite of instrumental music, that is, music for voices alone, without any accompaniment instruments, is a cappella, an Italian phrase that means in the chapel. In early music, instruments such as trumpet and drums were considered outdoor instruments, a capella music exists in both Classical music choir pieces and in popular music styles such as doo wop groups and Barbershop quartets. Some recordings which include brief examples of the voice are typically considered instrumentals. An ominous statement at the end Inclusion of field recordings which may or may not contain non-lyrical words, a few songs categorized as instrumentals may even include actual vocals, if they appear only as a short part of an extended piece. Falling just outside that definition is Theme From Shaft by Isaac Hayes. com with a sample of each
6.
Flute
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The flute is a family of musical instruments in the woodwind group. Unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is an aerophone or reedless wind instrument that produces its sound from the flow of air across an opening, according to the instrument classification of Hornbostel–Sachs, flutes are categorized as edge-blown aerophones. A musician who plays the flute can be referred to as a player, flautist, flutist or, less commonly. Flutes are the earliest extant musical instruments, as paleolithic instruments with hand-bored holes have been found, a number of flutes dating to about 43,000 to 35,000 years ago have been found in the Swabian Jura region of present-day Germany. These flutes demonstrate that a musical tradition existed from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe. Flutes, including the famous Bansuri, have been a part of Indian classical music since 1500 BC. A major deity of Hinduism, Krishna, has been associated with the flute, the English verb flout has the same linguistic root, and the modern Dutch verb fluiten still shares the two meanings. Attempts to trace the word back to the Latin flare have been pronounced phonologically impossible or inadmissable, the first known use of the word flute was in the 14th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, this was in Geoffrey Chaucers The Hous of Fame, today, a musician who plays any instrument in the flute family can be called a flutist, or flautist, or simply a flute player. Flutist dates back to at least 1603, the earliest quote cited by the Oxford English Dictionary, flautist was used in 1860 by Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Marble Faun, after being adopted during the 18th century from Italy, like many musical terms in England since the Italian Renaissance. Other English terms, now obsolete, are fluter and flutenist. The oldest flute ever discovered may be a fragment of the femur of a cave bear. In 2008 another flute dated back to at least 35,000 years ago was discovered in Hohle Fels cave near Ulm, the five-holed flute has a V-shaped mouthpiece and is made from a vulture wing bone. The researchers involved in the officially published their findings in the journal Nature. The flute, one of several found, was found in the Hohle Fels cavern next to the Venus of Hohle Fels, on announcing the discovery, scientists suggested that the finds demonstrate the presence of a well-established musical tradition at the time when modern humans colonized Europe. Scientists have also suggested that the discovery of the flute may help to explain the probable behavioural and cognitive gulf between Neanderthals and early modern human. A three-holed flute,18.7 cm long, made from a mammoth tusk was discovered in 2004, the earliest extant Chinese transverse flute is a chi flute discovered in the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng at the Suizhou site, Hubei province, China. It dates from 433 BC, of the later Zhou Dynasty and it is fashioned of lacquered bamboo with closed ends and has five stops that are at the flutes side instead of the top
7.
Armada Music
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Armada Music /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/ is a Dutch record label that specializes in releasing electronic music. The name Armada derives from the first two letters of the founders first names, Armin van Buuren, Maykel Piron, David Lewis. As of December 2015, the label had won the Best Global Record Label award for five years in a row at the International Dance Music Awards, Armada received two nominations at the 2014 IDMAs. The Academy of Electronic Music, a joint venture between Armada, Google, Point Blank, and DJ Mag, was the recipient of the Peoples Voice Award at the 2014 Webby Awards. In 2016, Armada Music was one of the 21 labels nominated for the IMPALA FIVEUNDERFIFTEEN campaign shining a light on Europes most inspiring young labels, the label received the IMPALA Young Label Spotlight Award. Jan CVP Vincent de Moor Official website Armada Music discography at Discogs
8.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
9.
South East England
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South East England is the most populous of the nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It consists of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, East Sussex, Hampshire, as with the other regions of England, apart from Greater London, the south east has no elected government. It is the third largest region of England, with an area of 19,096 km², and is also the most populous with a population of over eight. Its proximity to London and connections to several national motorways have led to south east England becoming an economic hub and it is the location of Gatwick Airport, the UKs second-busiest airport, and its coastline along the English Channel provides numerous ferry crossings to mainland Europe. The region is known for its countryside, which includes the North Downs, the River Thames flows through the region and its basin is known as the Thames Valley. The region has many universities, the University of Oxford is ranked among the best in the world. South east England is host to sporting events, including the annual Henley Royal Regatta, Royal Ascot and the Epsom Derby. Some of the events of the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in the south east, including the rowing at Eton Dorney, the largest city in the region is Brighton & Hove. The dominant influence on the economy is neighbouring London. The highest point is Walbury Hill in Berkshire at 297 metres, until 1999, there was a south east Standard Statistical Region, which also included the counties of Bedfordshire, Greater London, Essex and Hertfordshire. The former south east Civil Defence Region covered the area as the current government office region. The South East is also used as a synonym for the home counties. The population of the region at the 2011 census was 8,634,750 making it the most populous English region, the major conurbations of the region include Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton, Portsmouth, Southampton and Reading. Settlements closer to London are part of the known as the Greater London Urban Area. The South East has the highest percentage of people born outside of Britain other than London. Estimates in 2007 state 87. 2% of people as White British,4. 8% Other White,3. 5% South Asians,1. 5% Mixed Race,1. 6% Black British,0. 7% Chinese,0. 7% Other. The area also has some seats where there is support for other parties, for example, Slough and Oxford for Labour. Buckingham, the seat of Speaker John Bercow, is also in this region, out of 83 parliamentary seats, the Conservatives hold 78
10.
Royal Academy of Music
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The Royal Academy of Music is a conservatoire in London, England, is a constituent college of the University of London and is one of the leading conservatoires in the world. It was founded in 1822 and is Britains oldest degree-granting music school and it received a Royal Charter in 1830. It is a charity under English law. The Academy was founded by Lord Burghersh in 1822 with the help and ideas of the French harpist, the Academy was granted a Royal Charter by King George IV in 1830. The Academys current facilities are situated on Marylebone Road in central London adjacent to Regents Park, the Royal Academy of Music offers training from infant level, with the senior Academy awarding the LRAM diploma, B. Mus. and higher degrees to Ph. D. The former degree GRSM, equivalent to a university honours degree, all undergraduates now take the University of London degree of BMus. There are also departments for musical performance and jazz. The Academy collaborates with other worldwide, including participating in the SOCRATES student. The Academy has students from over 50 countries, following diverse programmes including instrumental performance, conducting, composition, jazz, musical theatre, the Academy has an established relationship with Kings College London, particularly the Department of Music, whose students receive instrumental tuition at the Academy. In return, many students at the Academy take a range of Humanities choices at Kings, the Junior Academy, for pupils under the age of 18, takes place every Saturday. The Academys library contains over 160,000 items, including significant collections of printed and manuscript materials. The library also houses dedicated to Sir Arthur Sullivan and Sir Henry Wood. The Academys museum displays many of these items, the Orchestral Library has approximately 4,500 sets of orchestral parts. Other collections include the libraries of Sir Henry Wood and Otto Klemperer, noted for her performances of Bach and modern English music, she was a friend and advocate of Arnold Bax and also premièred Vaughan Williams Piano Concerto — a work dedicated to her — in 1933. In 1886, Franz Liszt performed at the Academy to celebrate the creation of the Franz Liszt Scholarship, in summer 2012, John Adams conducted an orchestra which combined students from the Academy and New Yorks Juilliard School at the Proms and at New Yorks Lincoln Center. Conductors who have worked with the orchestras include Semyon Bychkov, Daniel Barenboim, Sir Simon Rattle, Pierre-Laurent Aimard. Famous people who have conducted the Academys orchestra also include Carl Maria Von Weber in 1826, for many years, the Academy celebrated the work of a living composer with a festival in the presence of the composer. In February–March 2006, an Academy festival celebrated the violin virtuoso Niccolò Paganini, the festival included a recital by Academy professor Maxim Vengerov, who performed on Il Cannone Guarnerius, Paganinis favourite violin
11.
Concert band
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On rare occasions, additional non traditional instruments may be added to such ensembles such as piano, harp, synthesizer, or electric guitar. A concert bands repertoire includes original compositions, transcriptions/arrangements of orchestral compositions, light music. Though the instrumentation is similar, a band is distinguished from the marching band in that its primary function is as a concert ensemble. The standard repertoire for the band does, however, contain concert marches. One notable and influential original symphonic work for band was Gustav Holsts First Suite in E-Flat, written in 1909, following Holst, a variety of British, American, Canadian and Australian composers wrote for the medium, including Percy Grainger, James Swearingen and Ralph Vaughan Williams. The wind ensemble could be said to be modeled on the section of a Wagner orchestra. While many people consider the ensemble to be one player on a part. Full band pieces usually require doubling or tripling of the clarinet parts, according to Fennell, the wind ensemble was not revolutionary, but developed naturally out of the music that led him to the concept. Professional concert bands not associated with the military are rare, lesbian & Gay Big Apple Corps, New York, New York, conducted by Kelly Watkins Municipal Band of Charlottesville, Inc. Other large competitions include the World Music Competition, held in the Netherlands, instrumentation for the wind band is not standardized, composers will frequently add or omit parts. Instrumentation differs depending on the type of ensemble, middle and high school bands frequently have more limited instrumentation and fewer parts. This is both to limit the difficulty for inexperienced players and because schools frequently do not have access to the common instruments. The standard concert band will have several players on each part, depending on available personnel, a concert band can theoretically have as many as 200 members from a set of only 35 parts. Also, it is common to see two tubas playing the part in a wind ensemble. Complicated percussion parts are common in concert pieces, often requiring many percussionists. Many believe this is a difference between the orchestra—which usually lacks a large battery of percussion—and the concert band. While in older transcriptions and concert works, the timpani were treated as its own section as in the orchestra, today, in bands, consequently, the timpani player often will double on other percussion instruments. Contemporary compositions often call on players to use unusual instruments or effects, for example, several pieces call on the use of a siren while others will ask players to play recorders, a glass harmonica, or to sing
12.
Freddy's Nightmares
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Freddys Nightmares is an American horror anthology series, which aired in syndication from October 1988 until March 1990. A spin-off from the Nightmare on Elm Street series, each story was introduced by Freddy Krueger, a mob of parents eventually corners Freddy in a boiler room, leading to him being torched by the police officer, dying and gaining his familiar visage. The series was produced by New Line Television, producers of the film series and it was originally distributed by Lorimar-Telepictures. Television would assume syndication rights after acquiring Lorimar-Telepictures in 1989, on October 2,2015, the El Rey Network announced that it would begin airing the series toward the end of the year, and on November 3,2015, the series began airing on the network. Instead the producers created a series, employing a new crop of actors to be used for each episode. Though the Freddy Krueger character would play a part in the plot. Kruegers primary function was to host the series, one element that makes the series unique is its two-tier story approach. Most of the episodes feature two different stories that take up the first and second halves. Every second story, however, usually built on a character who played a role in the first. Due to budget restraints, the producers of the series were forced to use unknown actors, the only actor from the film series retained for the TV series was Robert Englund, as Freddy Krueger. The tapes released were, The Nightmare Begins Again, No More Mr. Volume 2 was also planned for later that year. In 2011, a Blu-ray collection of the original seven A Nightmare on Elm Street films was released in the US, the set included a DVD with special features, which included two episodes of the show. In 2006, AOL teamed up with distributor Warner Bros, Television to bring Freddys Nightmares to its new In2TV broadband service. NBC Universals horror and suspense-themed cable channel Chiller previously aired Freddys Nightmares with marathons once a month, season one and two were shown one after another, with commercial breaks, however, the channel ended the run on March 31,2011. In the UK, Sky and Virgin Media customers could watch the entire first series, one episode per night, at 8pm on Zone Horror, in Sweden TV4 Guld was airing the show every week from 2010-2012. El Rey Network has been airing the series since November 3,2015, Freddys Nightmares at Nightmare on Elm Street Companion Freddys Nightmares at the Internet Movie Database Freddys Nightmares at TV. com
13.
New Age
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The New Age is a term applied to a range of spiritual or religious beliefs and practices that developed in Western nations during the 1970s. Precise scholarly definitions of the New Age differ in their emphasis, although analytically often considered to be religious, those involved in it typically prefer the designation of spiritual and rarely use the term New Age themselves. Many scholars of the subject refer to it as the New Age movement, although others contest this term, such prominent occult influences include the work of Emanuel Swedenborg and Franz Mesmer, as well as the ideas of Spiritualism, New Thought, and Theosophy. Although the exact origins of the phenomenon remain contested, it is agreed that it developed in the 1970s and it expanded and grew largely in the 1980s and 1990s, in particular within the United States. By the start of the 21st century, the term New Age was increasingly rejected within this milieu, despite its highly eclectic nature, a number of beliefs commonly found within the New Age have been identified. Theologically, the New Age typically adopts a belief in a form of divinity which imbues all of the universe. There is thus a strong emphasis on the authority of the self. This is accompanied by a belief in a wide variety of semi-divine non-human entities, such as angels and masters, with whom humans can communicate. There is also a focus on healing, particularly using forms of alternative medicine. Those involved in the New Age have been primarily from middle, the New Age has generated criticism from established Christian organisations as well as modern Pagan and indigenous communities. From the 1990s onward, the New Age became the subject of research by scholars of religious studies. The New Age phenomenon has proved difficult to define, with much scholarly disagreement as to its scope, the scholars Steven J. Sutcliffe and Ingvild Sælid Gilhus have even suggested that it remains among the most disputed of categories in the study of religion. According to Hammer, this New Age was a fluid and fuzzy cultic milieu and he thus argued against the idea that the New Age could be considered a unified ideology or Weltanschauung, although he believed that it could be considered a more of less unified movement. Conversely, various scholars have suggested that the New Age is insufficiently homogenous to be regarded as a singular movement. There is no authority within the New Age phenomenon that can determine what counts as New Age. Many of those groups and individuals who could analytically be categorised as part of the New Age reject the term New Age in reference to themselves, some even express active hostility to the term. Rather than terming themselves New Agers, those involved in this milieu commonly describe themselves as spiritual seekers, other figures have argued that the sheer diversity of the New Age renders it too problematic for such use. In discussing the New Age, academics have varyingly referred to New Age spirituality and those involved in the New Age rarely consider it to be religion—negatively associating that term solely with organized religion—and instead describe their practices as spirituality
14.
Sedona, Arizona
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Sedona /sᵻˈdoʊnə/ is a city that straddles the county line between Coconino and Yavapai counties in the northern Verde Valley region of the U. S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,031, sedonas main attraction is its array of red sandstone formations. The formations appear to glow in brilliant orange and red when illuminated by the rising or setting sun, the red rocks form a popular backdrop for many activities, ranging from spiritual pursuits to the hundreds of hiking and mountain biking trails. Sedona was named after Sedona Arabella Miller Schnebly, the wife of Theodore Carlton Schnebly, the citys first postmaster and her mother, Amanda Miller, claimed to have made the name up because it sounded pretty. The first documented presence in Sedona area dates to between 11,500 and 9000 B. C. It was not until 1995 that a Clovis projectile point discovered in Honanki revealed the presence of the Paleo-Indians, around 9000 B. C. the pre-historic Archaic people appeared in the Verde Valley. These were hunter-gatherers and their presence in the area was longer than in areas of the Southwest, most likely because of the ecological diversity. There is an assortment of art left by the Archaic people in places near Sedona such as Palatki and Honanki. Around 650 A. D. the Sinagua people entered the Verde Valley and their culture is known for its art such as pottery, basketry and their masonry. They left rock art, pueblos, and cliff dwellings such as Montezuma Castle, Honanki, Palatki and Tuzigoot, the Sinagua abandoned the Verde Valley about 1400 A. D. Researchers believe the Sinagua and other clans moved to the Hopi mesas in Arizona, the Yavapai came from the west when the Sinagua were still there in the Verde Valley around 1300 A. D. Some archaeologists place the Apache arrival in the Verde Valley around 1450 A. D, many Apache groups were nomadic or seminomadic and traveled over large areas. The Yavapai and Apache tribes were removed from the Verde Valley in 1876. About 1,500 people were marched, in midwinter, to San Carlos, the survivors were interned for 25 years. About 200 Yavapai and Apache people returned to the Verde Valley in 1900 and have since intermingled as a political entity although culturally distinct residing in the Yavapai-Apache Nation. The first Anglo settler, John J. Thompson, moved to Oak Creek Canyon in 1876, the early settlers were farmers and ranchers. Oak Creek Canyon was well known for its peach and apple orchards, in 1902, when the Sedona post office was established, there were 55 residents. In the mid-1950s, the first telephone directory listed 155 names, some parts of the Sedona area were not electrified until the 1960s
15.
Grand Canyon
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The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in the U. S. state of Arizona in North America. President Theodore Roosevelt was a proponent of preservation of the Grand Canyon area. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, since that time, the Colorado River has driven the down-cutting of the tributaries and retreat of the cliffs, simultaneously deepening and widening the canyon. For thousands of years, the area has been inhabited by Native Americans. The Pueblo people considered the Grand Canyon a holy site, the first European known to have viewed the Grand Canyon was García López de Cárdenas from Spain, who arrived in 1540. It is not the deepest canyon in the world, however, the Grand Canyon is known for its visually overwhelming size and its intricate and colorful landscape. Geologically, it is significant because of the sequence of ancient rocks that are well preserved and exposed in the walls of the canyon. These rock layers record much of the geologic history of the North American continent. Uplift associated with mountain formation later moved these sediments thousands of feet upward, the higher elevation has also resulted in greater precipitation in the Colorado River drainage area, but not enough to change the Grand Canyon area from being semi-arid. The uplift of the Colorado Plateau is uneven, and the Kaibab Plateau that Grand Canyon bisects is over a one thousand feet higher at the North Rim than at the South Rim. Almost all runoff from the North Rim flows toward the Grand Canyon, the result is deeper and longer tributary washes and canyons on the north side and shorter and steeper side canyons on the south side. Temperatures on the North Rim are generally lower than those on the South Rim because of the greater elevation, heavy rains are common on both rims during the summer months. Access to the North Rim via the route leading to the canyon is limited during the winter season due to road closures. The Grand Canyon is part of the Colorado River basin which has developed over the past 40 million years, a recent study places the origins of the canyon beginning about 17 million years ago. Previous estimates had placed the age of the canyon at 5–6 million years, the study, which was published in the journal Science in 2008, used uranium-lead dating to analyze calcite deposits found on the walls of nine caves throughout the canyon. There is an amount of controversy because this research suggests such a substantial departure from prior widely supported scientific consensus. In December 2012, a study published in the journal Science claimed new tests had suggested the Grand Canyon could be as old as 70 million years, the canyon is the result of erosion which exposes one of the most complete geologic columns on the planet. The major geologic exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the 2-billion-year-old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230-million-year-old Kaibab Limestone on the Rim
16.
Great Smoky Mountains
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The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee–North Carolina border in the southeastern United States. They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains, and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province, the range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies. The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the park was established in 1934, and, with over 9 million visits per year, it is the most-visited national park in the United States. The Great Smokies are part of an International Biosphere Reserve, the range is home to an estimated 187,000 acres of old growth forest, constituting the largest such stand east of the Mississippi River. The Great Smokies are also home to the densest black bear population in the Eastern United States, along with the Biosphere reserve, the Great Smokies have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park contains five districts and nine individual listings on the National Register of Historic Places. The name Smoky comes from the fog that often hangs over the range. This fog is caused by the vegetation exhaling volatile organic compounds, chemicals that have a vapor pressure. As a result of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires, the Great Smoky Mountains have received media coverage. The Great Smoky Mountains stretch from the Pigeon River in the northeast to the Little Tennessee River to the southwest, the northwestern half of the range gives way to a series of elongate ridges known as the Foothills, the outermost of which include Chilhowee Mountain and English Mountain. The range is bounded on the south by the Tuckasegee River and to the southeast by Soco Creek. The Great Smokies comprise parts of Blount County, Sevier County, the sources of several rivers are located in the Smokies, including the Little Pigeon River, the Oconaluftee River, and Little River. Streams in the Smokies are part of the Tennessee River watershed and are thus entirely west of the Eastern Continental Divide. The largest stream wholly within the park is Abrams Creek, which rises in Cades Cove, other major streams include Hazel Creek and Eagle Creek in the southwest, Raven Fork near Oconaluftee, Cosby Creek near Cosby, and Roaring Fork near Gatlinburg. The Little Tennessee River passes through five impoundments along the southwestern boundary, namely Tellico Lake, Chilhowee Lake, Calderwood Lake, Cheoah Lake. The highest point in the Smokies is Clingmans Dome, which rises to an elevation of 6,643 feet, the mountain is the highest in Tennessee and the third highest in the Appalachian range. Clingmans Dome also has the ranges highest topographical prominence at 4,503 feet, Mount Le Conte is the tallest mountain in the range, rising 5,301 feet from its base in Gatlinburg to its 6, 593-foot summit. The Smokies rise prominently above the low terrain
17.
Yellowstone National Park
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Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U. S. states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U. S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1,1872. Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U. S. and is widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many features, especially Old Faithful Geyser. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant and it is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion. Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years, aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. Management and control of the park fell under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior. However, the U. S. Army was subsequently commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30-year period between 1886 and 1916, in 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles, comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years, half of the worlds geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earths northern temperate zone, hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park, the Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the each year, in the large forest fires of 1988. Yellowstone has numerous opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing
18.
Johannes Linstead
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Johannes Linstead is an award-winning Canadian guitarist and instrumentalist who fuses virtuoso Spanish-style guitar with Afro-Cuban, Middle Eastern, and Latin American percussion and instrumentation. Further accolades include being named Guitarist of the Year in the prestigious Canadian Smooth Jazz Awards, Johannes Linstead began studying guitar at age eight, when he was given a guitar for his birthday. As he progressed, he gravitated to the guitar, the only music he was exposed to as a child. In his teens, however, he developed a love for other styles, such as rock, flamenco. In high school he joined the jazz band and won the Musician of the Year award – the first of many awards. Further influences in his music come from travel across the globe, including India, Bahrain, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, and at least two dozen others. Linstead has studied Hung Gar Kung Fu with Dr. Jopet Laraya and practices Qi Gong, having studied with renowned master Weizhou Wu, in an effort to deepen his spiritual practice Linstead began studying Kundalini yoga in 2001 and became a KRI certified instructor. Linstead was bestowed the name Seva Singh or Lion of Devotional Service by Kundalini yoga master Yogi Bhajan, the name Sevara is derived from Seva meaning devotional service, and Ra, the sun aspect which corresponds to his astrological sign. Having become a certified Kundalini Yoga instructor, he teaches whenever his schedule permits. In the winter of 2006, Johannes founded Divine Earth, an online community where members post information about spirituality, health. Tales of a Gypsy No.1 on eMusic. com Flamenco/Tango charts, cafe Tropical ranked No.4 on Billboards New Age chart, No.1 on eMusic. com World Music chart, winner Best Music from Best Magazine, JUNO nominated for Best Instrumental Album. Mediterranea, ranked in the Top Ten on Billboards New Age chart, zabuca, ranked Top Ten, and charted for 34 weeks. The song Eleni from this album was heard as part of Switzerlands Stéphane Lambiels performance in the 2004 World Figure Skating Championships, guitarra del Fuego was named Best Contemporary World Album by NAV Magazine, charting on Billboard for 36 weeks. Kiss the Earth 9 weeks on Billboards New Age Chart, peak #12
19.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
20.
John Diliberto
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John Diliberto is a nationally published writer and award-winning radio producer who has been exploring and exposing new music on the radio, in print and online since 1974. He currently is the host and executive producer of Echoes, a music soundscape on Public Radio International. A child of the British invasion, the first music Diliberto embraced was by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Animals, The Kinks and The Zombies. His first concert was the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Soft Machine and The Eire Apparent at the Framingham Music Tent in Framingham, inspired by Jethro Tull and The Blues Project, Diliberto began playing flute in 9th grade. He had to give up his lessons because the marching band conflicted with football, football got him a scholarship to the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he was a DJ on the university-owned public radio station WXPN. In 1975-6 he created Stars End, an ambient radio show that is still on the air. Diliberto was a member of a band known as The Spontaneous Creation Space Music Ensemble. In 1979 he began writing reviews for Audio magazine, in 1980 he ventured to California where he was Program Director of University of California, Berkeleys KALX. In 1981 Diliberto returned to Philadelphia, where he continued hosting shows at WXPN, the first was a five-part series on the electronic underground called Electronic Minstrels. These half-hour documentaries included David Borden, Helen Thorington, Woz, The Ghostwriters, then came Totally Wired, a weekly documentary focusing on artists working at the cutting edges of music. In all,122 Totally Wired episodes were produced from 1982-1989 and it won The Major Armstrong Award, The Ohio State Award, and the National Federation of Community Broadcasters Golden Reel Award. Totally Wired ended when Diliberto teamed up with WXPNs Kimberly Haas to create Echoes in October,1989, on Echoes, Diliberto is the executive producer and host. He oversees the selection of music on the program, conducts, on Echoes, Diliberto has interviewed Brian Eno, Enya, Laurie Anderson, and Peter Gabriel. Dilibertos reviews and features have appeared in Musician, Billboard, Down Beat, Jazziz, Pulse, Audio, CD Review, Music Technology, Electronic Musician, Mix, Diliberto has also worked on a several albums. Diliberto resides in Chester County, Pennsylvania, official website Profile of John Diliberto at Echoes. org
21.
Echoes (radio program)
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Echoes is a daily two-hour music radio program hosted by John Diliberto featuring a soundscape of ambient, space, electronica, and new-age music. The program features in-depth artist interviews and intimate living room performances, interview subjects have included Brian Eno, Peter Gabriel, Laurie Anderson, and Philip Glass. Live performers have included Yo-Yo Ma, Pat Metheny, Loreena McKennitt, Steve Roach, Air, Echoes has produced sixteen CD collections from these and other in-studio performances. Distributed by Public Radio International, Echoes is currently heard on about 80 radio stations, Echoes can also be heard on the web, with 24/7 streaming and on-demand audio available. Echoes was created in 1989 by Kimberly Haas and John Diliberto, a music journalist whose works have appeared in Billboard, Pulse, Jazziz, Down Beat, Musician and he has also produced Peabody Award-winning documentaries for National Public Radios Jazz Profiles. Both Haas and Diliberto began their careers at WXPN while students at the University of Pennsylvania, Diliberto was Music Director from 1974-1976. Haas was Program Director from 1980 until 1986, Diliberto founded the space music program Stars End in 1976, and it remains on the air to this day. Echoes has also produced 22 CDs of live performances from the program, the latest is Efflorescent, Echoes Live 22. Hearts of Space, a US-based ambient radio program produced since 1973 by Stephen Hill, musical Starstreams, a US-based commercial radio program produced and hosted by F. J. Forest since 1981. Stars End, an ambient music program broadcast on public radio in Philadelphia since 1976. Ultima Thule Ambient Music, an ambient music radio show broadcast on community radio in Australia since 1989. Official website Echoes via streaming audio Echoes official Myspace site Echoes official Facebook page
22.
(We Are) Nexus
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Nexus is an American Electro-Pop act consisting of composer/producer Nick Gunn and lyricists/vocalist Carmen Rainier. The group officially formed in late 2012 in Chicago, IL, Gunn and Rainier met in 2010 in Santa Barbara, CA and began working together immediately on an album for Gunn’s World music career, Thirty-One Nights, released in September 2012. They began producing music together in 2012 and Nexus was formed. The first production released by Nexus was a cover of Sonique’s 1998 Trance hit classic “It Feels So Good. ”It was released by Shotgunn Productions on 13 August 2013 as an EP. Their single “It Feels So Good ” made Canada’s Top 100 Overall iTunes Chart securing the #99 spot on August 17,2013 and cracked the US iTunes Top 100 Dance Chart its first weekend out. During the week of September 16, Nexus gained recognition from online dance music radio station Fusion Radio after “It Feels So Good hit #3 on the “Fusion Top 100” list. In the same week, Nexus became the #1 Breakout Artist of the Week on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Chart beating out nationally recognized “Foxes” for her collaboration with DJ and Producer Zedd. After becoming the #1 Breakout Artist of the Week on Billboard, Nexus made their debut on Billboard Dance Club Songs at #42 on the week of September 23, Nexus also debuted on the Top 50 of Billboards Dance/Electronic Songs the week of October 26,2013. Nexus It Feels So Good peaked on Billboards Dance Club Songs and Dance/Electronic Songs charts the week of November 4,2013 at #14 and #40, respectively. In addition to releasing the “It Feels So Good” EP on 13 August 2013, Nicholas Graham Gunn was born in Rochester, Kent in South East England. He enjoyed playing the flute, and studied with the prestigious Royal Academy of Music from age seven till age eleven, after moving to Southern California Gunn continued his classical flute studies under private instruction. During junior high school and high school Gunn played wind ensemble in the band during concert season and drums, with a passion for recording his own instrumental style of music out of high school, Gunn has enjoyed a successful twenty-year career in world music under the name Nicholas Gunn. He has recorded and produced fourteen albums in this genre and is a double platinum artist. He has also been on the Billboard New Age charts for fifty consecutive weeks with his albums, “The Sacred Fire, ” “The Music of the Canyon, ” and “Thirty One Nights. ”Gunn also owned and operated his own label, Gemini Sun Records. Carmen Rainier was born in Scarborough, ME, leaving college after her sophomore year, Rainier spent most of her twenties traveling, having visited nearly twenty countries and living abroad in Spain, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. She eventually returned to the U. S. in 2010 and moved to Santa Barbara, CA to complete a degree in Global Studies from the University of California and it was during this time that Rainier began singing seriously and when she began working with Gunn. World Party 2014 Official Website Nexuss channel on YouTube Nexus on Facebook
23.
It Feels So Good
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It Feels So Good is a song by British singer Sonique. It was first released in December 1998 and peaked at twenty four on the UK Singles Chart, and then it was re-released in May 2000. The song remained in the top forty for fourteen weeks, and it has sold over 700,000 copies in the UK as of October 2014. Sonique said of the song, Its about this guy whom I really liked years ago, for he was very successful and I wasnt — at that time. And he thought that I was in love with his success and this song is just a way of declaring that it was him I liked. One of two videos was directed by Tim Story and premiered in February 2000
24.
Dance Club Songs
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The Dance Club Songs chart is a weekly national survey of the songs that are most popular in U. S. dance clubs. It is compiled by Billboard exclusively from playlists submitted by nightclub disc jockeys who must apply, the current number-one song on the Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated April 15,2017, is Lick Me Up by Tony Moran and Dani Toro featuring Zhana Roiya. Dance Club Songs has undergone several incarnations since its inception in 1974, originally a top-ten list of tracks that garnered the largest audience response in New York City discothèques, the chart began on October 26,1974 under the title Disco Action. The chart went on to feature playlists from various cities around the country from week to week, Billboard continued to run regional and city-specific charts throughout 1975 and 1976 until the issue dated August 28,1976, when a thirty-position National Disco Action Top 30 premiered. During the first half of the 1980s the chart maintained eighty slots until March 16,1985 when the Disco charts were splintered and renamed, two charts appeared, Hot Dance/Disco, which ranked club play, and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales, which ranked 12-inch single sales. Only Hot Dance Club Songs still exists today and these stations are also a part of the electronically monitored panel that encompasses the Hot 100. Radio airplay is not limited to that counted on the Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, during this time, Billboard rival publication Record World was the first to compile a dance chart which incorporated club play on a national level. Noted Billboard statistician Joel Whitburn has since adopted Record Worlds chart data from the weeks between March 29,1975 and August 21,1976 into Billboards club play history. For the sake of continuity, Record Worlds national chart is incorporated into both Whitburns Dance/Disco publication as well as the 1975 and 1976 number-ones lists, with the issue dated August 28,1976, Billboard premiered its own national chart and their data is used from this date forward. For the full list of all 100 All Time Top Dance Club Artists, both Enrique Iglesias and Dave Aude are tied with 14 number-ones on the chart, the most among male artists. Iglesias, however, is the male vocalist to accomplish this feat, while Aude is the only producer to achieve this milestone. Four acts have attained thirteen number-one songs, Whitney Houston, Kylie Minogue, Yoko Ono, Kylie Minogue became the first act to have two songs in the top three on March 5,2011. Her song Better than Today was number-one while Higher, a song by Taio Cruz on which Minogue features, was number three, the first 12-inch single made commercially available to the public was Ten Percent by Double Exposure in 1976. The first number one on Billboards Disco Action chart was Never Can Say Goodbye by Gloria Gaynor in 1974, the first number one on Billboards National Disco Action Top 30 was You Should Be Dancing by the Bee Gees in 1976. Beginning with the February 23,1991 issue, the dance chart became song specific, in all scenarios this was due to the tracks being included in film soundtrack albums. In 1978, four tracks from Thank God Its Friday, in 1980, madonna holds the record for the most chart hits, the most top-twenty hits, the most top-ten hits and the most total weeks at number one. The Trammps are the act to replace themselves at number one. The longest running number-ones on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart are Bad Luck by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes2 in 1975, both entries spent eleven weeks in the top spot
25.
Armin van Buuren
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Armin van Buuren is a Dutch DJ, record producer and remixer. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a radio show called A State of Trance. According to Djs And Festivals, the radio show propelled him to stardom, Van Buuren has won a number of accolades. He has been ranked the No.1 DJ by DJ Mag a record of five times and he is currently ranked No.4 on DJ Mag list for 2016. In the United States, he holds the record for most entries, twenty-one and his 2008 studio album, Imagine, entered the Dutch album chart at No. 1, a first for a trance artist in Dutch music history, Armin van Buuren was born in Leiden, Netherlands, on 25 December 1976, but grew up in Koudekerk aan den Rijn. Van Buuren started making music when he was 14 and he was inspired by French electronic music composer Jean-Michel Jarre. Van Buuren graduated from the Stedelijk Gymnasium Leiden in 1995, and he began working as a DJ in Club Nexus, playing multiple sets a week, most of which lasted six or more hours. In 1999, he met Dave Lewis who introduced him as a DJ in England, as his musical career began to take off he put his law degree on hold, although he returned to graduate from law school in 2003. On 18 September 2009, Van Buuren married Erika van Thiel and their daughter Fenna was born in July 2011. Van Buuren announced just hours before he was due to headline the main stage at Tomorrowland that his wife had given birth to a son, in 2011, Van Buuren was appointed Officer of the Order of Orange Nassau for his services to music. In 1996, Armin released EP and Push on Timeless Records, Van Buuren had his first major success with a track called Blue Fear, which was released under the Cyber Records label in 1997. Another successful track, Communication, was released under the label and became popular in Ibiza. After being signed to AM PM Records, this track entered the UK Singles Chart at No.18 in 2000, in the beginning of 1999, Van Buuren started his label Armind together with United Recordings. The first release, Gig – One, was well received, the second release, Touch Me under the name Rising Star, was signed to Ministry of Sound in the UK, before the record was released. By the time of his release, Gimmick – Free was signed to R&S Records. During this year, he remixed the first two singles of Gouryella and, under the guise of Rising Star, produced a remix of LEsperanza, in 2000, Van Buuren started his own Armin van Buuren compilation series. He found a balance between proper progressive house, and vocal trance music styles and his first compilation album, A State of Trance, sold 10,000 copies and contains Van Buurens remix of Moogwai, Viola
26.
Armind
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Armind is a Dutch record label focused mainly on trance. It is under the umbrella of the Armada Music label, whose forefront face in the public is the founder Armin van Buuren, in its short life, Armind has released influential tracks in the electronic and trance music scenes. From Motorcycles As The Rush Comes, to famous names in the dance community as M. I. K. E. and Mark Otten. - Turn Out The Lights ARMD1003 M. I. K. E, - Turn Out The Lights ARMD1004 Mark Otten - Mushroom Therapy ARMD1005 Motorcycle - As The Rush Comes ARMD1006 Mark Otten - Tranquility ARMD1007 M. I. K. E. Presents Fascinated - Totally Fascinated ARMD1008 Arctic Quest - Offbeat & Glaze ARMD1009 Armin vs M. I. K. E, - Intruder & Pound ARMD1010 Ridgewalker feat. - Massive Motion ARMD1012 Fragile feat, alex Lemon - Inertia ARMD1013 Armin van Buuren - Shivers ARMD1014 Synergy - Hello Strings ARMD1015 Armin van Buuren - Shivers ARMD1016 Armin van Buuren feat. Jan Vayne - Serenity ARMD1017 Andy Moor - Halcyon ARMD1018 Mike Foyle vs Signalrunners - Love Theme Dusk ARMD1019 Mode Hookers - Breathe ARMD1020 Armin van Buuren feat, Nadia Ali - Who Is Watching ARMD1021 Mark Otten - So Serene ARMD1022 Armin van Buuren feat. Racoon - Love You More ARMD1031 Sunlounger - White Sand ARMD1032 Mike Foyle - Shipwrecked ARMD1033 Armin van Buuren vs Herman Brood - Saturday Night ARMD1034 Jose Amnesia feat, jennifer Rene - Louder ARMD1035 Armin van Buuren feat. Audrey Callagher - Big Sky ARMD1048 Jose Amnesia Feat, jennifer Rene - Invincible ARMD1049 The Doppler Effect - Beauty Hides In The Deep ARMD1050 Armin van Buuren feat. Susana - If You Should Go ARMD1051 John OCallaghan feat, sharon den Adel - In And Out Of Love ARMD1057 Arnej - The Ones That Got Away ARMD1058 Moussa Clarke & Terrafunka - She Wants Him ARMD1059 Julian Vincent feat. Cathy Burton - Certainty ARMD1060 Myon & Shane 54 feat, Carrie Skipper - Vampire ARMD1061 Armin van Buuren feat. Jaren - Unforgivable ARMD1062 Arnej feat Josie - Strangers weve become ARMD1063 Armin van Buuren feat, jennifer Rene - Fine Without You ARMD1064 Claudia Cazacu feat. Audrey Gallagher - Freefallin ARMD1065 Armin van Buuren feat, jacqueline Goveart - Never Say Never ARMD1066 Fabio XB & Ronny Play feat. Gabriel Cage - Inside Of You ARMD1067 John OCallaghan feat, lo-Fi Sugar - Never Fade Away ARMD1068 Sebastian Ingrosso - Kidsos ARMD1069 TyDi feat. Audrey Gallagher - You Walk Away ARMD1070 Gaia - Tuvan ARMD1071 Armin van Buuren feat, vanVelzen - Broken Tonight ARMD1072 Cerf, Mitiska and Jaren - Beggin You ARMD1073 Armin van Buuren feat. VanVelzen - Broken Tonight ARMD1074 Sophie Sugar vs Sunlounger - Lost Together ARMD1075 Andrew Bennett feat. Sir Adrian - Run Till U Shine ARMD1076 Armin van Buuren - Full Focus ARMD1077 Ron Hagen & Al Exander - Last Minute ARMD1078 Ørjan Nilsen - Lovers Lane ARMD1079 Myon & Shane 54 feat. Christian Burns - This Light Between Us ARMD1086 DJ Governor - Shades Of Grey / Pale Memories ARMD1087 Myon & Shane 54 - International Departures ARMD1088 Ørjan Nilsen - Go Fast
27.
Loren Gold
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Loren Gold is a Los Angeles-based keyboardist, music director, and singer/songwriter. Gold has been the keyboardist and back-up vocalist for The Who since 2012 and he has toured extensively with various recording artists, including Roger Daltrey, Kenny Loggins, and Taylor Hicks. Loren builds bands for major tours, those of which have included Selena Gomez, Loren has two instructional books published through Alfred Music. Gold toured in fall 2003 as the player for Hilary Duff. In winter 2007, Gold co-wrote with the Canadian songwriter James Renald the first single for the American Idol winner Taylor Hicks, television and national performances of The Runaround took place starting in December 2006. Gold became the director and keyboard player for Taylor, touring extensively in 2007. In 2008, Gold toured with Mandy Moore in support of her album, Wild Hope, in Australia, in summer 2008, Gold performed with the Italian singer Nico, and toured North America with Chicago and The Doobie Brothers. In winter 2008/2009, he continued playing keyboards with the NBC production Americas Got Talent, in 2008–09, Loren became Musical Director and consultant for several pop artists, including Demi Lovato, Jordan Pruitt, Jordin Sparks and Selena Gomez. During spring 2008, Gold began performing with Don Felder of The Eagles fame, an original Gold/Renald composition, entitled Pretend, was used in the 2009 Walden Media film Bandslam. Gold toured in 2009 as keyboard player and vocalist for Roger Daltreys Use It or Lose It Tour, Daltreys band, No Plan B, also opened for Eric Clapton on several dates during 2010. At the show of October 12,2009 in Seattle, Pearl Jam singer Eddie Vedder joined the band on stage for performances of Pearl Jams Better Man, and The Whos The Real Me and Bargain. In December 2010, Loren was asked to be Musical Director for the Phil Kennemore Y&T benefit concert in Santa Clara, Gold performed with several guests, including Geoff Tate of Queensryche, Don Dokken of Dokken, and Vinny Appice of Dio and Black Sabbath. In 2011, there were performances of The Whos Tommy and the hits of The Who, which included a performance for the Teenage Cancer Trust at Royal Albert Hall with Pete Townshend. On March 28,2012, the band was joined on stage by Steve Winwood, Ronnie Wood, Paul Weller, Kelly Jones, a world tour of Tommy continued throughout 2011–2012 with North America, Europe, and Japan. In July 2012, The Who announced Loren Gold as Keyboardist / Backing Vocalist on their 2012–2013 35-date Quadrophenia and More tour, the tour continued in the summer of 2013 with performances throughout Europe, concluding with a performance at Wembley Arena in London. In between the two legs of the tour, Loren performed at 12-12-12, The Concert for Sandy Relief – a benefit concert took place on December 12,2012. In addition to The Who, performers included Paul McCartney, The Rolling Stones, Billy Joel, Bruce Springsteen and it was the most widely distributed live musical event in history, accessible to nearly two billion people worldwide on television, radio and the Internet. Between performances with Roger Daltrey and The Who, Loren traveled to Japan, the tour, entitled Arena Tour 2014 All Time Best, celebrated a career that has spanned over 30 years
28.
2002 (band)
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2002 is a new age group composed of Randy and Pamela Copus. 2002 has charted eleven albums on the Billboard New Age Charts and this Moment Now won the COVR award for Best New Age Album in 2004. 2002 was named amongst the top new age artists in Billboards 2003 “Year in Review” issue and they most recently won Best Vocal Album from the ZMR Zone Music Awards in 2015. The themes of several of 2002s albums are deeply rooted instory of Savitri, land of Forever is a ballad of the mystic island of Tír na nÓg, an Irish legend. Pamela, Randy, and their daughter Sarah record all their music at their state-of-the-art studio, Randy Copus plays piano, electric cello, guitar, bass, and keyboards. Pamela Copus plays flutes, harp, keyboards, and an instrument called a WX5. Sarah, their daughter who has joined the band, sings and plays celtic harp, violin, ukulele, piano. 2002 provide all of the vocals on their albums, recording their voices many, many times and layering them to create a choir with a celestial. The vocals also have many dimensions, as words and chants in Sanskrit, Spanish, Gaelic, Latin and Japanese, representing sacred traditions throughout the world, can be heard on their albums
29.
Vitas
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Vitaliy Vladasovich Grachov, known professionally as Vitas, is a Russian and Ukrainian singer also known as the Russian Chayanne. He is known for his falsetto and possesses a five-octave vocal range. His music is difficult to categorize, incorporating elements of techno, dance, classical, jazz. His 2000 song Opera 2 was released as a single in 2001, and has been forwarded over email and on social networks frequently. Vitas designs his own stage costumes, DIVA is the name of the band that accompanies Vitas during his concerts. He has achieved much notability through Russian television, and since 2005 and he has sung with entertainment labels such as Universal which distributes his music in Taiwan, and he has toured extensively in China and several other countries. He has performed duets with other singers including Demis Roussos, Lucio Dalla. Vitas was born in Daugavpils, a city in southeastern Latvia known for its overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population and he showed an interest in music from an early age. His grandfather taught him to play the accordion, and he writing songs as a child. He later studied music more formally and he attended an art school in Odessa, and appeared in various theatrical productions as a teenager. He was discovered by a producer and manager, Sergey Pudovkin. This invitation was extended on the basis of Vitas acting skills, Vitas traveled to Moscow with demos of his music and began working with Pudovkin. Vitas came to attention in Russia in December 2000 with the song Opera #2. In the music video, Vitas portrays a lonely man with fish gills who lives in a bathtub with jars of fish. He also presented his fashion collection Autumn Dreams on the stage of the State Kremlin Palace on 29 September 2002, mr. Dalla then invited Vitas to come to Rome to take part in the rehearsals of Toska, the modern version of Puccinis opera. In dedication to his mother who died in 2001, Vitas released two albums, The Songs of My Mother and Mama, the Songs of My Mother included classic Russian songs which are sometimes considered to be the gold reserves of Russian pop-music. Another album Mama included several new songs composed by Vitas, in November 2003, Vitas presented his second tour program, The Songs of My Mother in the Russia Concert Hall, Moscow. Compared to the flamboyant nature of his previous Philosophy of Miracle tour, The Songs of My Mother was more conservative, drawing on classic Russian songs
30.
Grand Canyon Association
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The Grand Canyon Association is the National Park Services official non-profit partner raising private funds to benefit the Grand Canyon National Park. The profits raised are used in operating retail bookstores, visitor centers within the park, Grand Canyon Association was founded by naturalist Edwin D. McKee in February 1932 as the Grand Canyon Natural History Association. More recently, Grand Canyon Association began to raise funds for specific projects and initiatives that enhance the visitor experience. The Grand Canyon Field Institute was founded in 1993 to support the Grand Canyon National Parks efforts to offer educational, Grand Canyon Field Institute offers guided hiking, backpacking and river rafting tours and classes at Grand Canyon National Park. Grand Canyon Association has helped to fund and execute a variety of projects within the park, recent projects include, Bright Angel Trailhead renovation. The Bright Angel Trail is one of the oldest and most visited trails in Grand Canyon National Park, GCA raised funds to cover the cost of the project, which included new seating, new restrooms, stone masonry walls, and accessible walkways. GCA received a $100,000 grant from American Express to help fund the restoration of the Kolb Studio, the projected cost of the entire project, scheduled for completion in fall 2013, is $500,000. The GCA publishes on average three to five books annually, topics of their books include original research on the Grand Canyon, scientific monographs, Native American history, and guidebooks. Grand Canyon Association has an active Membership program, members have always been an essential part of the Grand Canyon Association. Members become part of a community of people who care deeply about the future of Grand Canyon National Park, member by member, dollar by dollar, we are ensuring that future generations may enjoy Grand Canyon as we currently do. In 1990 the GCNHA funded the restoration and reopening of Kolb Studio, the venue hosts rotating exhibits that highlight the inspirational power of the Grand Canyon
31.
American Lung Association
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The American Lung Association is a voluntary health organization whose mission is to save lives by improving lung health and preventing lung disease through education, advocacy and research. Earlier in 1892, Flick had founded the Pennsylvania Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, the NASPT was Renamed the National Tuberculosis Association in 1918, and then the National Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease Association in 1968, it adopted its current name in 1973. Taglines that the Association has used in its public-service messages have included, Its a matter of life and breath, When you cant breathe, nothing else matters, in 1907, the Lung Association began their Christmas Seal campaign to raise money for a small TB sanatorium in Delaware. Emily Bissell, a Red Cross volunteer at the time, created holiday seals to sell at the post office for a penny a piece. By the end of her campaign, she had raised more than ten times the amount needed to save the sanatorium. The Association is a defender of the Clean Air Act A modified version of the Cross of Lorraine serves as the Lung Associations logo, the Paris, France, physician Gilbert Sersiron suggested its use in 1902 as a symbol for the crusade against tuberculosis. The double barred cross was used in the coat of arms of Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine. The national tagline Fighting for Air was introduced in 2010 to emphasize the role in reducing particulate pollution in the atmosphere. The American Lung Association is a health organization funded by contributions from individual donors, corporations, foundations. Detailed financial statements are available in their Annual Report which is made public online every year, one of its best-known fund-raising campaigns is its Christmas Seals program, which has been an annual fundraising and public awareness tool for tuberculosis and lung disease since 1907. The National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis held their annual meeting in Washington D. C. Notable life members included Andrew Carnegie, Henry C, frick, Mrs. H. Knickerbocker, Louis Marshall, Francis E. May, Cyrus H. McCormick, Henry Phipps, John D. Rockefeller, Rodman Wanamaker, Felix M. Warburg. In addition, they adopted the red cross emblem formally as the symbol for the association. The National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis executive offices were located at 105 East 22nd Street, New York, New York. Dr. U. S. President Grover Cleveland was a vice president from 1905 to 1908. American Lung Association The American Lung Association Crusade, claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia American Lung Association State of the Air 2013 Radio programs produced by the National Tuberculosis Association at The WNYC Archives
32.
Dishwalla
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Dishwalla is an American alternative rock band from Santa Barbara, California. The bands name comes from a Hindi term for a person providing satellite TV to a neighborhood, in a Vox interview, lead guitarist Rodney Browning Cravens claimed the band took the name out of a Wired magazine article. The band is best known for their 1996 hit song Counting Blue Cars, in 1994, the band recorded Take Some Time on the tribute album If I Were a Carpenter featuring cover versions of songs by The Carpenters. In 1996, the single Counting Blue Cars from the album Pet Your Friends climbed the charts and was played on the airwaves. The track earned them a Billboard Award for Best Rock Song for 1996 as well as two ASCAP Awards for Rock Track Of The Year in both 1996 and 1997. Their 1998 follow-up album, And You Think You Know What Lifes About, Dishwalla has since made other ventures into the limelight. In 1995 the song Counting Blue Cars was featured in the movie Empire Records, pretty Babies is on the Blast from the Past soundtrack. In 1998 landed the song Truth Serum in The Avengers, in 1999, the song Stay Awake was featured in the movie Stir of Echoes and the song Find Your Way Back Home was featured in the movie American Pie. In 2002 the song Home was in the movie The Banger Sisters, other TV shows that have used their songs include Smallville, The OC, and NCIS. They have also mentioned several times in the show How I Met Your Mother. The band has gone on to two more studio albums, Opaline and the self-titled Dishwalla, as well as a live album. Charlie Browns Parents hit No.24 on the Mainstream Rock charts, the following year, Give was a No.26 Adult Top 40 single. In 1998, Once in a While reached No.17 on the Mainstream Rock charts, finally, Somewhere in the Middle hit No.25 on the Adult Top 40 charts in 2002. The lineup featured long-time friend, Justin Fox, singer of the Santa Barbara band Tripdavon, as a Special Guest Vocalist. On March 15,2009, Dishwalla was asked to play a concert for Tea Fire victims, Lance and Carla Hoffman. The hugely successful event was put on by coordinated efforts with Santa Barbara City Fire, Santa Barbara County Fire, Montecito Fire, Carpinteria/Summerland Fire departments. In September 2012, the band announced on their official Facebook page a concert on October 13 to raise money for George Pendergasts Rockshop Academy. The next two year in 2013 and 2014 saw the band touring extensively across the United States and the world
33.
J. R. Richards
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John Robert J. R. Richards is an American musician best known as the original lead singer/songwriter for alternative rock band Dishwalla. He has appeared in the films Almost Anything,2,13 and Morning and he guest starred on Charmed as himself. Dishwalla had a No.1 hit in 1996 &1997 with the Richards-penned Counting Blue Cars, famous for its Tell me all your thoughts on God, J. R won a Billboard Music Award for Top Mainstream Rock Track of the Year. In addition to this he won two ASCAP Awards for both having the Most Performed Song of The Year. In 2013 The City of Los Angeles awarded J. R. a Proclamation for Dedication to Enhancing Lives of Families Living in Extreme Poverty for his work in El Salvador with 20k Watts. Dishwalla produced four albums with J. R. Richards as lead singer and main songwriter, including the 2002 hit. After Dishwalla finished making its last album in 2005, bassist Scot Alexander left the prior to touring. Dan Lavery from the band Tonic filled in for Scot during Dishwallaa fourth album tour in 2005, drummer Pete Maloney left the band end of 2005 leaving the band without a drummer, bass player or label. The band was broken up in 2006 with only one original member remaining. J. R left the band officially in 2008 even though at this point Dishwallas last performance was in 2005, Dishwalla has since reformed in 2009 with a modified member list though Dishwalla has yet to release a record under the Dishwalla moniker since J. R. Richards left. JR has four children and is married to British Director / Producer Min Reid-Richards and his debut solo album A Beautiful End was released in 2009, and debuted in the Top 50 on iTunes worldwide. In 2016 J. R. released his 2nd solo album Honore et Amore as well as an all acoustic album of songs JR wrote while in Dishwalla called Stripped, in January 2011, J. R. created the 20k Watts project along with Leo and Ryan Rossi. 20k Watts is an Artist Eco Alliance which aims to bring sustainable clean energy to developing communities in need, to empower communities in impoverished areas using the sun, wind, and battery for storing and supplying electricity and enhancing the current and future quality of life. J. R. has been producing since the 90s and along with Dishwalla has gone on to other artists. J. R. produced British group Britroyals Debut EP and recently attended the Brit Awards at the O2 Arena in London and he is also writing, producing and performing songs, for a newly released TV series SAF3 airing in United States in September 2013. J. R. co-wrote Precious Stone with Jason Koiter for Criminal Minds in December 2013, J. R. has just finished producing Britroyals 2nd album London in 2016. J. R is a featured Producer for Reid Richards Production founded by his wife, Min Reid-Richards in California, Reid Richards Productions also specializes in high-end Music Video production. AWARDS, R&R No.1 Record of the Year 1996, R&R No.1 Top 50 Active Rock Chart 5 Weeks in a row
34.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
35.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
