1.
Yangon
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Yangon is a former capital of Myanmar and the capital of Yangon Region. Although Yangons infrastructure is undeveloped compared to that of major cities in southeast Asia. Yangon is a combination of the two words yan and koun, which enemies and run out of, respectively. It is also translated as End of Strife, Rangoon most likely comes from the British imitation of the pronunciation of Yangon in the Arakanese language, which is. Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century by the Mon, Dagon was a small fishing village centred about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon, renamed it Yangon, the British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War, but returned it to Burmese administration after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841, the British seized Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. Yangon is also the place where the British sent Bahadur Shah II, Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangons increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake, the British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University. Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings, by the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London. Before World War II, about 55% of Yangons population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest. After World War I, Yangon became the epicentre of Burmese independence movement, three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920,1936 and 1938 all began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japanese occupation, and incurred heavy damage during World War II, the city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945. Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire, soon after Burmas independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current military junta changed the citys English name to Yangon, since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya, Shwepyitha, today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres. During Ne Wins isolationist rule, Yangons infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance, in the 1990s, the current military governments more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the citys infrastructure. Some inner city residents were relocated to new satellite towns
2.
Myanmar
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Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar and also known as Burma, is a sovereign state in South East Asia bordered by Bangladesh, India, China, Laos and Thailand. About one third of Myanmars total perimeter of 5,876 km, forms an uninterrupted coastline of 1,930 km along the Bay of Bengal, the countrys 2014 census revealed a much lower population than expected, with 51 million people recorded. Myanmar is 676,578 square kilometres in size and its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city and former capital city is Yangon. Early civilizations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma, the Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur. The British invaded Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a nation and then, following a coup détat in 1962. For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife, during this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, there is, however, continuing criticism of the governments treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyis party won a majority in both houses, Myanmar is a country rich in jade and gems, oil, natural gas and other mineral resources. In 2013, its GDP stood at US$56.7 billion, the income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by supporters of the former military government. As of 2016, according to the Human Development Index, Myanmar had a level of human development. The renaming remains a contested issue, many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy of the ruling military government or its authority to rename the country. The countrys official name is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form Union of Burma instead, in English, the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar /ˈmjɑːnˌmɑːr/. Both these names are derived from the name of the majority Burmese Bamar ethnic group, Myanmar is considered to be the literary form of the name of the group, while Burma is derived from Bamar, the colloquial form of the groups name
3.
Tanworth-in-Arden
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Tanworth-in-Arden is a small village in the county of Warwickshire, England. It is located south-east of Birmingham in the Tanworth-in-Arden parish and is administered by Stratford-on-Avon District Council. The population of the parish was 3,104 at the 2011 UK census, the suffix to the name Tanworth refers to the Forest of Arden in which the village lay. Notable historical buildings still standing in the village include The Bell Inn public house, the boxer Gentleman Jack Hood was the licensee of The Bell for 36 years, displaying above the bar the Lonsdale belt that he won on 31 May 1926. Tanworth was the home of folk musician Nick Drake and his sister. His grave lies in the parish churchyard, the grave of nine-times world motorcycle champion Mike Hailwood MBE, GM, and his daughter Michelle, who were both killed in a car accident at Portway in 1981, are also to be found here. An annual memorial motorcycle run is held every March from the former Norton motorcycle factory to Tanworth, the village was also the filming location for the fictional village of Kings Oak from the British television series Crossroads between 1970 and 1988. The parish includes Umberslade Hall, for six hundred years the home of the Archer family and later the industrialist George Frederic Muntz
4.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
5.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
6.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
7.
Five Leaves Left
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Five Leaves Left is the debut studio album by English folk musician Nick Drake. Recorded between 1968 and 1969, it was released the year by record label Island. Five Leaves Left was recorded between July 1968 and June 1969 at Sound Techniques in London, England, like Bryter Layter but unlike Pink Moon, this album contains no unaccompanied songs. Drake was accompanied by members of the British folk rock groups Fairport Convention, the title of the album is a reference to the old Rizla cigarette papers packet, which used to contain a printed note near the end saying Only five leaves left. The album title could also be a reference to an O. Henry short story entitled The Last Leaf, Drake died five years after recording the album. Q cited it as The pinnacle of a canon of work so distinctive that admirers can only speculate miserably on what might have been. Alternative Press called it of the most beautiful and melancholy albums ever recorded, five Leaves Left was ranked 85th in a 2005 survey held by British televisions Channel 4 to determine the 100 greatest albums of all time. In 2003, the album was ranked number 280 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME ranked it at number 74 in their list. Q magazine included the album in its list Best Folk Albums of All Time, All tracks written by Nick Drake. Nick Drake performs vocals and acoustic guitar, except where indicated otherwise
8.
Bryter Layter
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Bryter Layter, recorded in 1970 and released in March 1971, was the second of three albums by British folk musician Nick Drake. Arranger Robert Kirby claims that Drake intended the instrumentals to evoke Pet Sounds, initially scheduled for release in November 1970, with UK promotional copies being sent out at the time, dissatisfaction with the artwork meant that the album was held over into the New Year. Mojo called the album Certainly the most polished of his catalogue, alternative Press called it of the most beautiful and melancholy albums ever recorded. In 2000, Q placed Bryter Layter at number 23 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever and it ranked at number 14 in NMEs list of The Greatest Albums of the 70s. In 2003, the album was ranked number 245 on Rolling Stone magazines list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, All tracks written by Nick Drake. Nick Drake performs vocals and guitar, except where indicated otherwise, the lyrics to Fly were heavily referenced in the 2005 film Zathura, A Space Adventure and the song was featured in Wes Andersons The Royal Tenenbaums. The song One of These Things First was featured on the Grammy award winning Garden State soundtrack, the song was also used in the 2008 film Seven Pounds starring Will Smith. The song Northern Sky was featured in the 2001 film Serendipity The song Northern Sky is frequently featured in the 2016 TV Show This is Us, the title is in reference to Queens English and BBC weather reporters who would describe the weather as brighter later. Album online on Radio3Net a radio channel of Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company Bryter Layter at MusicBrainz Lyrics
9.
Pink Moon
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Pink Moon is the third and final studio album by the English folk musician Nick Drake, released in the UK by Island Records on 25 February 1972. Pink Moon differs from Drakes previous albums in that it was recorded without a band, featuring just Drake on vocals, acoustic guitar. Released two years before Drakes death in November 1974, at the age of twenty-six, the content of Pink Moon has often been attributed to Drakes ongoing battle with depression. The songs are shorter than on his previous albums, with a total running time of just over twenty-eight minutes. Pink Moon, like Drakes previous studio albums, did not sell well while he was living but has since gained in critical acclaim. Additionally, Drake had isolated himself in his London apartment and was suffering from depression and he was not depressed during the writing or recording of Pink Moon and was immensely proud of the album. After facing disappointment with various aspects of his first two albums, Drake sought an organic sound with Pink Moon. Drake appeared to have made a decision before recording his album that it would be as plain as possible. Wood had worked with Drake on his previous two albums and was one of the few people Drake felt he could trust. Wood has worked with artists such as Fairport Convention, Cat Stevens, and Pink Floyd. Boyd produced Drakes first two albums with Wood acting as sound engineer, although Wood primarily focused on the engineering of an album, he often contributed as a producer. When Drake reached out to Wood in 1971 expressing his interest in recording another album, the album was recorded at Sound Techniques studio in London in late October 1971 with just Drake and Wood present. The studio was booked during the day, so Drake and Wood arrived around 11,00 p. m. the next night, they did the same. In only two late night sessions, with just his voice and acoustic guitar, Drake created what is considered by many to be one of the most influential albums of all time. He had this big,15 ips master tape box under his arm, and I said Have you had a cup of tea. and he said Erm, yes, and I said Do you want to come upstairs. After about half an hour he said Id better be going, and I said Okay, nice to see you, and he left. Now, he went down the stairs and he still had the tapes under his arm, so I went down and it was the big sixteen-track master tape and it said NICK DRAKE PINK MOON, and I thought thats not an album I know. The first thing to do was get it in the studio to make a seven and a half inch safety copy, because that was the master
10.
Warwickshire
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Warwickshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton, the county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks, the county is divided into five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton and Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon. The current county boundaries were set in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, the historic county boundaries also included Coventry and Solihull, as well as much of Birmingham. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles from the Derbyshire border, an average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles north to south. Equivalently it extends as far north as Shrewsbury in Shropshire and as far south as Banbury in north Oxfordshire, the majority of Warwickshires population live in the north and centre of the county. The market towns of northern and eastern Warwickshire were industrialised in the 19th century, and include Atherstone, Bedworth, Nuneaton, of these, Atherstone has retained most of its original character. Major industries included coal mining, textiles, engineering and cement production, of the northern and eastern towns, only Nuneaton and Rugby are well-known outside of Warwickshire. The south of the county is rural and sparsely populated. The only town in the south of Warwickshire is Shipston-on-Stour, the highest point in the county, at 261 m, is Ebrington Hill, again on the border with Gloucestershire, grid reference SP187426 at the countys southwest extremity. There are no cities in Warwickshire since both Coventry and Birmingham were incorporated into the West Midlands county in 1974 and are now metropolitan authorities in themselves, the largest towns in Warwickshire in 2011 were, Nuneaton, Rugby, Leamington Spa, Bedworth, Warwick, Stratford and Kenilworth. Much of western Warwickshire, including that area now forming part of Coventry, Solihull, thus the names of a number of places in the central-western part of Warwickshire end with the phrase -in-Arden, such as Henley-in-Arden, Hampton-in-Arden and Tanworth-in-Arden. The remaining area, not part of the forest, was called the Felden – from fielden, areas historically part of Warwickshire include Coventry, Solihull, Sutton Coldfield, Erdington, and some of Birmingham including Aston and Edgbaston. These became part of the county of West Midlands following local government re-organisation in 1974. Some organisations, such as Warwickshire County Cricket Club, which is based in Edgbaston, in Birmingham, Coventry is effectively in the centre of the Warwickshire area, and still has strong ties with the county. Coventry and Warwickshire are sometimes treated as an area and share a single Chamber of Commerce. Coventry has been a part of Warwickshire for only some of its history, in 1451 Coventry was separated from Warwickshire and made a county corporate in its own right, called the County of the City of Coventry. In 1842 the county of Coventry was abolished and Coventry was remerged with Warwickshire, in recent times, there have been calls to formally re-introduce Coventry into Warwickshire, although nothing has yet come of this
11.
Antidepressant
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They may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications. St Johns wort is used in the treatment of depression. For depression, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is often used to measure the severity of depression, the maximum score for the 17-item HAM-D questionnaire is 52, the higher the score, the more severe the depression. Options may include pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation or light therapy, conflicting results have arisen from studies analyzing the efficacy of antidepressants by comparisons to placebo in people with acute mild to moderate depression. Stronger evidence supports the usefulness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression that is chronic or severe and their study consisted of a meta analysis incorporating data from both published studies and unpublished data obtained from the FDA via a Freedom of Information Act request. Overall, antidepressant pills worked 18% better than placebos, a significant difference. In a later publication, Kirsch concluded that the effect of new-generation antidepressant medication is below recommended criteria for clinical significance. In 2014 the U. S. FDA published a review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1985 and 2012. The Cochrane Collaboration recently performed a review of clinical trials of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline. The study concluded that in spite of evidence for publication bias. A2004 review concluded that antidepressant studies that failed to support efficacy claims were dramatically less likely to be published than those that did support favorable efficacy claims, similar results were obtained for a study of publication of clinical trials of antidepressants in children. A2015 investigation of meta-analyses of antidepressant studies found that 79% of them had sponsorship or authors who were industry employees and/or had conflicts of interest, a 2012 meta-analysis found that fluoxetine and venlafaxine were effective for major depression in all age groups. The authors also found no evidence of a relationship between baseline severity of depression and degree of benefit of antidepressants over placebo, a review published in 2012 found a negative correlation between study year and efficacy of antidepressants as measured by response rate. The change in rate was largely driven by increase in placebo response. However the authors concluded that antidepressants were effective in treating depression. The authors found that TCAs were the most effective drug, followed by SNRIs, MAOIs, SSRIs, the largest and most expensive study conducted to date, on the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for depression, was commissioned by the National Institute of Mental Health. The study was dubbed The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression Study, participants in the trial were recruited when they sought medical care at general medical or psychiatric clinics. No advertising was used to recruit subjects in order to maximize the generalizability of the study results, participants were required to have a minimum score of 14 point on the Hamilton Depression Scale in order to be enrolled in the trial
12.
Fruit Tree (album)
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Fruit Tree is a box set by English singer/songwriter Nick Drake. It now exists in versions, all of which feature his three studio albums, plus additional material. There are now three distinct releases of Fruit Tree, the 1979 release consisted of a box set of three LPs with new artwork. The first two were as listed below, the third was Pink Moon, track listing as below plus the last four songs of what later became Time of No Reply. This version was released on Island Records, the 1986 release was a 4 LP/CD release, and had the track listing as given below. It was released the year as the separate Time of No Reply album. This version was released on Hannibal Records, the 2007 release features Drakes three studio albums, plus A Skin Too Few DVD. This version was released on Island Records
13.
Robert Smith (musician)
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Robert James Smith is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He is the singer, guitarist, lyricist and principal songwriter of the rock band the Cure. He is the only constant member since its formation in 1976. He also played guitar in the band Siouxsie and the Banshees, Smith is a multi-instrumentalist, known for his unique stage look and distinctive voice. Smith was born in the Lancashire town of Blackpool and is the third of four born to James Alexander. Smith came from a musical family – his father sang and his mother played the piano, raised Catholic, he later became an atheist. He later attended Notre Dame Middle School and St Wilfrids Comprehensive School, both Robert and his younger sister Janet had piano lessons, Smith said that Janet was a piano prodigy, so sibling rivalry made me take up guitar because she couldnt get her fingers around the neck. He told Chris Heath of Smash Hits magazine that from about 1966 his brother Richard taught him a few chords on guitar. Smith began taking guitar lessons from the age of nine, with a student of John Williams. I learned a lot, but got to the point where I was losing the sense of fun, Smith has said his guitar tutor was horrified by his playing. Robert consequently gave up formal tuition and began teaching himself to play by ear, Smith was thirteen or fourteen when he became more serious about rock music and started to play and learn frenetically. Up until December 1972 he did not have a guitar of his own, but Id commandeered it anyway – so whether he was officially giving it to me at Christmas or not, I was going to have it. Smith was quoted in earlier sources as saying he purchased the Top 20 himself for £20. Smith described Notre Dame Middle School as a very free-thinking establishment with an experimental approach, according to Smith four other kids beat him up after school, although Jeff Apter notes that Smith has given several conflicting versions of the story. In the summer of 1975, Smith and his school bandmates sat their O Level exams, Robert Smith has said that his first band when he was fourteen consisted of my brother Richard, some of his friends and my younger sister Janet. It was called the Crawley Goat Band – brilliant, Jeff Apter, however, dates the performance to April 1973, which is at variance with Smith and his bandmates having already left Notre Dame Middle School by this time. Smith said that they were simply as the group because it was the only one at school so we didnt need a name. Dempsey, who moved from guitar to bassist for the group
14.
David Sylvian
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David Sylvian is an English singer-songwriter and musician who came to prominence in the late 1970s as the lead vocalist and main songwriter in the group Japan. Sylvians solo work has influenced by a variety of musical styles and genres, including jazz, avant-garde, ambient, electronic. The band Japan, whose members included bassist Mick Karn, guitarist Rob Dean, keyboardist Richard Barbieri and Sylvians brother Steve Jansen as drummer. As youngsters they played music as a means of escape, playing Sylvians two-chord numbers – sometimes with Karn as the front man, a fan of New York Dolls, Sylvian adopted his stage name from Sylvain Sylvain, while his brother took Jansen from David Johansen. They christened themselves Japan in 1974, signed a contract with Hansa, and became an alternative glam rock outfit in the mould of David Bowie, T. Rex. Over a period of a few years their music became more sophisticated and their visual image also evolved and, although they had worn make-up since their creation in the mid-1970s, the band was unintentionally tagged with the New Romantic label in the early 1980s. The band themselves disputed any connection with the New Romantic movement, the attitudes are so very different. Of Japans fashion sense, Sylvian said, For them, fancy dress is a costume, but ours is a way of life. We look and dress this way every day, Japan released five studio albums between March 1978 and November 1981. In 1980, the signed with Virgin Records, where Sylvian remained as a recording artist for the next twenty years. Fujii quickly became a figure in Sylvians life. She was the first person to introduce Sylvian seriously to jazz and she also encouraged Sylvian to incorporate spiritual discipline into his daily routine. Throughout his solo career, Fujii maintained a role in the design of artwork for his albums. Japan played their final concerts in December 1982 before dissolving, in 1982, Sylvian released his first solo collaborative effort with Ryuichi Sakamoto, entitled Bamboo Houses/Bamboo Music. He also worked with Sakamoto on the UK Top 20 song Forbidden Colours for the 1983 Nagisa Oshima film Merry Christmas, sakamotos first contribution to Sylvians work though was as co-writer of Taking Islands in Africa on the Japan-album Gentlemen Take Polaroids. Sylvians debut solo album, Brilliant Trees included contributions from Ryuichi Sakamoto, trumpeter Jon Hassell and it featured the UK Top 20 single Red Guitar. The next release was the two-record set Gone to Earth, which featured one record of atmospheric vocal tracks, never one to conform to commercial expectations, Sylvian then collaborated with Holger Czukay. Plight and Premonition, issued in 1988, and Flux and Mutability, recorded and released the year, also included contributions from Can members Jaki Liebezeit
15.
Peter Buck
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Peter Lawrence Buck is an American musician and songwriter who is best known as co-founder and lead guitarist of the alternative rock band R. E. M. Throughout his career with R. E. M. as well as during his subsequent solo career, Buck has also been at various times an official member of numerous side project groups. These groups included Hindu Love Gods, The Minus 5, Tuatara, The Baseball Project, Robyn Hitchcock, richard M. Nixon consists of Buck, Scott McCaughey and Bill Rieflin, the same three musicians who comprise The Venus 3. After spending time in Los Angeles and San Francisco, the Buck family moved to Atlanta, after graduating with honors from Crestwood High School in 1975, Buck attended Emory University and joined Delta Tau Delta fraternity. He eventually dropped out of Emory, Buck moved to Athens, Georgia, and attended the University of Georgia as well. While in Athens, Buck worked at the Wuxtry Records store, Bucks style of guitar playing is simple and yet distinctive. He makes wide use of strings while chording to create chiming. His sound, especially on mid-period R. E. M, albums that saw the band break through to international popularity, has been associated with Rickenbacker guitars, particularly a Jetglo model 360. He has also used a variety of other instruments as the group has continued to experiment. Releases prior to Accelerate, his guitar parts have been less prominent, when Peter plays guitar, theres a strong sense of fuck off that comes from his side of the stage. And you feel that he wants to be in a band because he likes what they do, but thats all, explained U2s lead singer Bono in 2003. And its almost like performing and having to deal with all of that is a bit of a compromise for him, and I like that energy a little bit, and that gives them their aggression. Buck has produced bands, including Uncle Tupelo, Dreams So Real, The Fleshtones, Charlie Pickett. Buck also has made contributions on other musicians albums, including The Replacements, Billy Bragg, The Decemberists, Robyn Hitchcock. Peter, Mike Mills, Bill Berry and Warren Zevon recorded an album under the band name Hindu Love Gods, bandmates and Zevon were recording tracks for Zevons 1987 album Sentimental Hygiene. Hindu Love Gods is one of names the members of R. E. M. have used performing around the Athens area. The three instrumentalists from R. E. M. all performed on Nikki Suddens 1991 album The Jewel Thief, Buck also coproduced the 1992 Vigilantes of Love album, Killing Floor, with songwriter Mark Heard. He co-wrote, produced, and performed on Mark Eitzels 1997 album West and he recorded an EP with Keith Streng of The Fleshtones as Full Time Men in 1985, and along with R. E. M
16.
The Dream Academy
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The Dream Academy were an English band consisting of singer/guitarist Nick Laird-Clowes, multi-instrumentalist Kate St John, and keyboardist Gilbert Gabriel. The band is most noted for their 1985 hit single Life in a Northern Town, Laird-Clowes and Gabriel met each other in the late 1970s whilst the former was in a band called The Act. At first, Laird-Clowes and Gabriel called themselves the Politics of Paradise, Laird-Clowes met Kate St John at a party, and asked her to join. The trio settled on the name The Dream Academy and shopped their demos for nearly two years and their work was rejected by every record label before finally landing a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records in 1985. Along the way, they made some connections with Adam Peters and Pink Floyds David Gilmour. Gilmour would go on to produce and/or play on two of their albums and co-write one Dream Academy song, Twelve-Eight Angel. Their first single, Life in a Northern Town was a success and sizeable hit in the U. S. charting at No.7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song also made number 15 in the UK Singles Chart, the single was dedicated to the English singer-songwriter Nick Drake. It was their only chart success. Reportedly, their record label initially did not want to release this single and they thought it needed more drums but Laird-Clowes and Gabriel were staunch in their opinion that it was perfect. They commented on its sound, and feeling of a winter snowstorm created almost unintentionally by the amount of overdubbing onto the original recording. The song also was initially called Morning Lasted All Day but was changed when Paul Simon commented to Laird-Clowes that it was not a good title, the Dream Academys eponymous debut album also reached a wide audience in the U. S. Their two subsequent albums did not match the initial success, during the same year, Gabriel and St John decided to leave the group to pursue solo musical interests and projects. Laird-Clowes ultimately decided that he would not go further under the Dream Academy name, shortly thereafter, he began to work with David Gilmour on lyrics for Pink Floyds The Division Bell, before recording his solo album under the name Trashmonk. Lately, he has composed the music for and consulted on numerous film soundtracks, All three members of the band remain active recording musicians, each with his or her own career. Kate St John performed with Van Morrison for many years and more recently has been director for Marianne Faithfull. Gabriel has also had numerous projects since, such as, The Believers, The Excellent Staircase, Melt21, and The Daze. Also, a sample of Life In A Northern Town was the basis of Jakarandas Never Let You Go, released in 1998 as part of the soundtrack for Disneys The Parent Trap
17.
Life in a Northern Town
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Life in a Northern Town is a song by English group the Dream Academy. The song is the single from their self-titled debut studio album The Dream Academy. The single reached number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1986 and it is their highest-peaking chart single in the United States, the UK, and Ireland. The Dream Academy released the version in 1985 as the first single from their self-titled album. It was a Top Ten pop hit for them, peaking at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100, the lyrics include references to English singer-songwriter Nick Drake, who suffered from depression and insomnia throughout his life and often reflected those topics in his lyrics. Gilbert Gabriel, a member of the Dream Academy and co-writer of the song, has said that the inspiration for the tune came from his experience at Dartington College of Arts. Drake died of an antidepressant overdose in 1974 at the age of 26 and he was best known for sombre pieces composed on his favourite instrument, the guitar, and The Dream Academy intended the song as a tribute to Drake. The song, which took a year to record, also includes elements of music, an African-esque chant. It is in the key of E major with a chord pattern of E-Amaj7-E. Two different music videos were made for the song, the first was made in 1984 and filmed in Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire, England. It was directed by Tim Pope, the second was filmed in 1985 and was directed by Leslie Libman and Larry Williams. The video featured footage from one of their first TV appearances,7 Single Life in a Northern Town -4,17 Test Tape No.3 -5,0112 Single Life in a Northern Town -5,19 Test Tape No. A live performance from 2007 was made into a video by Becky Fluke for the network Country Music Television. It also peaked at 43 on the Billboard Hot 100 based on downloads and this performance was included on the Deluxe Fan Edition of Sugarlands 2008 album Love on the Inside and on Capitol Records late 2008 re-release of Little Big Towns 2007 album A Place to Land. In 2014, Chris Collingwood, lead singer of Fountains of Wayne, released a version of the song on the multi-artist compilation album Here Comes The Reign Again. Philip Price and Flora Reed of the rock band Winterpills provide backing vocals on this version. Dario G also sampled the African style chant in Sunchyme, released in September 1997 as the lead single from the album, Sunmachine, the song reached the top 5 position in many European music charts. It also topped the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in the United States following its release there in May 1998
18.
Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
19.
Ferguson plc
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Wolseley plc is a multinational building materials distribution company headquartered in Zug, Switzerland. It is the worlds largest heating and plumbing distributor to the market and has approximately 47,000 employees across 25 countries. Its brands include Ferguson, Pipe Centre, Plumb & Parts Centre, on March 29th,2017 Wolseley announced plans to rebrand as Ferguson PLC effective July 31,2017 pending shareholder approval. The main reason for change is due to the largest portion of their business resides in the United States of America. At the same time announced that they would continue to use the Wolseley moniker in the United Kingdom. Wolseley is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index and its board of directors were among the most prominent businessmen of Australia and the size of its capitalization placed it among the more important new issues of that year. From the beginning because machinery sales were highly seasonal efforts were made to diversify operations beyond the sheep shearing machinery, Wolseley with his Australian pastoral interests resigned because of ill-health in 1894. Herbert Austin, who had worked on Wolseleys shearing machinery development in Melbourne Australia from 1887, seeking other suitable products Austin designed his first car in 1896 and for the next four years continued to develop and improve his designs. Though the board did allow Austin to purchase some machinery to build cars they decided around 1900 it was unlikely to be a profitable industry, in 1901 Wolseleys embryo car business was acquired by Vickers, Sons and Maxim. They took Herbert Austin as well as the Wolseley name and this new business belonged to a company incorporated with the name The Wolseley Tool & Motor Car Company Limited, later Wolseley Motors Limited. Wholly owned by Vickers it had no tie at all with Wolseley SSMC as Wolseley plc was then known, in 1960 Wolseley bought Nu-Way Heating Limited which was the beginning of its transformation into a heating and building supplies business. Nu-Ways spare parts components business developed into OBC, in 1965 Wolseley purchased Granville Controls and Yorkshire Heating Supplies to complement OBCs product range. From 1973 the products of three manufacturing businesses were sold through Wolseley-Hughes Merchants, which was founded in that year. It later changed its name to Wolseley Centres, Wolseley continued to expand by purchasing both manufacturing and distribution businesses. In 1982 it entered the United States market by acquiring Ferguson Enterprises, in 1984 some of the manufacturing businesses were sold off, and since that time Wolseley has been mainly a distribution business. Many more acquisitions of distribution businesses followed, and in 2000 Wolseley sold most of its manufacturing businesses to Cinven for £215 million. In July 2008, following the effects of the crunch, Wolseley issued a profit warning. In July 2011, Wolseley announced the sale of Build Center, in April 2015, Wolseley announced the sale of ISB Group
20.
Gabrielle Drake
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Gabrielle Drake is a British actress. She became well known for her appearance in the television series UFO, in the early 1970s she appeared in several erotic roles on screen. She later took parts in soap operas Crossroads and Coronation Street and she has also had a long career on stage. Her brother was the musician Nick Drake and she has consistently helped to promote his work since his death in 1974. Drake was born in Lahore, British India, the daughter of Rodney Drake and her father was an engineer working for the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. The family moved from Burma to Britain when she was eight and she later commented that, Until then, life was fairly easy out east. Not that I remember having a spoilt childhood, then suddenly we were back in England and in the grips of rationing. And yet, we were lucky in a way and we came back with my nanny who knew far more about England than mummy did. I remember the two of them standing over the Aga with a book trying to work out how to roast beef. On the ship travelling to Britain she appeared in theatrical productions. She attended Edgbaston College for Girls in Birmingham, Wycombe Abbey School, Buckinghamshire and she has had a long stage career beginning in the mid-1960s, and has regularly appeared in television dramas. Drake first gained attention for her portrayal of Lieutenant Gay Ellis in the 1970 science fiction television series UFO, in which her costume consisted of a silver suit. In the series, the character of Lt Ellis is the commander of Moonbase, Drake appeared in roughly half the 26 episodes produced, leaving the series during a break in the production to pursue other acting opportunities. In 1971 Drake appeared in a film entitled Crash. based on a chapter in J. G. Ballards book The Atrocity Exhibition. The film, directed by Harley Cokeliss, featured Ballard talking about the ideas in his book, Drake appeared as a passenger and car-crash victim. Ballard later developed the idea into his 1973 novel Crash, in his draft of the novel he mentioned Drake by name, but references to her were removed from the published version. In 2009, Ballard appeared on the BBC documentary series Synth Britannia and he interspersed clips of Drake from Crash. with Numans 1979 video. A reviewer in The Scotsman commented that the presence of Drake brought serious glamour to urban alienation, in the early 1970s Drake was associated with the boom in British sexploitation movies, repeatedly appearing nude or topless
21.
Trevor Dann
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Trevor Dann is a British writer and broadcaster who has been associated with some of the most influential radio and television pop music programmes and events of the last 30 years. Dann was educated at Nottingham High School and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, dann’s radio career began at BBC Radio Nottingham in 1974. In the 1980s he was a producer on BBC2’s Old Grey Whistle Test for four years, in 1988 he was the founding programme director of GLR, the station which launched the radio careers of Chris Morris and Danny Baker among others. Chris Evans also worked at the station, the Daily Star dubbed him Dann Dann the Hatchetman. He became involved in a dispute with Status Quo after banning their music from the station in a bid to improve its youth credentials. In 1996 he was appointed Head Of BBC Music Entertainment running all the BBC’s pop music production including Radio 1, Radio 2, Top of the Pops, Later, between 2002 and 2004 he presented BBC Radio Cambridgeshires breakfast show. He presented a radio show called Its Amazing on national DAB station Amazing Radio in 2010. He was appointed director of the UK Radio Academy in September 2006 and his first book, a biography of Nick Drake called Darker Than The Deepest Sea, was published in the UK in February 2006 by Portrait and in the USA by daCapo. He has written for The Times, The Guardian and The Independent as well as Word Magazine, Q magazine, Mojo and The Evening Standard. He runs the Trevor Dann Production Company which produces a number of programmes for UK and Irish radio. He is a director of community radio station Cambridge 105 and he won a BAFTA for his work on Live Aid and has several Sony Radio Awards for production and presentation. He is a Fellow of both the Royal Society of Arts and The Radio Academy
22.
Fatalism
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Fatalism is a philosophical doctrine that stresses the subjugation of all events or actions to fate. Fatalism generally refers to any of the ideas, The view that we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Included in this is that man has no power to influence the future, or indeed and this belief is very similar to predeterminism. An attitude of resignation in the face of some event or events which are thought to be inevitable. Friedrich Nietzsche named this idea with Turkish fatalism in his book The Wanderer and that acceptance is appropriate, rather than resistance against inevitability. This belief is similar to defeatism. Ājīvika was a system of ancient Indian philosophy and a movement of the Mahajanapada period in the Indian subcontinent. The same sources therefore make them out to be strict fatalists, If all future occurrences are rigidly determined. Coming events may in some sense be said to exist already, the future exists in the present, and both exist in the past. Time is thus on ultimate analysis illusory, every phase of a process is always present. In a soul which has attained salvation its earthly births are still present, nothing is destroyed and nothing is produced. Not only are all things determined, but their change and development is a cosmic illusion, makkhali Gosala was an ascetic teacher of ancient India. He is regarded to have born in 484 BCE and was a contemporary of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, and of Mahavira. While the terms are used interchangeably, fatalism, determinism. However, all these doctrines share common ground, determinists generally agree that human actions affect the future but that human action is itself determined by a causal chain of prior events. Their view does not accentuate a submission to fate or destiny, fatalism is a looser term than determinism. The presence of historical indeterminisms or chances, i. e. events that could not be predicted by sole knowledge of events, is an idea still compatible with fatalism. Necessity will happen just as inevitably as a chance—both can be imagined as sovereign, likewise, determinism is a broader term than predeterminism
23.
Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
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Reel-to-reel or open-reel audio tape recording is the form of magnetic tape audio recording in which the recording medium is held on a reel, rather than being securely contained within a cassette. Reel-to-reel systems use a tape that is 1⁄4 inches in width and this compares to 0.15 inches wide and 1.875 inches per second for a cassette. By writing out the audio signal across more tape, reel-to-reel systems offer much higher fidelity. In spite of the tapes, less convenient use and generally higher cost media. Studer, Stellavox and Denon still produced reel to reel tape recorders in the 1990s, but as of 2014, only Nagra, Otari, originally, this format had no name, since all forms of magnetic tape recorders used it. The earliest machines produced distortion during the process which German engineers significantly reduced during the Nazi era by applying a bias signal to the tape. In 1939 one machine was found to make consistently better recordings than other ostensibly identical models, and when it was taken apart a minor flaw was noticed. It was introducing an AC signal to the tape, and this was adapted to new models using a high-frequency AC bias that has remained a part of audio tape recording to this day. American audio engineer Jack Mullin was a member of the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II and he acquired two Magnetophon recorders and 50 reels of I. G. Farben recording tape and shipped them home, over the next two years, he worked to develop the machines for commercial use, hoping to interest the Hollywood film studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording. Crosby invested $50,000 in an electronics company, Ampex. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosbys TV shows, inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use, however, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984, even today, some artists of all genres prefer analog tapes musical, natural and especially warm sound. Due to harmonic distortion, bass can thicken up, creating a fuller-sounding mix, in addition, high end can be slightly compressed, which is more natural to the human ear. It is common for artists to record to digital and re-record the tracks to analog reels for this effect of natural sound. In addition to all of these attributes of tape, tape saturation is a form of distortion that many rock, blues. For the first time, audio could be manipulated as a physical entity, Tape editing is performed simply by cutting the tape at the required point, and rejoining it to another section of tape using adhesive tape, or sometimes glue
24.
Sandhurst, Berkshire
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Sandhurst is a small town and civil parish in England of 7,966 homes and 20,803 inhabitants, primarily domiciliary in nature with a few light industries. Sandhurst is known worldwide as the location of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, despite its close proximity to Camberley, Sandhurst is also home to a large and well-known out-of-town mercantile development. The site is named The Meadows and has a Tesco Extra hypermarket, a large Next plc clothing and homeware store is open on the site of the old Homebase. Sandhurst is located at grid reference SU836618, Sandhurst is situated within the South East of England on the border of the Home Counties of Berkshire, Hampshire and Surrey. The town itself consists of four districts, from west to east, Little Sandhurst, Sandhurst and College Town. North of the town are Edgbarrow Woods and Wildmoor Heath, to the east is Broadmoor Bottom, an expanse of heathland together with fir tree plantations. This eventually backs onto the high-security Broadmoor Hospital, Sandhurst is bordered, on the south, by the River Blackwater, and several of the Yateley Lakes along its course are within the parish, notably Trilakes with its country park. This is also the county boundary with Hampshire at Blackwater, the town of Crowthorne is to the north, the village of Finchampstead to the west, and Camberley, across the Surrey county boundary, is on its southeastern side. This is the closest sizeable town, though Sandhurst is also only 9.5 km south of the new town of Bracknell, the soil is sandy, with a subsoil of sand and gravel. Sandhurst lies just off the A30, is close to junction 4 of the M3 motorway and within reach of the M4 via the Crowthorne bypass to Bracknell. Sandhurst railway station is served by First Great Western, on the line between Gatwick, Guildford and Reading, Sandhurst has representation through several tiers of government – town council, unitary authority, parliamentary. Its Town Council is divided into four wards, Central Sandhurst, Little Sandhurst, College Town and Owlsmoor and it is also part of the Bracknell Forest District. The ancient parish of Sandhurst also covered Crowthorne, until this became a parish in its own right in 1874. The current Mayor of Sandhurst is Councillor Philip Wallington, the name of the village is Anglo-Saxon and originates from the sandy soils and the hurst of the area. These lands belonged to the Bishops of Salisbury, there were two manors in Sandhurst, ‘Hall’ in the grounds of what is now the Royal Military Academy and ‘Sandhurst’ on the site of Sandhurst Lodge. Nothing remains of the original buildings, in the early modern era, Sandhurst parish was a small farming community on the very edge of Windsor Forest, Sandhurst Walke being an important forest division subject to forest laws. Locals had the right to cut turf, bracken, heather and these were hunted by Royal parties from a hunting lodge in the vicinity of Harts Leap Road. A number of disputes are on record, showing how Sandhurst people sometimes took more resources than was allowed
25.
Marlborough College
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Marlborough College is an independent boarding and day school in Marlborough, Wiltshire, England. Founded in 1843 for the sons of Church of England clergy, for the academic year 2015/16, Marlborough charges £9,610 per term for day pupils, making it the most expensive HMC day school in the UK. Fees for full boarders are up to £11,310 per term – the 28th most expensive HMC boarding school, the Good Schools Guide described Marlborough as a famous, designer label, co-ed boarding school still riding high. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, a sister school in Johore, Malaysia opened in 2012. Founded in 1843 for the education of the sons of Church of England clergy, currently there are just over 800 pupils, approximately one third of whom are female. New pupils are admitted at the ages of 13+ and 16, Marlborough was, in 1968, the first major British independent school to allow girls into the sixth form, setting a trend that many other schools followed subsequently. The school became fully co-educational in 1989, the school has also been pioneering in other fields, making a major contribution to the School Mathematics Project and initiating the teaching of Business Studies at A level. Fagging was officially abolished in the 1920s, and Marlborough was one of the first public schools to do so, however, unofficial fagging did persist beyond this change for some time. In 1963 a group of boys, led by the future political biographer Ben Pimlott, wrote a book, Marlborough, the writer and television critic T. C. Worsley wrote about predatory masters at the school in his acclaimed autobiography Flannelled Fool. She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying and they are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed. The college is built beside the Mound and this was used as the motte of a castle. No remains of the castle can be seen today, radiocarbon dating of core samples in the early 2010s indicated that the Mound dates from 2400 BC. This is close to the established for Silbury Hill. The main focus of the college is the Court and this is surrounded by buildings in a number of different styles. At the south end is the back of an early 18th-century mansion, next to it are the old stables, now converted into boarding houses. The west side consists of the 1959 red brick dining hall, the rest of the Court is surrounded by buildings in styles ranging from the Jacobethan to classical Georgian and Victorian prison. The latter, B house, was designed by the Victorian architect Edward Blore, whose works include the facade of Buckingham Palace
26.
Public school (United Kingdom)
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A public school in England and Wales is an older, student selective and expensive fee-paying independent secondary school which caters primarily for children aged between 11 or 13 and 18. The term public should not be misunderstood to mean that these are public sector schools, traditionally, public schools were all-male boarding schools, although most now allow day pupils, and many have become either partially or fully co-educational. The origins of schools in the UK were primarily religious until 1640 and it was intended that by-products of this would be the publication of universal books and the setting up of schools for boys and girls. Henceforth each of these schools was to be managed by a board of governors, Public schools have had a strong association with the ruling classes. Historically they educated the sons of the English upper and upper-middle classes, the sons of officers and senior administrators of the British Empire were educated in England while their parents were on overseas postings. In 2010, over half of Cabinet Ministers had been educated at public schools, in 2014, annual fees at Canford School and Eton College were more than £33,000 for boarders. The name dates back to the time when schools founded for local children went public and it is also used to describe the some 230 girls senior schools belonging to the Girls Schools Association. Until the late medieval period most schools were controlled by the church and had specific entrance criteria, others were restricted to the sons of members of guilds, trades or livery companies. The need for professional trades in an increasingly secularised society required schools for the sons of the gentry that were independent from ecclesiastical authority, from the 16th century onward, boys boarding schools were founded or endowed for public use. Traditionally, most of public schools were all boys and full boarding. Separate preparatory schools for younger boys developed from the 1830s, with entry to the schools becoming limited to boys of at least 12 or 13 years old. The first of these was Windlesham House School, established with support from Thomas Arnold, many of the schools, including Rugby School, Harrow School and the Perse School fell into decline during the 18th century and nearly closed in the early 19th century. Protests in the local newspaper forced governors of the Perse School to keep it open, a Royal Commission, the Clarendon Commission, investigated nine of the more established schools, including seven boarding schools and two day schools. St Pauls School and the Merchant Taylors School claimed successfully that their constitutions made them private schools, in 1887 the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal determined that the City of London School was a public school. In the first year only 12 headmasters attended, but in the following year 34 did, the Headmasters Conference has since grown steadily to over 200 schools. The Public Schools Yearbook was published for the first time in 1889, listing 30 schools, mostly boarding schools except for St Pauls School, some academically successful grammar schools were added in later editions. The 1902 edition included all schools whose principals qualified for membership of the Headmasters Conference, the Fleming Report defined a public school as a member of the Governing Bodies Association or the Headmasters Conference. Based on the recommendations of this report, the Education Act 1944 offered a new status to endowed grammar schools receiving a grant from central government
27.
Wiltshire
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Wiltshire is a county in South West England with an area of 3,485 km2. It is landlocked and borders the counties of Dorset, Somerset, the county town was originally Wilton, after which the county is named, but Wiltshire Council is now based in the new county town of Trowbridge. Wiltshire is characterised by its high downland and wide valleys, Salisbury Plain is noted for being the location of the Stonehenge and Avebury stone circles and other ancient landmarks, and as a training area for the British Army. The city of Salisbury is notable for its mediaeval cathedral, important country houses open to the public include Longleat, near Warminster, and the National Trusts Stourhead, near Mere. The county, in the 9th century written as Wiltunscir, later Wiltonshire, is named after the county town of Wilton. Wiltshire is notable for its pre-Roman archaeology, the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Bronze Age people that occupied southern Britain built settlements on the hills and downland that cover Wiltshire. Stonehenge and Avebury are perhaps the most famous Neolithic sites in the UK, in the 6th and 7th centuries Wiltshire was at the western edge of Saxon Britain, as Cranborne Chase and the Somerset Levels prevented the advance to the west. The Battle of Bedwyn was fought in 675 between Escuin, a West Saxon nobleman who had seized the throne of Queen Saxburga, in 878 the Danes invaded the county. Following the Norman Conquest, large areas of the country came into the possession of the crown, at the time of the Domesday Survey the industry of Wiltshire was largely agricultural,390 mills are mentioned, and vineyards at Tollard and Lacock. In the 17th century English Civil War Wiltshire was largely Parliamentarian, the Battle of Roundway Down, a Royalist victory, was fought near Devizes. The Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry currently lives on as Y Squadron, based in Swindon, around 1800 the Kennet and Avon Canal was built through Wiltshire, providing a route for transporting cargoes from Bristol to London until the development of the Great Western Railway. Information on the 261 civil parishes of Wiltshire is available on the Wiltshire Community History website, run by the Libraries and this site includes maps, demographic data, historic and modern pictures and short histories. The local nickname for Wiltshire natives is moonrakers and this originated from a story of smugglers who managed to foil the local Excise men by hiding their alcohol, possibly French brandy in barrels or kegs, in a village pond. The officials took them for simple yokels or mad and left them alone, many villages claim the tale for their own village pond, but the story is most commonly linked with The Crammer in Devizes. Two-thirds of Wiltshire, a rural county, lies on chalk. This chalk is part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England formed by the rocks of the Chalk Group, the largest area of chalk in Wiltshire is Salisbury Plain, which is used mainly for arable agriculture and by the British Army as training ranges. The highest point in the county is the Tan Hill–Milk Hill ridge in the Pewsey Vale, just to the north of Salisbury Plain, the chalk uplands run northeast into West Berkshire in the Marlborough Downs ridge, and southwest into Dorset as Cranborne Chase. Cranborne Chase, which straddles the border, has, like Salisbury Plain, yielded much Stone Age, the Marlborough Downs are part of the North Wessex Downs AONB, a 1,730 km2 conservation area
28.
Rugby football
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Rugby is a type of football developed at Rugby School in Rugby, Warwickshire, one of many versions of football played at English public schools in the 19th century. The two main types of rugby are rugby league and rugby union, although rugby league initially used rugby union rules, they are now wholly separate sports. Following the 1895 split in rugby football, the two rugby league and rugby union differed in administration only. Soon the rules of rugby league were modified, resulting in two different forms of rugby. After 100 years, in 1995 rugby union joined rugby league, the Greeks and Romans are known to have played many ball games, some of which involved the use of the feet. These games appear to have resembled rugby football, the Roman politician Cicero describes the case of a man who was killed whilst having a shave when a ball was kicked into a barbers shop. Roman ball games already knew the air-filled ball, the follis, episkyros is recognised as an early form of football by FIFA. In 1871, English clubs met to form the Rugby Football Union, in 1892, after charges of professionalism were made against some clubs for paying players for missing work, the Northern Rugby Football Union, usually called the Northern Union, was formed. The existing rugby union authorities responded by issuing sanctions against the clubs, players, after the schism, the separate clubs were named rugby league and rugby union. Rugby union is both a professional and amateur game, and is dominated by the first tier unions, Argentina, Australia, England, France, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa and Wales. Rugby Union is administered by World Rugby, whose headquarters are located in Dublin and it is the national sport in New Zealand, Wales, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Madagascar, and is the most popular form of rugby globally. The Olympic Games have admitted the seven-a-side version of the game, known as Rugby sevens, there was a possibility sevens would be a demonstration sport at the 2012 London Olympics but many sports including sevens were dropped. In Canada and the United States, rugby union evolved into gridiron football, during the late 1800s, the two forms of the game were very similar, but numerous rule changes have differentiated the gridiron-based game from its rugby counterpart. Rugby league is also both a professional and amateur game, administered on a level by the Rugby League International Federation. International Rugby League is dominated by Australia, England and New Zealand, in Papua New Guinea it is the national sport. Other nations from the South Pacific and Europe also play in the Pacific Cup, distinctive features common to both rugby codes include the oval ball and throwing the ball forward is not allowed, so that players can gain ground only by running with the ball or by kicking it. As the sport of rugby league moved further away from its counterpart, rule changes were implemented with the aim of making a faster-paced. League players may not contest possession after making a tackle, play is continued with a play-the-ball, in league, if the team in possession fails to score before a set of six tackles, it surrenders possession
29.
Clarinet
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The clarinet is a musical-instrument family belonging to the group known as the woodwind instruments. It has a mouthpiece, a straight cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore. A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist, the word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinette, or from Provençal clarin, oboe. It would seem however that its roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the renaissance. Clarion, clarin and the Italian clarino are all derived from the medieval term claro which referred to a form of trumpet. This is probably the origin of the Italian clarinetto, itself a diminutive of clarino, according to Johann Gottfried Walther, writing in 1732, the reason for the name is that it sounded from far off not unlike a trumpet. The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733, while the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. The trumpet parts that required this speciality were known by the term clarino, Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and these days the most popular clarinet is the B♭ clarinet. However, the clarinet in A, just a lower, is commonly used in orchestral music. Since the middle of the 19th century the clarinet has become an essential addition to the orchestra. The clarinet family ranges from the BBB♭ octo-contrabass to the A♭ piccolo clarinet, the clarinet has proved to be an exceptionally flexible instrument, equally at home in the classical repertoire as in concert bands, military bands, marching bands, klezmer, and jazz. The cylindrical bore is primarily responsible for the clarinets distinctive timbre, the tone quality can vary greatly with the musician, the music, the instrument, the mouthpiece, and the reed. The most prominent were the German/Viennese traditions and the French school, the latter was centered on the clarinetists of the Conservatoire de Paris. The proliferation of recorded music has made examples of different styles of clarinet playing available, the modern clarinetist has a diverse palette of acceptable tone qualities to choose from. The A clarinet and B♭ clarinet have nearly the same bore, orchestral players using the A and B♭ instruments in the same concert could use the same mouthpiece for both. The A and the B♭ instruments have nearly identical tonal quality, the tone of the E♭ clarinet is brighter than that of the lower clarinets and can be heard even through loud orchestral or concert band textures. The bass clarinet has a deep, mellow sound, while the alto clarinet is similar in tone to the bass
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Saxophone
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The saxophone is a family of woodwind instruments. Saxophones are usually made of brass and played with a single-reed mouthpiece similar to that of the clarinet, the saxophone family was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in 1840. He patented the saxophone on June 28,1846, in two groups of seven instruments each, each series consisted of instruments of various sizes in alternating transposition. The series pitched in B♭ and E♭, designed for bands, have proved extremely popular. The saxophone is used in music, military bands, marching bands. The saxophone was developed in 1846 by Adolphe Sax, a Belgian instrument maker, flautist, born in Dinant and originally based in Brussels, he moved to Paris in 1842 to establish his musical instrument business. Prior to his work on the saxophone, he had several improvements to the bass clarinet by improving its keywork and acoustics. Sax was also a maker of the ophicleide, a large conical brass instrument in the bass register with keys similar to a woodwind instrument. His experience with two instruments allowed him to develop the skills and technologies needed to make the first saxophones. As an outgrowth of his work improving the bass clarinet, Sax began developing an instrument with the projection of a brass instrument and he wanted it to overblow at the octave, unlike the clarinet, which rises in pitch by a twelfth when overblown. An instrument that overblows at the octave has identical fingering for both registers, Sax created an instrument with a single-reed mouthpiece like a clarinet, conical brass body like an ophicleide, and some acoustic properties of both the horn and the clarinet. Having constructed saxophones in several sizes in the early 1840s, Sax applied for, and received, the patent encompassed 14 versions of the fundamental design, split into two categories of seven instruments each, and ranging from sopranino to contrabass. Although the instruments transposed at either F or C have been considered orchestral, the C soprano saxophone was the only instrument to sound at concert pitch. Saxs patent expired in 1866, thereafter, numerous saxophonists and instrument manufacturers implemented their own improvements to the design, the first substantial modification was by a French manufacturer who extended the bell slightly and added an extra key to extend the range downwards by one semitone to B♭. It is suspected that Sax himself may have attempted this modification and this extension is now commonplace in almost all modern designs, along with other minor changes such as added keys for alternate fingerings. Using alternate fingerings allows a player to play faster and more easily, a player may also use alternate fingerings to bend the pitch. Some of the alternate fingerings are good for trilling, scales, a substantial advancement in saxophone keywork was the development of a method by which the left thumb operates both tone holes with a single octave key, which is now universal on modern saxophones. This enables a chromatic scale to be played two octaves simply by playing the diatonic scale combined with alternately raising and lowering this one digit
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Alto saxophone
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The alto saxophone, also referred to as alto sax, is a member of the saxophone family of woodwind instruments invented by Belgian instrument designer Adolphe Sax in the 1840s, and patented in 1846. It is pitched in E♭, and is smaller than the tenor, the alto sax is the most common saxophone and is commonly used in classical music, military bands, marching bands, and jazz. The alto saxophone was also commonplace in music from the 1980s. The saxophone fingerings are all universal, so a player can play any type of saxophone. The range of the saxophone is from concert A♭3 to concert A♭5. As with most types of saxophones, the standard range is B♭3 to F6. Above that, the altissimo register begins at F♯6 and extends upwards, the saxophones altissimo register is more difficult to control than that of other woodwinds and is usually only expected from advanced players. By covering or partially covering the bell of the saxophone when playing B♭3, also of note is Kadri Gopalnath, a pioneer of Carnatic music, plays a modified alto saxophone. Some companies that currently produce saxophones are Buffet Crampon, KHS/Jupiter, Conn-Selmer, Selmer Paris, Yamaha, Leblanc/Vito, Keilwerth, Cannonball, new alto saxophones range in price between €250 for lower quality student models to over €6000 for professional models. The alto saxophone has a classical solo repertoire that includes solos with orchestra, piano. Two of the most well-known solo compositions are Jacques Iberts Concertino da Camera, also, the alto saxophone is part of the standard instrumentation of concert bands and saxophone quartets. The alto saxophone is also used in orchestral compositions. Several orchestral examples are listed below, georges Bizet features it in the Minuet from the second suite of music from LArlésienne. He also includes it in his Suite No.1 and Suite No.2, maurice Ravel uses the saxophone prominently in his orchestration of Modest Moussorgskys Pictures at an Exhibition, most notably as the soloist in Il vecchio castello. Alban Berg uses the saxophone in his orchestral works, most notably Der Wein, Lulu. Sergei Rachmaninoff uses the saxophone in his Symphonic Dances as a soloist in the first movement, george Gershwin includes it in a few pieces, such as Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris. Pierre Boulez wrote for 2 alto saxes in his composition Pli selon pli, benjamin Britten calls for an alto in his Sinfonia da Requiem and The Prince of the Pagodas. Leonard Bernstein includes an alto sax in his Symphonic Dances from West Side Story, vincent dIndy enlists two altos in his opera Fervaal
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The Yardbirds
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The Yardbirds are an English rock band formed in London in 1963 that had a string of hits during the mid-1960s, including For Your Love, Heart Full of Soul and Over Under Sideways Down. The group launched the careers of guitarists Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, the band reformed in the 1990s, featuring McCarty, Dreja and new members. The Yardbirds were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 and they were included in Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, and ranked No.37 on VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. The group formed in the south-west London suburbs in 1963, Relf and Samwell-Smith were originally in a band named the Metropolitan Blues Quartet. After being joined by Dreja, McCarty and Top Topham in late May, the quintet achieved notice on the burgeoning British rhythm and blues scene that month when they took over as the house band at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, succeeding the Rolling Stones. Original lead guitarist Topham left and was replaced by Eric Clapton in October 1963, Crawdaddy Club impresario Giorgio Gomelsky became the Yardbirds manager and first record producer. Under Gomelskys guidance the Yardbirds signed to EMIs Columbia label in February 1964 and their first album was the live, Five Live Yardbirds, recorded at the legendary Marquee Club in London. Blues legend Sonny Boy Williamson II invited the group to tour Britain and Germany with him, a union that later engendered another live album. The Clapton line-up cut two singles, I Wish You Would and Good Morning, School Girl, before the band scored its first major hit with the next, For Your Love and it sold over one million copies and went gold. But Clapton was a blues purist whose vision extended far beyond three-minute singles, frustrated by the commercial approach, he abruptly left the group on 25 March 1965, the day that For Your Love was released to the public. Soon Clapton joined John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, but not before he recommended Jimmy Page, unwilling to give up his lucrative gig and worried about his health, Page in turn recommended his friend Jeff Beck. Beck played his first gig with the Yardbirds only two days after Claptons departure, Beck was voted No.1 lead guitarist of 1966 in the British music magazine Beat Instrumental. The band embarked on their first U. S. tour in late August 1965, a pair of albums were put together for the U. S. market, For Your Love, and Having a Rave Up, half of which came from Five Live Yardbirds. There were three more U. S. tours during Becks time with the group, a brief European tour took place in April 1966. In June 1966, shortly after the sessions that produced Yardbirds, Samwell-Smith decided to leave the group, Jimmy Page agreed to play bass until rhythm guitarist Dreja could rehearse on it. A Beck–Page lead guitar tandem, however, is heard on the psychedelic rock highlight Happenings Ten Years Time Ago. It was backed in the U. K. with Psycho Daisies, with Beck on lead and Page on bass, stroll On features a twin lead-guitar break by Beck and Page. Their appearance in Blowup came after the Who declined and the In-Crowd were unable to attend the filming, the Velvet Underground were also considered for the part but were unable to acquire UK work permits
33.
Manfred Mann
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Manfred Mann were an English rock band of the 1960s, named after keyboardist, Manfred Mann, who later led the successful 1970s group Manfred Manns Earth Band. The group had two different lead vocalists during their success, Paul Jones from 1962 to 1966, and Mike dAbo from 1966 to 1969, Manfred Mann were regularly in the charts in the 1960s. Three of the bands most successful singles, Do Wah Diddy Diddy, Pretty Flamingo and Mighty Quinn and they were the first south-of-England-based group to top the US Billboard Hot 100 during the British invasion. The Mann-Hugg Blues Brothers were formed in London by keyboard player Manfred Mann and drummer/vibes/piano player Mike Hugg, by this time they had changed their name to Manfred Mann & the Manfreds. Gigging throughout late 1962 and early 1963 the band attracted attention for their distinctive sound. Which they performed on their first appearance on television on a New Years Eve show and it failed to chart, as did its follow-up, Cock-a-Hoop. In 1964 the group was asked to provide a new tune for the ITV pop music television programme Ready Steady Go. They responded with 5-4-3-2-1 which, with the help of television exposure. Shortly after 5-4-3-2-1 was recorded, Richmond left the band, though he would record with them occasionally later and he was replaced by Jones friend Tom McGuinness—the first of many changes. After a further self-penned hit, Hubble Bubble, the band struck gold with Do Wah Diddy Diddy, the track reached the top of each of the UK, Canadian, and US charts. Meanwhile, B sides and four-song EPs showcased original material and instrumental solos, with a cover of Maxine Browns Oh No Not My Baby began a phase of new depth and sophistication in the arrangements of their singles. The EPs title track reached the British top ten singles, the last self-written song, the run climaxed with a second UK No.1 single, Pretty Flamingo produced by John Burgess. Jones intended to go once a replacement could be found but stayed with the band for another year. In his brief tenure before leaving to form Cream Bruce played on Pretty Flamingo and on the EP Instrumental Asylum, Jones was replaced by Mike dAbo in July 1966, and the group switched labels to Fontana Records, where they were produced by Shel Talmy. Their first Fontana single, Dylans Just Like a Woman, released in July, scraped in the UK top ten, reaching number one in Sweden. Their annual long-player, As Is, followed in October, with increased studio technique sidelining jazz, soul and blues roots, the next two singles Semi-Detached, Suburban Mr James and Ha Ha Said The Clown both reached the Top 5. In December another EP set of instrumentals, Instrumental Assassination, was released and this featured original member Dave Richmond on double bass, but not Mike dAbo, suggesting the sessions dated from a little earlier in 1966. Thus,1967 was largely an unsuccessful year in the charts and they had a resounding success with Mighty Quinn, their third UK No.1 and third hit Dylan song, which also peaked at No.3 in Canada and No.10 in the US
34.
Chris de Burgh
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Christopher John Davison, known professionally as Chris de Burgh, is a British-Irish singer-songwriter and instrumentalist. He is an art rock performer who also writes pop-oriented material and he has had several top 40 hits in the UK and two in the US, but he is more popular in other countries, particularly Norway and Brazil. He is most famous for his 1986 love song The Lady in Red, de Burgh has sold over 45 million albums worldwide. De Burgh was born in Venado Tuerto, Argentina, to Colonel Charles Davison, a British diplomat, and Maeve Emily de Burgh, an Irish secretary. His maternal grandfather was Sir Eric de Burgh, a British Army officer who had been Chief of the General Staff in India during the Second World War and he took his mothers name, de Burgh, when he began performing. The Davisons finally settled in Bargy Castle, County Wexford, Ireland and it was a twelfth-century castle which Eric de Burgh bought in the 1960s. He converted it into a hotel, and the young Chris sang for the guests there, after attending Marlborough College in Wiltshire, England, de Burgh went on to graduate from Trinity College, Dublin, with a Master of Arts degree in French, English and History. Chris de Burgh signed his first contract with A&M Records in 1974 and his début album, Far Beyond These Castle Walls, was a folk-tinged stab at fantasy in the tradition of the Moody Blues. It failed to chart upon its release in late 1974, a few months later, he released a single called Turning Round from the album, released outside the UK and Ireland as Flying. It failed to make an impression in the UK, but it stayed on top of the Brazilian charts for 17 weeks, in 1981, he had his first UK chart entry with Best Moves, a collection culled from his early albums. It set the stage for 1982s Rupert Hine produced The Getaway, Chris de Burghs follow-up album, Man on the Line, also performed well, charting at 69 in the US and 11 in the UK. That Christmas season, a re-release of de Burghs 1976 Christmas song A Spaceman Came Travelling became a Top 40 hit in the UK. Flying Colours, his follow-up to Into the Light, entered the British charts at number one upon its 1988 release, yet it failed to make the American charts. De Burgh never hit the US charts again and his fortunes began to slide slightly in Britain in the early 1990s. This is mainly due to inactivity of his previous recording label A&M Records UK division in the U. S, in 1997, de Burgh composed a song entitled Theres a New Star Up in Heaven Tonight, dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales. The song was released as a 100-copy limited edition and included on the compilations The Ultimate Collection and Now and Then. In 2007, a concert in Tehran was planned for mid-2008, together with local band Arian, however, the concert never went ahead because he had not been given permission by the Iranian authorities to perform in the country. They have two sons, Hubie and Michael, and a daughter, Rosanna, best known as the winner of the Miss World competition in 2003 for Ireland
35.
Levin (guitar company)
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Levin is a Swedish manufacturer of musical instruments founded by Herman Carlson Levin, that was active between 1900 and 1978. They are best known for originating the Goya line of acoustic guitars, Herman Carlson Levin was born and raised in Åsaka, Sweden, at age 18 he attended carpentry school and later got an apprenticeship at a furniture maker in Gothenburg. In August 1887 Levin moved to America and worked briefly as a carpenter before getting a job in 1888 at guitar manufacturer, three years later he and two partners started a small production of instruments in New York. After a visit back in Sweden 1895 Levin realized the demand for back home was high. So with 4,000 kroners Levin opened up Herman Carlssons Instrumentfabrik at Norra Larmgatan in Gothenburg, with a workshop of 70 m² and a crew of two, Levin started manufacturing guitars and mandolins. By the end of 1901473 instruments had been made and in 1903, with a crew of five, Levins 1000th instrument was made. The factory was one of the best in Europe and between 1904 and 1912 Levin received many awards including the medal in Madrid for best guitar as well as the exhibitions Grand Prix price. In the mid-1920s the plant had made over 50,000 instruments, by 1936 the 100, 000th instrument had left the plant and Levin was marketing a successful line of archtop guitars. Shortly before 1940 Levin employed a crew of 45 in facility of a 1000 m², in the 1950s, Levin launched a line of inexpensive guitars intended for schools and novice guitar players. These guitars were of lower quality than the rest of the Levin line up, in 1952 Jerome Hershman a guitar distributor from America noticed a Levin guitar at a trade show in Germany and convinced the Levin company to let him market their guitars in America. However Hershman knew that the brandname Levin would be hard to market in America, inspired by the Spanish artist Francisco Goya, who was well known for the guitars that he showed in his paintings. The Goya line up proved to be due to its high quality finish. The use of strings also gave the guitar a different tone than most other guitars that used steel strings. In the late 1950s, a line of steel-stringed flat-tops were launched, with adjustable trussrods, in the early 1960s, a line of folk-guitars were launched with wide flat fretboards similar to those on nylon strung guitars, but fitted with steel strings. These were developed partly in cooperation with American folk-singer Oscar Brand, two 12-stringed flattop models were launched during the same period. In 1967 a contract was signed between the Levin company and Goya Music for no less than 120,000 instruments over a period of 10 years. At this time the Goya export was approximately 70% of the total production which was +30,000 instruments. The contract was broken by Goya Music in 1968, following the acquisition of Goya Music by Avnet Inc, the Goya distribution rights were sold in 1970 to amplifier manufacturer Kustom Electric of Chanute Kansas
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