1.
Lens mount
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A lens mount is an interface — mechanical and often also electrical — between a photographic camera body and a lens. It is confined to cameras where the body allows interchangeable lenses, most usually the rangefinder camera, a lens mount may be a screw-threaded type, a bayonet-type, or a breech-lock type. Modern still camera lens mounts are of the type, because the bayonet mechanism precisely aligns mechanical and electrical features between lens and body. Bayonet mounts generally have a number of tabs around the base of the lens, the tabs are often keyed in some way to ensure that the lens is only inserted in one orientation, often by making one tab a different size. Once inserted the lens is fastened by turning it a small amount and it is then locked in place by a spring-loaded pin, which can be operated to remove the lens. Lens mounts of competing manufacturers are almost always incompatible, in addition to the mechanical and electrical interface variations, the flange focal distance from the lens mount to the film or sensor can also be different. Many allege that these incompatibilities are due to the desire of manufacturers to lock in consumers to their brand, in movie cameras, the two most popular mounts in current usage on professional digital cinematography cameras are Arris PL-mount and Panavisions PV-mount. The PL-Mount is used both on Arri and RED digital cinematography cameras, which as of 2012 are the most used cameras for films shot in digital, both of these mounts are held in place with locating pins and friction locking rings. Other mounts which are now largely historical or a minority in relation to current practices are listed below, the axial adjustment range for focusing Ultra wide angle lenses and some Wide-angle lenses in large format cameras is usually very small. So some manufacturers offered special focusing lens mounts, so-called wide-angle focusing accessories for their cameras, with such a device, the lens could be focused precisely without moving the entire front standard. Secondary lens refers to a multi-element lens mounted either in front of a primary lens. Various lensmakers also offer accessories that mount in front of the lens, these may include wide-angle, telephoto, fisheye. Canons close-up, wide-, and tele-conversion lenses have 2,3, lens mount adapters are designed to attach a lens to a camera body with non-matching mounts. Generally, a lens can be adapted to a camera body with a smaller flange focal distance by simply adding space between the camera and the lens. When attempting to adapt a lens to a body with a larger flange focal distance. This has the effect of decreasing the amount of light that reaches the sensor. Without the secondary lens, these adapters will function as an extension tube, ^ A, The authoritative normative source for 4/3 standards information is Four-Thirds. Org and not 3rd-party reviews. 4/3s published facts, Size of the 4/3-type Sensor, The standard diagonal length of the sensor is 21.63 millimetres and it is half that of 35-mm film format The image circle of the interchangeable lens is specified based on this diagonal length
2.
Nikon F-mount
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The Nikon F-mount is a type of interchangeable lens mount developed by Nikon for its 35mm format Single-lens reflex cameras. The F-mount was first introduced on the Nikon F camera in 1959, and features a bayonet mount with a 44 mm throat. The company continues to use variations of the lens mount specification for its film. The large variety of F-mount compatible lenses makes it the largest system of interchangeable flange-mount photographic lenses in history, over 400 different Nikkor lenses are compatible with the system. The F-mount is also popular in scientific and industrial applications, most notably machine vision, the F-mount has been in production for over five decades, making it the only SLR lens mount which has been produced for over 50 years. F-mount cameras include current models from Nikon, Fujifilm, Sinar, JVC, Kenko, numerous other manufacturers employ the F-mount in non-photographic imaging applications. The F-mount has a significant degree of backward and forward compatibility. Incompatibilities do exist, however, and adventurous F-mount users should consult product documentation in order to avoid problems, many manual focus lenses can be converted to allow metering with consumer Nikon bodies by adding a Dandelion chip to the lens. DX lenses may produce vignetting when used on film and FX cameras, however, Nikon lenses designed for film cameras will work on Nikon digital system cameras with the limitations noted above. Unlike most other lens mounts, F-mount lenses lock by turning counter-clockwise, nearly all F-mount lenses have zoom and focus controls that rotate in the clockwise direction to increase focal length and focus distance respectively. This convention is used in Pentax K-mount and Sony A-mount lenses but is opposite of the direction normally used by Canon. F-mount lenses also typically have aperture rings that turn clockwise to close, Nikon has introduced many proprietary designations for F-mount Nikkor lenses, reflecting design variations and developments both in lenses and the F-mount itself. There are also unofficial designations used by collectors and dealers to differentiate similar lenses, a — Auto Nikkor — Designation for the first generation of F-mount lenses, introduced in 1959. These were all single-coated, and meter coupling was provided by a prong fixed to the aperture ring.6. Early versions are marked Nippon Kogaku Japan and have their focal lengths stated in centimetres, the Nippon Kogaku Japan engraving was replaced by Nikon from 1971 onwards. Warning, Mounting a non-AI lens can damage many modern Nikon camera bodies. AI-cameras that still may use non-AI lenses includes the Nikon F2A/F2AS with Photomic A or AS finder, Nikon EL2, as well as Nikon FM, in addition, the Nikon Df, a DSLR introduced in late 2013, can use non-AI lenses. The A lenses can be converted to the AI specification, see AId below. T, Q, P, H, S, O, N, UD, QD, PD — Appears immediately before or after the Nikkor name on F-type lenses, designating the number of optical elements in the design
3.
Exposure (photography)
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In photography, exposure is the amount of light per unit area reaching a photographic film or electronic image sensor, as determined by shutter speed, lens aperture and scene luminance. Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value, in photographic jargon, an exposure generally refers to a single shutter cycle. For the same speed, the accumulated photometric exposure should be similar in both cases. A photograph may be described as underexposed when it has a loss of detail, that is. As the adjacent image shows, these terms are technical ones, there are three types of settings, manual, automatic and exposure compensation. Radiant exposure of a surface, denoted He and measured in J/m2, is given by H e = E e t, where Ee is the irradiance of the surface, measured in W/m2, t is the exposure duration, measured in s. Luminous exposure of a surface, denoted Hv and measured in lx⋅s, is given by H v = E v t, many photographic materials are also sensitive to invisible light, which can be a nuisance, or a benefit. The use of units is appropriate to characterize such sensitivity to invisible light. In sensitometric data, such as curves, the log exposure is conventionally expressed as log10. Photographers more familiar with base-2 logarithmic scales can convert using log2 ≈3.32 log10, correct exposure may be defined as an exposure that achieves the effect the photographer intended. A more technical approach recognises that a film has a physically limited useful exposure range. If, for any part of the photograph, the exposure is outside this range. In a very simple model, for example, out-of-range values would be recorded as black or white rather than the precisely graduated shades of colour and this ensures that no significant information is lost during capture. However, it is much easier to discard recorded information during post processing than to try to re-create unrecorded information. In a scene with strong or harsh lighting, the ratio between highlight and shadow luminance values may well be larger than the ratio between the maximum and minimum useful exposure values. A photograph may be described as underexposed when it has a loss of detail, that is. In manual mode, the photographer adjusts the lens aperture and/or shutter speed to achieve the desired exposure, manual exposure calculations may be based on some method of light metering with a working knowledge of exposure values, the APEX system and/or the Zone System. A camera in automatic exposure mode automatically calculates and adjusts exposure settings to match the subjects mid-tone to the mid-tone of the photograph, for most cameras this means using an on-board TTL exposure meter
4.
Flash (photography)
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A flash is a device used in photography producing a flash of artificial light at a color temperature of about 5500 K to help illuminate a scene. A major purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark scene, other uses are capturing quickly moving objects or changing the quality of light. Flash refers either to the flash of light itself or to the flash unit discharging the light. Most current flash units are electronic, having evolved from single-use flashbulbs, modern cameras often activate flash units automatically. Flash units are built directly into a camera. Some cameras allow separate flash units to be mounted via an accessory mount bracket. In professional studio equipment, flashes may be large, standalone units, or studio strobes, studies of magnesium by Bunsen and Roscoe in 1859 showed that burning this metal produced a light with similar qualities to daylight. The potential application to photography inspired Edward Sonstadt to investigate methods of manufacturing magnesium so that it would burn reliably for this use and he applied for patents in 1862 and by 1864 had started the Manchester Magnesium Company with Edward Mellor. It also had the benefit of being a simpler and cheaper process than making round wire, mather was also credited with the invention of a holder for the ribbon, which formed a lamp to burn it in. The packaging also implies that the ribbon was not necessarily broken off before being ignited. An alternative to ribbon was flash powder, a mixture of powder and potassium chlorate, introduced by its German inventors Adolf Miethe. A measured amount was put into a pan or trough and ignited by hand, producing a brilliant flash of light, along with the smoke. This could be an activity, especially if the flash powder was damp. An electrically triggered flash lamp was invented by Joshua Lionel Cowen in 1899 and his patent describes a device for igniting photographers’ flash powder by using dry cell batteries to heat a wire fuse. Variations and alternatives were touted from time to time and a few found a measure of success in the marketplace, especially for amateur use. The use of powder in an open lamp was replaced by flashbulbs, magnesium filaments were contained in bulbs filled with oxygen gas. Manufactured flashbulbs were first produced commercially in Germany in 1929, such a bulb could only be used once, and was too hot to handle immediately after use, but the confinement of what would otherwise have amounted to a small explosion was an important advance. A later innovation was the coating of flashbulbs with a film to maintain bulb integrity in the event of the glass shattering during the flash
5.
Pentax
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Pentax is a brand name used primarily by Ricoh Imaging Company for cameras, sport optics, and CCTV optics. The brand is used by Hoya Corporation for medical products & services, TI Asahi for surveying instruments. The company was founded as Asahi Kogaku Goshi Kaisha in November 1919 by Kumao Kajiwara, at a shop in the Toshima suburb of Tokyo, in 1938 it changed its name to Asahi Optical Co. Ltd. and by this time it was also manufacturing camera/cine lenses. In the lead-up to World War II, Asahi Optical devoted much of its time to fulfilling military contracts for optical instruments, at the end of the war Asahi Optical was disbanded by the occupying powers, being allowed to re-form in 1948. The company resumed its activities, manufacturing binoculars and consumer camera lenses for Konishiroku. The period around 1950 marked the return of the Japanese photographic industry to the level of the late 1930s. The newly reborn industry had many of its cameras to the occupation forces. In 1952 Asahi Optical introduced its first camera, the Asahiflex, the name Pentax was originally a registered trademark of the East German VEB Zeiss Ikon and acquired by the Asahi Optical company in 1957. Since then the company has been known for its photographic products. The company was renamed Pentax Corporation in 2002 and it was one of the worlds largest optical companies, producing still cameras, binoculars, spectacle lenses, and a variety of other optical instruments. In 2004 Pentax had about 6000 employees, in December 2006, Pentax started the process of merging with Hoya Corporation to form Hoya Pentax HD Corporation. It was speculated that Pentaxs camera business could be sold off after the merger, a stock swap was to be completed by October 1,2007 but the process was called off on April 11,2007. Pentax president Fumio Urano resigned over the matter, with Takashi Watanuki taking over as president of Pentax, Pentax was under increasing pressure from its major shareholders, Sparx Asset Management in particular, to accept Hoyas bid. On August 6,2007, Hoya completed a public tender offer for Pentax. On August 14,2007, the became a consolidated subsidiary of Hoya. On October 29,2007, Hoya and Pentax announced that Pentax would merge with, Hoya closed the Pentax-owned factory in Tokyo, and moved most of their operations to Southeast Asia. All professional and consumer lenses are produced in Vietnam, whereas DSLR cameras are produced in Philippines, on July 29,2011, Hoya transferred its Pentax imaging systems business to a newly established subsidiary called Pentax Imaging Corporation. On October 1,2011, Ricoh acquired all shares of Pentax Imaging Corp. and renamed the new subsidiary Pentax Ricoh Imaging Company, Hoya will continue to use the Pentax brand name for their medical related products such as endoscopes
6.
Honeywell
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The company operates three business units, known as Strategic Business Units – Honeywell Aerospace, Honeywell Automation and Control Solutions, and Honeywell Performance Materials and Technologies. Honeywell is a Fortune 100 company, in 2016, Honeywell ranked 75th in the Fortune 500. Honeywell has a workforce of approximately 130,000, of whom approximately 58,000 are employed in the United States. The company is headquartered in Morris Plains, New Jersey and its current chief executive officer is Darius Adamczyk. The company and its predecessors were part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Index from December 7,1925 until February 9,2008. The companys current name, Honeywell International Inc. is the product of a merger in which Honeywell Inc. was acquired by the much larger AlliedSignal in 1999. The company headquarters were consolidated with AlliedSignals headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey, in 2015, the headquarters were moved to Morris Plains. Honeywell has many brands that commercial and retail consumers may recognize, including its line of home thermostats, the following year he founded the Butz Thermo-Electric Regulator Company. As the years passed, CTCC struggled with growing debts, in 1906, Mark Honeywell founded the Honeywell Heating Specialty Company in Wabash, Indiana to manufacture and market his invention, the mercury seal generator. As Honeywell’s company grew it began to clash with the renamed Minneapolis Heat Regulator Company and this led to the merging of the two companies into the publicly held Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company in 1927. Honeywell named its first president, W. R. Sweatt as its first chairman, W. R. Sweatt and his son Harold provided 75 years of uninterrupted leadership for the company. W. R. Sweatt survived rough spots and turned an innovative idea – thermostatic heating control – into a thriving business. Harold, who took over in 1934, led Honeywell through a period of growth, the merger into the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company proved to be a saving grace for the corporation. This expansion into international markets continued in 1936, with their first distributorship in London, by 1937, ten years after the merger, Minneapolis-Honeywell had over 3,000 employees, with $16 million in annual revenue. Having survived the Depression, Minneapolis-Honeywell was approached by the US military for engineering and manufacturing projects, in 1941, Minneapolis-Honeywell developed a superior tank periscope and camera stabilizers, as well as the C-1 autopilot. The C-1 revolutionized precision bombing in the war effort, and was used on the two B-29 bombers that dropped atomic bombs on Japan in 1945, Honeywell also helped develop and manufacture the RUR-5 ASROC for the US Navy. Technologically, this effort had parallels to contemporary efforts in missile guidance, Honeywell also developed the Wagtail missile with the USAF. From the 1950s until the mid-1970s, Honeywell was the United States importer of Pentax cameras, through most of the 1960s, Honeywell was one of the Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs of computing
7.
Pentax Spotmatic
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The Pentax Spotmatic refers to a family of 35mm single-lens reflex cameras manufactured by the Asahi Optical Co. Ltd. later known as Pentax Corporation, between 1964 and 1976. All Pentax Spotmatics used the M42 screw-thread lens mount which was developed before WW2 by Zeiss, Asahi Optical used the name Takumar for their lenses. These were high-quality, progressively improved lenses, later versions of which featured multi-coating and were called Super Multi Coated Takumars, the use of stop-down light metering was at the time revolutionary, however it limited the capability of the lightmeter specially on low light situations. Later models Spotmatic F, Electro Spotmatic, ES, and ESII were capable of open-aperture metering when used with Super Multi Coated Takumar lenses with a coupling prong in the lens mount. Honeywell was the U. S. importer of the Spotmatic, Cameras officially imported by Honeywell were labeled Honeywell Pentax, instead of Asahi Pentax. The Spotmatic IIa was only available as a Honeywell Pentax, it was exclusively in the USA and had an electronic interface for specific Honeywell Strobonar electronic flash units. The original 1964 Spotmatic was one of the first SLRs on the market to offer a through-the-lens exposure metering system, the camera was presented as a prototype at photokina 1960, and was originally designed to use spot metering. Shortly before production Asahi decided that spot metering would be too difficult to use, the change took place too close to production to change the name, and so Spotmatic stuck. The camera had a mechanical shutter speed range from 1000 to 1. The lightmeter is activated by a lever on the side of the camera, mercury battery was used to power the light metering system, however due to the way the circuit is designed, silver oxide batteries can be used instead. The fastest shutter speeds were designated by the number, the SP500 having a top speed of 1/500 s. These two models had no self-timer, there was also the Pentax SL, which was identical to the Spotmatic except that it did not have the built-in light meter. The Spotmatic II heralded the arrival of the SMC lenses, among some improvements were better metering system and film transport. A hot shoe for flash was added and the synchronization was placed on a switch located below the rewind crank. Spotmatic IIa was made exclusively for the American market and it was made to couple with the Honeywell Strobonar electronic flashes using an electronic eye that was located at the top-left of the camera. In 1971 the Electro-Spotmatic was the first aperture-priority, electronic, automatic SLR but was sold in Japan. It success was followed by the ES sold internationally from 1972, the ES had standardized and improved circuitry that addressed reliability issues in the original version. Two years later it was followed by the ES II, special models could be special ordered with accessories such as Motor Drive, Data Back, etc
8.
Light meter
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A light meter is a device used to measure the amount of light. In photography, a meter is often used to determine the proper exposure for a photograph. Light meters are used in the fields of cinematography and scenic design. They are used in the field of lighting, where they can help to reduce the amount of waste light used in the home, light pollution outdoors. The earliest type of light meters were called extinction meters and contained a numbered or lettered row of neutral density filters of increasing density. The photographer would position the meter in front of his subject, the letter or number corresponding to the filter was used as an index into a chart of appropriate aperture and shutter speed combinations for a given film speed. Extinction meters suffered from the problem that they depended on the sensitivity of the human eye. Later meters removed the element and relied on technologies incorporating selenium, CdS. Selenium and silicon light meters use sensors that are photovoltaic, they generate a proportional to light exposure. Selenium sensors generate enough voltage for direct connection to a meter, they need no battery to operate, selenium sensors however cannot measure low light accurately and are altogether unable to measure very low light, such as candlelight, moonlight, starlight etc. Silicon sensors need an amplification circuit and require a source such as batteries to operate. CdS light meters use a sensor based on photoresistance, i. e. their electrical resistance changes proportionately to light exposure and these also require a battery to operate. Most modern light meters use silicon or CdS sensors and they indicate the exposure either with a needle galvanometer or on an LCD screen. Many modern consumer still and video include a built-in meter that measures a scene-wide light level and are able to make an approximate measure of appropriate exposure based on that. There are two types of light meters, reflected-light and incident-light. Reflected-light meters measure the light reflected by the scene to be photographed, all in-camera meters are reflected-light meters. Reflected-light meters are calibrated to show the appropriate exposure for “average” scenes and this pitfall is avoided by incident-light meters which measure the amount of light falling on the subject using an integrating sphere placed on top of the light sensor. Because the incident-light reading is independent of the reflectance, it is less likely to lead to incorrect exposures for subjects with unusual average reflectance
9.
Nikon FM
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The Nikon FM is a mechanically operated, interchangeable lens,35 mm film, single-lens reflex camera. It was manufactured in Japan between 1977 and 1982 by Nippon Kogaku K. K, the FM was the replacement for Nikkormat FT3, which had been introduced only a few months prior. It introduced a new compact, but rugged, copper-aluminum alloy chassis that would become the basis for Nikons highly successful range of compact semi-professional SLR cameras. These cameras were intended to provide a reasonably priced alternative to Nikons professional F-series cameras. The FM has proven to be a remarkably long-lived and reliable camera, Nippon Kogaku would over the next twenty-nine years use the same chassis and basic design philosophy for the FE, FM2, FE2, FA and the limited production FM3A of 2001. The FM is constructed almost entirely from metal and uses a mechanical shutter and it is manual-focus-only, with manual exposure control. Being mechanical, the FM needs no batteries to operate, the metering system comprises a gallium-arsenide-phosphide photodiode that meters through-the-lens at maximum aperture. The photographer adjusts the aperture or shutter-speed until the O LED illuminated to indicate correct exposure and this system can be traced back to the Nikkormat FT of 1965 and its center-the-needle system. The succeeding Nikon FM2 uses an improved center-the-LED system, for its time, the FM used a modern titanium-bladed, vertical-travel focal plane shutter capable of speeds from 1 second to 1/1000 of a second, plus bulb. Flash X-sync was at speeds up to 1/125th second, the body has dimensions of 89.5 mm height,142 mm width,60.5 mm depth and 590 g weight. It was available in two finishes, silver with black trim and all black, the FM accepts all Nikon F bayonet mount lenses, with certain limitations or exceptions. Full compatibility requires lenses that support the Automatic Maximum-Aperture Indexing specification and this includes most Nikon lenses manufactured after 1977. Pre-AI lenses can be used, but only with stop-down metering, many newer Nikon and third-party F-mount lenses are also compatible. All other AF Nikkor lenses will mount and be usable, but autofocus, the FM has a full information viewfinder. In addition to the metering LEDs, the viewfinder also displays the set shutter speed, a fixed K-type focus screen with 3 mm split-image rangefinder and 1 mm microprism collar is fitted. Note that there were two versions of the FM, depending on how the FMs light meter was activated when a motor drive was mounted. The original FM had a rotary switch shutter button collar to lock the shutter, the MD-12 activated the meter automatically and the switch was omitted on late FMs. Nippon Kogaku also took the opportunity to construct late FMs more strongly internally than early FMs, beginning in 1977 with the FM, there was a complete overhaul of Nippon Kogakus entire Nikon SLR line
10.
Nikon FM2
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The Nikon FM2 is an advanced semi-professional, interchangeable lens,35 mm film, single-lens reflex camera. It was manufactured by Nippon Kogaku K. K. in Japan from 1982 to 2001 and it had dimensions of 90 mm,142 mm,60 mm and a weight of 540 g. It was available in two colors, black with chrome trim and all black, the introductory US list price for the chrome body only was $364. By 1988, it listed for $525, in 1995, it plateaued at $745, note that SLRs usually sold for 30 to 40 percent below list price. The FM2 is a member of the classic Nikon compact F-series SLRs and was using the same material - copper-aluminium-silicon alloy - as the earlier Nikon FM. The Nikon FE2 and FA of 1983 also had this silumin alloy construction, along with the limited production Nikon FM3A of 2001, like its predecessor, the FM, the FM2n has a long-standing reputation for reliability and durability. It has a strong body of copper-aluminum-silicon alloy. The FM2s film transport consists of high-strength hardened metal gears and moving parts, the cameras precision-tapered, high-strength vertical metal shutter blades were fabricated originally of lightweight titanium, while the mirror/shutter mechanism rides on self-lubricating bearings. The mirror linkage uses the mechanism found on Nikons professional F2, with some modern improvements designed to further reduce effects of vibration. The FM2 also features Nikons famous close tolerance assembly and minimal space lubrication, the FM2 accepts all Nikon F bayonet mount lenses that support the Automatic Indexing feature introduced in 1977. The Nikon-made AI lenses of this type are the AF-S Nikkor, AF-I Nikkor, AF Nikkor D, AF Nikkor, Nikkor AI-S, Nikkor AI and Nikon Series E types. Nikon’s most recent 35 mm film SLR lenses, the AF Nikkor G type, IX Nikkor lenses, for Nikons Advanced Photo System film SLRs, must not be mounted, as their rear elements will intrude far enough into the mirror box to cause damage. During the early 1980s, Nippon Kogaku manufactured approximately 70 different types of manual focus Nikkor AI-S and they ranged from a Fisheye-Nikkor 6 mm f/2.8 220° circular fisheye to a Reflex-Nikkor 2000 mm f/11 super telephoto. The AF-S Nikkor, AF-I Nikkor, AF Nikkor D and AF Nikkor autofocus lenses will work for manual focus only, Accessories for the FM2 included the Nikon MD-12 motor drive, the Nikon MF-16 databack, and the Nikon SB-15 and Nikon SB-16B electronic flashes. The FM2 is a manual focus SLR with manual exposure control. The exposure control system used vertically arranged +/o/– light emitting diodes on the side of the viewfinder to indicate the readings of the meter versus actual camera settings. This metering system can be traced back to the Nikkormat FT of 1965, the viewfinder also had Nikon’s standard interchangeable focus screen with various focusing options. The improved titanium-bladed shutter from the Nikon FE2 was adapted to the FM2 in 1984, the new camera was renamed the Nikon FM2n, but remained marked FM2
11.
Light-emitting diode
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A light-emitting diode is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated, when a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light is determined by the band gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are typically small and integrated optical components may be used to shape the radiation pattern, appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity and limited to red, modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices and they were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental, LEDs have allowed new displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also used in advanced communications technology. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, as of 2017, LED lights home room lighting are as cheap or cheaper than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. They are also more energy efficient and, arguably, have fewer environmental concerns linked to their disposal. Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide, russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, rubin Braunstein of the Radio Corporation of America reported on infrared emission from gallium arsenide and other semiconductor alloys in 1955. Braunstein observed infrared emission generated by simple diode structures using gallium antimonide, GaAs, indium phosphide, in 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein …had set up a simple optical communications link, the emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an amplifier and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music and we had a great deal of fun playing with this setup. This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications, by October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector
12.
Focusing screen
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A focusing screen is a flat translucent material, either a ground glass or fresnel lens, found in a system camera that allows the user of the camera to preview the framed image in a viewfinder. Often, focusing screens are available in variants with different etched markings for various purposes, for instance, overall matte focusing screens with no etchings are a popular choice for astrophotography and other low-light situations. The history of the screen is almost as long as the history of the camera. Some primitive cameras consisted of a box with a holding the lens in the front. The most common type of focusing screen in non-autofocus 35 mm SLR cameras is the screen and microprism ring variation that aids focusing. The microprism ring breaks up the image unless the lens setting is in focus, when both pieces are aligned the setting is in focus. The drawback is that the prisms have considerable light loss, making low-light focusing almost impossible, compare with focusing mechanism in rangefinder cameras. Professional cameras give the photographer a choice of screens that are, depending on the camera model, cameras with interchangeable film formats may have etchings on the focusing screen to show the limits of the films. Most of these cameras have either plain or grid screens because due to the size of the screen the only focusing aid really needed is a magnifying glass. Autofocus SLR cameras, both digital and film, usually have a plain screen, some models have markings etched in them to denote the areas on which the camera focuses or calculates the exposure from. Many of the newest midrange and professional digital SLR cameras possess a plain screen with a monochromatic LCD overlay that reveals focus points as needed, reticle – other form of etchings
13.
Konica Autoreflex
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The Auto-Reflex and Autoreflex is a series of 35mm SLR cameras made by Konica from 1965. All these models have the Konica AR bayonet, the Konica Auto-Reflex of 1965 was the first focal-plane-shutter auto exposure 35mm SLR, hence the name. This model and its rarer, meterless companion the Konica Auto-Reflex P are the only models where Auto-Reflex is hyphenated and these are also the only two SLRs that ever offered a choice of full- or half-frame exposures, switched by a lever on top of the camera. The frame size can be changed between 24×36 landscape and 18×24 portrait in mid-roll, Autorex is the name for the domestic Japanese market. In Germany the camera was sold as Revue Auto-Reflex. For the Auto-Reflex, the sensor is mounted on the front. This is not TTL metering, although it does offer a shutter-preferred, TTL auto exposure appeared in a Konica a few years later, with the Autoreflex T. It has the new Konica Bayonet II mount, which is often called K/AR mount. PX675 type mercury batteries are only needed for the light meter, shutter speeds run from 1s to 1/1000 and B. See also, 47-100mm f3.5 Hexanon AR-H lens, all versions of this model were available in both matte chrome and all-black finishes. All-black cameras are considerably rarer and tend to be more valuable, lenses offered with the Auto-Reflex/Autorex are a bit unusual, too. They originally did not have a notch on the rear. The notch tells the camera the lens maximum aperture, at the time the later models were introduced, many Auto-Reflex/FTA lenses were sent in for a service upgrade to modify them for use with the TTL models. For a period of time, factory service facilities performed this service for free, the result is that un-modified original Auto-Reflex/Autorex lenses are somewhat unusual today. Also, normal lenses sold with the Revue version of this camera were often unlabelled, fitted with a plain finish ring that did not have the Hexanon name on it. Konishiroku apparently did not rebrand any of their K/AR mount SLR models for sale through Montgomery Ward in the United States and they did continue to market a number of rebadged rangefinder cameras through Wards, however. The Konica Auto-Reflex P is basically a stripped-down Auto-Reflex without light meter, in Japan it was sold as Autorex P, in Germany as the Revue Auto-Reflex SP. It is fully mechanical and therefore not have batteries
14.
Nikon FE
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The Nikon FE is an advanced semi-professional level, interchangeable lens,35 mm film, single-lens reflex camera. It was manufactured by Nikon in Japan from 1978 to 1983, the FE uses a metal-bladed, vertical-travel focal plane shutter with a speed range of 8 to 1/1000 second, plus Bulb, and flash X-sync of 1/125th second. It had dimensions of 89.5 millimetres height,142 mm width,57.5 mm depth and 590 grams weight and it was available in two colors, black with chrome trim and all black. As on the FM, its model designation did not appear on the front of the camera, the FE was the replacement for Nikon EL2 of 1977 and is a member of the classic Nikon compact F-series. It uses a rugged copper aluminum alloy chassis developed from the one introduced in the Nikon FM in 1977, with minor external controls, the Nikon compact F-series SLRs were moderately priced, semi-professional level stablemates to the companys premium-priced, professional level Nikon F2 and F3 SLRs. They were all-new successors to the Nikkormat F and EL-series of amateur level SLRs, the FM/FE chassis proved to be remarkably long-lived. Nikon used it, with improvements, as the backbone of the compact F-series from 1977 to 2006. The other members of the compact F-series are the Nikon FM2, FE2, FA, the FE is a manual-focus SLR with manual exposure control or aperture-priority autoexposure, and electromechanical components. As such, the FE requires batteries to power its electronically controlled shutter, the batteries also power the FEs match-needle exposure control system. This consists of two needles pointing along a vertical shutter speed scale on the side of the viewfinder. The photographer adjusts the shutter speed and/or the lens aperture f-stop until the needles align, in automatic mode, the FEs black needle indicates the shutter speed automatically set by the electronic circuitry in response to the light reaching the meter. The green needle is used to indicate that the FE is in A mode and this system can be traced back to the Nikkormat EL of 1972 and continued until 2006 with the discontinuation of the Nikon FM3A. The FE has a full information viewfinder very similar to the Nikkormat EL, in addition to the metering shutter scale, the viewfinder also displays the set lens aperture through an optical eye and has a flash ready LED to give context to the metering needles. The viewfinder also introduced interchangeable focusing screens to the compact F-series, the MF-12s date function ranges until the year 2100. The FE accepts all lenses with the Nikon F bayonet mount, full lens compatibility requires support for the Aperture Indexing feature, and thus the majority of Nikon lenses manufactured in recent decades will work. During the late 1970s, Nippon Kogaku manufactured approximately 55 Nikkor non-AI and they ranged from a Fisheye-Nikkor 6 mm f/2.8 220˚ circular fisheye to a Reflex-Nikkor 2000 mm f/11 super-long mirror telephoto. This was the largest and widest ranging lens selection in the world at the time, the contemporary AI lenses for the FE were the Nikkor AI-S, Nikkor AI and Nikon Series E types. The newer AF-S Nikkor, AF-I Nikkor, AF Nikkor D and they will work, but with manual focus only
15.
Nikon FE2
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The Nikon FE2 is an advanced semi-professional level, interchangeable-lens,35 mm film, single lens reflex camera. It was manufactured by Nippon Kogaku K. K. in Japan from 1983 to 1987, the FE2 used a Nikon-designed vertical-travel focal-plane shutter with a speed range of 8 to 1/4000th second, plus Bulb and flash X-sync of 1/250th second. It has dimensions of 90 millimetres height,142.5 mm width,57.5 mm depth and 550 grams weight, the introductory US list price for the chrome body only was $446. Note that SLRs usually sold for 30 to 40 percent below list price, the FM2/FE2 twins were improved successors to the successful Nikon FM/FE cameras with enhanced features, but minor external controls and cosmetic differences. The Nikon FA of 1983 also used this body design. The FE2 accepts all lenses with the Nikon F bayonet mount supporting the Automatic Indexing feature, the contemporary Nikon made AI lenses were the Nikkor AI-S, Nikkor AI and Nikon Series E types. During the early 1980s, Nippon Kogaku manufactured approximately 70 Nikkor AI-S and they ranged from a Fisheye-Nikkor 6 mm f/2.8 220˚ circular fisheye to a Reflex-Nikkor 2000 mm f/11 super telephoto. The AF-S Nikkor, AF-I Nikkor, AF Nikkor D and AF Nikkor auto-focus lenses are also AI types. IX Nikkor lenses, for Nikons Advanced Photo System film SLRs, must not be mounted, Accessories for the FE2 included the Nikon MD-12 motor drive, the Nikon MF-16 databack, and the Nikon SB-15 and Nikon SB-16B electronic flashes. The FE2 is a battery-powered electro-mechanically controlled manual-focus SLR with manual control or aperture-priority auto-exposure. This system can be traced back to the Nikkormat EL of 1972, the FE2 also introduced a unique rotating flywheel plus inertial mass damping system to minimize mirror shock vibration effects and render a mirror lock-up feature unnecessary. The 1970s and 1980s were an era of competition between the major SLR brands, Nikon, Canon, Minolta, Pentax and Olympus. Between circa 1975 to 1985, there was a shift away from heavy all-metal manual mechanical camera bodies to much more compact bodies with integrated circuit electronic automation. In addition, because of advances in electronics, the brands continually leap frogged each other with models having new or more automatic features. The FE2 was intended by Nikon as a quality alternative to the more cheaply built 35 mm amateur SLRs by other manufacturers of the day and it can be described as Nippon Kogaku’s Nikon FM2 mechanical camera with precision electronic controls grafted on. The FE2 shared the luxurious bearing-mounted film advance and transport mechanism of its other high-level cameras, Nikon believed that advanced amateur photographers were not interested in every possible automated bell and whistle, but rather the highest possible quality and precision. Time has proven Nikons philosophy to be the right one – it is tough and reliable. It is very popular on the market and commands prices higher than when it was new
16.
Nikon FM3A
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The Nikon FM3A is an interchangeable-lens, focal-plane shutter,35 mm film, single-lens reflex camera. It was manufactured by Nikon Corporation in Japan, on small-volume assembly lines, the camera was available in two colours, all black and satin chrome. The introductory US list price for the body only was $820. The FM3A was the successor to the renowned Nikon FM2N camera of 1984 and was the last member of the successful, the other members were the Nikon FM, FE, FM2 and FE2. The newer low-budget Nikon FM10 and FE10, while named similarly, are completely different introductory-level cameras manufactured by Cosina, in other words, the FM3A merged the robust mechanical systems of the FM2N with the proven, reliable electronic exposure controls of the FE2. The FM3a is built to a level of workmanship and material quality. It shares the advantages of the FM and the FM2N, both regarded as two of the most reliable cameras ever built. It has a strong body of copper silumin alloy. The electronics are well protected within the body and of high quality. The FM3As film transport consists of high-strength hardened metal gears and moving parts, the vertical metal shutter utilises precision tapered high-strength aluminium alloy blades and oilless self-lubricating bearings. The guide rails are made of stainless steel, the mirror is made of titanium. The FM3A accepts all of the Nikkor lenses with the Nikon F bayonet mount that support the Automatic Indexing feature, the chrome FM3A was often sold in a kit that includes a color coordinated chrome finished Nikkor 45 mm f/2. 8P lens. This special flat pancake lens was focused on the FM3A. In aperture priority mode, the continued to power the meter, but are also utilized for shutter timing. This system can be traced back to the Nikkormat EL of 1972, the viewfinder also has Nikons fully interchangeable bright focus screen with various options for focus. During the mid-1990s, a demand arose among some photographers for a quality alternative to the 35 mm autofocus SLR camera. These cameras required complex computer and processing mechanisms, and especially in their amateur, Nikon responded to this phenomenon with a revival of their classic FM/FE series design. The FM3As expensive construction and conservative design were not intended to appeal to the consumer-level market, the FM3As introduction coincided with a major technological revolution in photographic technology – digital imaging
17.
Nikon F
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The Nikon F camera, introduced in April 1959, was Nikons first SLR camera. It was one of the most advanced cameras of its day, although many of the concepts had already been introduced elsewhere, it was revolutionary in that it was the first to combine them all in one camera. It was produced until October 1973 and was replaced by the quite similar Nikon F2, aspects of its design remain in all of Nikons subsequent SLR cameras, through the current Nikon F6 film and Nikon D5 digital models. The F in Nikon F was selected by Nippon Kogaku from the letter F of the name of the designer of the bayonet mount and that tradition was carried all the way through their top line of Nikon cameras until the introduction of the Nikon D1 cameras decades later. The Nikon F was enormously successful and showed the superiority of the SLR, after the introduction of the Nikon F the more expensive rangefinder cameras became less attractive. It was originally priced at US$186 with 50 mm f/2 lens, a combination of design elements made the Nikon F successful. It was well-made, durable, and adhered closely to the design scheme of the Nikon rangefinder cameras. 1949, The first camera with a viewfinder, the Contax S.1950, The first SLR with interchangeable viewfinders and focusing screens. 1954, The first camera with mirror, the Asahiflex IIb. 1956, The first SLR with an internally activated automatic diaphragm release, the Nikon F also had interchangeable backs and a viewfinder showing 100% of the image. Motor drives to advance the film, F36 or F250, were available, the F36 was not too dissimilar from the motor drive which was available for the SP. The Nikon F evolved from a camera, the Nikon SP. In the trial model, based on the body of the Nikon SP, only the three principal components, mirror box, pentaprism and bayonet mount, were newly developed, and the other components were virtually identical to those in SP/S3. The focal plane shutter had titanium foil blinds and was rated for 100,000 shutter releases. At the time, other SLRs used cloth blinds, which had the disadvantage that it was possible to burn a hole into the cloth of the shutter during mirror lock-up in bright sunlight. Each of these assemblies could be fitted and removed, allowing the camera to adapt to almost any particular task and it was the first 35 mm camera offered with a successful motor drive system as opposed to a film winder. It was capable of firing up to 4 frames per second or 3 frames per section with full reflex viewing maintained, unlike most 35 mm camera systems the Nikon F had a wide range of lenses, covering 21 mm to 1000 mm focal length by 1962. Subsequent top-of-the-line Nikon models continued the F series, which yielded the F6 in 2004
18.
Canon FTb
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The Canon FTb is a 35 mm single-lens reflex camera manufactured by Canon of Japan from March 1971 replacing the Canon FT QL. It features a Canon FD lens mount, and is compatible with Canons earlier FL-mount lenses in stop-down metering mode. Launched alongside the top-of-the-line F-1, the FTb was the camera in the range. The Canon FTb was released at a price of 35,000 yen for the camera body. The FTb has a horizontally traveling focal plane shutter with timed speeds from 1/1000 to 1 second. The FTb has rubberized silk shutter curtains rather than the more durable and it offers a 10-second self-timer, as well as mirror lock-up. The meter is of the 12% partial type with the area indicated by a slightly darkened box in the center of the finder area. It is fully coupled to shutter speed dial and aperture ring on FD lenses in the match needle style, the meter was designed to be powered by a single 1.35 volt 625-type mercury cell, specifically the Mallory PX-625 and the Eveready EPX-625. While these batteries are obsolete, modern replacements include the Wein zinc-air cell PX625, alternative options for replacement are to use a 1.5 volt silver battery either through a voltage dropping adapter or recalibrating the meter. Using modern zinc air batteries provide the voltage, but have a relatively short life. In 1973, the FTb design was revised slightly, the camera was given a plastic tipped film advance lever. The stop down lever was changed to the style as that found on the F-1. The PC sync socket was given a plastic cover. The ring around the edge of the shutter speed dial was changed from a scalloped design to a diamond textured design. Finally, a shutter speed display was added in the left hand corner of the viewfinder. This model was known as FTb-N or FTbn. List of Canon products Media related to Canon FTb at Wikimedia Commons
19.
Minolta SR-T 101
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The Minolta SR-T101 is a 35mm manual focus SLR camera with Through-The-Lens exposure metering - TTL for short, that was launched in 1966 by Minolta Camera Co. Staying in production for ten years only minor changes, proves the thorough effort being put into the development of the camera before the introduction. The design is based on the innovative Minolta SR-7 model V camera of 1962, the SR-T101 however, has several significant features apart from the TTL meter. The SR-T101 was also available in black. The top cover and the plate are finished in black enamel while most metal parts are black chromed. The parts still chromed, to name the most obvious ones, include the shutter-release button, the mirror lock-up knob, the depth-of-field preview button and the lens-release button. This is certainly the best solution from every point of view featuring, stable correct voltage, high capacity, it several months. Zinc Air 675 Hearing aid battery is available single or in a six-pack, the normal standard lens for the Minolta SR-T101 is the MC Rokkor-PF1,1.4 f=58mm. The MC refers to the meter coupling, required to operate properly on the SR-T101. Two new optical designs were introduced in the 55mm 1,1.7 and 135mm 1,3.5, the SR-T101 retained compatibility with the earlier lenses with stop-down metering. A range of new MC lenses were introduced between 1966 and 1976, when they were superseded by the MD Rokkor line in 1977, some are easily detected while others are inside the body and not apparent without dismantling, these latter ones are not covered here. New features may have been retrofitted to older cameras due to repair or just being swapped between cameras, including the original lens. Camera body serial numbers has been observed from about 1,000,000, the original camera has a black shutter speed dial with a finely milled pattern at the edge, and the two black plastic covers either side at top of the mirror housing are glued in place. All visible screw heads are single slotted, at the back, either side of the viewfinder window two screws hold the top cover, which are situated at equal distance from viewfinder window either side. The take-up film spool is plain black with one slot, the accessory shoe has a small metal stud stop pin. The standard lens has an intermittent milled focusing ring without scalloping recesses, the lens cap is black anodised stamped aluminium with Minolta in brushed metal finish. All screws are of the crosshead variety, the take-up film spool got a grey four-tongued plastic moulding for film attachment. The lens got a scalloped focusing ring, the late cameras, made the last few years, have a modified accessory-shoe with a black plastic ridge stop in front
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
Nikon
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Nikon Corporation, also known just as Nikon, is a Japanese multinational corporation headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, specializing in optics and imaging products. The companies held by Nikon form the Nikon Group, Nikons main competitors in camera and lens manufacturing include Canon, Sony, Fujifilm, Panasonic, Pentax, and Olympus. Founded on July 25,1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha, Nikon is a member of the Mitsubishi group of companies. Nikon Corporation was established on 25 July 1917 when three leading optical manufacturers merged to form a comprehensive, fully integrated optical company known as Nippon Kōgaku Tōkyō K. K. Over the next sixty years, this company became a manufacturer of optical lenses and equipment used in cameras, binoculars, microscopes. During World War II the company operated thirty factories with 2,000 employees, manufacturing binoculars, lenses, bomb sights, after the war Nippon Kōgaku reverted to producing its civilian product range in a single factory. In 1948, the first Nikon-branded camera was released, the Nikon I, Nikon lenses were popularised by the American photojournalist David Douglas Duncan. Duncan was working in Tokyo when the Korean War began, Duncan had met a young Japanese photographer, Jun Miki, who introduced Duncan to Nikon lenses. From July 1950 to January 1951, Duncan covered the Korean War, fitting Nikon optics to his Leica rangefinder cameras produced high contrast negatives with very sharp resolution at the centre field. Founded in 1917 as Nippon Kōgaku Kōgyō Kabushikigaisha, the company was renamed Nikon Corporation, after its cameras, the name Nikon, which dates from 1946, is a merging of Nippon Kōgaku and Zeisss brand Ikon. This would cause some problems in Germany as Zeiss complained that Nikon violated its trademarked camera. From 1963 to 1968 the Nikon F in particular was therefore labeled Nikkor, the Nikkor brand was introduced in 1932, a westernised rendering of an earlier version Nikkō, an abbreviation of the companys original full name. Nikkor is the Nikon brand name for its lenses, another early brand used on microscopes was Joico, an abbreviation of Japan Optical Industries Co. Expeed is the brand Nikon uses for its processors since 2007. The Nikon SP and other 1950s and 1960s rangefinder cameras competed directly with models from Leica, however, the company quickly ceased developing its rangefinder line to focus its efforts on the Nikon F single-lens reflex line of cameras, which was successful upon its introduction in 1959. For nearly 30 years, Nikons F-series SLRs were the most widely used small-format cameras among professional photographers, however, as autofocus SLRs became available from Minolta and others in the mid-1980s, Nikons line of manual-focus cameras began to seem out of date. Canon introduced a new type of lens-camera interface with its entirely electronic Canon EOS cameras, the much faster lens performance permitted by Canons electronic focusing and aperture control prompted many professional photographers to switch to the Canon system through the 1990s. Nikon created some of the first digital SLRs for NASA, used in the Space Shuttle since 1991, after a 1990s partnership with Kodak to produce digital SLR cameras based on existing Nikon film bodies, Nikon released the Nikon D1 SLR under its own name in 1999
22.
Single-lens reflex camera
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A single-lens reflex camera is a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured. With twin lens reflex and rangefinder cameras, the image could be significantly different from the final image. When the shutter button is pressed on a mechanical SLR, the mirror out of the light path, allowing light to pass through to the light receptor. Prior to the development of SLR, all cameras with viewfinders had two light paths, one path through the lens to the film, and another path positioned above or to the side. Because the viewfinder and the lens cannot share the same optical path. This is not problematic for pictures taken at a middle or longer distance, moreover, focusing the lens of a fast reflex camera when it is opened to wider apertures is not easy. Most SLR cameras permit upright and laterally correct viewing through use of a roof pentaprism situated in the path between the reflex mirror and viewfinder. When the shutter is released, the mirror out of the light path. The Canon Pellix film camera was an exception to the mirror system. Focus can be adjusted manually by the photographer or automatically by an autofocus system, the viewfinder can include a matte focusing screen located just above the mirror system to diffuse the light. This permits accurate viewing, composing and focusing, especially useful with interchangeable lenses, nearly all inexpensive compact digital cameras now include an LCD preview screen allowing the photographer to see what the CCD is capturing. However, SLR is still popular in high-end and professional cameras because they are system cameras with interchangeable parts and they also have far less shutter lag, allowing photographs to be timed more precisely. Also the pixel resolution, contrast ratio, refresh rate, and color gamut of an LCD preview screen cannot compete with the clarity, large format SLR cameras were probably first marketed with the introduction of C. R. Smiths Monocular Duplex. SLRs for smaller exposure formats were launched in the 1920s by several camera makers, the first 35mm SLR available to the mass market, Leicas PLOOT reflex housing along with a 200mm f4.5 lens paired to a 35mm rangefinder camera body, debuted in 1935. The Soviet Спорт, also a 24mm by 36mm image size, was prototyped in 1934, K. Nüchterleins Kine Exakta was the first integrated 35mm SLR to enter the market. Additional Exakta models, all with waist-level finders, were produced up to, another ancestor of the modern SLR camera was the Swiss-made Alpa, which was innovative, and influenced the later Japanese cameras. The Duflex, which went into production in 1948, was also the worlds first SLR with an instant-return mirror. The first commercially produced SLR that employed a roof pentaprism was the Italian Rectaflex A, the Japanese adopted and further developed the SLR
23.
Nikon F2
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The Nikon F2 is a professional level, interchangeable lens,35 mm film, single-lens reflex camera. It was manufactured by the Japanese optics company Nippon Kogaku K. K. in Japan from September 1971 to June 2000. It used a focal plane shutter with titanium shutter curtains and a speed range of 1 to 1/2000 second plus Bulb and Time. It had dimensions of 98 mm height,152.5 mm width,65 mm depth and 730 g weight and it was available in two colors, black with chrome trim and all black. The other members were the F3, F4, F5 and F6, the F-series do not share any major components except for the all important bayonet lens mount. All Nikon professional F-series SLRs are full system cameras and this means that each camera body serves as only a modular hub. The Nikon F2 is an all-metal, mechanically-controlled, manual focus SLR with manual exposure control, the camera itself needed no batteries, though the prism light meter did. The F2 replaced the Nikon F, adding new features. It also offered a detachable motor drive, something the F only had as a custom modification and it was the last all-mechanical professional-level Nikon SLR. The F2 accepts all lenses with the Nikon F bayonet mount, the later F2A and F2AS Photomic variants require lenses supporting the Automatic maximum aperture Indexing feature. The manual focus Nippon Kogaku made AI lenses were the Nikkor AI-S, Nikkor AI, the AF-S Nikkor, AF-I Nikkor, AF Nikkor D and AF Nikkor autofocus lenses are also AI types. The original Nikkor non-AI lenses, will mount but require stop down metering, Nippon Kogaku had a service to retrofit non-AI lenses with a new aperture ring with the AI feature to produce AId lenses, but this service ended decades ago. The older F2, F2S and F2SB Photomic variants require lenses with a meter coupling shoe and these lenses are the Nikkor non-AI, AId Nikkor, Nikkor AI and Nikkor AI-S types. Lenses without rabbit ears, such as the Nikon Series E, AF Nikkor, AF Nikkor D, AF-I Nikkor and AF-S Nikkor types, will mount, the F2 with plain/eye-level DE-1 prism will work with either lens types. Note that the Nikkor AI-S and Nikkor AI types are AI types plus have rabbit ears, a few exotic fisheye lenses from the 1960s require mirror lock-up and therefore an auxiliary viewfinder is preferred. In 1977 Nippon Kogaku made about 55 non-AI and AI lenses and this was the largest lens selection in the world by far. The standard lens for most professionals was the Nikkor 50 mm f/1.4, the Nikkor 105 mm f/2.5 was renowned for its superb sharpness and bokeh and was a favorite for head-and-shoulders portraits. There were innumerable independent manufacturer lenses available in the Nikon F mount, the most famous was probably the Vivitar Series 1 70–210 mm f/3.5 Macro Zoom, the first independent zoom lens to meet most professional photographers quality standards
24.
Nikon F3
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The Nikon F3 was Nikons third professional single-lens reflex camera body, preceded by the F and F2. Introduced in 1980, it had manual and semi-automatic exposure control whereby the camera would select the shutter speed. The Nikon F3 series cameras had the most model variations of any Nikon F camera, the F2AS was a current model when the F3 was introduced, and for a while both were sold concurrently. The F3 was superseded by the F4 in 1988 and the F5 in 1996, despite being superseded by the newer cameras, it remained in production through to 2001, with over 751,000 F3s produced through September 1992. It continues to be the longest running professional grade Nikon SLR, long after production ceased, new bodies in boxes were available throughout the world, so an exact production number is not readily available. Initially, the F3 model with the DE-2 eye-level finder was introduced, soon followed by the popular F3HP, or High Point camera, the major advantage of this finder was that the entire viewfinder image could be seen from a distance of 2.5 cm from the viewfinder. This made the F3 more usable by those who wear glasses when shooting, the only down-side to this was a smaller image through the viewfinder compared to the standard prism. With the exception of the P spec camera, all viewfinders are completely interchangeable, the F3 and F3HP unfortunately retained the somewhat awkward flash mount on the rewind dial, which obstructed that area of the camera. It weighs 20 grams less than the comparable F3, the champagne offering was introduced in 1982 and was quickly discontinued around 1985, making it the rarer of the two titanium models. The F3/T featured titanium clad viewfinders, titanium back, titanium top and it also benefited from the conformal coating of the internal circuit board. The mechanical specifications between the black finished F3/T and the natural finish F3/T were identical, next to be introduced was the F3P in 1983. The F3P lacked a film door release lock, self-timer and multiple-exposure lever, a variant of the F3P called the F3 Limited was also sold just in Japan, starting in 1994. The Limited had a fixed B screen, special badging, regular film back without the feature of the MF-6/6B back. It also came in a presentation box. Neither camera could use the DX-1 viewfinder of the F3AF body, contacts in mirror housing were configured differently than a regular F3 series camera. On an F3P and F3 Limited, they were used for flash synch, on an F3, F3/T, and F3AF, they were used to communicate the exposure meter display information to the LCD inside the DX-1 viewfinder. The F3H, a camera, was introduced for press, sports photography. The MD-4H was essentially a speeded-up MD4, with the gearing increased by 1.5, there is one additional gold contact pin surrounding the rewind spigot, that joins with the electrical connection on the base of the camera
25.
Nikon F4
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The Nikon F4 is a 35 mm autofocus single lens reflex film camera, introduced in 1988 as the next generation in Nikons line of F series professional cameras. With industrial design by Giorgetto Giugiaro, the F4 was the first professional Nikon to feature a practical autofocus system, the F4 is able to accept any of Nikons manual focus or AF lenses from 1959 to the present day, including the two F3AF lenses. The F4 replaced the F3, which was a manual focus camera produced from 1980 until 2000, Nikon introduced its next flagship model, the F5, in 1996. All F4 models were discontinued soon after, in May 1997, the F4 introduced many Nikon owners to autofocus, and was the first professional Nikon to utilize a vertical-travel metal-blade shutter. As a fully electronic camera with motorized transport, it required one of three available bottom-mounted battery packs to operate, using standard AA or rechargeable cells. For the first time on a Nikon SLR, two of those battery packs also offered an additional vertical shutter release button and grip for using the camera vertically. The F4 was the first Nikon F-series lacking a manual film-advance lever, like previous F-series cameras, the F4 featured a high degree of customization to specific tasks, with various remote controls, film backs, and viewfinders available. The F4 will accept all autofocus lenses made for the F mount, the meter coupling cam can be moved out of the way for use with lenses manufactured prior to 1977. The F4 is one of the few film based Nikon cameras offering full Matrix metering with AI manual focus lenses and its lack of electronic aperture control limits the F4s functionality with G type lenses, which do not have an aperture ring. With these lenses, exposure control is limited to program and shutter-priority modes, in addition, DX lenses are not designed to cover the full 35mm frame and will vignette when used with the F4. The F4 also provides no support for Nikons later VR system, VR-equipped lenses will mount and function, eventually Nikon had three F4 models that were distinguished by which integrated battery pack was attached. All F4 bodies are interchangeable with all battery packs, constructed for NASA, it was used since 1991 on board the Space Shuttle. The camera was based on an modified F4 with standard F-mount and had a camera back with a monochrome CCD image sensor with 1024 x 1024 pixels on an area of 15 x 15mm. Nikon F4 Series SLR models - Index Page, media related to Nikon F4 at Wikimedia Commons Debut of the Nikon F4, by Nikon
26.
Nikon F5
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The Nikon F5 is a 35 mm film-based single-lens reflex camera body manufactured by Nikon from 1996 through 2004. It was the fifth in Nikons professional film camera line, which began in 1959 with the Nikon F and it followed the Nikon F4 of 1988, which had introduced in-body autofocus to Nikons professional line. The F5 was in turn succeeded by the Nikon F6, as well as Nikons parallel range of professional digital SLRs, important advances in the F5 included, Nikon 3-D color matrix meter. A mirror-balance system that reduced camera shake, electronically controlled exposure times from 1/8000 second to 30 seconds. Built-in 8 frame per second motor drive, however, at 1/300 second, flash units could not use their full capacity. Full support for Nikkor AF-S and G designated lenses, support for the Vibration Reduction image stabilization feature of newer Nikkor lenses. Five focus points for the sensor with intelligent dynamic autofocus mode. A new industrial design by Giorgetto Giugiaro, an integral vertical/battery grip with additional shutter release and adjustment wheel controls. In common with the F3 and F4 it relied upon battery power in order to function, variants, Nikon introduced a very limited production anniversary edition of the F5 to celebrate 50 years of Nippon Kogaku. It featured a colored top plate, grey handgrip and a special DP-30 metering prism with its historic Nikon font. On the reverse is found the original Nippon Kogaku trademark logo, approximately 3000 were made for the global market. They were quickly snatched up around the world by collectors who saw the F5 as the last of the professional grade film SLRs by Nikon. It was discontinued in 2004 as it was facing competition from its competitors. During the late 1990s, Nikon and Kodak collaborated on a range of professional digital SLRs which combined Nikon bodies with Kodak digital sensors and electronics. The initial range was based around the semi-professional Nikon F90, but the later Kodak DCS600, on a physical level they consisted of a Nikon F5 with the film transport equipment replaced with a custom-made Kodak digital back. The digital back extended beneath the camera to house the battery, the Kodak DCS600 series was launched in 1999, and initially consisted of the 2 megapixel Kodak DCS620 and the 6 megapixel DCS660, which had an initial launch price of $29,995. Kodak replaced the 600 series with the upgraded DCS700 series in 2001, which consisted of the high-sensitivity DCS 720x, by 2001 Kodak faced competition from the popular Nikon D1 and Nikon D1x, which were physically smaller and cheaper. The DCS 760s initial list price was $8,000, media related to Nikon F5 at Wikimedia Commons Debut of the Nikon F5, by Nikon Comprehensive Nikon F5 site
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Nikon F6
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The Nikon F6 is designed by Nikon and manufactured at their Sendai Plant. The F6 is the current model of Nikons F series and it is still in production and it replaces the Nikon F5, manufactured from 1996 to 2004. The Nikon F6 accepts nearly any Nikon F-mount lens with full metering functionality, focusing screen, B-type BriteView Clear Matte Screen II, interchangeable with six other optional focusing screens Viewfinder frame coverage, Approx. 0. 74x with 50mm lens set to infinity at -1. 0m-1 Autofocus, TTL phase detection, Nikon Multi-CAM2000 autofocus module Autofocus detection range, die-cast camera chassis, rear and film cover made of aluminium alloy The front, top and bottom covers are made of magnesium alloy. Parts made out of use the thixomold process. Remote shutter release, 10-pin terminal Power source,2 x CR123A, or with optional MB-40 battery pack,8 x AA or 1 x EN-EL4 The F6 has been engineered for reduced noise and it includes a feature called Silent that allows for quieter single frame advance. User feedback resulted in improved ergonomics for the Nikon D2 family from which the F6s ergonomics is derived and these include redesigned tilted control wheels, shutter button and larger buttons. The F6 deviates from the F5 integrated system with a vertical grip housing. 11-zone autofocus, with 9 cross-type sensors, the viewfinder has a 37-segment vertical metering scale. Integrated date/time/exposure information film imprint and intervalometer, with the Nikon MV-1 data reader accessory, the ability to write exposure and lens data to a flash memory card, so photographers need not write that information down. While this accessory was introduced at the time as the F6, it is also compatible with the F5. The F6 is designed for reliability and durability like previous Nikon F-series cameras, the camera also has a manual film rewind, 100% coverage viewfinder and low 37ms shutter lag. The F6 is also Nikons first F-series camera without an interchangeable viewfinder pentaprism, the F6 uses the same Multi-CAM2000 autofocus module as the D2X professional-level digital SLR, which is a DX camera. The F6 is a 135 film camera and since the same AF sensor unit is used in cameras, the AF sensors cover a smaller area of the F6s frame relative to the coverage on the D2X. Media related to Nikon F6 at Wikimedia Commons Nikon F6 from the Nikon Digital Archives
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Nikon F-501
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The Nikon F-501 was the first successful autofocus SLR camera sold by the Nikon Corporation beginning in 1986. A nearly identical, albeit manual focus version, called the Nikon F-301 was also available, subsequent models in the consumer line included the Nikon F-401, Nikon F-601, and Nikon F-801 / F-801s. The F-501 is a 35 mm single-lens reflex camera with automatic loading and advance. The built-in motor drive provides single or continuous modes, maximum film advance speed is 2.5 frames per second on continuous mode, but can be as slow as 1.4 frames/s depending on the status of the focus/exposure locks. Rewind is accomplished manually by a familiar rewind knob which doubled as a release for the back, the F-501 is powered by four AAA batteries housed in the bottom of the camera body, although it can utilize AA sized batteries with an optional attachment. The F-501 uses a through-the-lens passive phase-detection autofocus method for establishing focus, unlike active systems, which set approximate focus based on distance to the subject, the passive system uses a CCD to see the focus subject and focus in a manner similar to a human operator. This method is more precise than the method, but requires more light to function. The shutter speed and auto-exposure modes are set by the use of a dial on the top of the camera, the F-501 supports TTL flash exposures with a wide range of Nikon flashes. The Nikon SB-20 flash was designed for this camera. Like all Nikon SLRs, the F-501 accepts Nikons F-mount lenses, likewise, fully automatic exposure will only work with AI-S type lenses, including many autofocus lenses. In both cases, the camera function with lenses without these abilities, but will not autofocus or may not have full auto exposure capabilities. AF lenses designated D add no functionality to the F-501, and AF-S, continuing Nikons practice at time, the F-501 has interchangeable focusing screens, a feature that is now quite unusual. Three screens were available for the F-501, breaking from practice, though, Nikon removed the ISO-type cable release socket. Remote control functionality is available, however, through the three-pin terminal on the cameras front with the Remote Cord MC-12. ISO cable releases can be accepted by the Terminal Release MR-3, in design terms, the F-501 took a different look from previous Nikon cameras. The introduction of a body rather than metal, which caused the camera to be black instead of silver, was the most immediate. Also new to this model is the addition of a grip on the shutter button side of the camera body. Nikon adopted some design concepts from the F501 in the companys first professional autofocus SLR, less obvious is the addition of a red stripe on the right hand front side of the camera
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Nikon F90
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The Nikon F90 is a 35mm SLR camera manufactured between 1992 and 2001 and replaced the earlier Nikon F-801. At the time of its release it was noted for its fast autofocus speed compared to previous Nikon models, the Nikon F4, the professional model available at the time of the F90s release, had very slow autofocus compared to Canons autofocus SLRs. It was also the first Nikon SLR to interoperate with the first generation of Nikkor lenses featuring internal focusing motor. Despite not being intended for the market, the Nikon F90 and its upgrade. However, many F90 and F90x bodies had problems with the rubberized back, the rubber around the grip and other parts were not affected. This did not affect the functionality of the back but was a nuisance to users, the rubberised coating can however be removed by rubbing gently with a microfibre towel or similar soaked in plenty of Isopropyl Alcohol. This procedure will remove the top coating without affecting the surface finish of the underlying plastic or the clear film viewing window. The white printed Vari Program icons will remain unaffected also, the end result is a hard semi-gloss finish the same as the cameras top plate. The Nikon F90x was an upgraded version of the F90. Differences included faster and more accurate autofocus and shutter speed adjustments in thirds of a stop versus the full-stop increments of the F90, frame rate was also increased, along with several other minor upgrades. In addition, it eliminated the beeping function of the F90, the MB-10 added a vertical-grip shutter release and provides a larger grip area which is especially useful when a large lens is attached to the body. The MB-10 will fully work only on the F90x and N90s models, plain N90 and F90 models will receive and mount the MB10, but the vertical shutter controls will not work as they lack the necessary internal electrical contacts in the battery chamber. As the MB-10 operates from exactly the same 4 AA cells as the body alone. The grip is simply a convenience and handling feature, the operational speed, battery duration and frame rate of the F90X remain identical either with or without the MB-10. Along with the MF-26 data back, allowing user to change cameras configuration on demand and without using a PC, the F90 features a 10-pin remote release socket. The MC-30 is available as a remote release and the ML-3 offered as a wireless option. The older MC-20 is also available, a minor annoyance with the camera is that the cover caps for the remote-control socket and PC Sync sockets are not tethered to the body, and so are very easy to lose or misplace in use. Fortunately, these caps are common to many Nikon models and so are readily and cheaply available, the F90/F90x uses lenses with the Nikon F mount
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Nikon F100
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The Nikon F100 is a 35mm film-based single-lens reflex camera body introduced in 1999. It is often thought of as a version of the Nikon F5. The F100 was discontinued, along with most other Nikon film cameras, Nikon still makes two 35mm film cameras, the F6 and the FM10. They can be found at Nikon USA and at Nikon Japan websites, the F100s metering system is a development of Nikons matrix metering technology introduced in 1983 on the Nikon FA. The meter in the F100 utilizes a 10 segment light sensor, in addition to matrix metering, the F100 also offers standard center-weighted and spot metering modes. Also incorporated into the camera is Nikons Dynamic Autofocus system and a 4.5 frame per second motor drive with automatic rewind, the top motor drive speed can be boosted to 5 frames per second with the addition of the Nikon MB-15 battery pack. During its production run, Nikon replaced the film rewind spool for these cameras due to a manufacturing defect, media related to Nikon F100 at Wikimedia Commons Nikon F100 Review by Thom Hogan Nikon F100 user enthusiast website
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Nikon F-801
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The Nikon F-801 is a 35mm SLR of the late 1980s. A Multiple Exposure facility allows up to nine shots within one frame and this allowed a second shot to be taken by the self-timer a couple of seconds after the first, giving a more relaxed and unposed picture. Fully programmed automatic exposure, Aperture priority, Shutter priority and fully manual exposure control, 30-second to 1/8000-second shutter speed range with bulb mode. Film-speed setting from DX code or by manual override, evaluative 2D Matrix and 75% Centre-Weighted Average metering modes. Compatibility with the Nikon Multi-Control Back MF-21, allowing freeze-focus, data imprinting, like the Nikon F4, the F-801 is broadly compatible with most Nikon AI and AF F-mount lenses, though some features are unavailable depending on the lens type. All features are available when used with AF-type lenses, non-CPU lenses are supported, but only Manual and Aperture-Priority exposure programs are available, using centre-weighted metering. Autofocus is not supported with AF-I and AF-S lenses, and Vibration Reduction is not available regardless of the lens, newer G-type lenses are usable with the Program and Shutter-Priority exposure programs. The F-801 continued the established by earlier Nikon cameras such as the F-301/N2000. Instead, all interaction with the camera is carried out via the two-pin remote terminal on the front of the body. One can use an ISO cable release with the body by purchasing a Terminal Release MR-3, the F-801 provided a semi-professional autofocus successor to the manual-focus Nikon FE2 SLR, which had been manufactured until 1987. The success of the F-801 led to a version of this camera in 1991. It had improved performance and incorporated spot metering, but retained the original models reputation for reliability. During the early 1990s, the F-801s sat at the top of the consumer range of autofocus cameras. More advanced and expensive professional autofocus SLRs included the Nikon F4, a review New York Times review
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Nikon F80
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The Nikon F80 is an SLR camera manufactured by the Japanese Company Nikon Corporation for prosumers, that is to say amateur photographers with advanced skills. The F80 was introduced on January 27,2000 to the consumer market. It was the successor to the F70 and was based on the highly successful F100 with the lack of the weatherproofing. Using the exposure data imprint function will slow the F80 varying on film speed, the F80 keeps with the traditional look of Nikon camera bodies, with a black plastic exterior, white Nikon lettering on the prism with a red rubber insert on the inside of the cameras grip. The F80 accepts all F-mount Nikkor lenses with the exception of many pre AI, older non-CPU AI and AIS lenses can be mounted on the camera, but exposure must be set manually as the camera will not meter through them at all. The F80 was the first Nikon camera to feature on-demand grid lines, the F80 was chosen by Nikon to be the basis for the popular Nikon D100 digital SLR. The chassis was used by Fujifilm as the basis for the FinePix S2 Pro and S3 Pro. Rumors were abound during 2005 that Nikon would make a successor to the F80, and discontinue most other film cameras apart from the F6, early in 2006 Nikon announced that they intend to drop production of all film cameras apart from the F6 and FM10. Regardless of whether Nikon had actually developed a successor for the F80, Nikon F80 Datasheet in PDF Format Nikon Digital Archive on Film SLR cameras
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Nikkormat
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Nikkormat was a brand of cameras produced by the Japanese optics company Nippon Kogaku K. K. as a consumer version of the professional Nikon brand. Nikkormat cameras, produced from 1965 until 1978, were simpler and more affordable than Nikon-branded cameras, the Nikkormat FT was an all-metal, mechanically controlled, manual focus SLR with match-needle exposure control, manufactured in Japan from 1965 to 1967. It was available in two colors, black with chrome trim and all black, the unmetered version was designated Nikkormat FS. The FT had dimensions of 95 mm height,146 mm width,54 mm depth and 745 g weight, the FT used a metal-bladed, vertical travel, focal plane shutter with a speed range of 1 to 1/1000 second plus Bulb and flash X-sync of 1/125th second. The Nikkormat F-series had a shutter speed ring concentric with the lens mount, the photographer would adjust the shutter speed to freeze or blur motion and/or the lens aperture f-stop to control depth of field until the needle was centered between two pincer-like brackets. The needle array was duplicated in a window next the film rewind crank to allow exposure control without looking through the viewfinder. The meter was turned on by pulling the film wind lever out to the ready position. This was very advanced in 1965 and proved to be remarkably long-lived, Nippon Kogaku used it for all versions of the Nikkormat FT with incremental improvements. The Nikon FM, FM2 and FM2N of the succeeding Nikon compact F-series SLRs used an improved viewfinder only, the FTs viewfinder also had a fixed focusing screen with Nippon Kogakus then standard central 4 mm microprism focusing aid plus 12 mm matte focusing surface. The Nikkormat FT accepted all lenses with the Nikon F bayonet mount, the FT had a mirror lockup allowing its use with some specialised lenses for which an auxiliary viewfinder was provided. The FT was Nippon Kogakus first SLR with a built-in TTL light meter, as such, Nippon Kogaku could not find a way to automatically synchronize their Nikkor Auto lenses aperture information with the FT body. Therefore, mounting lenses required a special preparatory procedure, first, the lens maximum aperture must set against the film speed scale on the FTs shutter speed ring. Note that the maximum aperture had to be reset every time the lens was changed. This was very inconvenient compared to some other SLRs of the 1960s, although most AF Nikkor lenses will mount and manually focus on the FT, the combination cannot provide open aperture metering, only stop down metering. However, the FT did not have an accessory shoe to mount flash units. The Nikkormat accessory shoe must be screwed to the top of the pentaprism cover via the eyepiece first, note that this shoe only mounts the flash. A PC cord must still be plugged into the appropriate PC terminal and this was normal for most SLRs of the 1960s. The Nikkormat FS, manufactured from 1965 to 1971, was an FT stripped of the light meter with its exposure information system
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Nikon F-601
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The Nikon F-601, otherwise known as the Nikon N6006, is a 35mm single-lens reflex film camera that was produced by Nikon starting in 1991. The camera includes a motor drive and is also available in a version with a date back. As a kit, the F601 shipped with a 35-to-70 mm autofocus Nikkor zoom lens and it is compatible with a wide range of Nikon F-mount lenses, including both autofocus and manual focus types. During the 1990s, the F-601 sat between the Nikon F-401 and Nikon F-801s in the companys consumer SLR range, media related to Nikon F-601 at Wikimedia Commons
