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Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
2.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
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Sergei Rachmaninoff
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Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was a Russian pianist, composer, and conductor of the late-Romantic period, some of whose works are among the most popular in the classical repertoire. Born into a family, Rachmaninoff took up the piano at age four. He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory in 1892 and had composed several piano, in 1897, following the critical reaction to his Symphony No. 1, Rachmaninoff entered a depression and composed little until successful therapy allowed him to complete his enthusiastically received Piano Concerto No.2 in 1901. After the Russian Revolution, Rachmaninoff and his family left Russia and resided in the United States, in 1942, Rachmaninoff moved to Beverly Hills, California. One month before his death from advanced melanoma, Rachmaninoff acquired American citizenship, the piano is featured prominently in Rachmaninoffs compositional output, and through his own skills as a performer he explored the expressive possibilities of the instrument. Rachmaninoff was born at an estate in the Novgorod province in north-western Russia. It is unclear if he was born in the estate of Oneg, near Veliky Novgorod, or Semyonovo, near Staraya Russa, the Rachmaninoffs had strong musical and military leanings. The composers grandfather on the line, Arkady Alexandrovich, was a musician. His father, Vasily Arkadyevich Rachmaninoff, was an army officer and he married Lyubov Petrovna Butakova, the daughter of a wealthy army general who gave her five estates as part of her dowry. The couple had three sons and three daughters, Rachmaninoff being their fourth child, Rachmaninoff began piano and music lessons organised by his mother at the age of four. She became impressed with her sons musical ability to recite passages from memory without playing a wrong note. Rachmaninoff later dedicated Spring Waters, Song No.32 to Ornatskaya, in 1882, Rachmaninoffs father had to auction off their Oneg estate due to his financial incompetence—the familys five estates had been reduced to one. Rachmaninoff described his father as a wastrel, a gambler, a pathological liar. The family moved to a flat in Saint Petersburg. When Rachmaninoffs course of lessons with Ornatskaya neared its end, she arranged for him to music at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. That year, his sister Sofia died of diphtheria and his left the family, with their approval. In 1885, Rachmaninoffs sister Yelena died of pernicious anemia at eighteen and she was an important musical influence to Rachmaninoff who introduced him to the works of Tchaikovsky
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Alexander Scriabin
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Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin was a Russian composer and pianist. Scriabin, who was influenced early in his life by the work of Frédéric Chopin, later in his career, independently of Arnold Schoenberg, Scriabin developed a substantially atonal and much more dissonant musical system, which accorded with his personal brand of mysticism. Scriabin was influenced by synesthesia, and associated colours with the harmonic tones of his atonal scale, while his colour-coded circle of fifths was also influenced by theosophy. He is considered by some to be the main Russian Symbolist composer, Scriabin was one of the most innovative and most controversial of early modern composers. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia said of Scriabin that, No composer has had more scorn heaped on him or greater love bestowed, leo Tolstoy described Scriabins music as a sincere expression of genius. Scriabin had a impact on the music world over time, and influenced composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev. However Scriabins importance in the Russian and then Soviet musical scene, according to his biographer Bowers, No one was more famous during their lifetime, and few were more quickly ignored after death. Scriabin was born into a family in Moscow on Christmas Day 1871. His father and all of his uncles had military careers, when he was only a year old, his mother—herself a concert pianist and former pupil of Theodor Leschetizky—died of tuberculosis. Scriabins father would remarry, giving Scriabin a number of half-brothers and sisters. His aunt Lyubov was an amateur pianist who documented Sashas early life until the time he met his first wife, as a child, Scriabin was frequently exposed to piano playing, and anecdotal references describe him demanding that his aunt play for him. Apparently precocious, Scriabin began building pianos after being fascinated with piano mechanisms and he sometimes gave away pianos he had built to house guests. Lyubov portrays Scriabin as very shy and unsociable with his peers, another anecdote tells of Scriabin trying to conduct an orchestra composed of local children, an attempt that ended in frustration and tears. He would perform his own plays and operas with puppets to willing audiences. In 1882 he enlisted in the Second Moscow Cadet Corps, however, Scriabin won his peers approval at a concert where he performed on the piano. He ranked generally first in his class academically, but was exempt from drilling due to his physique and was given each day to practise at the piano. Scriabin later studied at the Moscow Conservatory with Anton Arensky, Sergei Taneyev and he became a noted pianist despite his small hands, which could barely stretch to a ninth. Feeling challenged by Josef Lhévinne, he damaged his hand while practicing Franz Liszts Réminiscences de Don Juan
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Piano sonata
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A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are written in three or four movements, although some piano sonatas have been written with a single movement. The first movement is composed in sonata form. In the Baroque era, the use of the term generally referred to either the sonata da chiesa or sonata da camera. The keyboard sonata was relatively neglected by most composers, the sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti were the hallmark of the Baroque keyboard sonata, though they were for the most part unpublished during Scarlattis lifetime. The majority of these sonatas are in one-movement binary form, both sections being in the tempo and utilizing the same thematic material. These sonatas are prized for both their technical difficulty and their musical and formal ingenuity, the influence of Spanish folk music is evident in Scarlattis sonatas. Other composers of keyboard sonatas include Marcello, Giustini, Durante, all the well-known Classical era composers, especially Joseph Haydn, Muzio Clementi, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven, wrote many piano sonatas. Muzio Clementi wrote more than 110 piano sonatas and he is well known as The Father of the Pianoforte. Clementis Opus 2 was the first real piano sonata composed, the much younger Franz Schubert also wrote many. The 32 sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven, including the well-known Pathétique Sonata, Franz Liszts comprehensive three-movements-in-one Sonata in B minor draws on the concept of thematic transformation first introduced by Schubert in his Wanderer Fantasie of 1822. Piano sonatas have been throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach Württemberg Sonata No.1 in A minor, H.30, 49/1 Prussian Sonata No.4 in C minor, Wq. 1840-60 Janáček, Leoš Piano Sonata 1. X.1905 Liebermann, Lowell Piano Sonata No
6.
Violin sonata
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A violin sonata is a musical composition for violin accompanied by a keyboard instrument and in earlier periods with a bass instrument doubling the keyboard bass line. The violin sonata developed from a baroque form with no fixed format to a standardised. Since the romantic age some composers have pushed the boundaries of both the format as well as the use of the instruments. In the earliest violin sonatas a bass instrument and the played a simple bass line with the harpsichord doubling the bass line. The music was contrapuntal with no fixed format, georg Philipp Telemann wrote many such sonatas as did Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach later wrote sonatas with harpsichord obbligato, which freed the keyboard instrument from playing only a bass line accompaniment, mozart was instrumental in the development of the classical violin sonata of which at least 36 are known. Mozart wrote mostly two movement sonatas, generally a fast movement in sonata form and a second, slower movement in various formats, in his later sonatas he added a third fast movement in various formats. Several of his violin sonatas feature a movement in theme and variation format, beethoven wrote ten violin sonatas throughout his composing career. His sonatas matured in both style and complexity, the Ninth Sonata is a work of extreme contrasts, a rendition typically lasts forty minutes and is very demanding on both players. List of violin sonatas Sonata form Violin Sonata
7.
Piano concerto
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A piano concerto is a type of concerto, a solo composition in the Classical music genre which is composed for a piano player, which is typically accompanied by an orchestra or other large ensemble. When piano concertos are performed by a concert pianist, a large grand piano is almost always used, as the grand piano has a fuller tone. Keyboard concerti were common in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach in the Baroque music era, during the Classical music period, keyboard concertos are also written by contemporary classical music composers. Twentieth and 21st century piano concertos may include experimental or unusual performance techniques, in the 20th and 21st century, J. S. Bachs harpsichord concertos are played on piano. Well-known examples from the middle to late Romantic era include concertos by Edvard Grieg, Johannes Brahms, Camille Saint-Saëns, Franz Liszt, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, antonín Dvořák and Franz Xaver Scharwenka wrote some lesser-known concertos during this time. Edward Elgar made sketches for a piano concerto but never completed it, wilhelm Furtwängler wrote his Symphonic Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, which lasts more than one hour, in 1924-1937.3 by Michael Tippett. The German Paul Wittgenstein lost his arm during World War I. The Czech Otakar Hollmann, whose arm was injured in the war, did likewise. A quick opening movement in sonata allegro form including a virtuoso cadenza, a slow movement that is freer and more expressive and lyrical A faster rondo Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but many others do not. Beethovens fourth concerto includes a last-movement cadenza, and many composers introduced innovations, liszts concertos are played without a break, though separate movements are clearly evident. One example of a concerto in only one movement is Tchaikovskys Piano Concerto No.3 in E-flat major. Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos, an extensive list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, music for Piano and Orchestra, The Recorded Repertory, An exhaustive list of recorded works for piano and orchestra
8.
Piano quintet
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In classical music, a piano quintet is a work of chamber music written for piano and four other instruments. The genre particularly flourished in the nineteenth century, until the middle of the nineteenth century, the instrumentation most frequently consisted of piano, violin, viola, cello, and double bass. Following the phenomenal success of Robert Schumanns Piano Quintet in E-flat major, Op.44 in 1842, among the most frequently performed piano quintets, aside from Schumanns, are those by Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Antonín Dvořák and Dmitri Shostakovich. While the piano trio and piano quartet were firmly established in the century by Mozart and others. Its roots extend into the late Classical period, when piano concertos were sometimes transcribed for piano with string quartet accompaniment, not before the mid-nineteenth century was music ordinarily composed expressly for this combination of instruments. The Piano Quintet in f minor, Op. Mozart and Beethoven each composed a piano and winds quintet scored for piano, oboe, clarinet, horn, and bassoon. By 1842, the quartet had evolved into the most important chamber music ensemble. In Schumanns hands, the quintet became a genre suspended between private and public spheres alternating between quasi-symphonic and more properly chamber-like elements. Schumanns quintet was immediately acclaimed and widely imitated, Johannes Brahms was persuaded by Clara Schumann to rework a sonata for two pianos as a piano quintet. The result, the Piano Quintet in F minor, is one of the most frequently performed works of the genre, Piano quintets by César Franck and Antonín Dvořák further solidified the genre as a quintessential vehicle for Romantic expression. In the first half of the twentieth-century, significant piano quintets were produced by composers as Gabriel Fauré, Edward Elgar. The following is a partial list of compositions for piano quintet, all works are scored for piano and string quartet unless otherwise noted. The Piano Quartet and Quintet, Style Structure, and Scoring, New York, public domain piano quintet scores from IMSLP
9.
Julian calendar
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The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict, the Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years, the difference in the average length of the year between Julian and Gregorian is 0. 002%. The Julian calendar has a year of 365 days divided into 12 months. A leap day is added to February every four years, the Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical year, as a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582, consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Egypt converted on 20 December 1874/1 January 1875, turkey switched on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918, Greece made the change for civil purposes on 16 February/1 March 1923 - the national day, which was a religious holiday, was to remain on the old calendar. Most Christian denominations in the west and areas evangelised by western churches have replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian as the basis for their liturgical calendars. However, most branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church still use the Julian calendar for calculating the date of Easter, some Orthodox churches have adopted the Revised Julian calendar for the observance of fixed feasts, while other Orthodox churches retain the Julian calendar for all purposes. The Julian calendar is used by the Berbers of the Maghreb in the form of the Berber calendar. In the form of the Alexandrian calendar, it is the basis for the Ethiopian calendar, during the changeover between calendars and for some time afterwards, dual dating was used in documents and gave the date according to both systems. In contemporary as well as texts that describe events during the period of change. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, in addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia. According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, the ideal intercalary cycle consisted of ordinary years of 355 days alternating with intercalary years, alternately 377 and 378 days long. In this system, the average Roman year would have had 366 1⁄4 days over four years, Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days
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Gregorian calendar
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The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
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Moscow Conservatory
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The Moscow Conservatory, also officially Moscow State Tchaikovsky Conservatory is an educational music institution located in Moscow, Russia. It grants undergraduate and graduate diplomas in musical performance and musical research, the Conservatory offers various degrees including Bachelor of Music Performance, Master of Music and PhD in research. It was co-founded in 1866 as the Moscow Imperial Conservatory by Nikolai Rubinstein and it is the second oldest conservatory in Russia after the St. Petersburg Conservatory. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky was appointed professor of theory and harmony at its opening, since 1940 the conservatory bears his name. Some of the students now listed as being of the conservatory were in fact students of the Synodal School, the renovation of the hall was completed in 2011. Saint Petersburg Conservatory The Moscow Conservatory, Moscow Conservatory, Traditions of Music Education, Art, and Science 1866–2006. Moscow, Moskovskaya Konservatoriya Publishing House,2006, loomis, George, Moscows Great Hall Turns 100, International Herald Tribune Moscow Conservatory website Moscow Conservatory website
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Anton Rubinstein
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He was the elder brother of Nikolai Rubinstein who founded the Moscow Conservatory. As a pianist, Rubinstein ranks amongst the great 19th-century keyboard virtuosos and he became most famous for his series of historical recitals—seven enormous, consecutive concerts covering the history of piano music. Rubinstein played this series throughout Russia and Eastern Europe and in the United States when he toured there, although best remembered as a pianist and educator, Rubinstein was also a prolific composer throughout much of his life. He wrote 20 operas, the best known of which is The Demon and he also composed a large number of other works, including five piano concertos, six symphonies and a large number of solo piano works along with a substantial output of works for chamber ensemble. Rubinstein was born to Jewish parents in the village of Vikhvatinets in the district of Podolsk, Russia, on the Dniestr River, before he was 5 years old, his paternal grandfather ordered all members of the Rubinstein family to convert from Judaism to Russian Orthodoxy. Although he was raised as a Christian, Rubinstein would later return to being atheist, Rubinsteins father opened a pencil factory in Moscow. His mother, a competent musician, began giving him lessons at five, until the teacher Alexander Villoing heard. Rubinstein made his first public appearance at a charity concert at the age of nine. Later that year Rubinsteins mother sent him, accompanied by Villoing, Rubinstein and Villoing remained in Paris for a year. In December 1840, Rubinstein played in the Salle Érard for an audience that included Frédéric Chopin, Chopin invited Rubinstein to his studio and played for him. Liszt advised Villoing to take him to Germany to study composition, however, Villoing took Rubinstein on a concert tour of Europe. They finally returned to Moscow in June 1843, Anton was 14 years old, Nikolai was eight. In spring 1844, Rubinstein, Nikolai, his mother and his sister Luba travelled to Berlin, here he met with, and was supported by, Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer. Mendelssohn, who had heard Rubinstein when he had toured with Villoing, said he needed no further piano study, Meyerbeer directed both boys to Siegfried Dehn for work in composition and theory. Word came in the summer of 1846 that Rubinsteins father was gravely ill, Rubinstein was left in Berlin while his mother, sister and brother returned to Russia. At first he continued his studies with Dehn, then with Adolf Bernhard Marx, Now 17, he knew he could no longer pass as a child prodigy. He sought out Liszt in Vienna, hoping Liszt would accept him as a pupil, however, after Rubinstein had played his audition, Liszt is reported to have said, A talented man must win the goal of his ambition by his own unassisted efforts. At this point, Rubinstein was living in acute poverty, Liszt did nothing to help him
13.
Pavel Pabst
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Paul Pabst Russ, Pavel was a pianist, composer, and Professor of Piano at Moscow Conservatory. Pabst was born Christian Georg Paul Pabst in 1854, into a family of gifted musicians in Königsberg. The young Pabst had a meeting with Anton Rubinstein when the great pianist/composer travelled to Koenigsberg as overseer of cultural programmes there. Pabst moved to Russia as a most accomplished pianist in 1878, in the autumn of that year he accepted an invitation from Nikolai Rubinstein to teach at the Moscow Conservatory. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky frequently attended concerts given by Pabst, and used to refer to Pavel, as he was now known, as a pianist of divine elegance, and a pianist from God. Pabst was considered the greatest Professor of Piano at the Conservatory, Pabst was considered one of the greatest pianists of his day, admired even by the great Franz Liszt. He and the young Sergei Rachmaninoff performed many concerts together, until now Pabst has been known as a composer only for his piano transcriptions of the music for the ballet and opera by Tchaikovsky. He also fingered the piano concerto by Anton Arensky, and was the soloist at its premiere, Pabsts piano transcriptions were loved by the most outstanding pianists of the time, and were considered to be on a par with those by Liszt himself. Paul Pabst died suddenly in 1897 in Moscow and was buried at Vvedenskoye Cemetery and his funeral wreath from the Russian Musical Society contained the epitaph, To Honored Artist - Indefatigable Professor - Hardly simply a man. In 1885 he wrote his orchestral work, the Piano Concerto in E-flat major. Its first performances were in St. Petersburg and Moscow, with Pabst as soloist, the score was then lost, but has since been discovered. Pabsts Piano Concerto is a romantic work in three movements, lasting 33 minutes, full of wonderful tunes and a fiendishly difficult but lyrical solo part. A live recording was made by producer David Kent-Watson, and filmed for the documentary The Lost Concerto and this live recording was used for the world premiere CD release of Pavel Pabsts Piano Concerto on Cameo Classics CC9033CD. A second recording was released by the Danacord label in 2008, paul-pabst. com website Free scores by Pavel Pabst at the International Music Score Library Project
14.
Vasily Safonov
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Vasily Ilyich Safonov, also known as Wassily Safonoff, was a Russian pianist, teacher, conductor and composer. Vasily Safonov, or Safonoff as he was known in the West during his lifetime, was born at Ishcherskaya, Russian Caucasus, vasily was educated at the Imperial Alexandra Lyceum, Saint Petersburg, and at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory of Music 1881-1885 under Louis Brassin. He graduated as Bachelor of Laws, and won the medal as a pianist of the Conservatory. He was also a pupil of Theodor Leschetizky and Nikolai Zaremba, anna Vasilyevna Timiryova was a poet who spent much of her life in labor camps or in exile. Varvara Vasilievna Safonova, a painter, died during the siege of Leningrad, yelena Vasilievna Safonova, studied painting, designed theatre costumes, and published childrens books. From 1932 to 1958 she lived in exile in the city of Kursk, Safonov was never a particularly successful composer in his own right, but was a master music educator, becoming Director of the Moscow Conservatory in 1889. He was the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York and he was the teacher of some of the best Russian pianists, notably Alexander Scriabin, Nikolai Medtner, Josef Lhévinne and Rosina Bessie. He was also a teacher of Marthe Servine, a French-American composer, see, List of music students by teacher, R to S#Vasily Safonov. After retiring from teaching, Safonov became well known as a conductor, Safonov died in Kislovodsk on 27 February 1918, aged 66
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Sergei Taneyev
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Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev was a Russian composer, pianist, teacher of composition, music theorist and author. Taneyev was born in Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast, Russia, to a cultured, a distant cousin, Alexander Taneyev, was also a composer, whose daughter, Anna Vyrubova, was highly influential at court. Alexander was drawn closely to the nationalist school of music exemplified by The Five and he began taking piano lessons at age five with a private teacher. His family moved to Moscow in 1865, the following year, the nine-year-old Taneyev entered the Moscow Conservatory. His first piano teacher at the Conservatory was Edward Langer, after a years interruption in his studies, Taneyev studied again with Langer. He also joined the class of Nikolai Hubert and, most importantly. In 1871, Taneyev studied piano with the Conservatorys founder, Nikolai Rubinstein, Taneyev graduated in 1875, the first student in the history of the Conservatory to win the gold medal both for composition and for performing. He was also the first person ever to be awarded the Conservatorys Great Gold Medal, the second was Arseny Koreshchenko and that summer he travelled abroad with Rubinstein. That year he made his debut as a concert pianist in Moscow playing Brahmss First Piano Concerto. In March 1876 he toured Russia with violinist Leopold Auer, Taneyev was also the soloist in the Moscow première of Tchaikovskys First Piano Concerto in December 1875. He was chosen after Gustav Kross had given a performance at the concertos Russian premiere in St Petersburg three weeks earlier. The conductor on this occasion was none other than Nikolai Rubinstein, who had famously lambasted the work less than a year earlier. Tchaikovsky was clearly more impressed by Taneyevs performance, he later asked Taneyev to be soloist in the Russian premiere of his Second Piano Concerto. After Tchaikovskys death, Taneyev edited sketches by Tchaikovsky that he completed with an Andante and Finale and premiered as a Tchaikovsky Third Piano Concerto. )Taneyev attended Moscow University for a time and was acquainted with outstanding Russian writers, including Ivan Turgenev. During his travels in Western Europe in 1876 and 1877, he met Émile Zola, Gustave Flaubert, César Franck and Camille Saint-Saëns, when Tchaikovsky resigned from the Moscow Conservatory in 1878, Taneyev was appointed to teach harmony. He would later also teach piano and composition and he served as Director from 1885 to 1889, and continued teaching until 1905. He had great influence as a teacher of composition and his pupils included Alexander Scriabin, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Reinhold Glière, Paul Juon, Julius Conus, and Nikolai Medtner. The polyphonic interweaves in the music of Rachmaninoff and Medtner stem directly from Taneyevs teaching, Scriabin, on the other hand, broke away from Taneyevs influence
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Ludwig van Beethoven
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Ludwig van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western art music, he one of the most famous. His best-known compositions include 9 symphonies,5 piano concertos,1 violin concerto,32 piano sonatas,16 string quartets, his great Mass the Missa solemnis, and one opera, Fidelio. At the age of 21 he moved to Vienna, where he began studying composition with Joseph Haydn and he lived in Vienna until his death. By his late 20s his hearing began to deteriorate, and by the last decade of his life he was almost completely deaf. In 1811 he gave up conducting and performing in public but continued to compose, many of his most admired works come from these last 15 years of his life. Beethoven was the grandson of Ludwig van Beethoven, a musician from the town of Mechelen in the Duchy of Brabant in the Flemish region of what is now Belgium, who at the age of twenty moved to Bonn. Ludwig was employed as a singer at the court of the Elector of Cologne, eventually rising to become, in 1761. The portrait he commissioned of himself towards the end of his life remained proudly displayed in his grandsons rooms as a talisman of his musical heritage. Ludwig had one son, Johann, who worked as a tenor in the musical establishment and gave keyboard. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767, she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, Beethoven was born of this marriage in Bonn. There is no record of the date of his birth, however. Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only Ludwig, the second-born, caspar Anton Carl was born on 8 April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776. Beethovens first music teacher was his father and he later had other local teachers, the court organist Gilles van den Eeden, Tobias Friedrich Pfeiffer, and Franz Rovantini. Beethovens musical talent was obvious at a young age, some time after 1779, Beethoven began his studies with his most important teacher in Bonn, Christian Gottlob Neefe, who was appointed the Courts Organist in that year. Neefe taught Beethoven composition, and by March 1783 had helped him write his first published composition, Beethoven soon began working with Neefe as assistant organist, at first unpaid, and then as a paid employee of the court chapel conducted by the Kapellmeister Andrea Luchesi. His first three piano sonatas, named Kurfürst for their dedication to the Elector Maximilian Friedrich, were published in 1783, Maximilian Frederick noticed Beethovens talent early, and subsidised and encouraged the young mans musical studies. Maximilian Fredericks successor as the Elector of Bonn was Maximilian Francis, the youngest son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, echoing changes made in Vienna by his brother Joseph, he introduced reforms based on Enlightenment philosophy, with increased support for education and the arts
17.
Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov
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During his career, he also worked as a professor of the Moscow State Conservatory, and became a Doctor of Arts. His work was recognized by the awards of the title of Peoples Artist of the USSR, alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov, known as Sasha, was born on 13 April in Plakhino, a village in Ryazan Governorate south-east of Moscow. As a boy his singing was so impressive that he travelled to Saint Petersburg to become a chorister at Kazan Cathedral. A pupil of Medtner, he studied composition at Saint Petersburg and in Moscow and it was very popular, and was used by the Soviet Union until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. It later became the National Anthem of Russia in December 2000 and he also composed the famous song The Sacred War, and the official march of the Soviet and now Russian Armed Forces, the Song of the Soviet Army. He died on 8 July 1946, while on tour in Berlin, Alexandrov Ensemble Alexandrov Ensemble choir Alexandrov Ensemble soloists Alexandrov Ensemble discography Boris Alexandrovich Alexandrov Geraldika biography of A. V
18.
Russian Revolution
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The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II, in the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a communist state. The February Revolution was a revolution focused around Petrograd, then capital of Russia, in the chaos, members of the Imperial parliament assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, the February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War, which left much of the Russian Army in a state of mutiny. During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies, protests and many strikes, when the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany, the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions campaigned for stopping the conflict. The Bolsheviks turned workers militias under their control into the Red Guards over which they exerted substantial control, the Bolsheviks appointed themselves as leaders of various government ministries and seized control of the countryside, establishing the Cheka to quash dissent. To end Russia’s participation in the First World War, the Bolshevik leaders signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, soon after, civil war erupted among the Reds, the Whites, the independence movements and the non-Bolshevik socialists. It continued for years, during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists. In this way, the Revolution paved the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922, the Russian Revolution of 1905 was said to be a major factor to the February Revolutions of 1917. The events of Bloody Sunday triggered a line of protests, a council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in all this chaos, and the beginning of a communist political protest had begun. World War I prompted a Russian outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and it was another major factor contributing to the retaliation of the Russian Communists against their royal opponents. However, the problems were merely administrative, and not industrial as Germany was producing great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts, the war also developed a weariness in the city, owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture. Food scarcity had become a problem in Russia, but the cause of this did not lie in any failure of the harvests. As a result, they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to subsistence farming, thus the cities were constantly short of food. At the same time rising prices led to demands for wages in the factories. The outcome of all this, however, was a criticism of the government rather than any war-weariness. The original fever of excitement, which had caused the name of St. Heavy losses during the war also strengthened thoughts that Tsar Nicholas II was unfit to rule, the Liberals were now better placed to voice their complaints, since they were participating more fully through a variety of voluntary organizations
19.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
20.
Warwickshire
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Warwickshire is a landlocked county in the West Midlands of England. The county town is Warwick, although the largest town is Nuneaton, the county is famous for being the birthplace of William Shakespeare. Commonly used abbreviations for the county are Warks or Warwicks, the county is divided into five districts of North Warwickshire, Nuneaton and Bedworth, Rugby, Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon. The current county boundaries were set in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, the historic county boundaries also included Coventry and Solihull, as well as much of Birmingham. The northern tip of the county is only 3 miles from the Derbyshire border, an average-sized English county covering an area of almost 2,000 km2, it runs some 60 miles north to south. Equivalently it extends as far north as Shrewsbury in Shropshire and as far south as Banbury in north Oxfordshire, the majority of Warwickshires population live in the north and centre of the county. The market towns of northern and eastern Warwickshire were industrialised in the 19th century, and include Atherstone, Bedworth, Nuneaton, of these, Atherstone has retained most of its original character. Major industries included coal mining, textiles, engineering and cement production, of the northern and eastern towns, only Nuneaton and Rugby are well-known outside of Warwickshire. The south of the county is rural and sparsely populated. The only town in the south of Warwickshire is Shipston-on-Stour, the highest point in the county, at 261 m, is Ebrington Hill, again on the border with Gloucestershire, grid reference SP187426 at the countys southwest extremity. There are no cities in Warwickshire since both Coventry and Birmingham were incorporated into the West Midlands county in 1974 and are now metropolitan authorities in themselves, the largest towns in Warwickshire in 2011 were, Nuneaton, Rugby, Leamington Spa, Bedworth, Warwick, Stratford and Kenilworth. Much of western Warwickshire, including that area now forming part of Coventry, Solihull, thus the names of a number of places in the central-western part of Warwickshire end with the phrase -in-Arden, such as Henley-in-Arden, Hampton-in-Arden and Tanworth-in-Arden. The remaining area, not part of the forest, was called the Felden – from fielden, areas historically part of Warwickshire include Coventry, Solihull, Sutton Coldfield, Erdington, and some of Birmingham including Aston and Edgbaston. These became part of the county of West Midlands following local government re-organisation in 1974. Some organisations, such as Warwickshire County Cricket Club, which is based in Edgbaston, in Birmingham, Coventry is effectively in the centre of the Warwickshire area, and still has strong ties with the county. Coventry and Warwickshire are sometimes treated as an area and share a single Chamber of Commerce. Coventry has been a part of Warwickshire for only some of its history, in 1451 Coventry was separated from Warwickshire and made a county corporate in its own right, called the County of the City of Coventry. In 1842 the county of Coventry was abolished and Coventry was remerged with Warwickshire, in recent times, there have been calls to formally re-introduce Coventry into Warwickshire, although nothing has yet come of this
21.
Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar
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Maharaja Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar Bahadur, GCB GCSI, a. k. a. Jaya Chamarajendra Wadiyar, was the 25th and the last ruling Maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1940 to 1950 and he was a noted philosopher, musicologist, political thinker, and philanthropist. He was also the founder-president of Vishva Hindu Parishad, Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the only son of Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar and Yuvarani Kempu Cheluvaja Amanni. Wodiyar dynasty is the only Royal Family from Mysore and belong to Lunar Dynasty and he graduated from the Maharajas College, Mysore in 1938, earning five awards and gold medals. He was married the year, on 15 May 1938. He toured Europe during 1939, visiting many associations in London and became acquainted with many artists and he ascended the throne of the Kingdom of Mysore on 8 September 1940 after the demise of his uncle Maharaja Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar lost his father Yuvaraja Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar when he was 21, five months later, his reigning uncle, Maharaja Krishnarajendra Wadiyar IV expired, leaving his only nephew and successor what was dubbed one of the most prosperous states in Asia. Jayachamaraja Wadiyar followed democratic methods in his administration and was celebrated by his subjects alike his uncle, Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar was the first ruler to accede to merge his kingdom with the newly-formed Indian Union after the Indian Independence in 1947. Mysore Kingdom was the only major princely territory in India and he signed the Instrument of Accession with the Union of India on the eve of India attaining Independence in August 1947. The princely state of Mysore was merged with the Republic of India on 26 January 1950 and he held the position of Rajpramukh of the State of Mysore from 26 January 1950 to 1 November 1956. He died at the age of 55 on 23 September 1974 and he was a good horseman and a tennis player who helped Ramanathan Krishnan to participate at Wimbledon. He was also known for his marksmanship and was highly sought-after by his subjects whenever a rogue elephant or a maneating tiger attacked their immediate surroundings. There are many wildlife trophies attributed to him in the Palace collections and he was responsible for the famous cricketer/off-spin bowler, E. A. S. Prasannas visit to West Indies as his father was otherwise reluctant to send him. He was a connoisseur of both western and Carnatic music and an authority of Indian Philosophy. Medtners Third Piano Concerto is dedicated to the Maharaja of Mysore and he became a Licentiate of the Guildhall School of Music, London and honorary Fellow of Trinity College of Music, London, in 1945. He was the first president of the Philharmonia Concert Society, London in 1948, see below copy of the programme sheets of some of the earliest concerts held at Royal Albert Hall on 13 April,27 April –11 May 1949. Walter Legge, who was invited to Mysore by the Maharaja in this regard has stated, the Maharajah was a young man, not yet thirty. In one of his palaces he had a library containing every imaginable recordings of serious music, a large range of loud speakers
22.
Kingdom of Mysore
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The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the kingdom became independent, the kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. During this time, it came into conflict with the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Kingdom of Travancore, success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. Following Tipus death in the war of 1799, large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British. The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance, the Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore acceded to the Union of India. Even as a state, Mysore came to be counted among the more developed and urbanized regions of India. This period also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centers of art, the Mysore kings were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters, they were enthusiastic patrons as well, and their legacies continue to influence music and art even today. According to traditional accounts, the kingdom originated as a state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers, Yaduraya and Krishnaraya. Their origins are mired in legend and are still a matter of debate, while some historians posit a northern origin at Dwaraka, Yaduraya is said to have married Chikkadevarasi, the local princess and assumed the feudal title Wodeyar, which the ensuing dynasty retained. The kings who followed ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara empire until the decline of the latter in 1565, by this time, the kingdom had expanded to thirty-three villages protected by a force of 300 soldiers. Raja Wodeyar Is reign also saw expansion with the annexation of Channapatna to the north from Jaggadeva Raya – a development which made Mysore a regional political factor to reckon with. This was in marked contrast to the chiefs of Tamil country who continued to pay off Chandragiri well into the 1630s. The invasion of the Keladi Nayakas of Malnad was also dealt with successfully and this period was followed by one of complex geo-political changes, when in the 1670s, the Marathas and the Mughals pressed into the Deccan. Chikka Devaraja, the most notable of Mysores early kings, who ruled during much of period, managed to not only survive the exigencies. He achieved this by forging alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals. The kingdom soon grew to include Salem and Bangalore to the east, Hassan to the west, Chikkamagaluru and Tumkur to the north, the conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing Periyapatna but suffering a reversal at Palupare. According to historians Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Sethu Madhava Rao, Mysore was now formally a tributary of the Mughal empire, mughul records claim a regular tribute was paid by Mysore
23.
Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance
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Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance is a music and dance conservatoire based in London, England. It was formed in 2005 as a merger of two older institutions – Trinity College of Music and Laban Dance Centre, today the conservatoire has 985 undergraduate and postgraduate students based at three campuses in Greenwich, Deptford/New Cross and New Cross in London. Trinity College of Music was founded in central London in 1872 by the Reverend Henry George Bonavia Hunt to improve the teaching of church music, the College began as the Church Choral Society, whose diverse activities included choral singing classes and teaching instruction in church music. Gladstone was a supporter during these years. A year later, in 1873, the became the College of Church Music. In 1876 the college was incorporated as the Trinity College London, initially, only male students could attend and they had to be members of the Church of England. In 1881, the College moved to Mandeville Place off Wigmore Street in Central London, the college took over various neighbouring buildings in Mandeville Place. These were finally united in 1922 with the addition of a Grecian portico, and substantial reconstruction to create a first floor concert hall. However, other parts of the college retained a complicated layout reflecting its history as three separate buildings, the building is now occupied by the School of Economic Science. Trinity moved to its present home in Greenwich in 2001, to make the buildings suitable for Trinitys use and remove the accretions of a century of RNC occupation required a substantial refurbishment programme. Work to provide new recital rooms revealed that the buildings core incorporates masonry from the Tudor palace, the overall cost of the move to Greenwich was £17 million. Many of the staff also teach at the Junior Trinity. Trinity was the first music college to create such a department, admission into the Faculty of Music is by competitive auditions, held annually in November or December and March or April. The Faculty of Dance asks for similar qualifications and entry is also by audition, auditions are held at Trinity Laban itself and also at selected venues across Europe and the US. The Conservatoire has a rate of around 9. 9% making Trinity Laban one of the most selective schools in the UK. Trinity College London was founded in 1877 as the external examinations board of Trinity College of Music, Trinity College London is based at the Blue Fin Building in central London. Trinity College London validated Trinity College of Musics Graduate Diploma - the GTCL - before it was replaced by the BMus model in 1997. In the past, freemasonry was an important though private feature of the life of the College, Trinity College Lodge is no longer associated with the college, since no member of the college belongs to it
24.
Philharmonia
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The Philharmonia Orchestra is a British orchestra based in London. It was founded in 1945 by Walter Legge, a music record producer for EMI. Since 1995, the orchestra has been based in the Royal Festival Hall, the Philharmonia also has residencies at De Montfort Hall, Leicester, the Corn Exchange, Bedford, and The Anvil, Basingstoke. Esa-Pekka Salonen has been the principal conductor and artistic advisor since 2008. Helen Sprott is the current managing director, The Philharmonia Orchestra performs more than 160 concerts a year and tours widely. The orchestra was founded in 1945 by Walter Legge, as Legge was a recording producer for EMI, it was believed that the orchestra was primarily formed for recording purposes, but that was not Legges intention. After the war, opera resumed at Covent Garden under a different management and his contacts in the musical world during the war enabled him to secure the services of a large number of talented young musicians still serving in the armed forces in 1945. At the Philharmonias first concert on 25 October 1945, more than sixty per cent of the players were officially in the services. Beecham conducted the concert, but as he refused to be Legges employee and Legge refused to control of the orchestra. Herbert von Karajan was closely associated with the Philharmonia in its early years, at first, Legge was against appointing an official principal conductor, feeling that no one conductor should have more importance to the orchestra than Legge himself. But Karajan was principal conductor in all but name and he built the orchestra into one of the finest in the world and made numerous recordings, including all the Beethoven symphonies. In 1954, Karajan was elected director of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. Needing to find a new conductor for the orchestra, Legge turned to Otto Klemperer, klemperers name became closely linked with the orchestra during an Indian summer of celebrated recordings. In 1959, Klemperer was named director for life. On 10 March 1964, Legge announced that he was going to disband the Philharmonia Orchestra, at a recording session with Klemperer, a meeting was convened where those present unanimously agreed that they would not allow the orchestra to be disbanded. On 17 March 1964, the members of the orchestra elected their own governing body, the inaugural concert of the New Philharmonia under its own auspices took place on 27 October 1964. It was a performance of Beethovens Symphony No,9, conducted by Klemperer, who was now honorary president of the orchestra. From 1966 until 1972, the chairman of the orchestra was the principal flautist, the orchestra gave many more live performances after it became self-governing than it had under Legges management
25.
Benno Moiseiwitsch
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Benno Moiseiwitsch CBE was a Russian/Ukrainian born British pianist. Born in Odessa, Russian Empire, in present-day Ukraine, Moiseiwitsch began his studies at age seven with Dmitry Klimov at the Odessa Music Academy and he won the Anton Rubinstein Prize when he was just nine years old. He studied with Theodor Leschetizky in Vienna from 1904 to 1908, then joined his own family in England, making his English debut at Reading in 1908 and he toured the United States, Australia, India, Japan, and South America. Moiseiwitsch was invited by Director Josef Hofmann to teach at the Curtis Institute of Music in 1927 and he settled in England and took British citizenship in 1937. He married Daisy Kennedy, an Australian concert violinist, and had two daughters, Sandra and the set designer, Tanya Moiseiwitsch and he and his second wife Anita had a son, noted New Zealand National Radio broadcaster Boris Moiseiwitsch. He was a friend of Nikolai Medtner and commissioned the Piano Concerto No.3 Ballade, Moiseiwitsch was particularly known for his interpretations of the late Romantic repertoire, especially the works of Sergei Rachmaninoff. At the piano, Moiseiwitsch was noted for his elegance, poetry, lyrical phrasing, brilliance, rhythmic freedom and he made recordings for His Masters Voice starting in the 78RPM shellac era, continuing with long-playing records and into the early stereo era. His distinctive style can be heard in his recording of Rachmaninoffs Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, thus summing up the sensitivity of the playing by Benno Moiseiwitsch. He worked meticulously and amicably as a musician, including in Rachmaninoffs Trio Élégiaque. Schonberg praised Moiseiwitschs formidable technique and free approach to the music, there is currently no comprehensive reissue of Moiseiwitschs entire discography, but much of his recorded output is available on CD. Although there are duplicates of recordings across the labels, they differ in quality because of the different restoration techniques employed by the companies. Vol.1, SCHUMANN, Kinderszenen / MUSORGSKY, Pictures at an Exhibition Vol.2, LISZT, Hungarian Rhapsody No.2 / WEBER-TAUSIG, Rondo Brillante, Vol.7, RACHMANINOV, Preludes / MEDTNER, Sonata, etc. Also included is a recording of Rachmaninovs 2nd Piano Concerto also from 1955. Moiseiwitsch, biography of a Concert Pianist, London, F. Muller,1965, playing in the Grand Style — Moiseiwitsch discusses the Grand Style A radio interview transcript — Moiseiwitsch speaks about his career, music and other subjects
26.
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
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Dame Olga Maria Elisabeth Friederike Schwarzkopf, DBE was a German soprano. Schwarzkopf was born on 9 December 1915 in Jarotschin in the Province of Posen in Prussia, Germany to Friedrich Schwarzkopf and his wife, Schwarzkopf performed in her first opera in 1928, as Eurydice in a school production of Glucks Orfeo ed Euridice in Magdeburg, Germany. In 1934, Schwarzkopf began her studies at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik. Schwarzkopf later trained under Maria Ivogün, and in 1938 joined the Deutsche Oper and he was also banned from taking any new teaching post. Schwarzkopf made her debut at the Deutsche Oper Berlin on 15 April 1938. In 1940 Schwarzkopf was awarded a contract with the Deutsches Opernhaus. At first, she denied this and then with varying explanations defended it, further publications discussed her musical performances during the war before Nazi party conferences and for units of the Waffen-SS. Her defenders argue in favor of her claim that she always strictly separated art from politics, Schwarzkopf starred in five feature films for Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, in which she acted, sang and played the piano. In 1945, Schwarzkopf was granted Austrian citizenship to enable her to sing in the Vienna State Opera, on 11 September 1951, she appeared as Anne Trulove in the world premiere of Stravinskys The Rakes Progress. In March 1946, Schwarzkopf was invited to audition for Walter Legge, an influential British classical record producer, Legge asked her to sing Hugo Wolfs lied Wer rief dich denn. and, impressed, signed her to an exclusive contract with EMI. They began a partnership and Legge subsequently became Schwarzkopfs manager. They were married on 19 October 1953 in Epsom, Surrey, Schwarzkopf would divide her time between lieder recitals and opera performances for the rest of her career. She was also received as Alice Ford in Verdis Falstaff. However, on the EMI label she made several champagne operetta recordings like Franz Lehárs The Merry Widow, Schwarzkopfs last operatic performance was as the Marschallin on 31 December 1971, in the theatre of La Monnaie in Brussels. For the next years, she devoted herself exclusively to lieder recitals. On 17 March 1979, Walter Legge suffered a heart attack. He disregarded doctors orders to rest and attended Schwarzkopfs final recital two days later in Zurich, after retiring, Schwarzkopf taught and gave master classes around the world, notably at the Juilliard School in New York City. After living in Switzerland for many years, she took up residence in Austria and she was made a doctor of music by the University of Cambridge in 1976, and became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1992
27.
Lied
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Lied originally denoted in classical music the setting of German poems to music, beginning in the late-fourteenth or early fifteenth centuries. It later came especially to refer to settings of Romantic poetry during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Examples include settings by Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, among English speakers, however, Lied is often used interchangeably with art song to encompass works that the tradition has inspired in other languages. The poems that have made into Lieder often center on pastoral themes or themes of romantic love. Typically, Lieder are arranged for a singer and piano. Some of the most famous examples of Lieder are Schuberts Der Tod und das Mädchen, Gretchen am Spinnrade, Schubert and Schumann are most closely associated with this genre, mainly developed in the Romantic era. For German-speakers, the term Lied has a long history ranging from twelfth-century troubadour songs via folk songs, the word Lied for song first came into general use in German during the early fifteenth century, largely displacing the earlier word Gesang. The poet and composer Oswald von Wolkenstein is sometimes claimed as the creator of the Lied, because of his innovations in combining words and music. The late-fourteenth-century composer known as the Monk of Salzburg wrote six two-part Lieder which are older still, in Germany, the great age of song came in the nineteenth century. Schubert wrote over 600 songs, some of them in sequences or song cycles that relate an adventure of the rather than the body. The tradition was continued by Schumann, Brahms, and Hugo Wolf, and on into the 20th century by Strauss, Mahler, partisans of atonal music, such as Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, composed Lieder in their own style. England too had a flowering of song, more closely associated, however, with folk songs than with art songs, as represented by Vaughan Williams, Benjamin Britten, Ivor Gurney, and Gerald Finzi. At the end of the 19th century and during the 20th century, alphons Diepenbrock and Henk Badings composed Dutch, German, English, and French songs, as well as songs in Latin for choirs. Böker-Heil, Norbert, David Fallows, John H. Baron, James Parsons, Eric Sams, Graham Johnson, grove Music Online, edited by Deane L. Root. Oxford University Press, accessed December 26,2016, a Multitude of Voices, The Lied at Mid Century. In The Cambridge Companion to the Lied, edited by James Parsons, Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press. The Circulation of the Lied, The Double Life of an Art Form, in The Cambridge Companion to the Lied, edited by James Parsons, 301–14. Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, the Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham
28.
Alexander Pushkin
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Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was a Russian poet, playwright, and novelist of the Romantic era who is considered by many to be the greatest Russian poet and the founder of modern Russian literature. Pushkin was born into Russian nobility in Moscow and his matrilineal great-grandfather was Abram Petrovich Gannibal, who was kidnapped from Eritrea and raised in the household of Peter the Great. Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, and was recognized by the literary establishment by the time of his graduation from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. While under the surveillance of the Tsars political police and unable to publish, Pushkin wrote his most famous play. His novel in verse, Eugene Onegin, was serialized between 1825 and 1832, Pushkins father, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin, was descended from a distinguished family of the Russian nobility that traced its ancestry back to the 12th century. Pushkins mother, Nadezhda Ossipovna Gannibal, was descended through her grandmother from German and Scandinavian nobility. She was the daughter of Ossip Abramovich Gannibal and his wife, Abram wrote in a letter to Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Greats daughter, that Gannibal was from the town of Lagon. Largely on the basis of a biography by Gannibals son-in-law Rotkirkh. Vladimir Nabokov, when researching Eugene Onegin, cast serious doubt on this origin theory, after education in France as a military engineer, Gannibal became governor of Reval and eventually Général en Chef in charge of the building of sea forts and canals in Russia. Born in Moscow, Pushkin published his first poem at the age of fifteen, after school, Pushkin plunged into the vibrant and raucous intellectual youth culture of the capital, Saint Petersburg. In 1820 he published his first long poem, Ruslan and Ludmila, amidst much controversy about its subject, Pushkin gradually became committed to social reform and emerged as a spokesman for literary radicals. This angered the government, and led to his transfer from the capital in May 1820 and he went to the Caucasus and to Crimea, then to Kamianka and Chișinău, where he became a Freemason. Here he joined the Filiki Eteria, an organization whose purpose was to overthrow Ottoman rule in Greece. He was inspired by the Greek Revolution and when the war against the Ottoman Turks broke out he kept a recording the events of the great national uprising. He stayed in Chișinău until 1823 and wrote two Romantic poems which brought him acclaim, The Captive of the Caucasus and The Fountain of Bakhchisaray. In 1823 Pushkin moved to Odessa, where he clashed with the government. In Mikhaylovskoye, Pushkin wrote nostalgic love poems which he dedicated to Elizaveta Vorontsova, then Pushkin continued work on his verse-novel Eugene Onegin. In Mikhaylovskoye, in 1825, Pushkin wrote the poem To*** and it is generally believed that he dedicated this poem to Anna Kern, but there are other opinions
29.
Golders Green
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Golders Green is an area in the London Borough of Barnet in England. Although the settlement history goes back to the 18th century, Golders Green is essentially a late 19th-century suburban development and it is situated approximately 5.5 miles north west of Charing Cross and centred on the intersection of Golders Green Road and Finchley Road. It was historically part of Middlesex, and formed part of the Municipal Borough of Hendon until 1965, the area has a wide variety of housing and a busy main shopping street, Golders Green Road. It is known for its large Jewish population as well as for being home to the largest Jewish kosher hub in the United Kingdom, which attracts many Jewish tourists. The name Golders comes from a family named Godyere who lived in the area, Golders Green has been a place in the parish and manor of Hendon since around the 13th century. The earliest references to the name of the adjacent district of Temple Fortune is on a map, however this name reveals a much earlier history. It is likely that the name refers to the Knights of St John, Fortune may be derived from a small settlement on the route from Hampstead to Hendon. Here a lane from Finchley, called Ducksetters Lane, intersected and it is likely that the settlement was originally the Bleccanham estate. By the end of the 18th century Temple Fortune Farm was established on the side of Farm Close. The building of Finchley Road replaced Ducksetters Lane as a route to Finchley, Hendon Park Row is of this period, and consisted of around thirty small dwellings built by a George Stevens, which were, with two exceptions, demolished around 1956. A small dame school and prayer house run by Anglican deaconesses existed in the 1890s and 1900s, along Finchley Road were a number of villas, joined by the Royal Oak public house. By the end of the 19th century there were around 300 people living in the area, which included a laundry, the principal industry was brick making. In 1895 a Jewish cemetery was established adjacent to Hoop Lane, Golders Green Crematorium was opened in 1902. A significant moment in Temple Fortunes development into a suburban area occurred in 1907, the establishment of Hampstead Garden Suburb brought major changes to the area east of Finchley Road. Temple Fortune Farm was demolished and along the front of the road the building of the Arcade, both the Golders Green Hippodrome, former home of the BBC Concert Orchestra, and the police station opened in 1913. The now-demolished Orpheum Theatre was intended to rival the Hippodrome in Golders Green, the remainder of the Golders Green area is covered by the Childs Hill and Garden Suburb electoral wards. The same boundaries are used for the Golders Green, Childs Hill, the area is adjacent to the Heath Extensions part of Hampstead Heath. Ethnically, the Golders Green ward was 64% white, indians, Other Asians and Black Africans made up 5% each
30.
Hendon
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Hendon is a London suburb in the Borough of Barnet,7 miles northwest of Charing Cross. Hendon was an ancient parish in the county of Middlesex and has part of Greater London since 1965. Hendon had a population of 52,972 in 2011 and includes the Hendon, Hendon West, Hendon was historically a civil parish in the county of Middlesex. The manor is described in Domesday, but the name Hendun – meaning at the highest hill – is of earlier origin. Evidence of Roman settlement was discovered by members of the Hendon and District Archaeological Society and others, the Midland Railway and the Great Northern Railways were built through Hendon in the 1860s. The underground arrived at Golders Green to the south in 1907, much of the area developed into a suburb of London and now the area is mostly built-up with some countryside in the Mill Hill area, such as the Copthall Playing fields. Hendons industry was centred on manufacturing, and included motor and aviation works. In 1931 the civil parish of Edgware was abolished and its area was added to the civil parish of Hendon. Hendon became an district in 1894. In 1932 the urban district became the Municipal Borough of Hendon, the municipal borough was abolished in 1965 and the area became part of the London Borough of Barnet. Hendon’s main claim to fame is in the days of flying. The area is associated with pioneer aviator Claude Grahame-White. Another part of the Aerodrome site is the Hendon Police College, the Metropolitan Police Book of Remembrance is displayed in the entrance of Simpson Hall at the centre. There is also a memorial garden and it is a former borough and ancient parish. The name means the place or down, and Hendons motto is Endeavour. The Burroughs is a centre for the London Borough of Barnet. The River Brent runs through Hendon, on 30 Nov 2009 the Environment Agency warned residents of flooding along River Brent from Hendon to Brentford, after a day of notably heavy rain. Several premises were flooded in Brentford and Perivale
31.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was a German writer and statesman. In addition, numerous literary and scientific fragments, more than 10,000 letters and he was an early participant in the Sturm und Drang literary movement. He also contributed to the planning of Weimars botanical park and the rebuilding of its Ducal Palace and his first major scientific work, the Metamorphosis of Plants, was published after he returned from a 1788 tour of Italy. During this period, Goethe published his novel, Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship, the verse epic Hermann and Dorothea, and, in 1808. Goethes comments and observations form the basis of several biographical works, Goethes father, Johann Caspar Goethe, lived with his family in a large house in Frankfurt, then an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. Though he had studied law in Leipzig and had been appointed Imperial Councillor, Johann Caspar married Goethes mother, Catharina Elizabeth Textor at Frankfurt on 20 August 1748, when he was 38 and she was 17. All their children, with the exception of Johann Wolfgang and his sister, Cornelia Friederica Christiana and his father and private tutors gave Goethe lessons in all the common subjects of their time, especially languages. Goethe also received lessons in dancing, riding and fencing, Johann Caspar, feeling frustrated in his own ambitions, was determined that his children should have all those advantages that he had not. Although Goethes great passion was drawing, he became interested in literature, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. He also took pleasure in reading works on history and religion. He writes about this period, Goethe became also acquainted with Frankfurt actors, among early literary attempts, he was infatuated with Gretchen, who would later reappear in his Faust and the adventures with whom he would concisely describe in Dichtung und Wahrheit. He adored Caritas Meixner, a wealthy Worms traders daughter and friend of his sister, Goethe studied law at Leipzig University from 1765 to 1768. He detested learning age-old judicial rules by heart, preferring instead to attend the lessons of Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. In Leipzig, Goethe fell in love with Anna Katharina Schönkopf, in 1770, he anonymously released Annette, his first collection of poems. His uncritical admiration for many contemporary poets vanished as he became interested in Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, already at this time, Goethe wrote a good deal, but he threw away nearly all of these works, except for the comedy Die Mitschuldigen. The restaurant Auerbachs Keller and its legend of Fausts 1525 barrel ride impressed him so much that Auerbachs Keller became the real place in his closet drama Faust Part One. As his studies did not progress, Goethe was forced to return to Frankfurt at the close of August 1768, Goethe became severely ill in Frankfurt. During the year and a half that followed, because of several relapses, during convalescence, Goethe was nursed by his mother and sister
32.
Sonata form
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Sonata form is a musical structure consisting of three main sections, an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation. It has been used widely since the middle of the 18th century, while it is typically used in the first movement of multi-movement pieces, it is sometimes used in subsequent movements as well—particularly the final movement. In addition, the standard definition recognizes that an introduction and a coda may be present, each of the sections is often further divided or characterized by the particular means by which it accomplishes its function in the form. Accordingly, there is a body of theory on what unifies and distinguishes practice in the sonata form. According to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, sonata form is the most important principle of form, or formal type. Although the Italian term sonata often refers to a piece in sonata form, conversely, in the late 18th century or Classical period, the title sonata is typically given to a work composed of three or four movements. Nonetheless, this multi-movement sequence is not what is meant by sonata form, the definition of sonata form in terms of musical elements sits uneasily between two historical eras. Perhaps the most extensive description of the sonata-form type of movement may have been given by the theorist H. C. Seen in this way, sonata form was closest to binary form, the model of the form that is often taught currently tends to be more thematically differentiated. Marx may be the originator of the sonata form. This model was derived from study and criticism of Beethovens piano sonatas, a sonata-allegro movement is divided into sections. Each section is felt to perform functions in the musical argument. It may begin with an introduction, which is, in general, in terms of structure, introductions are an upbeat before the main musical argument. The first required section is the exposition, the exposition presents the primary thematic material for the movement, one or two themes or theme groups, often in contrasting styles and in opposing keys, connected by a modulating transition. The exposition typically concludes with a theme, a codetta. The exposition is followed by the development where the harmonic and textural possibilities of the material are explored. The movement may conclude with a coda, beyond the final cadence of the recapitulation, the term sonata form is controversial and has been called misleading by scholars and composers almost from its inception. Its originators implied that there was a set template to which Classical and Romantic composers aspired, however, sonata form is currently viewed as a model for musical analysis, rather than compositional practice
33.
Fyodor Tyutchev
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Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev was a Russian poet and statesman. Tyutchev was born into an old family in Ovstug near Bryansk. Most of his years were spent in Moscow, where he joined the literary circle of Professor Merzlyakov at the age of 13. His first printed work was a translation of Horaces epistle to Maecenas, from that time on, his poetic language was distinguished from that of Pushkin and other contemporaries by its liberal use of majestic, solemn Slavonic archaisms. His family tutor was Semyon Raich, a poet and translator under whose guidance Tyutchev undertook his first poetic steps. From 1819 to 1821 Tyutchev studied at the Philological Faculty of Moscow University, after graduating he joined the Foreign Office and in 1822 accompanied his relative, Count Ostermann-Tolstoy, to Munich to take up a post as trainee diplomat at the Russian legation. He was to remain abroad for 22 years, in Munich he fell in love with Amalie von Lerchenfeld, the illegitimate half-sister of a young Bavarian diplomat, Count Maximilian Joseph von Lerchenfeld. Tyutchevs poem Tears or Slyozy coincides with one of their meetings, a late poem of 1870 with the title K. B. long accepted on dubious evidence as addressed to Amélie, is now thought much more likely to refer to Tyutchevs sister-in-law Clotilde von Bothmer. Tyutchevs last meeting with Amélie took place on March 31,1873 when she visited him on his deathbed, the next day, Tyutchev wrote to his daughter Daria, Yesterday I felt a moment of burning emotion due to my meeting with. My dear Amalie Krüdener who wished to see me for the last time in this world, in her person my past and the best years of my life came to give me a farewell kiss. In Munich, he came under the influence of the German Romantic movement, among the figures, he knew personally were the poet Heinrich Heine and the philosopher Friedrich Schelling. In 1826, he married the Bavarian widow of a Russian diplomat Eleonore Peterson, neither of his wives understood Russian to begin with. That is hardly surprising since Tyutchev spoke French better than Russian, in 1836, a young former colleague at the Munich legation, Prince Ivan Gagarin, obtained Tyutchevs permission to publish his selected poems in Sovremennik, a literary journal edited by Pushkin. Although appreciated by the great Russian poet, the superb lyrics failed to spark off any public interest. The death of Eleonore in 1838 hit Tyutchev hard and appears to have silenced him as a poet for some considerable time, and for ten years afterwards, he wrote hardly any lyric verse. Instead, he turned his attention to publishing articles in Western periodicals such as the Revue des Deux Mondes outlining his strongly held views on Russias role in the world. In 1837, Tyutchev was transferred from Munich to the Russian legation in Turin and he found his new place of residence uncongenial to his disposition and after marrying Ernestine, he resigned from his position there to settle in Munich. He continued to live in Germany for five years without position before returning to Russia
34.
Romanization of Russian
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Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic script into the Latin alphabet. Scientific transliteration, also known as the International Scholarly System, is a system that has used in linguistics since the 19th century. It is based on the Czech alphabet and formed the basis of the GOST, OST8483 was the first Soviet standard on romanization of Russian, introduced in 16 October 1935. This standard is an equivalent of GOST 16876-71 and was adopted as a standard of the COMECON. GOST7. 79-2000 System of Standards on Information, Librarianship and it is the official standard of both Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Machine readable passports is an adoption of an ICAO stadards for travel documents and it was used in Russian passports for a short period during 2010–2013. The standard was substituted in 2013 by GOST R ISO/IEC 7501-1-2013, which does not contain romanization, ISO/R9, established in 1954 and updated in 1968, was the adoption of the scientific transliteration by the International Organization for Standardization. It covers Russian and seven other Slavic languages, ISO9,1995 is the current transliteration standard from ISO. It is based on its predecessor ISO/R9,1968, which it deprecates, for Russian, the UNGEGN, a Working Group of the United Nations, in 1987 recommended a romanization system for geographical names, which was based on the 1983 version of GOST 16876-71. It may be found in some international cartographic products, American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization tables for Slavic alphabets are used in North American libraries and in the British Library since 1975. The formal, unambiguous version of the system requires some diacritics and two-letter tie characters, British Standard 2979,1958 is the main system of the Oxford University Press, and a variation was used by the British Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for Anglophones to read and pronounce, the portion of the system pertaining to the Russian language was adopted by BGN in 1944 and by PCGN in 1947. In Soviet international passports, transliteration was based on French rules, in 1997, with the introduction of new Russian passports, a diacritic-free English-oriented system was established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but this system was also abandoned in 2010. In 2006, GOST52535. 1-2006 was adopted, which defines technical requirements and standards for Russian international passports, in 2010, the Federal Migratory Service of Russia approved Order No. 26, stating that all names in the passports issued after 2010 must be transliterated using GOST52535. 1-2006. The standard was abandoned in 2013, finally in 2013, Order No.320 of the Federal Migratory Service of Russia came into force. It states that all names in the passports must be transliterated using the ICAO system. This system differs from the GOST52535. 1-2006 system in two things, ц is transliterated into ts, ъ is transliterated into ie, Scholarly ¹ Some archaic letters are transcribed in different ways
35.
Geoffrey Tozer
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Geoffrey Peter Bede Hawkshaw Tozer was an Australian classical pianist and composer. A child prodigy, he composed an opera at the age of eight and his career included tours of Europe, America, Australia and China, where he performed the Yellow River Concerto to an estimated audience of 80 million people. Tozer had more than 100 concertos in his repertoire, including those of Mozart, Beethoven, Liszt, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Medtner, Rachmaninoff, Bartók, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Tozer recorded for the Chandos label, beginning with the works of Medtner. He was regarded as a superb recitalist and had the ability to improvise, transpose instantly, Tozer won numerous awards and much recognition worldwide, but suffered comparative neglect in Australia, during the last years of his life. Conceived in Tasmania, Tozer was born in 1954 at Mussoorie and his mother was Veronica Tozer, a gifted musician and pianist who had become a music teacher to support herself and her two sons after her separation and subsequent divorce from Colonel Donald Tozer. In the summer of 1954 she visited Tasmania to recover from a medical condition. There she met Geoffrey Conan-Davies, who was the son of an Anglican minister and he was a retired colonial administrator, formerly of East Africa, who was married to Ermyntrude, with whom he had four children. Veronica then returned to India, where Tozer was born and he lived his first four years in India, thanks to the generosity of Princess Usha. At the age of three, he picked out the notes of Beethovens Appassionata Sonata, which his mother had been teaching a pupil and he moved with his mother and older brother Peter to Melbourne, where Veronica taught him Beethoven, Bach and Bartók. He attended St Josephs Parish School, Malvern, and then De La Salle College, Malvern. In 1962, at the age of eight, Tozer performed Bachs Concerto No.5 in F minor with the Victorian Symphony Orchestra under Clive Douglas, in April 1964, at Melbournes Nicholas Hall, he performed the same concerto with the Astra Orchestra under George Logie-Smith. Within four years he had played all five Beethoven concertos and he studied with Eileen Ralf and Keith Humble in Australia, Maria Curcio in England, and Theodore Lettvin in the USA. Eileen Ralf lived in Hobart, and the airline TAA flew Geoffrey to Hobart and back every week for lessons and he later described Eileen Ralfs teaching as the greatest musical gift given me. He was the youngest person to be awarded a Churchill Fellowship, in 1971, aged 16, he stayed with Benjamin Britten for several weeks. Britten invited him to perform at the Aldeburgh Festival, where he accompanied the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich and he performed at the inaugural concert of the Melbourne Concert Hall in 1982. In the early 1980s he taught at the University of Michigan, from 1983 he based himself in Canberra and briefly taught at the Canberra School of Music before his touring and recording schedules made this impractical. In 1989 he worked with Peter Sculthorpe to record a disc of Sculthorpes works for piano, when Tatiana Nikolayeva visited Australia in the 1990s, she asked to be introduced to the one who plays like a Russian, meaning Geoffrey Tozer. In 1993, Tozer made his first tour of China, appearing in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, in 1994, he made the first complete recording of the four piano concertos of Ottorino Respighi, with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Edward Downes
36.
Barcarolle (Chopin)
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The Barcarolle in F sharp major, Op.60 is a piece for solo piano by Frédéric Chopin, composed between autumn of 1845 and summer 1846 and three years before his death. Based on the rhythm and mood, it features a sweepingly romantic. Many of the figures for the right hand are thirds and sixths. This is one of Chopins last major compositions, along with his Op.61 Polonaise-Fantasie, hear the performance and find more information on the Barcarolle at The Chopin Project Barcarolle Op.60, Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
37.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
38.
Rondo
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In rondo form, a principal theme alternates with one or more contrasting themes, generally called episodes, but also occasionally referred to as digressions or couplets. Possible patterns in the Classical period include, ABA, ABACA and these are sometimes designated first rondo, second rondo, and third rondo, respectively. The number of themes can vary from piece to piece, a Baroque predecessor to the rondo was the ritornello. Ritornello form was used in the fast movements of baroque concertos, the entire orchestra plays the main ritornello theme, while soloists play the intervening episodes. Here, the second acts in a similar way to the second theme group in sonata form by appearing first in a key other than the tonic. Unlike sonata form, thematic development does not need to occur except possibly in the coda, Rondo as a character-type refers to music that is fast and vivacious – normally Allegro. Many classical rondos feature music of a popular or folk character, Music that has been designated as rondo normally subscribes to both the form and character. On the other hand, there are examples of slow and reflective works that are rondo in form but not in character. The term -- and perhaps formal principle -- may have derived from the poetic form, rondeau. Jean-Philippe Rameaus Rondeau des Indes Galantes or Les Barricades Mystérieuses which is not really a rondo. Rondo and Ritornello Forms in Tonal Music Rondo form in traditional marches from Limoux carnival http, //www. karmina. cz/mp3/cd7/09. mp3 Texts on Wikisource, Rondo
39.
David Oistrakh
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David Fyodorovich Oistrakh was a renowned Soviet classical violinist and violist. He is considered one of the preeminent violinists of the 20th century and he was born in the cosmopolitan city of Odessa in the Russian Empire into a Jewish family. His father was David Kolker and his mother was Isabella Beyle, at the age of five, young Oistrakh began his studies of violin and viola as a pupil of Pyotr Stolyarsky. In 1914, at the age of six, Oistrakh performed his debut concert and he entered the Odessa Conservatory in 1923, where he studied until his graduation in 1926. In the Conservatory he also studied harmony with composer Mykola Vilinsky and his 1926 graduation concert consisted of Bachs Chaconne, Tartinis Devils Trill Sonata, Rubinsteins Viola Sonata, and Prokofievs Violin Concerto No.1 in D major. In 1927, Oistrakh relocated to Moscow, where he gave his first recital and met his future wife and they were married a year later, and had one child, Igor Oistrakh, who was born in 1931. In at least one of the recordings of Mozarts Sinfonia Concertante, Igor Oistrakh played violin, from 1934 onwards, David Oistrakh held a position teaching at the Moscow Conservatory, and was later made professor in 1939. Some of his colleagues while teaching at the Moscow Conservatory included Yuri Yankelevich, Oistrakh taught Oleg Kagan, Emmy Verhey, Gidon Kremer, Yulia Brodskaya, Zoya Petrosyan, Victor Danchenko, Cyrus Forough, Olga Parhomenko, and his son Igor Oistrakh. In 1950s, David Oistrah invited Yulia Brodskaya to be his assistant in teaching solo and chamber music, from 1940 to 1963, Oistrakh performed extensively in a trio that also included the cellist Sviatoslav Knushevitsky and the pianist Lev Oborin. It was sometimes called the Oistrakh Trio, Oistrakh collaborated extensively with Oborin, as well as Jacques Thibaud, a French violinist. During World War II, he was active in the Soviet Union, premiering new concerti by Nikolai Miaskovsky and he was also awarded the Stalin Prize in 1942. Oistrakhs career was set from this point, although the Soviet Union was protective of its people, however, other sources indicate that Oistrakh performed in Leningrad that winter. Whether Oistrakh performed in Stalingrad is unconfirmed, Oistrakh was allowed to travel after the end of the war. He traveled to the countries in the Soviet bloc and even to the West and his first foreign engagement was to appear at the newly founded Prague Spring Festival where he was met with enormous success. In 1949 he gave his first concert in the West – in Helsinki, by 1959, he was beginning to establish a second career as a conductor, and in 1960 he was awarded the coveted Lenin Prize. His Moscow conducting debut followed in 1962, and by 1967 he had established a partnership with the celebrated Soviet pianist Sviatoslav Richter, Oistrakh was now seen as one of the great violinists of his time, among such luminaries as Romanias George Enescu and Lithuanian-born Jascha Heifetz. Oistrakh suffered an attack as early as 1964. He survived and continued to work at a furious pace and he had already become one of the principal cultural ambassadors for the Soviet Union to the West in live concerts and recordings
