1.
Province of Frosinone
–
The Province of Frosinone is a province in the Lazio region of Italy, with 91 comuni. Its capital is the city of Frosinone and it has an area of 3,244 square kilometres and a total population of 496,420. The Province was established by Royal Decree on 6 December 1926 with territories belonging to Lazio, in historical times, the area, previously occupied by the so-called Pelasgic civilization, was settled by Indo-European colonists. This arrival is echoed in numerous legends, like those of Aeneas and Saturn, in the 7th century BC the area of what is now the province entered the orbit of Rome, which made it the so-called Latium adiectum. However, Rome needed some 300 years to obtain a victory against the Volsci and the Hernici, who became Romanized after the Social. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the part of the province belonged to the Papal States. In the Middle Ages, the abbey of Monte Cassino was always a major landowner, pontecorvo remained a Papal enclave from 1463. The creation of a new province, with capitals in Cassino, Formia and Sora and comprising the former territories of the Kingdom of Naples, has been proposed
Province of Frosinone
–
Linguistic map of
Ciociaria and Southern
Lazio:
Central Italian in pink and Southern Italian (
Neapolitan dialects) in magenta.
Province of Frosinone
–
Map highlighting the location of the province of Frosinone in Italy
2.
Lazio
–
Lazio is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the central peninsular section of the country. With almost 5.9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros, Lazio is the second most populated region of Italy and its capital is Rome, capital and largest city of Italy. Lazio comprises an area of 17,236 km2 and it has borders with Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south. The region is flat and hilly, with small mountainous areas in the most eastern and southern districts. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of beaches, punctuated by the headlands of Circeo. The Pontine Islands, which are part of Lazio, lie opposite the southern coast, behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale, a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains. The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna, the southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino, a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. To the south of the Tiber, other groups form part of the Preapennines, the Alban Hills, also of volcanic origin. The highest peak is Mount Gorzano on the border with Abruzzo, see also, History of Italy The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium. The name of the region also survives in the designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them. Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, in Roman mythology, the tribe of the Latini took their name from king Latinus. Much of Lazio is in flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites, the Marsi, the Hernici, the Aequi, the Aurunci and the Volsci, all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum, the lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria, the emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia, dividing it into eleven regions. However, the wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Bishop of Rome acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome, the strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords and the Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Other popes tried to do the same, during the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France, the feudal lords power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome
Lazio
–
Panorama of the
Aniene Valley.
Lazio
–
Latium Lazio
Lazio
–
The
Appian Way (Via Appia), a road connecting
Ancient Rome to the southern parts of Italy, remains usable even today.
3.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
4.
Rome
–
Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
5.
Alberto Sordi
–
Alberto Sordi, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian actor. He was also a director and the dubbing voice of Oliver Hardy in the Italian version of the Laurel & Hardy films. Born in Rome to a schoolteacher and a musician, Sordi enrolled in Milans dramatic arts academy but was kicked out because of his thick Roman accent, in the meantime he studied to be an opera singer, a bass. It was his accent and voice that would prove to be his trademark. In a career spanned seven decades, Sordi established himself as an icon of Italian cinema with his representative skills at both comedy and light drama. His movie career began in the late 1930s with bit parts, after the war he began working as a dubber for the Italian versions of Laurel and Hardy shorts, voicing Oliver Hardy. In 1959 he appeared in Monicellis The Great War, considered by many critics, the Hollywood Foreign Press recognized his abilities when he was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture Actor in a Musical or Comedy for Il diavolo. Sordi acted alongside Britain’s David Niven in the World War II comedy The Best of Enemies and in 1965 he was in another highly regarded comedy, in 1969 he was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival. In 1984, he directed and co-scripted Tutti dentro, in which he played a judge who has warrants for corruption served on ministers and businessmen. Alberto Sordi was really masterful in two roles, one being the one of the underdog, militating against injustices and prevarications. In 1985, he was a member of the jury at the 35th Berlin International Film Festival, Sordi died shortly before his eighty-third birthday following a heart attack. Sordi was also a big supporter of AS Roma football team, Sordi provided the voice of Oliver Hardy in the Italian dubs of more than forty Laurel and Hardy films from 1939 to 1951. He also appeared as an actor in other Italian-language versions. 1938, Avventura a Vallechiara, directed by John G. by Marcello Marchesi, directed by Mario Mattòli 1944-1945, Un mondo di armonie, by Michele Galdieri 1945-1946, Soffia so. By Pietro Garinei and Sandro Giovannini Soffia so,2, by Pietro Garinei and Sandro Giovannini 1947-1948, E lui dice. In 1999, the city of Rome made him honorary mayor for a day to celebrate his eightieth birthday, at the 22nd Berlin International Film Festival, he won the Silver Bear for Best Actor award for Detenuto in attesa di giudizio. At the 13th Moscow International Film Festival he won a Special Prize for I Know That You Know That I Know and he received honorary citizenship from Kansas City, Missouri, for his references to the city in the 1954 film Un americano a Roma. Alberto Sordi at the Internet Movie Database Geographical coordinates and pictures of his grave Alberto Sordi
Alberto Sordi
–
Sordi and
Lea Padovani in
Il seduttore (1954)
Alberto Sordi
–
Alberto Sordi in the movie
Sotto il sole di Roma (1948)
6.
David di Donatello
–
The David di Donatello Award, named after Donatellos David, is a film award presented each year for cinematic performances and production by Laccademia del Cinema Italiano. There are 24 categories as of 2006, Italy is also famed for its annual Venice Film Festival. It is the motion picture equivalent to the Academy Award for the cinema, Premio Regia Televisiva for television, the Premio Ubu for stage performances, and the Sanremo Music Festival for music. Following the same criteria of the Oscars, the David di Donatello Awards were established in 1955, created by a cultural club, the aim was to honour the best of each year’s Italian and foreign films. Similar prizes had already existed in Italy for about a decade, however, the Donatellos have been and are awarded by the people in the industry, screenwriters, performers, technicians, producers and so on. The presidents have successively been Italo Gemini, Eitel Monaco and Paolo Grassi, currently, it is presided over by Gian Luigi Rondi who has worked with the organization since its inception. The prizes are awarded primarily to Italian films, with a dedicated to foreign language films. In 2015, it was announced both the eligibility period and the award ceremony date would change in the coming years. In 2016, the ceremony was brought forward to April, for the 2017 ceremony, the eligibility period will be March-December 2016. For the 2018 edition, the eligibility period will be the 2017 solar year, the trophy is in the form of a gold David statuette replica of Donatellos famous sculpture, on a square malachite base with a gold plaque recording the award category, year and winner. The 1956 David by Bulgari, awarded to Gina Lollobrigida for Beautiful, journal of Italian Cinema & Media Studies,4, Intellect, ISSN 2047-7368 David di Donatello Awards at Film Movement David di Donatello Awards at Internet Movie Database
David di Donatello
–
The Italian former President
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi shows the "David di Donatello" Award received at the occasion of the awards ceremony in 2005.
7.
Between Miracles
–
Between Miracles is a 1971 Italian commedia allitaliana film written and directed by Italian actor Nino Manfredi, in his debut as feature film director. A qualified surgeon is urgently called by a party in a small and this is the protagonist of the film, Benedict Parisi, whose first name seems prophetic of his story. In the waiting room is the companion Joan Micheli, pregnant with him, the narrative is interwoven with flashbacks to the early life of Benedict. Benedict receives the effigy of Saint Eusebius, on that very night the boy is awoken by noises - one of the aunts lovers, Giovanni, happens to be visiting. He runs to his aunts room, and she hides the man in her closet, but the intruders presence is soon revealed, and the aunt papers over his presence in her room by claiming that in fact Giovanni is St Eusebius. Benedict is told not to inform the priest of what happened, -to do so would only offend the celestial friends by what would be a sin of pride. The next morning, while he is affixing a picture of St Eusebius in her wardrobe to commemorate the occasion, he has a glimpse of his aunt, who returns from the bath, in a state of nakedness. She discovers him, and warns him not to say anything to the priest, the boy is dressed up like the saint, and carried in procession, as though he were a veritable icon. Among the friars, who take to admiring him for his simplicity and naivety, the brotherhood await for some sign that will indicate his vocation in life. It provokes his desire, and also his fears of leaving the security of the monastery, while working in the fields one day, a schoolteacher is bitten by a snake, and pleads with him to save her. He has, he tells the friar in a drunken moment and he joins Uncle Checco and travels about seeling cloth and undergarments. It then becomes vendor of clothing, especially undergarments, the activity little debonair does it again collide with the ministers of God, in the same bed in which those women, attracted by new fashions, visit his truck. Until, during a night, he met a pharmacist atheist, Oreste Micheli, who sympathizes with him and tries to pull him away from religious scruples. It also leads to a prostitute but Benedict does not consume the relationship because the woman is married, in love, loved by the beautiful daughter of the pharmacist Joan Benedict believes he has given peace to his existence. Giovanna, as Benedict is a virgin, is close to the ideas of his father. But he is torn between the desire to marry, a decision welcomed by the mother, and the sympathy for the ideas of Orestes. When you finally decide to get married at the crucial moment Benedict hesitate to assent to the formula Giovanna bed and is in its place no answers, the two young men, by mutual agreement, give birth to live together as husband and wife for six years. Shortly after the discovery of the pregnancy of Joan, Orestes has a heart attack, in the absence of Benedict, Immaculate Conception, the mother of Joan, torpor of takes advantage of the imminent death of Orestes to give him the last rites
Between Miracles
–
Between Miracles
8.
Sanatorium
–
A sanatorium is a medical facility for long-term illness, most typically associated with treatment of tuberculosis before antibiotics. A distinction is made between sanitarium and sanatorium. In 1863, Hermann Brehmer opened the Brehmersche Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke in Görbersdorf, Silesia, patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition. Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late-19th century onward, the Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, established in Saranac Lake, New York, in 1885, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association was founded in 1904, its members, accordingly, they took the Latin verb root sano, meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium. Switzerland used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, in Finland, a series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas during the early 1900s. The most famous was the Paimio Sanatorium, completed in 1933 and it had both sun-balconies and a rooftop terrace where the patients would lie all day either in beds or on specially designed chairs, the Paimio Chair. In Portugal, the Heliantia Sanatorium in Valadares, was used for the treatment of tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s. In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the United States, in the early 1900s, Arizonas sunshine and dry desert air attracted many people suffering from tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma, and numerous other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to make the journey to Arizona, TB camps in the desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as a place for treatment of TB. Many sanatoriums in the state of Arizona were modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards, each sanatorium was equipped to take care of about 120 people. The greatest area for sanatoriums was in Tucson, with over 12 hotel-style facilities in the city, by 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to the West that not enough housing was available for them all, in 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas, one was described as a place of squalor and shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert, the first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks in the segregated South was the Piedmont Sanatorium in Burkeville, Virginia. Waverly Hills Sanatorium, a Louisville, Kentucky, tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911 and it has become a mecca for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted. Because of its dry climate, Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria, a. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana, Florida was the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States until it closed on July 2,2012. In 1907, Stannington Sanatorium was open in the North East of England to treat tuberculosis in children, the sanatorium was opened using funds raised by a local charity, the Poor Childrens Holiday Association, now the regions oldest childrens charity, Children North East
Sanatorium
–
One of the remaining turrets of the Grunwald Sanatorium (now
Sokołowsko, Poland)
Sanatorium
–
Postage stamp depicting the Paimio tuberculosis sanatorium, Finland, by Alvar Aalto
9.
Banjo
–
The banjo is a four-, five- or six-stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity as a resonator, called the head. The membrane, or head, is made of plastic, although animal skin is still occasionally but rarely used. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by Africans in America, the banjo is frequently associated with country, folk, Irish traditional and bluegrass music. Historically, the banjo occupied a place in African American traditional music. The banjo, with the fiddle, is a mainstay of American old-time music and it is also very frequently used in Traditional Jazz. The modern banjo derives from instruments that had used in the Caribbean since the 17th century by enslaved people taken from West Africa. Written references to the banjo in North America appear in the 18th century, the etymology of the name banjo is uncertain. The word could have come from the Yoruba word Bami jo and it may derive from the Kimbundu word mbanza. A Banza, a five double string courses Portuguese viuhela with two short strings, mbanza is a string African instrument that has been built after the Portuguese Banza. Banza is quite similar to Banjo, various instruments in Africa, chief among them the kora, feature a skin head and gourd body. Banjos with fingerboards and tuning pegs are known from the Caribbean as early as the 17th century, 18th- and early 19th-century writers transcribed the name of these instruments variously as bangie, banza, bonjaw, banjer and banjar. Instruments similar to the banjo have been played in many countries, another likely relative of the banjo is the akonting, a spike folk lute played by the Jola tribe of Senegambia, and the ubaw-akwala of the Igbo. Early, African-influenced banjos were built around a body and a wooden stick neck. These instruments had varying numbers of strings, though often including some form of drone, the five-string banjo was popularized by Joel Walker Sweeney, an American minstrel performer from Appomattox Court House, Virginia. In the 1830s Sweeney became the first white performer to play the banjo on stage and his version of the instrument replaced the gourd with a drum-like sound box and included four full-length strings alongside a short fifth string. This new banjo was at first tuned dGdf♯a, though by the 1890s this had been transposed up to gcgbd, Banjos were introduced in Britain by Sweeneys group, the American Virginia Minstrels, in the 1840s, and became very popular in music halls. In the Antebellum South, many black slaves played the banjo, two techniques closely associated with the five-string banjo are rolls and drones. Rolls are right hand fingering pattern that consist of eight notes that subdivide each measure
Banjo
–
A five-string bluegrass banjo
Banjo
–
Open strings and highest note of a standard-tuned five-string bluegrass banjo.
Banjo
–
A five-string banjo.
Banjo
–
Plectrum banjo from Gold Tone
10.
Cassino
–
Cassino is a comune in the province of Frosinone, Italy, at the southern end of the region of Lazio. Cassino is located at the foot of Monte Cairo near the confluence of the Gari and Liri rivers and it is also home to the University of Cassino. Cassino has a population of 35,860 As of August 2015, cassinos origins lie in the Volscan settlement of Casinum, sited atop the hill of Cassino near Monte Cairo, five kilometres to the north. Casinum passed under the control of the Samnites, but the Romans eventually gained control of Casinum, during the Roman era the most venerated god was Apollo, whose temple rose up on Monte Cassino, where today stands the abbey. At least once during Punic Wars, Hannibal passed near Casinum, Casinum was also the site of a villa presumed to belong to Marcus Terentius Varro. The ancient Casinum was deeply damaged by several barbarian raids, in the book Dialogues, Pope Gregory I gives us the testimony of the Benedict of Nursia settlement among the ruins of Casinum Acropolis. He destroyed the image of Apollo and pagan altars, and sanctified the place in name of St. John Baptist, in the meanwhile the population built a village called Castellum Sancti Petri. Because of their position, the abbey and the village were involved in military events. In 577 a raid of the Lombards, led by Zotto and they came back only after more than a century. In 744, thanks to the donation of Gisulf II of Benevento, few years later the town was re-founded by abbot Bertharius and called Eulogimenopoli, meaning The City of Saint Benedict. In 883 the monastery and the town were attacked, this time by Saracens. The abbey was rebuilt in 949 by the decision of Pope Agapetus II and, together with the town, renamed San Germano. For defensive purposes, the castle Rocca Janula, which dominates the town today, was also built. In the abbey are conserved the Placiti Cassinesi, dated 960-963, on July 23,1230, the city was the site of the signing of the peace between Pope Gregory IX and Frederick II, which took place in the church of San Germano. On 9 September 1349, San Germano was destroyed by a large earthquake, the reconstruction took place in 1366, at Pope Urbano Vs will. During the Renaissance era Cassino lay on the frontier of the Kingdom of Naples. In 1504, during the Second Italian War, the French attempted to capture the town in the Battle of Cassino, but failed. On May 15–17,1815, the town was the set of the cruel battle of the Neapolitan War between an Austrian force commanded by Laval Nugent von Westmeath and the King of Naples, Joachim Murat
Cassino
–
The town of Cassino from the upper part of the town.
Cassino
–
Abbey of Montecassino
Cassino
–
Ruins of Cassino after the bombing
Cassino
–
Rocca Janula
11.
Criminal law
–
Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It regulates social conduct and proscribes whatever is threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety and it includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, the first civilizations generally did not distinguish between civil law and criminal law. The first written codes of law were designed by the Sumerians, another important early code was the Code Hammurabi, which formed the core of Babylonian law. Only fragments of the criminal laws of Ancient Greece have survived, e. g. those of Solon. In Roman law, Gaiuss Commentaries on the Twelve Tables also conflated the civil and criminal aspects, assault and violent robbery were analogized to trespass as to property. Breach of such laws created an obligation of law or vinculum juris discharged by payment of compensation or damages. The criminal law of imperial Rome is collected in Books 47–48 of the Digest, the first signs of the modern distinction between crimes and civil matters emerged during the Norman Invasion of England. The development of the state dispensing justice in a court clearly emerged in the century when European countries began maintaining police services. From this point, criminal law had formalized the mechanisms for enforcement, Criminal law is distinctive for the uniquely serious potential consequences or sanctions for failure to abide by its rules. Every crime is composed of criminal elements, capital punishment may be imposed in some jurisdictions for the most serious crimes. Physical or corporal punishment may be imposed such as whipping or caning, individuals may be incarcerated in prison or jail in a variety of conditions depending on the jurisdiction. Length of incarceration may vary from a day to life, government supervision may be imposed, including house arrest, and convicts may be required to conform to particularized guidelines as part of a parole or probation regimen. Fines also may be imposed, seizing money or property from a convicted of a crime. Five objectives are widely accepted for enforcement of the law by punishments, retribution, deterrence. Jurisdictions differ on the value to be placed on each, retribution – Criminals ought to Be Punished in some way. This is the most widely seen goal, Criminals have taken improper advantage, or inflicted unfair detriment, upon others and consequently, the criminal law will put criminals at some unpleasant disadvantage to balance the scales. People submit to the law to receive the right not to be murdered and if people contravene these laws, thus, one who murders may be executed himself
Criminal law
–
The
Old Bailey in
London (in 1808) was the venue for more than 100,000 criminal trials between 1674 and 1834, including all death penalty cases.
Criminal law
–
An English court room in 1886, with
Lord Chief Justice Coleridge presiding
Criminal law
–
International Criminal Court in
The Hague
12.
Evi Maltagliati
–
Evi Maltagliati was an Italian stage, television and film actress. Born in Florence as Evelina Maltagliati, she started her career at debuted in the theater just 15 years old and her critical consecration came in 1933 with the role of Titania in a Max Reinhardts rapresentation of William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream staged in Boboli. She later worked on stage with Eduardo De Filippo, Gino Cervi, Vittorio Gassman, Nino Manfredi, while she had few opportunities in films, she was very active on television, in TV dramas and series. Maltagliati was married to comedian Eugenio Cappabianca
Evi Maltagliati
–
Maltagliati with
Roldano Lupi in
Yes, Madam (1942)
13.
Vittorio Gassman
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Vittorio Gassman, Knight Grand Cross, OMRI, popularly known as Il Mattatore, was an Italian theatre and film actor, as well as director. He was born in Genoa to a German father, Heinrich Gassmann, while still very young he moved to Rome, where he studied at the Accademia Nazionale dArte Drammatica. Gassmans debut was in Milan, in 1942, with Alda Borelli in Niccodemis Nemica, in 1946, he made his film debut in Preludio damore, while only one year later he appeared in five films. In 1948 he played in Riso amaro and it was with Luchino Viscontis company that Gassman achieved his mature successes, together with Paolo Stoppa, Rina Morelli and Paola Borboni. He played Stanley Kowalski in Tennessee Williams Un tram che si chiama desiderio, as well as in As You Like It and he joined the Teatro Nazionale with Tommaso Salvini, Massimo Girotti, Arnoldo Foà to create a successful Peer Gynt. In 1956 Gassman played the role in a production of Othello. He was so well received by his acting in the series entitled Il Mattatore that Il Mattatore became the nickname that accompanied him for the rest of his life. Gassmans debut in the commedia allitaliana genre was rather accidental, in Mario Monicellis I soliti ignoti, famous movies featuring Gassman include, Il sorpasso, La Grande Guerra, I mostri, LArmata Brancaleone, Profumo di donna and Ceravamo tanto amati. He directed Adelchi, a work by Alessandro Manzoni. Gassman brought this production to half a million spectators, crossing Italy with his Teatro Popolare Itinerante and his productions have included many of the famous authors and playwrights of the 20th century, with repeated returns to the classics of Shakespeare, Dostoyevsky and the Greek tragicians. He also founded a school in Florence, which educated many of the more talented actors of the current generation of Italian thespians. In cinema, he worked both in Italy and abroad. He met and fell in love with American actress Shelley Winters while she was touring Europe with fiancé Farley Granger, when Winters was forced to return to Hollywood to fulfill contractual obligations, he followed her there and married her. With his natural charisma and his fluency in English he scored a number of roles in Hollywood, including Rhapsody with Elizabeth Taylor and The Glass Wall before returning to Italy and the theatre. While rehearsing Hamlet, he began an affair with Anna Maria Ferrero, his 16-year-old Ophelia and he and Winters were forced to work together on Mambo just as their marriage was unraveling, providing fodder for tabloids all over the world. He later voiced Mufasa in the Italian version of The Lion King, Gassman married three actresses, Nora Ricci, Shelley Winters, and Diletta DAndrea, by whom he had a son, Jacopo. In addition, he had an affair with actress Juliette Mayniel and he rendered them with the same professional skill that made him famous while reciting Dantes Divine Comedy. On 29 June 2000, Gassman died of an attack at his home in Rome
Vittorio Gassman
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Vittorio Gassman
14.
Piccolo Teatro di Milano
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The Piccolo Teatro della Città di Milano is a theatre in Milan, Italy. Founded in 1947, it is Italys first permanent theatre, and a national teatro stabile, or permanent repertory company and its annual programme consists of approximately thirty performances. In addition, the venue hosts events, from festivals and films, to concerts, conferences. Piccolo Teatro was founded by theatre impresario Paolo Grassi and actor and director Giorgio Strehler, along with Mario Apollonio, Virgilio Tosi, the Milan city council approved the transformation of Cinema Broletto into Piccolo Teatro, to be managed directly by the City of Milan on 26 January 1947. The first performance, described as minimalist, took four months later, on May 14,1947. Offering affordable tickets and productions fraught with risk, Piccolo Teatro became renewed for revitalizing popular interest in the classics of the Italian stage, in the 1960s, the Piccolo Teatro was relocated to Teatro Lirico. In 1967, on the occasion of its 20th anniversary, the put on a production of Goldonis Il servitore di due padroni. The theatres archives are maintained by the Archivio Multimediale del Piccolo Teatro di Milano. As of 2012, it is under the direction of Sergio Escobar, along with artistic director Luca Ronconi
Piccolo Teatro di Milano
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Piccolo Teatro Grassi
15.
Romeo and Juliet
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Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeares most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays, today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562, Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have written between 1591 and 1595, the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597. The text of the first quarto version was of quality, however. Shakespeares use of his dramatic structure has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops, Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play. Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical, during the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant. David Garricks 18th-century version also modified several scenes, removing material then considered indecent, Performances in the 19th century, including Charlotte Cushmans, restored the original text and focused on greater realism. John Gielguds 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeares text and used Elizabethan costumes, the play, set in Verona, Italy, begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death, later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliets nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Pariss courtship, meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montagues son, about Romeos recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulets nieces, persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet, Juliets cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliets father, who does not wish to shed blood in his house. Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married, with the help of Friar Laurence, who hopes to reconcile the two families through their childrens union, they are secretly married the next day. Tybalt, meanwhile, still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball, Romeo, now considering Tybalt his kinsman, refuses to fight. Mercutio is offended by Tybalts insolence, as well as Romeos vile submission, Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight
Romeo and Juliet
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An 1870 oil painting by
Ford Madox Brown depicting the play's famous balcony scene
Romeo and Juliet
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L’ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by
Francesco Hayez. Oil on canvas, 1823.
Romeo and Juliet
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Title page of
Arthur Brooke 's poem, Romeus and Juliet.
Romeo and Juliet
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Title page of the first edition
16.
The Storm (Ostrovsky)
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The Storm is a drama in five acts by the 19th-century Russian playwright Aleksandr Ostrovsky. As with Ostrovskys other plays, The Storm is a work of social criticism, Ostrovsky wrote the play between July and October 1859. He read it in Lyubov Nikulina-Kositskayas Moscow flat to the actors of the Maly Theatre to a great response and it was premiered on November 16,1859, as actor Sergey Vasilievs benefit and enjoyed warm reception. In Saint Petersburg the play was being produced, as in Moscow, katerina there was played by young and elegant Fanny Snetkova who gave lyrical overtones to the character. In both cities the play angered most of the critics but appealed to audiences and was a tremendous box office success. The Storm provoked fierce debate in the Russian press of the time concerning moral issues, while Vasily Botkin was raving about the elemental poetic force emerging from secret depths of a human soul. Mikhail Shchepkin was highly skeptical too, especially about those two episodes that take place behind the bushes, stepan Shevyryov wrote about the decline of a Russian comedy and drama, which was sliding down the ranking stairs to the bottom of social hierarchy. Vladimir Petrovs 1934 Russian film Groza,1864, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote an overture, The Storm, which was first performed in 1896. He also reworked this music into his Concert Overture in C minor, in Leoš Janáček, Káťa Kabanová by John Tyrrell
The Storm (Ostrovsky)
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Cover of the 1950 Russian edition
17.
Melodrama
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A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work in which the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Characters are often drawn, and may appear stereotyped. In scholarly and historical contexts, melodramas are Victorian dramas in which orchestral music or song was used to accompany the action. The term is now applied to stage performances without incidental music, novels, movies. In modern contexts, the melodrama is generally pejorative, as it suggests that the work in question lacks subtlety, character development. By extension, language or behavior which resembles melodrama is often called melodramatic, the term originated from the early 19th-century French word mélodrame. It is derived from Greek melos, music, and French drame and this applies to both Victorian stage melodrama and 20th-century film melodrama. Movie director Sidney Lumet stressed the primacy of plot, saying in 2007 In a well-written drama, the characters in a well-written melodrama come out of the story. The relationship of melodrama to realism is complex, the protagonists of melodramatic works may either be ordinary people who are caught up in extraordinary events, or highly exaggerated and unrealistic characters. According to Singer, late Victorian and Edwardian melodrama combined a focus on realism in stage sets and props with anti-realism in character. Melodrama in this period strove for accuracy in the depiction of incredible. Novelist Wilkie Collins is noted for his attention to accuracy in detail in his works, beginning in the 18th century, melodrama was a technique of combining spoken recitation with short pieces of accompanying music. In such works, music and spoken dialogue typically alternated, although the music was also used to accompany pantomime. The earliest known examples are scenes in J. E. Eberlins Latin school play Sigismundus, the first full melodrama was Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Pygmalion, the text of which was written in 1762 but was first staged in Lyon in 1770. The overture and an Andante were composed by Rousseau, but the bulk of the music was composed by Horace Coignet, a different musical setting of Rousseaus Pygmalion by Anton Schweitzer was performed in Weimar in 1772, and Goethe wrote of it approvingly in Dichtung und Wahrheit. Pygmalion is a monodrama, written for one actor, some 30 other monodramas were produced in Germany in the fourth quarter of the 18th century. When two actors are involved the term duodrama may be used, georg Benda was particularly successful with his duodramas Ariadne auf Naxos and Medea. The sensational success of Bendas melodramas led Mozart to use two long melodramatic monologues in his opera Zaide, other later, and better-known examples of the melodramatic style in operas are the grave-digging scene in Beethovens Fidelio and the incantation scene in Webers Der Freischütz
Melodrama
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Poster for
The Perils of Pauline (1914) a classic melodramatic film series
18.
Eduardo De Filippo
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Eduardo De Filippo was an Italian actor, playwright, screenwriter, author and poet, best known for his Neapolitan works Filumena Marturano and Napoli Milionaria. De Filippo was born in Naples to playwright Eduardo Scarpetta and theatre seamstress and he began acting at the age of five and in 1932 formed a theater company with his brother Peppino and sister Titina, called compagnia del Teatro Umoristico I De Filippo. Peppino left the troupe in 1944 and Titina departed by the early 1950s, De Filippo starred in De Sicas Loro di Napoli with Totò and Sophia Loren in 1954. In 1973 a production of his Sabato, domenica e lunedi, starring Laurence Olivier in the lead role and his translation of Shakespeares The Tempest into Neapolitan was published in 1982. In 1981, De Filippo was appointed senator of the Italian Republic. He died three years later in Rome and his artistic legacy has been carried over by his son Luca De Filippo
Eduardo De Filippo
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Senator for life Eduardo De Filippo
Eduardo De Filippo
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Totò and Eduardo De Filippo in
Napoli Milionaria.
19.
Tino Buazzelli
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Agostino Tino Buazzelli was an Italian stage, television and film actor. He appeared in 46 films between 1948 and 1978, after a diploma of education, Buazzelli enrolled the Accademia dArte Drammatica in Rome, graduating in 1946. He made his debut the year, in the stage company Maltagliati-Gassman. He made his debut in 1948, in Riccardo Fredas Il cavaliere misterioso. Buazzelli had also a significant television success as Nero Wolfe in a series of television films starred between 1969 and 1971
Tino Buazzelli
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Tino Buazzelli
20.
Bice Valori
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Bice Valori was an Italian actress, comedian and television and radio personality. Born in Rome, Valori studied at the Silvio d’Amico Academy of Dramatic Arts, the same year, she entered the stage company of the Piccolo Teatro of Rome directed by Orazio Costa. After playing in several classics, Valori specialized as a comedic actress, in films, she was a very active character actress, mainly cast in humorous roles. Valori appeared often on television, as a comedian, a presenter and she also had a consistent success on radio, in which she created the character of Sora Bice, a shrewish RAI telephone operator. Valori often shared the scene with her husband, the actor and comedian Paolo Panelli and their daughter Alessandra is also an actress. Valori died in 1980, aged 53, as a result of a tumor, Paolo Panelli husband Aldo Valori father Michele Valori brother Bice Valori at the Internet Movie Database
Bice Valori
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Valori and
Gianrico Tedeschi on stage (1957)
Bice Valori
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Valori in 1973
21.
The Bachelor (1955 film)
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The Bachelor is a 1955 film directed by Antonio Pietrangeli, starring Alberto Sordi and Nino Manfredi. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, the accountant Paolo Anselmi is a confirmed bachelor who finds himself having to do the best man for a friends business partner. Paul left the old apartment to his friend and his moved to a small guesthouse where he met a woman. The relationship between the two begins to get serious, but he not want commitment, then the girl gets moved to another city. Paul regain his freedom, but loneliness grips him, the company of the other bachelors bored, if the night feels bad and is only the mother continues to insist on getting married. The bachelor is convinced and begins to seek a wife
The Bachelor (1955 film)
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The Bachelor
22.
Antonio Pietrangeli
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Antonio Pietrangeli was an Italian film director and screenwriter. Pietrangeli was a practitioner of the Commedia allitaliana genre. He started writing reviews for famous Italian cinema magazines such as Bianco e Nero. As a screenwriter, Pietrangelis work included Ossessione directed by Visconti, Fabiola by Blasetti, Europa 51 by Rossellini and his directing debut was Il sole negli occhi. Career highlights include Io la conoscevo bene and Adua e le compagne and he won Nastro dArgento for Best Director for Io la conoscevo bene. He drowned in the Gulf of Gaeta in 1968 while working on Come, quando, perché, antonio Pietrangeli at the Internet Movie Database
Antonio Pietrangeli
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Luchino Visconti,
Irène Galter and Antonio Pietrangeli (1953)
23.
Mauro Bolognini
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Mauro Bolognini was an Italian film and stage director of literate sensibility, known for his masterly handling of period subject matter. Bolognini was born in Pistoia, in the Tuscany region of Italy, after earning a masters degree in architecture at the University of Florence, Bolognini enrolled at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, where he studied stage design. After graduation, he interested in film direction and set out to work as an assistant to directors Luigi Zampa in Italy. Bolognini began directing his own films in the mid-1950s. Bolognini returned to features in 1966 with Madamigella di Maupin featuring Catherine Spaak, in 1981, Bolognini filmed The Lady of the Camellias, inspired by the Alexandre Dumas, fils novel and play. Throughout the decade, he continued directing films, as well as the television miniseries The Charterhouse of Parma. His final feature was the erotic drama Husband and Lovers starring Julian Sands and Joanna Pacula. In the mid-1960s, Bolognini started to show an interest, as director, in the production of operas. Fatti di gente per bene / The Murri Affair Per le antiche scale / Down the Ancient Staircase Leredità Ferramonti / The Inheritance Gran bollito / Black Journal Dove vai in vacanza, / Where Are You Going on Holiday
Mauro Bolognini
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Ottavia Piccolo in
Bubù (1971)
24.
Delia Scala
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Delia Scala was an Italian ballerina and actress. Born Odette Bedogni in Bracciano, Lazio, Italy, as a girl the family moved to Milan where she studied ballet at La Scala Ballet School for seven years. She performed in numerous ballets until World War II, after which she began appearing in motion using the stage name. In 1956, she began a career in television, an industry that at the time in Italy was still in its infancy and she starred in several variety shows during the 1950s and 1960s, and became one of her countrys most beloved TV showgirls. Although Scala achieved great fame and success, her life was plagued by misfortune and she married a Greek military officer at age 15, but separated from him two years later, and got the marriage annulled in 1956. During the mid-1950s she gained much publicity for her relationship with Formula One race car driver Eugenio Castellotti and he died in 1957 when his Ferrari crashed while attempting a speed record at the Modena race track. She married in 1967 to Piero Giannotti, but was widowed when he died in 1982 of an attack while bicycling along the beach in Viareggio. She married a third time in 1985 with industrialist Arturo Fremura, in 1970 Delia Scala was diagnosed with breast cancer, and underwent a radical mastectomy. Although she appeared to have healed completely, in 2002 she was again with the same illness. After two more years battling her cancer, Delia Scala died in 2004 in Livorno, Tuscany, Delia Scala at the Internet Movie Database
Delia Scala
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Delia Scala in 1963
Media related to Nino Manfredi at Wikimedia Commons
